2,930 results on '"Forest Research Institute"'
Search Results
2. RoundUp
- Author
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Forest Research Institute (N.Z.)
- Published
- 2002
3. Dehydrated loggers
- Author
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Forest Research Institute, Centre for Human Factors and Ergonomics
- Published
- 2001
4. In the eye of the beholder : measuring the visual impact of timber harvesting
- Author
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Forest Research Institute. Harvest Planning Group
- Published
- 1991
5. Machine learning for comprehensive forecasting of Alzheimer’s Disease progression
- Author
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Fisher, Charles K., Smith, Aaron M., Walsh, Jonathan R., Coalition Against Major Diseases, and Abbott, Alliance for Aging Research, Alzheimer’s Association, Alzheimer’s Foundation of America, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Critical Path Institute, CHDI Foundation, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Forest Research Institute, Genentech, Inc., GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, National Health Council, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Parkinson’s Action Network, Parkinson’s Disease Foundation, Pfizer, Inc., sanofi-aventis. Collaborating Organizations: Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC), Ephibian, Metrum Institute.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1478-1549
- Author
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European Commission, Natural History Museum (UK), University of Oslo, Estonian Research Council, National Science Centre (Poland), Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia), Australian Biological Resources Study, Kerala Forest Research Institute, University of Mysore, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Ministry of Environment (South Korea), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Universidad de Alcalá, National Research Foundation (South Africa), University of Pretoria, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Israel Science Foundation, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Crous, P. W., Osieck, E. R., Shivas, R. G., Tan, Y. P., Bishop-Hurley, S. L., Esteve-Raventós, F., Larsson, E., Luangsa-Ard, J. J., Pancorbo, F., Balashov, S., Baseia, I. G., Boekhout, T., Chandranayaka, S., Cowan, D. A., Cruz, R. H.S.F., Czachura, P., De la Peña-Lastra, S., Dovana, F., Drury, B., Fell, J., Flakus, A., Fotedar, R., Jurjević, Kolecka, A., Mack, J., Maggs-Kölling, G., Mahadevakumar, S., Mateos, A., Mongkolsamrit, S., Noisripoom, W., Plaza, M., Overy, D. P., Piątek, M., Sandoval-Denis, M., Vauras, J., Wingfield, M. J., Abell, S. E., Ahmadpour, A., Akulov, A., Alavi, F., Alavi, Z., Altés, A., Alvarado, P., Anand, G., Ashtekar, N., Assyov, B., Banc-Prandi, G., Barbosa, K. D., Barreto, G. G., Bellanger, J. M., Bezerra, J. L., Bhat, D. J., Bilański, P., Bose, T., Bozok, F., Chaves, J., Costa-Rezende, D. H., Danteswari, C., Darmostuk, V., Delgado, G., Denman, S., Eichmeier, A., Etayo, J., Eyssartier, G., Faulwetter, S., Ganga, K. G. G., Ghosta, Y., Goh, J., Góis, J. S., Gramaje, David, Granit, L., Groenewald, M., Gulden, G., Gusmão, L. F. P., Hammerbacher, A., Heidarian, Z., Hywel-Jones, N., Jankowiak, R., Kaliyaperumal, M., Kaygusuz, O., Kezo, K., Khonsanit, A., Kumar, S., Kuo, C. H., Læssøe, T., Latha, K. P. D., Loizides, M., Luo, S. M., Maciá-Vicente, J. G., Manimohan, P., Marbach, P. A.S., Marinho, P., Marney, T. S., Marques, G., Martín, M. P., Miller, A. N., Mondello, F., Moreno, G., Mufeeda, K. T., Mun, H. Y., European Commission, Natural History Museum (UK), University of Oslo, Estonian Research Council, National Science Centre (Poland), Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (Australia), Australian Biological Resources Study, Kerala Forest Research Institute, University of Mysore, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Ministry of Environment (South Korea), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Universidad de Alcalá, National Research Foundation (South Africa), University of Pretoria, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Israel Science Foundation, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Crous, P. W., Osieck, E. R., Shivas, R. G., Tan, Y. P., Bishop-Hurley, S. L., Esteve-Raventós, F., Larsson, E., Luangsa-Ard, J. J., Pancorbo, F., Balashov, S., Baseia, I. G., Boekhout, T., Chandranayaka, S., Cowan, D. A., Cruz, R. H.S.F., Czachura, P., De la Peña-Lastra, S., Dovana, F., Drury, B., Fell, J., Flakus, A., Fotedar, R., Jurjević, Kolecka, A., Mack, J., Maggs-Kölling, G., Mahadevakumar, S., Mateos, A., Mongkolsamrit, S., Noisripoom, W., Plaza, M., Overy, D. P., Piątek, M., Sandoval-Denis, M., Vauras, J., Wingfield, M. J., Abell, S. E., Ahmadpour, A., Akulov, A., Alavi, F., Alavi, Z., Altés, A., Alvarado, P., Anand, G., Ashtekar, N., Assyov, B., Banc-Prandi, G., Barbosa, K. D., Barreto, G. G., Bellanger, J. M., Bezerra, J. L., Bhat, D. J., Bilański, P., Bose, T., Bozok, F., Chaves, J., Costa-Rezende, D. H., Danteswari, C., Darmostuk, V., Delgado, G., Denman, S., Eichmeier, A., Etayo, J., Eyssartier, G., Faulwetter, S., Ganga, K. G. G., Ghosta, Y., Goh, J., Góis, J. S., Gramaje, David, Granit, L., Groenewald, M., Gulden, G., Gusmão, L. F. P., Hammerbacher, A., Heidarian, Z., Hywel-Jones, N., Jankowiak, R., Kaliyaperumal, M., Kaygusuz, O., Kezo, K., Khonsanit, A., Kumar, S., Kuo, C. H., Læssøe, T., Latha, K. P. D., Loizides, M., Luo, S. M., Maciá-Vicente, J. G., Manimohan, P., Marbach, P. A.S., Marinho, P., Marney, T. S., Marques, G., Martín, M. P., Miller, A. N., Mondello, F., Moreno, G., Mufeeda, K. T., and Mun, H. Y.
- Abstract
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Aschersonia mackerrasiae on whitefly, Cladosporium corticola on bark of Melaleuca quinquenervia, Penicillium nudgee from soil under Melaleuca quinquenervia, Pseudocercospora blackwoodiae on leaf spot of Persoonia falcata, and Pseudocercospora dalyelliae on leaf spot of Senna alata. Bolivia, Aspicilia lutzoniana on fully submersed siliceous schist in high-mountain streams, and Niesslia parviseta on the lower part and apothecial discs of Erioderma barbellatum onatwig. Brazil, Cyathus bonsai on decaying wood, Geastrum albofibrosum from moist soil with leaf litter, Laetiporus pratigiensis on a trunk of a living unknown hardwood tree species, and Scytalidium synnematicum on dead twigs of unidentified plant. Bulgaria, Amanita abscondita on sandy soil in a plantation of Quercus suber. Canada, Penicillium acericola on dead bark of Acer saccharum, and Penicillium corticola on dead bark of Acer saccharum. China, Colletotrichum qingyuanense on fruit lesion of Capsicum annuum. Denmark, Helminthosphaeria leptospora on corticioid Neohypochnicium cremicolor. Ecuador (Galapagos), Phaeosphaeria scalesiae on Scalesia sp. Finland, Inocybe jacobssonii on calcareouss oils in dry forests and park habitats. France, Cortinarius rufomyrrheus on sandy soil under Pinus pinaster, and Periconia neominutissima on leaves of Poaceae. India, Coprinopsis fragilis on decaying bark of logs, Filoboletus keralensis on unidentified woody substrate, Penicillium sankaranii from soil, Physisporinus tamilnaduensis on the trunk of Azadirachta indica, and Poronia nagaraholensis on elephant dung. Iran, Neosetophoma fic on infected leaves of Ficus elastica. Israel, Cnidariophoma eilatica (incl. Cnidariophoma gen. nov.) from Stylophora pistillata. Italy, Lyophyllum obscurum on acidic soil. Namibia, Aureobasidium faidherbiae on dead leaf of Faidherbia albida, and Aureobasidium welwitschiae on dead leaves of W
- Published
- 2023
7. MAGIC RICE OF ASSAM: AN OVERVIEW OF THE RICE THAT NO NEEDS FOR COOKING
- Author
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Sajal Saha*[1], Sentisuba [2], Preeti Kumari [3], Deepa Bhadana[4], Pankaj Shah[5], H.P Chaturvedi[6], Nishtha[7] [1,2,3]Ph.D Research Scholar, [5,6]Assistant Professor, Nagaland University, SASRD, Medziphema, India, 797106. [4]Ph.D Research Scholar, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India, 250001 Ph.D Research Scholar, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India
- Abstract
Rice is the world's most widely consumed cereal grain, providing the dietary staple food of more than half of the world's population, and is thus referred to as the "Global grain." Rice has a unique position on Assamese dining tables, as well as at festivals and other religious it's served for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Rice is frequently offered to Assamese for jolpaan (breakfast or teatime)-bokasaul (mud rice), kumolsaul (soft rice), and bora saul (sticky rice) are favourites that are blended with jaggery, banana, curd, and sometimes cream, and served to guests on special occasions as well as consumed at home. Chokuwa (Sali rice in vernacular) or Komalchaul, Assam's semi-glutinous winter rice variety has been grown in practically all sections of the state since time immemorial. It is also legally protected after being designated as a geographical indicator (GI) to prevent unlawful use. This unique class of rice is unknown in any other area of the world, as it has been termed as a "Unique gift of nature”. Despite having a lower amylose concentration (12-17%) than other varieties (20-27%), this type of rice is rarely consumed on a daily basis. Parboiled chokuwa rice becomes softer by simply soaking in regular water, which is a unique property of this rice group. KEYWORDS: Magic rice, amylase concentration, geographical indicator, Global grain, semi-glutinous winter rice.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The Effects of Tinospora crispa Aqueous Extract on C-Reactive Protein Level and Development of Atherosclerotic Plaques
- Author
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Forest Research Institute Malaysia, University Teknologi MARA, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, SHAH, ZAMREE BIN, Nik Hasan, Mohd Kamal BIN, Abdul Kadir, Khairul Kamilah binti, Mohd Arshad, Mohd Shahidan Bin, Amom, Zulkhairi Bin, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, University Teknologi MARA, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, SHAH, ZAMREE BIN, Nik Hasan, Mohd Kamal BIN, Abdul Kadir, Khairul Kamilah binti, Mohd Arshad, Mohd Shahidan Bin, and Amom, Zulkhairi Bin
- Abstract
Tinospora crispa is reported to have anti-atherosclerotic effects and has great potential for use in traditional medicine, supplements and pharmaceutical preparations. However, to date there is not much literature documenting the effects of this plant on C-reactive protein and the development of atherosclerotic plaques in the event of hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of Tinospora crispa aqueous extract (TCAE) on C-reactive protein levels and the development of atherosclerotic plaques to better understand the possible mechanisms contributing to the anti-atherosclerotic effects of this plant. The results showed that TCAE was found to inhibit the development of atherosclerotic plaques caused by dietary cholesterol. The anti-atherosclerotic potential of TCAE is demonstrated by its ability to reduce CRP levels, atherosclerotic plaque coverage area and foam cell thickness at atherosclerotic lesions and maintain endothelial healing after arterial injury. Administration of 450 mg / kg of T. crispa extract was found to be the optimal concentration to control hypercholesterolemia and in turn reduce the risk factors of coronary artery disease.
- Published
- 2021
9. European beech stem diameter grows better in mixed than in mono-specific stands at the edge of its distribution in mountain forests
- Author
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European Commission, Bavarian State Forests, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Forest Research Institute (Hungary), Government of Poland, Slovenian Research Agency, Bulgarian National Science Fund, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Hilmers, Torben [0000-0002-4982-8867], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Nagel, Thomas A. [0000-0002-4207-9218], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Binder, Franz [0000-0002-5534-4594], Bončina, Andrej [0000-0002-2521-5564], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], de-Dios-García, J. [0000-0003-3706-3390], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Hoehn, Maria [0000-0002-3630-5485], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Klopčič, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Lévesque, Mathieu [0000-0003-0273-510X], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Ordóñez, Cristóbal [0000-0001-5354-3760], Petráš, Rudolf [0000-0001-9229-7806], Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Pretzsch, Hans, Hilmers, Torben, Uhl, Enno, Bielak, Kamil, Bosela, Michal, Río, Miren del, Dobor, Laura, Forrester, David I., Nagel, Thomas A., Pach, Maciej, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Binder, Franz, Bončina, Andrej, Bravo, Felipe, de-Dios-García, J., Dinca, Lucian, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Hoehn, Maria, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Jaworski, Andrzej, Klopcic, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lévesque, Mathieu, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, Petráš, Rudolf, Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro, Stojanovic, Dejan, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Svoboda, Miroslav, Versace, Soraya, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Tognetti, Roberto, European Commission, Bavarian State Forests, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Forest Research Institute (Hungary), Government of Poland, Slovenian Research Agency, Bulgarian National Science Fund, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Hilmers, Torben [0000-0002-4982-8867], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Nagel, Thomas A. [0000-0002-4207-9218], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Binder, Franz [0000-0002-5534-4594], Bončina, Andrej [0000-0002-2521-5564], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], de-Dios-García, J. [0000-0003-3706-3390], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Hoehn, Maria [0000-0002-3630-5485], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Klopčič, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Lévesque, Mathieu [0000-0003-0273-510X], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Ordóñez, Cristóbal [0000-0001-5354-3760], Petráš, Rudolf [0000-0001-9229-7806], Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Pretzsch, Hans, Hilmers, Torben, Uhl, Enno, Bielak, Kamil, Bosela, Michal, Río, Miren del, Dobor, Laura, Forrester, David I., Nagel, Thomas A., Pach, Maciej, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Binder, Franz, Bončina, Andrej, Bravo, Felipe, de-Dios-García, J., Dinca, Lucian, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Hoehn, Maria, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Jaworski, Andrzej, Klopcic, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lévesque, Mathieu, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, Petráš, Rudolf, Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro, Stojanovic, Dejan, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Svoboda, Miroslav, Versace, Soraya, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Tognetti, Roberto
- Abstract
Recent studies show that several tree species are spreading to higher latitudes and elevations due to climate change. European beech, presently dominating from the colline to the subalpine vegetation belt, is already present in upper montane subalpine forests and has a high potential to further advance to higher elevations in European mountain forests, where the temperature is predicted to further increase in the near future. Although essential for adaptive silviculture, it remains unknown whether the upward shift of beech could be assisted when it is mixed with Norway spruce or silver fir compared with mono-specific stands, as the species interactions under such conditions are hardly known. In this study, we posed the general hypotheses that the growth depending on age of European beech in mountain forests was similar in mono-specific and mixed-species stands and remained stable over time and space in the last two centuries. The scrutiny of these hypotheses was based on increment coring of 1240 dominant beech trees in 45 plots in mono-specific stands of beech and in 46 mixed mountain forests. We found that (i) on average, mean tree diameter increased linearly with age. The age trend was linear in both forest types, but the slope of the age–growth relationship was higher in mono-specific than in mixed mountain forests. (ii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was stronger reduced with increasing elevation than that in mixed-species stands. (iii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was on average higher than beech growth in mixed stands. However, at elevations > 1200 m, growth of beech in mixed stands was higher than that in mono-specific stands. Differences in the growth patterns among elevation zones are less pronounced now than in the past, in both mono-specific and mixed stands. As the higher and longer persisting growth rates extend the flexibility of suitable ages or size for tree harvest and removal, the longer-lasting growth may be of special relevance for
- Published
- 2021
10. Global data on earthworm abundance, biomass, diversity and corresponding environmental properties
- Author
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German Research Foundation, European Commission, Academy of Finland, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), European Research Council, Labex TULIP, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK), Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Tarbiat Modares University, Aurora Organic Dairy, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Wageningen University and Research Centre, International Atomic Energy Agency, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Oklahoma State University, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland), University of Hawaii at Manoa, U.S. Navy, Department of Science and Technology (India), Department of Defense (US), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), Colorado Wheat Research Foundation, Zone Atelier Alpes, Austrian Science Fund, Rentenbank, Welsh Government, European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Science Foundation Ireland, University of Toronto, Haliburton Forest & Wildlife Reserve, Arts and Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, University of Innsbruck, Higher Education Commission (Pakistan), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina), Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Argentina), Universidad Nacional de Luján, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Fonds de Recherche du Québec, Institute for Environmental Science and Policy, University of Illinois, Casey Tree, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, DePaul University, Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología, CICYT (España), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, McKnight Foundation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (France), Bavarian Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Estonian Science Foundation, Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (Ontario), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Australian Research Council, Phillips, Helen, R. P., Bach, Elizabeth M., Bartz, Marie L. C., Bennett, Joanne, Beugnon, Rémy, Briones, María J. I., Brown, George, Ferlian, Olga, Gongalsky, Konstantin B., Guerra, Carlos A., König-Ries, Birgitta, Holdsworth, Andrew R., Coors, Anja, Crotty, Felicity V., Crumsey, Jasmine M., Dávalos, Andrea, Diaz Cosin, Darío J., Loss, Scott R., Dobson, Annise M., Dominguez, Anahí, Esteban Duhour, Andrés, Schirrmann, Michael, Eekeren, Nick van, Holmstrup, Martin, Emmerling, Christoph, Falco, Liliana B., Fernández, Rosa, Fonte, Steven J., Fragoso, Carlos, Franco, André L. C., Marichal, Raphael, Fusilero, Abegail T., Moreno, Gerardo, Geraskina, Anna P., Gholami, Shaieste, Hopfensperger, Kristine N., González, Grizelle, Gundale, Michael J., Gutiérrez López, Mónica, Hackenberger, Branimir K., Hackenberger, Davorka K., Hernández, Luis M., Hirth, Jeff R., Morón-Ríos, Alejandro, Huerta Lwanga, Esperanza, Huhta, Veikko, Hurisso, Tunsisa T., Iannone III, Basil V., Iordache, Madalina, Ramirez, Kelly S., Irmler, Ulrich, Minamiya, Yukio, Ivask, Mari, Jesus Lidon, Juan B., Motohiro, Hasegawa, Johnson-Maynard, Jodi L., Joschko, Monika, Kaneko, Nobuhiro, Kanianska, Radoslava, Keith, Aidan M., Kernecker, Maria L., Scharenbroch, Bryant C., Koné, Armand W., Kooch, Yahya, Hendrik Moos, Jan, Muys, Bart, Kukkonen, Sanna T., Lalthanzara, H., Lammel, Daniel R., Lebedev, Iurii M., Le Cadre, Edith, Lincoln, Noa K., López-Hernández, Danilo, Neirynck, Johan, Krebs, Julia, Norgrove, Lindsey, Novo, Marta, Nuutinen, Visa, Choi, Amy, Nuzzo, Victoria, Schmidt, Olaf, Rahman, P. Mujeeb, Pansu, Johan, Paudel, Shishir, Pérès, Guénola, Pérez-Camacho, Lorenzo, Ponge, Jean-François, Orgiazzi, Alberto, Prietzel, Jörg, Wall, Diana H., Rapoport, Irina B., Imtiaz Rashid, Muhammad, Schröder, Boris, Rebollo, Salvador, Rodríguez, Miguel Á., Roth, Alexander M., Rousseau, Guillaume X., Rozen, Anna, Sayad, Ehsan, Schaik, Loes van, Brose, Ulrich, Seeber, Julia, Shashkov, Maxim P., Singh, Jaswinder, Smith, Sandy M., Steinwandter, Michael, Capowiez, Yvan, Szlavecz, Katalin, Russell, David, Talavera, José A., Trigo, Dolores, Decaëns, Thibaud, Tsukamoto, Jiro, Uribe-López, Sheila, Valença, Anne W. de, Virto, Iñigo, Wackett, Adrian A., Warren, Matthew W., Cavagnaro, Timothy R., Webster, Emily R., Wehr, Nathaniel H., Schwarz, Benjamin, Lavelle, Patrick, Wironen, Michael B., Wolters, Volkmar, Wu, Pengfei, Zenkova, Irina V. Z., Zhang, Weixin, Cameron, Erin K., Eisenhauer, Nico, Loreau, Michel, Mathieu, Jérôme, Mulder, Christian, Putten, Wim H. van der, Rillig, Matthias C., Matula, Radim, Thakur, Madhav P., Clause, Julia, Vries, Franciska T. de, Wardle, David A., Ammer, Sabine, Arai, Miwa, Ayuke, Fredrick O., Baker, Geoff H., Baretta, Dilmar, Barkusky, Dietmar, Hishi, Takuo, Beauséjour, Robin, Bedano, José C., Cluzeau, Daniel, Birkhofer, Klaus, Blanchart, Eric, Blossey, Bernd, Bolger, Thomas, Bradley, Robert L., Brossard, Michel, Burtis, James C., German Research Foundation, European Commission, Academy of Finland, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany), European Research Council, Labex TULIP, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK), Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Tarbiat Modares University, Aurora Organic Dairy, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Wageningen University and Research Centre, International Atomic Energy Agency, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Oklahoma State University, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Royal Canadian Geographical Society, Environmental Protection Agency (Ireland), University of Hawaii at Manoa, U.S. Navy, Department of Science and Technology (India), Department of Defense (US), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), Colorado Wheat Research Foundation, Zone Atelier Alpes, Austrian Science Fund, Rentenbank, Welsh Government, European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development, Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Science Foundation Ireland, University of Toronto, Haliburton Forest & Wildlife Reserve, Arts and Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, University of Innsbruck, Higher Education Commission (Pakistan), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina), Fondo para la Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Argentina), Universidad Nacional de Luján, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Fonds de Recherche du Québec, Institute for Environmental Science and Policy, University of Illinois, Casey Tree, College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, DePaul University, Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología, CICYT (España), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, McKnight Foundation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (Brasil), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (France), Bavarian Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Forestry, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, Estonian Science Foundation, Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (Ontario), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Australian Research Council, Phillips, Helen, R. P., Bach, Elizabeth M., Bartz, Marie L. C., Bennett, Joanne, Beugnon, Rémy, Briones, María J. I., Brown, George, Ferlian, Olga, Gongalsky, Konstantin B., Guerra, Carlos A., König-Ries, Birgitta, Holdsworth, Andrew R., Coors, Anja, Crotty, Felicity V., Crumsey, Jasmine M., Dávalos, Andrea, Diaz Cosin, Darío J., Loss, Scott R., Dobson, Annise M., Dominguez, Anahí, Esteban Duhour, Andrés, Schirrmann, Michael, Eekeren, Nick van, Holmstrup, Martin, Emmerling, Christoph, Falco, Liliana B., Fernández, Rosa, Fonte, Steven J., Fragoso, Carlos, Franco, André L. C., Marichal, Raphael, Fusilero, Abegail T., Moreno, Gerardo, Geraskina, Anna P., Gholami, Shaieste, Hopfensperger, Kristine N., González, Grizelle, Gundale, Michael J., Gutiérrez López, Mónica, Hackenberger, Branimir K., Hackenberger, Davorka K., Hernández, Luis M., Hirth, Jeff R., Morón-Ríos, Alejandro, Huerta Lwanga, Esperanza, Huhta, Veikko, Hurisso, Tunsisa T., Iannone III, Basil V., Iordache, Madalina, Ramirez, Kelly S., Irmler, Ulrich, Minamiya, Yukio, Ivask, Mari, Jesus Lidon, Juan B., Motohiro, Hasegawa, Johnson-Maynard, Jodi L., Joschko, Monika, Kaneko, Nobuhiro, Kanianska, Radoslava, Keith, Aidan M., Kernecker, Maria L., Scharenbroch, Bryant C., Koné, Armand W., Kooch, Yahya, Hendrik Moos, Jan, Muys, Bart, Kukkonen, Sanna T., Lalthanzara, H., Lammel, Daniel R., Lebedev, Iurii M., Le Cadre, Edith, Lincoln, Noa K., López-Hernández, Danilo, Neirynck, Johan, Krebs, Julia, Norgrove, Lindsey, Novo, Marta, Nuutinen, Visa, Choi, Amy, Nuzzo, Victoria, Schmidt, Olaf, Rahman, P. Mujeeb, Pansu, Johan, Paudel, Shishir, Pérès, Guénola, Pérez-Camacho, Lorenzo, Ponge, Jean-François, Orgiazzi, Alberto, Prietzel, Jörg, Wall, Diana H., Rapoport, Irina B., Imtiaz Rashid, Muhammad, Schröder, Boris, Rebollo, Salvador, Rodríguez, Miguel Á., Roth, Alexander M., Rousseau, Guillaume X., Rozen, Anna, Sayad, Ehsan, Schaik, Loes van, Brose, Ulrich, Seeber, Julia, Shashkov, Maxim P., Singh, Jaswinder, Smith, Sandy M., Steinwandter, Michael, Capowiez, Yvan, Szlavecz, Katalin, Russell, David, Talavera, José A., Trigo, Dolores, Decaëns, Thibaud, Tsukamoto, Jiro, Uribe-López, Sheila, Valença, Anne W. de, Virto, Iñigo, Wackett, Adrian A., Warren, Matthew W., Cavagnaro, Timothy R., Webster, Emily R., Wehr, Nathaniel H., Schwarz, Benjamin, Lavelle, Patrick, Wironen, Michael B., Wolters, Volkmar, Wu, Pengfei, Zenkova, Irina V. Z., Zhang, Weixin, Cameron, Erin K., Eisenhauer, Nico, Loreau, Michel, Mathieu, Jérôme, Mulder, Christian, Putten, Wim H. van der, Rillig, Matthias C., Matula, Radim, Thakur, Madhav P., Clause, Julia, Vries, Franciska T. de, Wardle, David A., Ammer, Sabine, Arai, Miwa, Ayuke, Fredrick O., Baker, Geoff H., Baretta, Dilmar, Barkusky, Dietmar, Hishi, Takuo, Beauséjour, Robin, Bedano, José C., Cluzeau, Daniel, Birkhofer, Klaus, Blanchart, Eric, Blossey, Bernd, Bolger, Thomas, Bradley, Robert L., Brossard, Michel, and Burtis, James C.
- Abstract
Earthworms are an important soil taxon as ecosystem engineers, providing a variety of crucial ecosystem functions and services. Little is known about their diversity and distribution at large spatial scales, despite the availability of considerable amounts of local-scale data. Earthworm diversity data, obtained from the primary literature or provided directly by authors, were collated with information on site locations, including coordinates, habitat cover, and soil properties. Datasets were required, at a minimum, to include abundance or biomass of earthworms at a site. Where possible, site-level species lists were included, as well as the abundance and biomass of individual species and ecological groups. This global dataset contains 10,840 sites, with 184 species, from 60 countries and all continents except Antarctica. The data were obtained from 182 published articles, published between 1973 and 2017, and 17 unpublished datasets. Amalgamating data into a single global database will assist researchers in investigating and answering a wide variety of pressing questions, for example, jointly assessing aboveground and belowground biodiversity distributions and drivers of biodiversity change.
- Published
- 2021
11. The Indian forest records.
- Author
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Dehra Dūn (India). Forest Research Institute, Forest Research Institute (Dehra Dun, India), Harvard University Botany Libraries, and University Library, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign
- Subjects
Forests and forestry ,India ,Periodicals - Published
- 1908
12. Catalogue of the photographic collection at the Forest research institute, Dehra Dun, India. (Up to date 1st November 1911)
- Author
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Forest Research Institute (Dehra Dun, India), Cornell University Library, University of California Libraries (archive.org), and Forest Research Institute (Dehra Dun, India)
- Subjects
Forests and forestry ,India ,Photograph collections - Published
- 1912
13. Catalogue of the photographic collection at the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India. (Up to date 1st November 1911) Comp. in the office of the sylviculturist.
- Author
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Forest Research Institute (Dehra Dun, India), University of California Libraries (archive.org), and Forest Research Institute (Dehra Dun, India)
- Subjects
Forests and forestry ,India ,Photograph collections - Published
- 1912
14. Catalogue of the photographic collection at the Forest research institute, Dehra Dun, India. (Up to date 1st November 1911)
- Author
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Forest Research Institute (Dehra Dun, India), Cornell University Library, and Forest Research Institute (Dehra Dun, India)
- Subjects
Forests and forestry ,India ,Photograph collections
15. Notes on the Systematy of Malayan Phanerogams XI-XVII
- Author
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Forest Research Institute, Kepong and BioStor
- Published
- 1972
16. Posthumous Publication of New Dipterocarp Species from North Borneo
- Author
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Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria, North Borneo, Forest Research Institute (Malaya), and BioStor
- Published
- 1960
17. Machine learning for comprehensive forecasting of Alzheimer’s Disease progression
- Author
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Charles K. Fisher, Aaron M. Smith, Jonathan R. Walsh, Coalition Against Major Diseases, and Abbott, Alliance for Aging Research, Alzheimer’s Association, Alzheimer’s Foundation of America, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Critical Path Institute, CHDI Foundation, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Forest Research Institute, Genentech, Inc., GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, National Health Council, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Parkinson’s Action Network, Parkinson’s Disease Foundation, Pfizer, Inc., sanofi-aventis. Collaborating Organizations: Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC), Ephibian, Metrum Institute.
- Subjects
Male ,FOS: Computer and information sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Computer Science - Machine Learning ,Computer science ,Predictive medicine ,lcsh:Medicine ,Machine Learning (stat.ML) ,Disease ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Machine learning ,computer.software_genre ,Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods ,Article ,Machine Learning (cs.LG) ,Machine Learning ,03 medical and health sciences ,Cognition ,0302 clinical medicine ,Alzheimer Disease ,Statistics - Machine Learning ,Humans ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,lcsh:Science ,Cognitive impairment ,Quantitative Methods (q-bio.QM) ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Models, Statistical ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Deep learning ,lcsh:R ,Disease progression ,Middle Aged ,Models, Theoretical ,Confidence interval ,030104 developmental biology ,FOS: Biological sciences ,Disease Progression ,Female ,lcsh:Q ,Artificial intelligence ,Personalized medicine ,business ,computer ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Forecasting - Abstract
Most approaches to machine learning from electronic health data can only predict a single endpoint. The ability to simultaneously simulate dozens of patient characteristics is a crucial step towards personalized medicine for Alzheimer’s Disease. Here, we use an unsupervised machine learning model called a Conditional Restricted Boltzmann Machine (CRBM) to simulate detailed patient trajectories. We use data comprising 18-month trajectories of 44 clinical variables from 1909 patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Alzheimer’s Disease to train a model for personalized forecasting of disease progression. We simulate synthetic patient data including the evolution of each sub-component of cognitive exams, laboratory tests, and their associations with baseline clinical characteristics. Synthetic patient data generated by the CRBM accurately reflect the means, standard deviations, and correlations of each variable over time to the extent that synthetic data cannot be distinguished from actual data by a logistic regression. Moreover, our unsupervised model predicts changes in total ADAS-Cog scores with the same accuracy as specifically trained supervised models, additionally capturing the correlation structure in the components of ADAS-Cog, and identifies sub-components associated with word recall as predictive of progression.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Machine learning for comprehensive forecasting of Alzheimer's Disease progression
- Author
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Fisher, Charles K, Smith, Aaron M, Walsh, Jonathan R, Coalition Against Major Diseases, and Abbott, Alliance for Aging Research, Alzheimer’s Association, Alzheimer’s Foundation of America, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Critical Path Institute, CHDI Foundation, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Forest Research Institute, Genentech, Inc., GlaxoSmithKline, Johnson & Johnson, National Health Council, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Parkinson’s Action Network, Parkinson’s Disease Foundation, Pfizer, Inc., sanofi-aventis. Collaborating Organizations: Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC), Ephibian, Metrum Institute.
- Subjects
Parkinson’s Disease Foundation ,Ephibian ,Male ,Aging ,Abbott ,Bristol-Myers Squibb Company ,Johnson & Johnson ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Neurodegenerative ,Alzheimer's Disease ,Inc ,Machine Learning ,Alzheimer’s Foundation of America ,Cognition ,Forest Research Institute ,Theoretical ,Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation ,Pfizer ,Alzheimer Disease ,Models ,Genentech ,80 and over ,Acquired Cognitive Impairment ,Humans ,Cognitive Dysfunction ,GlaxoSmithKline ,Parkinson’s Action Network ,Aged ,Alzheimer’s Association ,Alliance for Aging Research ,Alzheimer's Disease including Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias (AD/ADRD) ,National Health Council ,Eli Lilly and Company ,F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd ,Statistical ,Middle Aged ,Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) [sanofi-aventis. Collaborating Organizations] ,Brain Disorders ,Good Health and Well Being ,CHDI Foundation ,Disease Progression ,Critical Path Institute ,Female ,Dementia ,Metrum Institute ,Coalition Against Major Diseases ,AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP ,Forecasting - Abstract
Most approaches to machine learning from electronic health data can only predict a single endpoint. The ability to simultaneously simulate dozens of patient characteristics is a crucial step towards personalized medicine for Alzheimer's Disease. Here, we use an unsupervised machine learning model called a Conditional Restricted Boltzmann Machine (CRBM) to simulate detailed patient trajectories. We use data comprising 18-month trajectories of 44 clinical variables from 1909 patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment or Alzheimer's Disease to train a model for personalized forecasting of disease progression. We simulate synthetic patient data including the evolution of each sub-component of cognitive exams, laboratory tests, and their associations with baseline clinical characteristics. Synthetic patient data generated by the CRBM accurately reflect the means, standard deviations, and correlations of each variable over time to the extent that synthetic data cannot be distinguished from actual data by a logistic regression. Moreover, our unsupervised model predicts changes in total ADAS-Cog scores with the same accuracy as specifically trained supervised models, additionally capturing the correlation structure in the components of ADAS-Cog, and identifies sub-components associated with word recall as predictive of progression.
- Published
- 2019
19. Field Efficacy of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus for Protection of Teak against the Defoliator, Hyblaea puera Cramer (Lepidoptera:Hyblaeidae)
- Author
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Nair, K. S. S.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Kerala, Babjan, Biju; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Kerala, Sajeev, T. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Kerala, Sudheendrakumar, V. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Kerala, Mohammed Ali, M. I.; Division of Plant Pathology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Varma, R. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Kerala, Mohanadas, K.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Kerala, Nair, K. S. S.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Kerala, Babjan, Biju; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Kerala, Sajeev, T. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Kerala, Sudheendrakumar, V. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Kerala, Mohammed Ali, M. I.; Division of Plant Pathology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Varma, R. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Kerala, and Mohanadas, K.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Kerala
- Abstract
In the year 1993, a 100 tree plot in a 17 year old teak plantation at Nilambur in Kerala was experimentally protected from Hyblaea puera Cramer, a serious defoliator of teak plantations, using a naturally occurring baculovirus (HpNPV) reported earlier from this pecies. During the year, there were four major peaks of defoliator infestation from March to June. One-time foliar application of a crude preparation of HpNPV at the rate of 1x105 POB/ml of the spray fluid, at the earliest sign of each infestation, gave 70-76 per cent protection of foliage during the first two infestations. A reduced foliage protection of 33-43 per cent obtained during the third and fourth infestations was attributable to occurrence of rain soon after application of the spray. In protected trees, the basal area increment was enhanced by 41 per cent, indicating the efficacy of HpNPV as a biocontrol agent against the teak defoliator.
- Published
- 2014
20. Natural enemies of Babul whitefly, Acaudaleyrodes rachipora (Singh) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from Jodhpur, India
- Author
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Pandey, V. P.; Himalayan Forest Research Institute Panthaghati, Shimla 171009, Himachal Pradesh, Sundararaji, R.; Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore 560003, Ahmed, S. I.; Arid Forest Research Institute, New Pali Road, Jodhpur 342005, Pandey, V. P.; Himalayan Forest Research Institute Panthaghati, Shimla 171009, Himachal Pradesh, Sundararaji, R.; Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore 560003, and Ahmed, S. I.; Arid Forest Research Institute, New Pali Road, Jodhpur 342005
- Abstract
A total of 23 natural enemies, which includes 4 species of parasitoids, 18 species of predators and one species of fungal pathogen, were found attacking Acaudaleyrodes rachipora Singh from Jodhpur. All the parasitoids belong to the family Aphelinidae in which the record of Encarsia acaudaleyrodis Hayat and Eretmocerus rajasthanicus Hayat form the first record from India on A. rachipora. The predators consist of three species of coccinellids, and fifteen species of spiders. These predators were recorded for the first time on A. rachipora. Further, Beauveria bassiana Balsamo was found for the first time on A. rachipora. The findings are discussed in this communication.
- Published
- 2014
21. Parasitoids and Effect of Weather Factors on their Parasitism on Babul Whitefly, Acaudaleyrodes rachipora (Singh) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Infesting Prosopis juliflora in Indian Arid Zone
- Author
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Pandeyi, V. P.; Himalayan forest Research Institute, Conifer Campus Panthaghati Shimla-171009, Himachal Pradesh, Sundararaj, R.; Institute of Wood science and Technology, 18<SUP>th</SUP> Cross, Malleswaram, Bangalore-560003, Ahmed, S. I.; Arid forest Research Institute, New palli Road, Jodhpur-342005, Pandeyi, V. P.; Himalayan forest Research Institute, Conifer Campus Panthaghati Shimla-171009, Himachal Pradesh, Sundararaj, R.; Institute of Wood science and Technology, 18<SUP>th</SUP> Cross, Malleswaram, Bangalore-560003, and Ahmed, S. I.; Arid forest Research Institute, New palli Road, Jodhpur-342005
- Abstract
Studies on the parasitoid complex of Acaudaleyrodes rachipora (Singh) infesting Prosopis juliflora in Jodhpur revealed the presence of four species of hymenopterous parasitiods, viz. Encarsia accudaleyrodis (Hayat), Encarsia transvena (Timeberlake), Encarsia sp. Dr. Davidi (Viggiani and Mazzone) and Eretmocerus rajasthancus (Hayat) parasitizing the nymphs/pupae of A. Rachipora. The overall parasitism varied from 80 to 97 per cent, maximum in month of October 1998 and minimum in January and March 1999. The host-specific parasitoid, Encarsia acaudaleyrodis was found predominantly associated throughout the year of observation, whereas, the other parasitiods were very less in number. The parasitiod population exhibited significant possitive correlation with temperature (maximum & minimum0C), and non-significant positive correlation with relative humidity (morning & evening per cent) and total rainfall(mm). In partial correlation, temperature (maximum & minimum, 0C) exhibited significant negative correlation whereas morning relative humidity exhibited non-significant positive correlation while evenning relative humidity and total rainfall (mm) exhibited negative correlation, The multiple regression showed thet all abiotic factors exhibited 35 per cent influence on the build up (R2) of its population.
- Published
- 2014
22. Toxicity Screening and Hypocholesterolemic Effect Evaluation of Aqueous Extract of Anacardium occidentale Linn. in Hypercholesterolemic Induced Rabbits
- Author
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Ministry of Science and Technology, Malaysia and Forest Research Institute, Malaysia, Fazil, Muhammad Nor Fazali; Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Amom, Zulkhairi; Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Mohd Esa, Nurhaizan; Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Nik Hasan, Mohd Kamal; Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Abdul Kadir, Khairul Kamilah; Herbal Technology Centre, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Md Shah, Zamree; Herbal Technology Centre, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Mohd Arshad, Shahidan; Herbal Technology Centre, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Ministry of Science and Technology, Malaysia and Forest Research Institute, Malaysia, Fazil, Muhammad Nor Fazali; Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Amom, Zulkhairi; Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Mohd Esa, Nurhaizan; Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Nik Hasan, Mohd Kamal; Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Abdul Kadir, Khairul Kamilah; Herbal Technology Centre, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, Md Shah, Zamree; Herbal Technology Centre, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia, and Mohd Arshad, Shahidan; Herbal Technology Centre, Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Abstract
Background: Previous findings have supported to the ethnopharmacological use of Anacardium occidentale Linn. in folk medicine. In this study, the toxicity properties and the hypocholesterolemic effect of aqueous extract of Anacardium occidentale Linn. were evaluated in hypercholesterolemic induced rabbits. Methods: Thirty Five male New Zealand White Rabbits were randomly assigned into five groups and fed with normal diet (NC), 0.5% high cholesterol diet (PC), 0.5% high cholesterol diet+10 mg/kg simvastatin (SC), 0.5% high cholesterol diet+100 mg/kg AOE (AOE100) and 0.5% high cholesterol diet+200 mg/kg AOE (AOE200). The study duration was set for 12 weeks. In vitro toxicity study has been performed using brine shrimp lethality test and MTT assay to determine the LC50 and IC50 values respectively while in vivo toxicity study has been evaluated in hypercholesterolemic induced rabbits. Blood samples were withdrawn at week 0 and 12. Results: Supplementation of 0.5% high cholesterol diet caused the elevation of TC, LDL and TG and also significantly rise (p<0.05) the level of liver enzymes compared to the normal control group. For in vitro toxicity screening, extracts demonstrated very low LC50 values and no IC50 value detected. For in vivo hypercholesterolemic induced rabbits, extracts were able to prevent the increment of liver enzymes: gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase compared to positive control group. Conclusion: Aqueous extract of AO found to be not toxic and posses hypocholesterolemic and hepatoprotective effects in hypercholesteromic induced rabbits.
- Published
- 2011
23. Mass Production of Nucleopolyhedrovirus of the Teak Defoliator, Hyblaea puera Cramer Using Host Population in Teak Plantations
- Author
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Sudheendrakumar, V. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680653, Kerala, Sajeev, T. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680653, Kerala, Varma, R. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680653, Kerala, Sudheendrakumar, V. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680653, Kerala, Sajeev, T. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680653, Kerala, and Varma, R. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680653, Kerala
- Abstract
The nucleopolyhedrovirus of the teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera Cramer (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae) (HpNPV) is a potential biocontrol agent of the pest. This paper describes a method to mass multiply HpNPV in situ in the field population of H. puera. The method is based on application of the virus suspension on young teak plantation infested with H. puera. An average yield of 4.8816 x 10& Polyhedral Occlusion Bodies (POBs) per fifth instar larva was obtained with this method. The advantage of this method of HpNPV production is that it is less expensive as it does not depend on host larval culture maintained in the laboratory.
- Published
- 2010
24. Seasonal Incidence of Beauveria bassiana on Gargara mixta Buckton (Hemiptera: Membracidae) and B. Brongniartii on Chrysomelids (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the Central Forest Circle of Kerala
- Author
-
Juliya, R. F.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680653, Kerala, Varma, R. V.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680653, Kerala, Juliya, R. F.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680653, Kerala, and Varma, R. V.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680653, Kerala
- Abstract
Surveys for entomopathogenic fungi in the central forest circle of Kerala revealed the seasonal incidence of Beauveria bassiana in small pockets on Gargara mixta Buckton (Hemiptera: Membracidae) feeding on the leaves of Helicteres isora (Sterculiaceae) in the moist deciduous forests (MDF) at Vazhachal. Incidence of B. brongniartii on chrysomelid beetles (Coleoptera) feeding on teak leaves was also observed in small pockets in teak plantations. Infection was prevalent during post-monsoon months. The infection due to B. bassiana and B. brongniartii ranged from 36.8 to 100 and 45.5 to 100 per cent, respectively. The seasonal incidence of naturally occurring entomofungal pathogens, B. bassiana and B. brongniartii form small scale epizootics in nature under favourable environmental conditions. Such virulent pathogens can be exploited in pest control programmes.
- Published
- 2010
25. Laboratory Evaluation of Four Fungal Pathogens against the Teak Defoliator, Hyblaea puera (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae)
- Author
-
Juliya, R. F.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Thrissur, Kerala, Sudheendrakumar, V. V.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Thrissur, Kerala, Varma, R. V.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Thrissur, Kerala, Juliya, R. F.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Thrissur, Kerala, Sudheendrakumar, V. V.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Thrissur, Kerala, and Varma, R. V.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Thrissur, Kerala
- Abstract
Effect of four entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, B. brongniartii, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and Metarhizium anisopliae, isolated from different host insects, was tested in the laboratory against the teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae) to assess their virulence and efficiency. Five different concentrations, 2x106, 4x106, 6x106, 8x106 and 1x107 conidia ml-1were directly and indirectly applied onto third instar larvae of H. puera. All the four fungi tested under both application methods were pathogenic to H. puera with higher efficiency in direct application than indirect application. At 9 days after exposure, the mean per cent mortality obtained was 100, 93.02, 93.02 and 66.74%, respectively, for B. bassiana, B. brongniartii, P. fumosoroseus and M. anisopliae at the highest concentration of 1 x 107 conidia ml-1 in direct application. Mortality of the larvae varied according to the concentration of conidia, method of application and fungi. The lowest LC50 (1.89 x 106 conidia ml-1) and LT50 (91.18 hr) values obtained for B. bassiana in direct application showed that B. bassiana was more pathogenic to H. puera than the other three fungi.
- Published
- 2009
26. An Improved Method of Extraction of Nucleopolyhedrovirus from Soil with Reference to Hyblaea puera NPV
- Author
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Mahiba Helen, S.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peeehi, 680653, Kerala, Sajeev, T. V.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peeehi, 680653, Kerala, Sudheendra Kumar, V. V.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peeehi, 680653, Kerala, Mahiba Helen, S.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peeehi, 680653, Kerala, Sajeev, T. V.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peeehi, 680653, Kerala, and Sudheendra Kumar, V. V.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peeehi, 680653, Kerala
- Abstract
An efficient method of extraction of the nucleopolyhedrovirus of the teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae) (HpNPV) from soil has been standardized. This method ensures recovery of about 34 per cent of NPV from soil.
- Published
- 2008
27. A New Insect Rearing Container for in vivo Mass Multiplication of NPV of Hyblaea puera
- Author
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Sudheendrakumar, V. V.; Division of Forest Protection, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi - 680653, Thrissur, Kerala, Sajeev, T. V.; Division of Forest Protection, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi - 680653, Thrissur, Kerala, Biji, C. P.; Division of Forest Protection, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi - 680653, Thrissur, Kerala, Sudheendrakumar, V. V.; Division of Forest Protection, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi - 680653, Thrissur, Kerala, Sajeev, T. V.; Division of Forest Protection, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi - 680653, Thrissur, Kerala, and Biji, C. P.; Division of Forest Protection, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi - 680653, Thrissur, Kerala
- Abstract
To overcome the problems in rearing the teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera on artificial diet in a two-piece rearing tube for HpNPV mass multiplication, a new three-piece tube was designed and evaluated. The two-piece tube (Tube A) consists of two parts - a cylindrical main body with one end open (55mm x 23mm) and a perforated cap. The three-piece tube (Tube B) consists of a main body with both ends open (55mm % 23mm), a diet cup (20mm % 22mm) and a perforated cap. Comparative evaluation of two types of tubes (main body of Tube A vs Diet cup of Tube B) was made in terms of their virus capture efficiency during inoculation and also easiness in diet dispensing and general handling. The short length of the diet cup of tube B favored highest virus capturing (added 30%) and efficient diet dispensing. Tube B could be an excellent option for rearing H. puera larvae for NPV mass production and laboratory culture maintenance and also for rearing of other lepidopteran larvae of similar behavior and size.
- Published
- 2008
28. Economics of HpNPV Production Using Field Collected and Laboratory Reared Hyblaea puera (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae)
- Author
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Sajeev, T. V.; Forest Protection Programme Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, 680 653, Trichur, Kerala, Sudheendrakumar, V. V.; Forest Protection Programme Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, 680 653, Trichur, Kerala, Biji, C. P.; Forest Protection Programme Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, 680 653, Trichur, Kerala, Helen, M.; Forest Protection Programme Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, 680 653, Trichur, Kerala, Varma, R. V.; Forest Protection Programme Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, 680 653, Trichur, Kerala, Sajeev, T. V.; Forest Protection Programme Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, 680 653, Trichur, Kerala, Sudheendrakumar, V. V.; Forest Protection Programme Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, 680 653, Trichur, Kerala, Biji, C. P.; Forest Protection Programme Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, 680 653, Trichur, Kerala, Helen, M.; Forest Protection Programme Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, 680 653, Trichur, Kerala, and Varma, R. V.; Forest Protection Programme Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, 680 653, Trichur, Kerala
- Abstract
The economics of mass production of the nucleopolyhedrovirus of the teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera Cramer (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae) (HpNPV) using the laboratory-reared and field-collected (from teak plantations) host larvae was compared. The data were based on 7645 laboratory-reared (LR) larvae and 8925 field-collected (FC) larvae. The virus production was carried out using fifth instar larva inoculated with 1x106 OBs (Viral Occlusion Bodies)/larva. The virus yield/larva in LR and FC larvae was 4.8x108 and 3.6x108 OBs, respectively. The virus productivity ratio in LR and FC larvae was 241 ± 55 and 178 ± 100.85 OBs, respectively. The cost of production of HpNPV per larva was higher in the case of LR (Rs. 0.82/larva) in comparison with FC (Rs.0.72). However, the cost of HpNPV required for spraying in one hectare at the rate of 1.63 x 1011 OBs worked out to be Rs. 279 and Rs. 317 in the case of LR and FC, respectively. A marginal difference in the virus yield was found affecting the cost of the virus produced.
- Published
- 2005
29. Laboratory Evaluation of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae Var. major against the Subterranean Termite, Odontotermes guptai Roonwal and Bose
- Author
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Swaran, P. R.; Division of Entomology, Kerala forest Research Institute Peechi, Thrissur 680653, Kerala, Varma, R. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala forest Research Institute Peechi, Thrissur 680653, Kerala, Swaran, P. R.; Division of Entomology, Kerala forest Research Institute Peechi, Thrissur 680653, Kerala, and Varma, R. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala forest Research Institute Peechi, Thrissur 680653, Kerala
- Abstract
Infectivity of the soil mixed conidia of the fungal pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae var. major was evaluated against the termite, Odontotermes guptai Roonwal and Bose under laboratory conditions. Four concentrations, viz., 0.8x107, 1.2x107, 1.6x107 , and 2x10
- Published
- 2003
30. Native Forest Management in Papua New Guinea : Advances in Assessment, Modelling and Decision-making
- Author
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Fox, Julian C., Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Papua New Guinea Forest Research Institute, Fox, Julian C., Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, and Papua New Guinea Forest Research Institute
- Subjects
- Forests and forestry--New Guinea
- Abstract
This report reviews the historical context of forest management and the recent focus on tropical forest-based climate-change mitigation in PNG, and identifies challenges and priorities. Advances in the assessment of timber, carbon stocks and biodiversity, as well as in the quantitative understanding of forests through modelling, are described in order to provide a scientific basis for forest-management decision-making at both the community and the government level.
- Published
- 2011
31. A Leaf Bioassay Technique for Determining the Conidial Activity of Paecilomyces Spp. against Eligma narcissus Roth
- Author
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Mohamed Ali, M. I.; Division of Plant Pathology and Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Varma, R. V.; Division of Plant Pathology and Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Mohamed Ali, M. I.; Division of Plant Pathology and Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, and Varma, R. V.; Division of Plant Pathology and Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653
- Abstract
No Abstract.
- Published
- 1994
32. Genetic control of susceptibility to fungal symbionts of juvenile Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karsten) in relation to long-term growth performance
- Author
-
Helsingin yliopisto, maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta, metsatieteiden laitos, Helsingfors universitet, agrikultur-forstvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för skogsvetenskaper, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa, Velmala, Sannakajsa, Helsingin yliopisto, maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta, metsatieteiden laitos, Helsingfors universitet, agrikultur-forstvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för skogsvetenskaper, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa, and Velmala, Sannakajsa
- Abstract
This study was carried out in order to reveal the degree to which host-tree factors influence the interaction between Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and the endophytic (EN) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) found in their needles and roots, respectively. We also explored how susceptibility to fungal infection and the composition and functionality of associated fungal communities relates to seedling growth performance. In multiple glasshouse experiments, we challenged Norway spruce seedlings and clonal cuttings with pure culture and natural EMF inoculum. Clonal cuttings from healthy spruce were used to assess the heritability of EMF communities and needle endophytes. The relationship between the susceptibility to fungal infection and EMF community function with host-tree performance was studied using seedlings originating from families known to have different growth rates at later life stages. We also examined resource allocation and root architecture of the fast- and slow-growing Norway spruce seedlings. Hypotheses derived prior to and during this work were tested with molecular tools and appropriate statistical techniques. Host genotype partly controlled the colonization of EMF and EN species but future growth performance was not associated with susceptibility. Norway spruce seedlings originating from differently growing seed orchards were colonized similarly by EMF, and did not show any consistent bias in terms of infection rate or the function of single ectomycorrhizas. However, the short root architecture was found to be moderately heritable and varied consistently between the fast- and slow-growing origins. We observed seedlings of fast-growing origins to have sparse and widespread rootlets that enable a greater allocation of below-ground biomass and higher exoenzyme capacity compared to slow-growing seedlings. Norway spruce does not show a strong genetic signal for within-population selection towards its mutualistic fungi at the species level. Formation, Työssä tutkittiin metsäkuusen (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) perimän vaikutusta taimivaiheen neulas- ja juurisieniyhteisöjen rakenteeseen, ja näiden sieniyhteisöjen yhteyttä isäntäpuun kasvuun, resurssien kohdentamiseen sekä juuriston rakenteeseen. Kuusen siementaimia ja klonaalisia pistokkaita altistettiin symbionttisille pintasienijuurisienille ja taudinaiheuttajasienille kasvihuonekokeissa, ja altistuksia seuranneita vuorovaikutuksia tutkittiin molekyylibiologisten ja tilastollisten menetelmien avulla. Klonaalisten pistokastaimien avulla tutkittiin kuusentaimien neulasendofyyttien ja pintasienijuurisienten yhteisörakenteen periytyvyyttä. Infektioalttiuden ja pintasienijuurten toiminnan yhteyttä kasvuun tutkittiin puolestaan eri alkuperää olevilla kuusen siementaimilla, jotka poikkesivat toisistaan myöhemmän kasvuvaiheen ilmiasultaan. Isäntäpuu sääteli osittain neulasendofyyttien ja pintasienijuurisienten kolonisaatiota mutta ei suoraan sienten lajimäärää tai infektioalttiutta. Myöhemmässä kasvuvaiheessa nopeasti ja hitaasti kasvavien kuusentaimien pintasienijuurisienten yhteisörakenteet olivat hyvin samanlaiset, eikä infektioherkkyydessä tai pintasienijuurten toiminnassa ollut eroja näiden taimiryhmien välillä. Suurimmat erot nopea- ja hidaskasvuisten kuusialkuperien siementaimien välillä ilmenivät juurten haarautumisessa ja resurssien kohdentamisessa. Hitaasti kasvavista alkuperistä peräisin olevat siementaimet kasvattivat tiheät juuristot, joissa oli paljon juurenkärkiä. Nopeakasvuisten alkuperien taimet kohdensivat enemmän resursseja maanalaiseen kasvuun, ja niiden juuret levittäytyivät hidaskasvuisia taimia laajemmalle, ja juuristotasolla niillä oli myös enemmän ravinteidenottopotentiaalia kuin hitaasti kasvavien alkuperien taimilla. Kuusi on elänyt miljoonia vuosia tiiviisti rinnakkain symbionttisten sientensä kanssa, ja tutkimustulostemme perusteella näyttää siltä, ettei kuusella esiinny voimakasta populaation sisäistä geneettistä valintaa sieniyhteisöjen lajeja
- Published
- 2014
33. Acceptance of the Teak Defoliator Hyblaea puera (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae) by Two Exotic Species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
- Author
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Sudheendrakumar, V. V.; Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Trichur, Kerala, Jalali, S. K.; Project Directorate of Biological Control, HA Farm Post Office, Bangalore 560 024, Singh, S. P.; Project Directorate of Biological Control, HA Farm Post Office, Bangalore 560 024, Sudheendrakumar, V. V.; Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Trichur, Kerala, Jalali, S. K.; Project Directorate of Biological Control, HA Farm Post Office, Bangalore 560 024, and Singh, S. P.; Project Directorate of Biological Control, HA Farm Post Office, Bangalore 560 024
- Abstract
Natural control of the teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera Cramer by a large number of larval and pupal parasitoids has been reported (Chatterjee and Misra, ]974; Sudheendrakumar, 1985). However, only very very little information IS available on egg parasitoids of the teak defoliator (Beeson, 1941; Nair et al.. 1994).
- Published
- 2014
34. Maximizing peatland forest regeneration success at lowest cost to the atmosphere: Effects of soil preparation on Scots pine seedling vitality and GHG emissions
- Author
-
Helsingin yliopisto, maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta, metsatieteiden laitos, Helsingfors universitet, agrikultur-forstvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för skogsvetenskaper, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Unit, Pearson, Meeri, Helsingin yliopisto, maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta, metsatieteiden laitos, Helsingfors universitet, agrikultur-forstvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för skogsvetenskaper, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Unit, and Pearson, Meeri
- Abstract
This dissertation investigated the impacts of soil preparation after clearcutting Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest on thick-peated soil from silvicultural and climatic standpoints. Three growing seasons after outplanting, mounding most effectively secured seedling survival, growth, and vitality through improved soil aeration of the planting spot. However, other presumed benefits of mounding to seedlings such as warmer soil temperatures and faster organic matter decomposition were not confirmed here. Regeneration in scalps was unsuccessful due to waterlogged soil. Importantly when scalping, only the humus layer should be scraped off without creating depressions in the peat. Seedling tolerance to desiccated as well as waterlogged peat soil over one growing season was remarkable in controlled conditions. The impact of drought, however, was more immediate and severe as root and shoot growth, fractional colonization of ectomycorrhizal fungi, and root hydraulic conductance were reduced. Nevertheless, maintenance of rather high photochemical efficiency (expressed as variable to maximal chlorophyll fluorescence, Fv/Fm) especially in current-year needles despite harsh drought seemed to indicate a potential for seedling recovery. Polyamine analysis also revealed that new needles are preferred in protecting the different parts of the seedlings against drought stress. Wet-stressed seedlings, on the other hand, exhibited few signs of suffering. It was also demonstrated how the experimental environment a controlled versus field setting influences seedling tolerance to stress. The differing moisture levels within comparable microsites dry vs. wet scalps and ditch vs. inverted mounds had little influence on seedling growth and condition although physiological upset (i.e., Fv/Fm) was evident within scalps. Namely, the wetter the soil was, the lower Fv/Fm was. The fear of soil preparation accelerating GHG emissions, particularly CO2, from peat into the atmosphere appears unwar, Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin avohakkuun jälkeen tapahtuvan maanmuokkauksen vaikutuksia sekä männyn uudistamisen onnistumiseen että kasvualustan kasvihuonekaasupäästöihin paksuturpeisilla, mäntyvaltaisilla turvekankailla. Kolmen istutusta seuranneen kasvukauden havaintojen perusteella mätästys johti parhaaseen taimien eloonjääntiin, kasvuun ja elinvoimaisuuteen pääosin turvemaan parantuneen ilmavuuden vuoksi. Sitä vastoin mättäissä ei voitu havaita korkeampia maanlämpötiloja eikä nopeampaa hajotusta laikutukseen ja muokkaamattomaan käsittelyyn verrattuna, mikä on vastoin yleistä käsitystä mätästyksen hyödyistä. Uudistaminen laikuissa epäonnistui täysin viljelykohdan liiallisen märkyyden takia. Laikutettaessa on erityisen tärkeää kuoria humuskerros pois ilman että turvemaanpintaan syntyy kuoppia. Tavoitteena on aikaansaada mahdollisimman tasainen, paljastunut turvepinta. Kontrolloiduissa oloissa turvekasvualustassa yhden kasvukauden ajan kasvaneet männyntaimet osoittivat erinomaista sekä veden niukkuuden että liiallisen märkyyden sietokykyä, sillä kuolleisuus jäi alhaiseksi. Kuivuusstressin vaikutus voitiin kuitenkin havaita taimissa juurten ja versojen heikentyneenä kasvuna, mykorritsallisten juurenkärkien määrän vähenemisenä ja juurten hydraulisen johtavuuden huononemisena. Ankarasta kuivuudesta huolimatta varsinkin uusien neulasten fotokemiallinen tehokkuus (Fv/Fm) pysyi korkealla tasolla. Tämän voidaan katsoa edistävän toipumista, jos veden saatavuus kasvualustasta myöhemmin paranee. Polyamiinianalyysin perusteella uudet neulaset osoittautuivat myös suojautuneemmiksi juuriin ja versoihin verrattuina kuivuusstressiä vastaan. Kasvualustan liialliselle märkyydelle altistetut taimet taas eivät juurikaan osoittaneet merkkejä stressistä. Voitiin myös havaita, että koeympäristö- ja olosuhteet kasvihuone tai maasto vaikuttivat männyntaimien stressinsietokykyyn. Toisin kuin kontrolloiduissa oloissa maastossa taimien Fv/Fm oli sitä alhaisempi, mitä märempi kasvualusta oli, ja
- Published
- 2013
35. Clonal variation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and in transgenic silver birch (Betula pendula)
- Author
-
Helsingin yliopisto, maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta, maataloustieteiden laitos, Helsingfors universitet, agrikultur-forstvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för lantsbruksvetenskaper, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Kasvin- ja metsänjalostus, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Haapastensyrjä Breeding Station, Loppi, Niskanen, Anna-Maija, Helsingin yliopisto, maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta, maataloustieteiden laitos, Helsingfors universitet, agrikultur-forstvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för lantsbruksvetenskaper, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Kasvin- ja metsänjalostus, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Haapastensyrjä Breeding Station, Loppi, and Niskanen, Anna-Maija
- Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the clonal variation in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) clones and in transgenic lines of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and its causes, with special attention to the effects of cloning and transgenesis in tree breeding programmes. The parental effect on cloning success variation was studied in an experiment where Scots pine embryogenic lines were initiated from immature seeds of a full diallele cross. The evaluation was made after culture initiation, on maintenance medium and by mature embryo production. Growth and stem straightness of Scots pine clones were assessed in a 10-year field trial established with rooted cuttings. The effect of a single gene transfer, the sugar beet chitinase IV gene (chiIV), was assessed on plant growth, susceptibility to fungal diseases and development of root associated fungal communities and phenology, in a 3-year field trial established with micropropagated transgenic silver birch lines and wild-type clones. The results of the somatic embryogenesis experiment with Scots pine showed that the initiation success, as well as maturation, was more affected by the genotype of the mother than the one of the father, while during the proliferation period the mother s effect decreased and the father s increased. The field trial with Scots pine showed that the tree s genotype, more than the propagation method, has an effect on the plant behaviour in the field. In silver birch transgenic lines, the introduction of a single gene (chiIV) led to a reduction in growth and quality characteristics, although no significant changes occurred regarding fungal disease resistance, ectomycorrhizal colonization or fungal community structure, as compared to the natural variation occurring in wild type clones. The conclusion was that the variation in the success of Scots pine embryogenesis and in the growth of rooted cuttings is strongly affected by genotype and, hence, the rooted cuttings are suitable for testing height, Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli arvioida männyn kloonien ja siirtogeenisten rauduskoivulinjojen muuntelua ja sen syitä. Eritysesti huomiota kiinnitettiin kloonaamisen ja siirtogeenin aiheuttamiin vaikutuksiin jalostusohjelmissa. Vanhempien genotyypin merkitystä kloonien tuottamisen yhteydessä tutkittiin kokeessa, jossa männyn embryogeeniset linjat aloitettiin dialleeli-risteytyksestä peräisin olevista, vielä kehittyvistä siemenistä. Viljelmien menestymistä arvioitiin kolmessa vaiheessa: aloitusvaiheessa, ylläpitoviljelyssä ja somaattisten alkioiden kypsymisvaiheessa. Männyn kloonien pituuskasvua ja rungon muotoa arvioitiin 10-vuotisessa kenttäkokeessa, jossa verrattiin juurrutettuja pistokkaita samaa alkuperää oleviin siementaimiin. Yksittäisen geenisiirron, sokerijuurikkaan kitinaasi IV geenin, vaikutusta siirtogeenisen rauduskoivun kasvuun, sienitautien kestävyyteen, juuriston sieniyhteisön rakenteeseen ja puun fenologiaan tutkittiin 3-vuotisessa mikrolisättyjen siirtogeenisten ja villityyppisten rauduskoivujen kenttäkokeessa. Tulokset osoittivat, että männyn somaattisten alkioiden menestymiselle aloitus- ja kypsymisvaiheessa äidin genotyypin vaikutus oli suurempi kuin isän. Äidin genotyypin vaikutus väheni ylläpitoviljelyn aikana, jolloin isän vaikutus tuli enemmän esille. Männyn kenttäkokeelta saadut tulokset osoittivat, että männyn pituuskasvussa puun genotyypillä oli suuri merkitys riippumatta siitä oliko puu alkujaan juurrutettu pistokas vai siementaimi. Siirtogeenisyys rauduskoivulla aiheutti pituuskasvun heikkenemistä ja fenologisia poikkeavuuksia verrattuna kontrolleihin. Muissa tutkituissa ominaisuuksissa siirtogeeniset puut eivät poikenneet satunnaisesti valituista villityypin rauduskoivuista ja siirtogeenisten linjojen muuntelu oli samalla tasolla villityypin koivujen kloonien kanssa. Päätelmänä tuloksista voidaan sanoa, että sekä männyn somaattinen embryogeneesi että juurrutettujen pistokkaiden kasvu on suuresti riippuvainen genotyypistä. Siitä johtuu et
- Published
- 2013
36. Use of wetland buffer areas to reduce nitrogen transport from forested catchments: Retention capacity, emissions of N2O and CH4 and vegetation composition dynamics
- Author
-
Helsingin yliopisto, matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta, geotieteiden ja maantieteen laitos, Helsingfors universitet, matematisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för geovetenskaper och geografi, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science, Department of Geosciences and Geography, Geography, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Hynninen, Anu, Helsingin yliopisto, matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta, geotieteiden ja maantieteen laitos, Helsingfors universitet, matematisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för geovetenskaper och geografi, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science, Department of Geosciences and Geography, Geography, Finnish Forest Research Institute, and Hynninen, Anu
- Abstract
The use of buffer areas in forested catchments has been actively researched during the last 15 years; but until now, the research has mainly concentrated on the reduction of sediment and phosphorus loads, instead of nitrogen (N). The aim of this thesis was to examine the use of wetland buffer areas to reduce the nitrogen transport in forested catchments and to investigate the environmental impacts involved in their use. Besides the retention capacity, particular attention was paid to the main factors contributing to the N retention, the potential for increased N2O emissions after large N loading, the effects of peatland restoration for use as buffer areas on CH4 emissions, as well as the vegetation composition dynamics induced by the use of peatlands as buffer areas. To study the capacity of buffer areas to reduce N transport in forested catchments, we first used large artificial loadings of N, and then studied the capacity of buffer areas to reduce ammonium (NH4-N) export originating from ditch network maintenance areas in forested catchments. The potential for increased N2O emissions were studied using the closed chamber technique and a large artificial N loading at five buffer areas. Sampling for CH4 emissions and methane-cycling microbial populations were done on three restored buffer areas and on three buffers constructed on natural peatlands. Vegetation composition dynamics was studied at three buffer areas between 1996 and 2009. Wetland buffer areas were efficient in retaining inorganic N from inflow. The key factors contributing to the retention were the size and the length of the buffer, the hydrological loading and the rate of nutrient loading. Our results show that although the N2O emissions may increase temporarily to very high levels after a large N loading into the buffer area, the buffer areas in forested catchments should be viewed as insignificant sources of N2O. CH4 fluxes were substantially higher from buffers constructed on natural peatlands than, Metsätalouden tehokkaimpana vesiensuojelukeinona pidetään tällä hetkellä pintavalutuskenttiä, joiden kautta metsänkäsittelyalueiden vedet ohjataan vesistöön. Pintavalutuskenttä voidaan perustaa joko johtamalla valuma-alueen vedet luonnontilaiseen kosteikkoon tai ennallistamalla valuma-alueella oleva ojitettu suo. Suon ennallistamisessa pyritään metsätaloutta varten ojitettu suo palauttamaan takaisin luonnontilaiseksi tai luonnontilaisen kaltaiseksi. Pintavalutuskentillä vesi puhdistuu kosteikkoekosysteemille luontaisten fysikaalisten, kemiallisten ja biologisten prosessien seurauksena. Pintavalutuskenttien käyttöä metsätalouden valumavesien puhdistamisessa on tutkittu kiintoaineen ja fosforin osalta, mutta niiden tehokkuudesta typen pidättäjinä tiedetään vähän. Tämän tutkimuksen päätavoitteena oli selvittää pintavalutuskenttien käytön merkitys typpikuormituksen torjunnassa sekä tutkia käytön aiheuttamia ympäristövaikutuksia. Tutkimus osoitti, että pintavalutuskentät torjuvat tehokkaasti metsätalousalueiden valumavesien typpikuormitusta. Tärkeimmät pidätystehokkuutta selittävät tekijät olivat pintavalutuskentän koko ja muoto sekä kentälle tuleva valunta ja typpikuormituksen määrä. Riittävän suuri koko (yli prosentti valuma-alueen pinta-alasta) johtaa tehokkaaseen typen pidättymiseen pidentämällä veden viipymäaikaa kentällä sekä vähentämällä oikovirtausuomien syntymistä. Tulokset tukevat aiempaa käsitystä, että tehokas vesiensuojelu vesistöjä runsaasti kuormittavilla metsävaluma-alueilla edellyttää riittävän laajojen pintavalutuskenttien rakentamista metsätalousmaan ja vesistön välille. Pintavalutuskentät pidättävät valumavesien typpeä tehokkaasti, mutta niiden käytöstä voi aiheutua haitallisia ympäristövaikutuksia. Selvitimme, miten pintavalutuskenttien käyttö vaikuttaa kasvihuonekaasujen metaanin ja dityppioksidin päästöihin sekä pintavalutuskenttinä käytettyjen soiden kasvilajikoostumukseen. Metaani ja dityppioksidi kuuluvat hiilidioksidin ohella merkittävimpiin ih
- Published
- 2011
37. Carbon dynamics in peatlands under changing hydrology : Effects of water level drawdown on litter quality, microbial enzyme activities and litter decomposition rates
- Author
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Helsingin yliopisto, maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta, metsatieteiden laitos, Helsingfors universitet, agrikultur-forstvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för skogsvetenskaper, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA), Strakova, Petra, Helsingin yliopisto, maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta, metsatieteiden laitos, Helsingfors universitet, agrikultur-forstvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för skogsvetenskaper, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, Finnish Forest Research Institute (METLA), and Strakova, Petra
- Abstract
Pristine peatlands are carbon (C) accumulating wetland ecosystems sustained by a high water level (WL) and consequent anoxia that slows down decomposition. Persistent WL drawdown as a response to climate and/or land-use change directly affects decomposition: increased oxygenation stimulates decomposition of the old C (peat) sequestered under prior anoxic conditions. Responses of the new C (plant litter) in terms of quality, production and decomposability, and the consequences for the whole C cycle of peatlands are not fully understood. WL drawdown induces changes in plant community resulting in shift in dominance from Sphagnum and graminoids to shrubs and trees. There is increasing evidence that the indirect effects of WL drawdown via the changes in plant communities will have more impact on the ecosystem C cycling than any direct effects. The aim of this study is to disentangle the direct and indirect effects of WL drawdown on the new C by measuring the relative importance of 1) environmental parameters (WL depth, temperature, soil chemistry) and 2) plant community composition on litter production, microbial activity, litter decomposition rates and, consequently, on the C accumulation. This information is crucial for modelling C cycle under changing climate and/or land-use. The effects of WL drawdown were tested in a large-scale experiment with manipulated WL at two time scales and three nutrient regimes. Furthermore, the effect of climate on litter decomposability was tested along a north-south gradient. Additionally, a novel method for estimating litter chemical quality and decomposability was explored by combining Near infrared spectroscopy with multivariate modelling. WL drawdown had direct effects on litter quality, microbial community composition and activity and litter decomposition rates. However, the direct effects of WL drawdown were overruled by the indirect effects via changes in litter type composition and production. Short-term (years) responses to WL, Luonnontilaiset suot ovat hiiltä sitovia ekosysteemejä. Niissä maaperän märkyydestä johtuva hapen niukkuus hidastaa orgaanisen aineen hajotusta. Ilmaston tai maankäytön muutos voi aiheuttaa suon pitkäkestoisen kuivumisen. Se vaikuttaa sekä suorasti että epäsuorasti hajotukseen ja sitä kautta hiilen kiertoon ja hiilitaseeseen. Merkittävin suora vaikutus on maaperän hapekkuuden lisääntyminen, mikä nopeuttaa hajotusta. Epäsuorasti kuivuminen vaikuttaa muuttamalla suon kasviyhteisöä: tyypillisten suokasvien, kuten rahkasammalten ja sarojen, biomassa, tuotos ja karikesyöte vähenevät, kun taas varpujen ja puiden lisääntyvät. Kasviyhteisössä ja sen karikesyötteessä tapahtuvilla muutoksilla voi olla suurempi vaikutus hiilen kiertoon kuin vedenpinnan alenemisella sinänsä. Näiden muutosten suuntaa ja merkitystä koko ekosysteemin hiilitaseelle ei kuitenkaan vielä tunneta riittävästi. Tässä työssä tarkasteltiin vedenpinnan tason vaikutusta suohon tulevan karikkeen määrään, kemiallisiin ominaisuuksiin, mikrobiaktiivisuuteen ja hajoamisnopeuteen, ja näiden lopputulemana tapahtuvaan uuden orgaanisen aineen kertymään. Kuivumisen suorien ja epäsuorien vaikutusten merkitystä arvioitiin vertailemalla ympäristötekijöiden (vedenpinnan taso sekä maan lämpötila ja kemialliset ominaisuudet) ja kasvillisuuden koostumuksen selitysvoimaa. Tätä tietoa tarvitaan, kun mallinnetaan soiden hiilen kiertoa muuttuvissa olosuhteissa. Lyhyt- (muutamia vuosia) ja pitkäkestoisen (muutamia vuosikymmeniä) kuivumisen vaikutuksia tutkittiin kolmella eri ravinteisuustasolla. Ilmaston vaikutusta arvioitiin lisäksi vertailemalla Pohjois- ja Etelä-Suomessa sekä Virossa sijaitsevia koealoja. Karikkeen kemiallisen koostumuksen ja hajotettavuuden arviointiin kokeiltiin perinteisten uuttomenetelmien ja regressiomallien lisäksi nopeaa ja edullista infrapunaspektroskopiaa ja monimuuttuja-analyysiä. Vedenpinnan aleneminen vaikutti kasvilajitasolla karikkeen laatuun, kariketta hajottavaan mikrobiyhteisöön ja karikkeen h
- Published
- 2010
38. Effects of living crown reduction on needle element status of Scots pine
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Helsingin yliopisto, maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta, metsäekologian laitos, Helsingfors universitet, agrikultur-forstvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för skogsekologi, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Ecology, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Nuorteva, Heikki, Helsingin yliopisto, maatalous-metsätieteellinen tiedekunta, metsäekologian laitos, Helsingfors universitet, agrikultur-forstvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för skogsekologi, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Ecology, Finnish Forest Research Institute, and Nuorteva, Heikki
- Abstract
A wide range of biotic and abiotic factors, operating over different time perspectives and intensities, cause defoliation and a rapid decrease in the crown size of trees. Scleroderris canker disease [Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) Morelet] has caused widespread crown reduction and tree mortality in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L) in forests in Scandinavia during the last three decades. In the 1980's, attempts were made to show, on the basis of the higher foliar N and S concentrations of affected pines in the diseased area, that sulphur and nitrogen deposition predispose trees to G. abietina. Unfortunately, in many studies on defoliated trees, exceptionally high or low needle mineral nutrient concentrations are still often interpreted as one of the causes of tree injury and not, conversely, as the result. In this thesis, three different field experiments, with foliar analysis as the main study method, were conducted in order to asses the possible long-term effects of living crown reduction on the needle nutrient concentrations of Scots pine trees in southern Finland. The crown ratio and length of the living crown were used to estimate the amount of defoliation in the reduced canopies. The material for the partial studies was collected and a total of 968 foliar samples were analysed individually (15-17 elements/sample) on a total of 488 sample trees (140 diseased, 116 pruned and 232 control trees) during the years 1987-1996 in 13 Scots pine stands. All the three experiments of this thesis provided significant evidence that severe, disease-induced defoliation or artificial pruning of the living branches can induce long-lasting nutritional changes in the foliage of the recovering trees under the typical growing conditions for Scots pine. The foliar concentrations of all the 17 mineral nutrients/elements analysed were affected, to a varying degree, by artificial pruning during the following three years. Although Scots pine, as an evergreen conifer, is considered to have, Useat eri bioottiset ja abioottiset tekijät luonnossa aiheuttavat neulasmenetystä l. defoliaatiota ja elävän latvuksen äkillistä heikentymistä. Versosurma (entiseltä nimeltään männynversosyöpä) on surmakka-sienen (Gremmeniella abietina) aiheuttama tauti, joka on viime vuosikymmeninä laajalti aiheuttanut mäntyjen elävän latvuksen supistumista ja puiden kuolemaa Skandinaviassa. Erityisesti 1980-luvun pahojen versosurmatuhojen aikaan mäntyjen sairastumista tautiin yritettiin toisinaan todistaa ilman typpi- ja rikkilaskeumien aiheuttamaksi mm. männyn neulasten typpi- ja rikkipitoisuuksien lievästi kohonneilla arvoilla. Defolioituneiden puiden neulasten kohonneita tai alentuneita ravinne- tai alkuainepitoisuuksia käytetään eri puolilla maailmaa joissakin tutkimusraporteissa toisinaan yhä edelleen selityksenä puiden heikkoon kuntoon tai harsuuntumiseen, ajattelematta että itse äkillinen latvuksen supistuminen voisi vaikuttaa puun ravinnetilaan. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkittiin elävän latvuksen supistumisen pitkäaikaisvaikutuksia männynneulasten alkuainepitoisuuksiin kolmen erillisen kokeen avulla. Latvusuhdetta l. elävän latvuksen pituutta suhteessa puun pituuteen käytettiin neulasmenetyksen määrän arviointikeinona. Tutkimusmateriaali kerättiin vuosina 1987-1996 yhteensä 13 eteläsuomalaisen männikön 488 koepuusta, joista 140 oli versosurmaan sairastunutta, 116 pystykarsittua ja 232 kontrollipuuta. Jokaisen koepuun neulasnäytteestä (yhteensä 968 kpl) analysoitiin 15-17 alkuaineen pitoisuudet. Kaikki väitöskirjan kolme osakoetta osoittivat, että taudin aiheuttama elävän latvuksen supistuminen tai puiden elävien oksien voimakas karsinta voi aiheuttaa pitkäaikaisia ravinnemuutoksia toipuvien mäntyjen uusimmissa neulasissa. Puissa, joiden latvusta versosurma oli pienentänyt n. 50%, oli mm. typpi-, rikki-, mangaani- kalsium- ja booripitoisuudet korkeampia ja magnesium- sekä rautapitoisuudet alempia kuin viereisissä tervelatvuksisissa puissa 5-10 vuoden jälkeen tuhoista. Keinotek
- Published
- 2008
39. The effect of lignin content and lignin modification on Norway spruce wood properties and decay resistance
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Helsingin yliopisto, biotieteellinen tiedekunta, bio- ja ympäristötieteiden laitos, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, Helsingfors universitet, biovetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för bio- och miljövetenskaper, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Raiskila, Sanni, Helsingin yliopisto, biotieteellinen tiedekunta, bio- ja ympäristötieteiden laitos, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, Helsingfors universitet, biovetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för bio- och miljövetenskaper, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, and Raiskila, Sanni
- Abstract
Three different Norway spruce cutting clones growing in three environments with different soil and climatic conditions were studied. The purpose was to follow variation in the radial growth rate, wood properties and lignin content and to modify wood lignin with a natural monolignol, coniferyl alcohol, by making use of inherent wood peroxidases. In addition, the incorporation of chlorinated anilines into lignin was studied with synthetic model compounds and synthetic lignin preparations to show whether unnatural compounds originating from pesticides could be bound in the lignin polymer. The lignin content of heartwood, sapwood and earlywood was determined by applying Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and a principal component regression (PCR) technique. Wood blocks were treated with coniferyl alcohol by using a vacuum impregnation method. The effect of impregnation was assessed by FTIR and by a fungal decay test. Trees from a fertile site showed the highest growth rate and sapwood lignin content and the lowest latewood proportion, weight density and modulus of rupture (MOR). Trees from a medium fertile site had the lowest growth rate and the highest latewood proportion, weight density, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and MOR. The most rapidly growing clone showed the lowest latewood proportion, weight density, MOE and MOR. The slowest growing clone had the lowest sapwood lignin content and the highest latewood proportion, weight density, MOE and MOR. Differences between the sites and clones were small, while fairly large variation was found between the individual trees and growing seasons. The cutting clones maintained clone-dependent wood properties in the different growing sites although variation between trees was high and climatic factors affected growth. The coniferyl alcohol impregnation increased the content of different lignin-type phenolic compounds in the wood as well as wood decay resistance against a white-rot fungus, Coriolus versicolor. During, Työssä tutkittiin kolmea erilaista kuusipistokaskloonia, jotka kasvavat kolmella maaperä- ja ilmasto-olosuhteiltaan erilaisella kasvupaikalla. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää sädekasvunopeuden, puun ominaisuuksien ja ligniinipitoisuuden vaihtelua sekä modifioida ligniiniä luonnollisella monomeerilla, koniferyylialkoholilla, käyttäen hyväksi puussa olevia peroksidaasientsyymejä. Työssä tutkittiin myös torjunta-aineiden hajoamistuotteiden, kloorattujen aniliinien, sitoutumista ligniinipolymeeriin synteettisten malliaineiden ja synteettisen ligniinin avulla. Sydän-, pinta- ja kevätpuun ligniinipitoisuus määritettiin infrapunaspektroskopian (FTIR) ja pääkomponenttiregression (PCR) avulla. Puunäytteet käsiteltiin koniferyylialkoholilla alipainekyllästysmenetelmää käyttäen. Käsittelyn vaikutus arvioitiin FTIR:llä ja puun kestävyys testattiin lahotuskokeen avulla. Viljavalla kasvupaikalla kuusen kasvunopeus ja pintapuun ligniinipitoisuus olivat suurimmat mutta kesäpuuosuus, tiheys ja murtolujuus pienimmät. Kasvunopeus oli pienin karulla kasvupaikalla, kun taas kesäpuuosuus ja tiheys olivat suurimmat ja lujuusominaisuudet parhaimmat. Nopeimmin kasvaneen kloonin kesäpuuosuus ja tiheys olivat pienimmät ja lujuusominaisuudet heikoimmat. Hitaimmin kasvaneen kloonin pintapuun ligniinipitoisuus oli pienin, kesäpuuosuus ja tiheys suurimmat ja lujuusominaisuudet parhaimmat. Kasvupaikkojen ja kloonien väliset erot olivat pieniä, kun taas yksittäisten puiden ja kasvukausien välinen vaihtelu oli melko suurta. Koniferyylialkoholi-käsittely lisäsi puun ligniinin kaltaisten fenolisten yhdisteiden pitoisuutta ja kestävyyttä valkolahottajasientä (Coriolus versicolor) vastaan. 3,4-dikloorianiliini sitoutui synteettisen ligniinin β-O-4 rakenteisiin bentsyyliamiinisidoksella. Havainnot osoittivat, että pistokaskloonien ominaisuudet säilyivät eri kasvupaikoilla, vaikka puiden välinen vaihtelu oli suurta ja ilmastotekijät vaikuttivat kasvuun. Luonnollista monomeeria, koniferyylialkoholi
- Published
- 2008
40. Country-scale carbon accounting of the vegetation and mineral soils of Finland
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Helsingin yliopisto, biotieteellinen tiedekunta, bio- ja ympäristötieteiden laitos, Helsingfors universitet, biovetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för bio- och miljövetenskaper, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Peltoniemi, Mikko, Helsingin yliopisto, biotieteellinen tiedekunta, bio- ja ympäristötieteiden laitos, Helsingfors universitet, biovetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för bio- och miljövetenskaper, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Finnish Forest Research Institute, and Peltoniemi, Mikko
- Abstract
The increase in global temperature has been attributed to increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHG), mainly that of CO2. The threat of severe and complex socio-economic and ecological implications of climate change have initiated an international process that aims to reduce emissions, to increase C sinks, and to protect existing C reservoirs. The famous Kyoto protocol is an offspring of this process. The Kyoto protocol and its accords state that signatory countries need to monitor their forest C pools, and to follow the guidelines set by the IPCC in the preparation, reporting and quality assessment of the C pool change estimates. The aims of this thesis were i) to estimate the changes in carbon stocks vegetation and soil in the forests in Finnish forests from 1922 to 2004, ii) to evaluate the applied methodology by using empirical data, iii) to assess the reliability of the estimates by means of uncertainty analysis, iv) to assess the effect of forest C sinks on the reliability of the entire national GHG inventory, and finally, v) to present an application of model-based stratification to a large-scale sampling design of soil C stock changes. The applied methodology builds on the forest inventory measured data (or modelled stand data), and uses statistical modelling to predict biomasses and litter productions, as well as a dynamic soil C model to predict the decomposition of litter. The mean vegetation C sink of Finnish forests from 1922 to 2004 was 3.3 Tg C a-1, and in soil was 0.7 Tg C a-1. Soil is slowly accumulating C as a consequence of increased growing stock and unsaturated soil C stocks in relation to current detritus input to soil that is higher than in the beginning of the period. Annual estimates of vegetation and soil C stock changes fluctuated considerably during the period, were frequently opposite (e.g. vegetation was a sink but soil was a source). The inclusion of vegetation sinks into the national GHG inventory of 2003 increased, Metsien kasvillisuuden biomassa ja maaperä ovat merkittäviä hiilen varastoja. Ilmakehän hiilidioksidia sitoutuu metsiin hitaasti metsien kasvun myötä, mutta sitä voi vapautua ilmakehään nopeasti ja hyvinkin suuria määriä esimerkiksi ihmisen toiminnan tai ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutuksesta. Kioton sopimuksen allekirjoittaneet maat ovat velvollisia seuraamaan metsiensä hiilivarastoja ja arvioimaan niiden luotettavuutta. Väitöskirjassa arvioitiin Suomen metsien kasvillisuuden ja kangasmaiden maaperän hiilitasetta vuosina 1922 2004, sekä verrattiin menetelmän tuottamia ennusteita metsikkökohtaisiin mittauksiin maaperän hiilivarastoista. Väitöskirjassa tarkasteltiin Suomen metsien vuotuisten hiilivarastojen muutoksien (nielujen) luotettavuuksia, niihin vaikuttavia tekijöitä, sekä arvioitiin niiden epävarmuuksien merkitystä Suomen koko kasvihuonekaasutaseelle. Väitöskirjassa esitettiin myös laskentamenetelmän sovellus, jossa malliennusteita käytettiin hyväksi maaperän hiilivarastojen näytteenotannan tehostamisessa. Laskentamenetelmä käyttää lähtötietoinaan inventointitietoa metsistä (tai simuloitua metsikkötietoa), liittää sen tilastollisiin biomassa- ja karikemalleihin, sekä dynaamiseen maaperän karikkeen ja hiilen hajotusmalliin. Keskimääräinen vuotuinen hiilivaraston muutos Suomen metsien kasvillisuudessa vuosien 1922 2004 aikana oli 3.3 Tg C a-1, ja kangasmaiden maaperän hiilivarastossa 0.7 Tg C a-1. Suomen kasvillisuuden ja maaperän nielut olivat huomattavia verrattuina kasvihuonekaasujen päästöihin muilla sektoreilla. Metsien kasvillisuuden ja maaperän nielut vaihtelivat kuitenkin vuosittain hyvin paljon. Menetelmän ennusteet metsikkökohtaisista maaperän hiilivarastoista ja niiden pitkän ajan muutoksista olivat yhteneväisiä metsiköistä mitattuihin keskiarvoihin. Suomen metsien vuotuiset nielut olivat silti lähes kertaluokkaa epävarmempia kuin esimerkiksi fossiilisten polttoaineiden poltosta johtuvat hiilidioksidipäästöt, ja ne heikensivät oleellisesti Suomen kasvihuone
- Published
- 2007
41. Biological Control of Seedling Diseases in Forest Nurseries in Kerala
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Mohanan, C.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi -680653, Kerala and Mohanan, C.; Forest Protection Division, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi -680653, Kerala
- Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, and Psendomonas fluorescens were screened in forest nursery in two consecutive years to study the efficacy against the seedling damping-off pathogens, Rhizoctonia solani and Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum. Solarization of nursery beds by tarping the moistened soil by thick polythene sheets was also carried out as a part of the experiment. The antagonists were introduced in the nursery beds by soil amendment and seed coating either singly or in different combinations using Eucalyptus tereticornis and E. grandis as the host plants. Solarization increased the temperature in the top layer of soil (2.5-5 cm depth) up to 51°C and reduced the pathogen inoculum considerably. Among various treatments, T. harzianum as soil application was the most effective one against damping-off followed by the combination of soil solarization and T. harzianum soil application.
- Published
- 2007
42. Characterisation of properties of coniferous wood tracheids by x-ray diffraction, laser scattering and microscopy
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Helsingin yliopisto, matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta, fysikaalisten tieteiden laitos, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Sciences, Helsingfors universitet, matematisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för fysikaliska vetenskaper, The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, University of Oulu, Measurement and Sensor Laboratory, Sarén, Matti-Paavo, Helsingin yliopisto, matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta, fysikaalisten tieteiden laitos, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Sciences, Helsingfors universitet, matematisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, institutionen för fysikaliska vetenskaper, The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, University of Oulu, Measurement and Sensor Laboratory, and Sarén, Matti-Paavo
- Abstract
In recent years there has been growing interest in selecting suitable wood raw material to increase end product quality and to increase the efficiency of industrial processes. Genetic background and growing conditions are known to affect properties of growing trees, but only a few parameters reflecting wood quality, such as volume and density can be measured on an industrial scale. Therefore research on cellular level structures of trees grown in different conditions is needed to increase understanding of the growth process of trees leading to desired wood properties. In this work the cellular and cell wall structures of wood were studied. Parameters, such as the mean microfibril angle (MFA), the spiral grain angles, the fibre length, the tracheid cell wall thickness and the cross-sectional shape of the tracheid, were determined as a function of distance from the pith towards the bark and mutual dependencies of these parameters were discussed. Samples from fast-grown trees, which belong to a same clone, grown in fertile soil and also from fertilised trees were measured. It was found that in fast-grown trees the mean MFA decreased more gradually from the pith to the bark than in reference stems. In fast-grown samples cells were shorter, more thin-walled and their cross-sections were rounder than in slower-grown reference trees. Increased growth rate was found to cause an increase in spiral grain variation both within and between annual rings. Furthermore, methods for determination of the mean MFA using x-ray diffraction were evaluated. Several experimental arrangements including the synchrotron radiation based microdiffraction were compared. For evaluation of the data analysis procedures a general form for diffraction conditions in terms of angles describing the fibre orientation and the shape of the cell was derived. The effects of these parameters on the obtained microfibril angles were discussed. The use of symmetrical transmission geometry and tangentially cut sa, Tutkimuksen taustaa: Viime vuosina metsäteollisuuden kiinnostus on herännyt entistä tarkempaan raaka-aineen valintaan, sillä se parantaa lopputuotteiden laatua sekä mahdollistaa prosessien tehostamisen. Tiedetään, että puiden geneettinen tausta ja kasvuolosuhteet vaikuttavat kasvavan puun puuainekseen, mutta ainoastaan harvoja puun laatuun liittyviä tunnuslukuja, kuten tilavuutta tai tiheyttä, voidaan mitata teollisessa mittakaavassa. Tässä väitöskirjatyössä on vertailtu ja kehitetty menetelmiä, joilla puuaineksen ominaisuuksia ja sen muodostumista erilaisissa kasvuolosuhteissa voidaan mitata. Tämä edesauttaa ymmärtämään puun kasvuprosessia. Tutkimusmenetelmästä: Väitöskirjatyössä on tutkittu havupuun puusolukon ja erityisesti putkilosolujen soluseinämän rakennetta. Siinä on vertailtu röntgensirontamenetelmiä, joilla voidaan määrittää soluseinämissä olevan selluloosan muodostamien, osin kiteisten fibrillien suuntajakaumaa, mikrofibrillikulmaa. Menetelmien ja tulosten vertailemiseksi työssä on johdettu röntgensäteilyn sironnalle kiteisestä selluloosasta teoreettinen malli, jossa solujen orientaatio ja muoto voidaan huomioida. Näiden parametrien vaikutus mikrofibrillikulman määrittämiseen on tarkasteltu. Puun solukkorakennetta on tutkittu optisella mikroskopialla ja solujen orientaatiota lasersironnalla. Tuloksista ja niiden merkityksestä: Työssä on tutkittu Suomessa ja Ruotsissa kasvaneen kuusen (Picea abies) mikrofibrillikulman, syykulman, kuitujen pituuden, soluseinämän paksuuden ja solun poikkileikkeen muodon vaihtelua vuosirenkaan funktiona. Työssä on tutkittu kasvunopeuden vaikutusta edellä mainittuihin parametreihin. Mitatun aineiston kasvunlisäys on saatu aikaan joko lannoittamalla tai valitsemalla nopeakasvuinen alkuperä, jolloin aineistona on käytetty saman kloonin puita. Tuloksien pohjalta nopeakasvuisuuden todettiin johtavan keskimääräisen mikrofibrillikulman pienenemiseen hitaammin puun ytimestä kaarnan suuntaan edettäessä kuin hidaskasvuisemmissa kontrol
- Published
- 2006
43. Forest inventory-based large-scale forest biomass and carbon budget assessment: new enhanced methods and use of remote sensing for verification
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Helsingin yliopisto, matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta, maantieteen laitos, Helsingfors universitet, matematisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, geografiska institutionen, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science, Department of Geography, Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muukkonen, Petteri, Helsingin yliopisto, matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta, maantieteen laitos, Helsingfors universitet, matematisk-naturvetenskapliga fakulteten, geografiska institutionen, University of Helsinki, Faculty of Science, Department of Geography, Finnish Forest Research Institute, and Muukkonen, Petteri
- Abstract
In recent years, concern has arisen over the effects of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) in the earth's atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuels. One way to mitigate increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change is carbon sequestration to forest vegeta-tion through photosynthesis. Comparable regional scale estimates for the carbon balance of forests are therefore needed for scientific and political purposes. The aim of the present dissertation was to improve methods for quantifying and verifying inventory-based carbon pool estimates of the boreal forests in the mineral soils. Ongoing forest inventories provide a data based on statistically sounded sampling for estimating the level of carbon stocks and stock changes, but improved modelling tools and comparison of methods are still needed. In this dissertation, the entire inventory-based large-scale forest carbon stock assessment method was presented together with some separate methods for enhancing and comparing it. The enhancement methods presented here include ways to quantify the biomass of understorey vegetation as well as to estimate the litter production of needles and branches. In addition, the optical remote sensing method illustrated in this dis-sertation can be used to compare with independent data. The forest inventory-based large-scale carbon stock assessment method demonstrated here provided reliable carbon estimates when compared with independent data. Future ac-tivity to improve the accuracy of this method could consist of reducing the uncertainties regarding belowground biomass and litter production as well as the soil compartment. The methods developed will serve the needs for UNFCCC reporting and the reporting under the Kyoto Protocol. This method is principally intended for analysts or planners interested in quantifying carbon over extensive forest areas., Fossiilisten polttoaineiden aiheuttama ilmakehän hiilidioksidipitoisuuden kasvu on viime vuosina herättänyt runsaasti keskustelua. Kohonneen hiilidioksidipitoisuuden alentamiseksi on pohdittu muun muassa hiilen sitomista fotosynteesin avulla metsäkasvillisuuteen. Tämän takia tieteellisiä ja poliittisia tarkoituksia varten tarvitaankin alueellisia vertailukelpoisia arvioita metsien hiilitaseesta. Tässä tutkimuksessa kehitettiin menetelmiä boreaalisten kivennäismailla sijaitsevien metsien kasvillisuuden ja maaperän hiilimäärän arvioimiseksi. Nyt esitetty menetelmä pohjautuu metsäinventointitietoihin, koska ne tarjoavat hyvien otantamenetelmiensä ansiosta luotettavan pohjan hiilimäärien arvioinnille. Nyt kehitetyt menetelmät parantavat muun muassa kariketuoton ja aluskasvillisuuden biomassan arvioimista. Lisäksi tässä työssä käytetyt kaukokartoitusaineistot ja -menetelmät mahdollistavat metsäinventoinneista riippumattoman tulosten vertailun. Nyt saatuja tuloksia voidaan soveltaa Kioton sopimuksen ja YK:n edellyttämissä hiilitaseraportoinneissa. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset soveltuvat laajojen alueiden hiilitaseiden arviointiin silloin, kun saatavilla on valmista metsäinventointiaineistoa kuten esimerkiksi metsätilastoja. Mikäli tällaista tietoa ei ole saatavilla, voidaan alustavia arvioita tehdä myös tässä tutkimuksessa esitettyjen kaukokartoitusaineistojen ja -menetelmien avulla. Vaikka nyt esitetyt menetelmät mahdollistavat boreaalisten metsien hiilimäärän arvioinnin, tulevaisuudessa menetelmiä tulee silti kehittää edelleen. Erityisesti tulee huomioida maanalaisen biomassan ja kasvien maanalaisten osien kariketuoton arvioimista. Lisäksi tulevaisuudessa täytyy edelleen kehittää menetelmiä maaperän hiilimäärän muutosten selvittämiseksi.
- Published
- 2006
44. Talking Technology Conference - Plant Biotechnology
- Author
-
Consumers Institute David Russell, WDFF Jo Gravit, National Council Of Women Jocelyn Keith, Board, Jackie Bedford New Zealand Dairy, Environment, Abdul Moeed Ministry For The, Speight, Emma, Foundation Of Research, Technology, Independent Broadcaster John Gordon, Spratt, Royal Society Peter, Rys, Gerald, Ministry Of Research, Wellington College Of Education Wally Penetito, Landcare Research NZ Ltd Carole Donaldson, Hort Research Libby Burgess, Crop Tony Conner, Monsanto NZ Ltd Murray Willocks, AgResearch Derek White, Smith, Forest Research Institute Ltd Dale, Ministry Of Agriculture Peter Kettle, Project Manager. Rachel Perrett, and Organising Committee Members
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Laboratory Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin against Indarbela Quadrinotata walker (Lepidoptera: Metarbelidae) - A Key Pest of Casuarina equisetifolia L. in Tamil Nadu
- Author
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Sasidharan, K. R.; Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, 641 002, Tamil Nadu, Varma, R. V.; Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, 680 653, Kerala, Sasidharan, K. R.; Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, 641 002, Tamil Nadu, and Varma, R. V.; Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, 680 653, Kerala
- Abstract
The bark eating caterpillar, Indarbela quadrinotata Walker is a serious pest of Casuarina equisetifolia in Tamil Nadu State. Survey conducted in plantations located in different parts of the State resulted in detection of a potential strain of the biocontrol agent, Beauveria bassiana. Laboratory evaluation of B. bassiana against l. quadrinotata revealed that the fungal suspension at concentrations of 2 x 106, 2 x 107 and 2 x 108 spores/ml was able to kill 66.67 per cent larvae. The fungus at a concentration of 4 x 108 spores/ml gave 100 per cent mortality of the test larvae. The LC50 at 240 hours was 1.6 x 106 spores/ml and the LT50 for the most effective concentration was 82.86 hours.
- Published
- 2005
46. Conservation, genetic improvement and silviculture of rattan species in south east Asia : report on the first Workshop among participants to the EEC projet N° TS3-CT94-0285, in Tawau, Sabah (Malaysia) from 23 to 27 January 1995
- Author
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CIRAD-FORET - FRA, FRIM [Forest Research Institute Malaysia] - MYS, FRC - MYS, Yayasan Sabah Group - MYS, and Royal Botanic Gardens - GBR
- Subjects
F70 - Taxonomie végétale et phyto-géographie ,F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes ,K10 - Production forestière - Published
- 1995
47. Conservation, genetic improvement and silviculture of rattan species in south east Asia. Six month progress report on the activities of the participants to the project N°TS3-CT94-0285
- Author
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CIRAD-FORET - FRA, FRC - MYS, FRIM [Forest Research Institute Malaysia] - MYS, Yayasan Sabah Group - MYS, and Royal Botanic Gardens - GBR
- Subjects
P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières ,K10 - Production forestière ,F30 - Génétique et amélioration des plantes - Abstract
Rattan is a forest product with a high value for local economy of South East Asia. The rattan trade represents S 5 billions, 90 % of which being concentrated in Indonesia and Malaysia. In spite of this, the knowledge about rattan biology, silviculture and the geographic partitioning of genetic diversity is still very limited. In 1994, a number of public and private organisations working in the region decided to join their research efforts on these topics within the present project, supported by the "Science and Technologies for Development" programme of the EEC. The list of the organisations involved is the following: 1) CIRAD-Forêt, HQ in France, Regional Office in Sabah, Malaysia 2) Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Malaysia (FRIM) 3) Forestry Department Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia (FD) 4) Innoprise Corporation Sdn Bhd, Sabah, Malaysia (ICSB) 5) Royal Botanical Garden, United Kingdom (RBG) The Official Commencement Date of the EEC project was the first of October 1994. The associated contracts between CIRAD-Forêt and the other participants were signed from December 1994 to April 1995. This six-months progress report refers therefore to a period from January 1995 and June 1995.According to the decisions taken during the First Workshop among Participants to the EEC Project on Rattans (Tawau, 23-27 January 1995, related in a previous document), the major activities during the first six-months period were subdivided among research, documentation, purchase of new equipments, recruitment of researchers, participation in international congress, and seed collections. These activities are briefly resumed in the following paragraphs and detailed in the participants' papers.
- Published
- 1995
48. Bioecology of Sympiesis hyblaeae Surekha (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae) a Parasitoid of the Teak Defoliator, Hyblaea puera Cramer (Lepidoptera:Hyblaeidae)
- Author
-
Sudheendrakumar, V. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Thrissur, Kerala and Sudheendrakumar, V. V.; Division of Entomology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680 653, Thrissur, Kerala
- Abstract
The biology, behaviour and seasonal dynamics of Sympiesis hyblaeae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) an ectoparasitoid of the teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae) are discussed. S. hyblaeae prefers to lay eggs on first or second instar teak defoliator larvae. A single egg is deposited on each host larva. Each female lays an average of 5 eggs per day and an average of 15 eggs during its lifespan. The total developmental period is about 10-13 days. A high proportion (94%) of the pupae formed during the months, December to January are observed going through a diapause period ranging from 111-156 days, with an average of 13S days. The peak activity period of S. hyblaeae in the field is during September to December, which does not coincide with the peak incidence period (April-June) of its host (H. puera). The seasonal incidence pattern indicates that S. hyblaeae is not a potential natural biocontrol agent of the teak defoliator.
- Published
- 2002
49. A comparative study of New Zealand radiata pine and North American timbers: Machining and related mechanical tests.
- Author
-
New Zealand Forest Research Institute and New Zealand Forest Research Institute
- Abstract
P060/1. P060 English version
- Published
- 1994
50. Properties and uses of New Zealand radiata pine
- Author
-
New Zealand Forest Research Institute and New Zealand Forest Research Institute
- Abstract
P040. Volume One - Wood Properties
- Published
- 1991
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