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Este artigo apresenta um estudo que teve por objetivo verificar, por meio das narrativas de professores, se a organização dos espaços e dos tempos oportuniza ou não aos bebês e crianças pequenas experiências para o desenvolvimento do protagonismo infantil. De natureza qualitativa, este estudo empregou como instrumento de pesquisa um questionário aberto, respondido por 32 professores de Educação Infantil da rede municipal de uma cidade de XXX. Os dados foram analisados numa aproximação com a Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD), da qual emergiram quatro categorias de análise. Uma delas, A (trans)formação dos espaços e tempos em ambientes de aprendizagem, é apresentada neste estudo. As análises evidenciaram que há ainda uma percepção adultocêntrica do processo de organização dos espaços e dos tempos, demonstrando que esta organização não vem favorecendo o protagonismo infantil. Conclui-se que é necessário superar espaços, rotinas e práticas adultocêntricas, que não convidem a criança a ser autora de suas experiências e aprendizagem, sendo o olhar sensível do professor um aspecto fundamental nesse processo.

A proposta do Novo Ensino Médio no Brasil pode oportunizar a quebra de alguns paradigmas educacionais, promovendo uma educação construída numa proposta transversal e por meio de uma docência compartilhada. Este artigo objetiva compreender as percepções dos docentes sobre a implantação do Novo Ensino Médio na dinamicidade de uma parceria entre Escola e Universidade, considerando os primeiros movimentos de planejamento do primeiro semestre letivo de 2022 para o 1º Ano do Ensino Médio. Com abordagem descritiva, a produção de dados se deu por meio da gravação de um grupo de discussão composto por professores, cujas falas foram analisadas com base na técnica de Análise Textual Discursiva, de onde emergiram três categorias. Os resultados evidenciaram que a docência compartilhada promovida numa parceria escola e universidade oportuniza aos professores quebrar paradigmas - “quebrar as próprias caixas” -, construindo uma nova identidade docente que intenciona criar soluções por meio de colaboração e trabalho em equipe. Evidencia-se nas falas dos professores uma motivação que alcança professores, alunos e pais, no contexto de um projeto estratégico que coloca a educação de qualidade como foco no ambiente escolar.

Este artigo teve como objetivo investigar a inserção da Educação Física na área de Linguagens, a partir da análise da produção científica relacionada ao tema. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, na qual foram analisados 14 artigos selecionados nas bases do Portal de Periódicos Capes e do Google Acadêmico, oriundos de pesquisas bibliográficas/documentais ou da realidade escolar. A partir da Análise Textual, emergiram três categorias: Base Nacional Comum Curricular e a Educação Física na área de linguagens: entre avanços e retrocessos; a busca por pressupostos para sustentar a Educação Física enquanto linguagem, e a Educação Física na área de linguagens: práticas pedagógicas escolares e relatos de professores. Constatamos a necessidade de reavaliar o papel da Educação Física na Área de Linguagens, reconhecendo sua capacidade de enriquecer a educação com perspectivas históricas, culturais e críticas, na construção da cidadania e da consciência social. Quanto aos pressupostos teóricos para a compreensão da Educação Física enquanto linguagem, podemos destacar a busca por sustentação na semiótica, em Bakhtin, na hermenêutica de Gadamer e de Mauro Betti do campo da Educação Física. Apesar desses esforços, as pesquisas no contexto escolar indicam dificuldades na efetivação da Educação Física neste novo espaço curricular, devido à hierarquização de outros componentes, considerados adequados à lógica empregatícia. Portanto, há necessidade de uma abordagem crítica e interdisciplinar, na qual teorias da linguagem e da compreensão de cultura corporal de movimento entrelacem-se, transcendendo a compreensão do corpo para além dos limites biológicos e estendendo-se à expressividade e às diversas manifestações culturais.

Ailanthus altissima is among the most invasive woody species worldwide, outcompeting native trees. The fungus Verticillium nonalfalfae (VN) is promising for A. altissima biocontrol, and its effects on the host have been studied via visual assessment in a range of host species. However, little research was performed to address fungal effects on the physiological processes of non-target woody plants. We investigated the occurrence of visual and non-visually recognisable perturbations of VN infection on potted vines to evaluate the potential risks of the biocontrol pathogen on viticulture. Eighteen four-years-old Vitis vinifera (cultivar Grüner Veltliner grafted on Kober 5BB) potted plants were inoculated with VN conidial suspension of the fungus (F), while nine plants were treated with sterile water (C, control). Disease symptoms and physiological parameters were monitored throughout the experiment (seven evaluation dates), while leaf water potential, leaf mass per area (LMA) and biomass were measured at the end of the study when plant tissue was sampled for re-isolation of the fungus. In our trial, inoculations with VN induced characteristic wilting symptoms only in Ailanthus (used as side control of the inoculum), while vines remained asymptomatic, thus indicating a high degree of host specificity of VN. Limited or no impact was detected on the physiology of the non-target V. vinifera. Furthermore, the LMA and biomass measured in the two experimental groups were not different. Although fungal colonisation induced vascular discolouration in both species, the fungus could only be re-isolated from dying Ailanthus but not from vine tissue. Results suggest that V. vinifera cv Grüner Veltliner is resistant to the applied VN isolate. However, the susceptibility and physiology of additional grapevine cultivars, as well as other native woody species to VN, should be studied before promoting large-scale use of the biocontrol agent.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

BackgroundAlthough native to North America, the invasion of the aphid-like grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae across the globe altered the course of grape cultivation. For the past 150 years, viticulture relied on grafting-resistant North American Vitis species as rootstocks, thereby limiting genetic stocks tolerant to other stressors such as pathogens and climate change. Limited understanding of the insect genetics resulted in successive outbreaks across the globe when rootstocks failed. Here we report the 294-Mb genome of D. vitifoliae as a basic tool to understand host plant manipulation, nutritional endosymbiosis, and enhance global viticulture.ResultsUsing a combination of genome, RNA, and population resequencing, we found grape phylloxera showed high duplication rates since its common ancestor with aphids, but similarity in most metabolic genes, despite lacking obligate nutritional symbioses and feeding from parenchyma. Similarly, no enrichment occurred in development genes in relation to viviparity. However, phylloxera evolved > 2700 unique genes that resemble putative effectors and are active during feeding. Population sequencing revealed the global invasion began from the upper Mississippi River in North America, spread to Europe and from there to the rest of the world.ConclusionsThe grape phylloxera genome reveals genetic architecture relative to the evolution of nutritional endosymbiosis, viviparity, and herbivory. The extraordinary expansion in effector genes also suggests novel adaptations to plant feeding and how insects induce complex plant phenotypes, for instance galls. Finally, our understanding of the origin of this invasive species and its genome provide genetics resources to alleviate rootstock bottlenecks restricting the advancement of viticulture.

Estudos recentes têm condicionado a habilidade de compreensão leitora a processos como a fluência de leitura. Em vista disso, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar como a velocidade de leitura interfere na compreensão leitora, a partir da concretização de práticas de ensino da fluência para estudantes do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Para dar conta desse objetivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa de abordagem quali-quantitativa, caracterizada como pesquisa-ação, visto que foram realizadas intervenções didáticas, por meio de oficinas, para o ensino da velocidade de leitura. Três etapas foram realizadas a fim de atingir o objetivo deste estudo. Num primeiro momento, foi realizado um pré-teste, a fim de verificar a velocidade de leitura de dezessete estudantes do 9º ano, sujeitos da pesquisa; após, foram realizadas cinco oficinas de aproximadamente 45 minutos cada, para desenvolver a velocidade leitora, a partir de brincadeiras, jogos e dinâmicas. Por fim, foi realizado o pós-teste, com o objetivo de verificar se houve avanços na velocidade de leitura a partir das oficinas realizadas. Com as intervenções, os participantes obtiveram uma melhora significativa do pré para o pós-teste, em relação à velocidade de leitura, comprovando, assim, que é possível qualificar a fluência leitora através de práticas em sala de aula. Entretanto, em relação ao desempenho em compreensão leitora, os dados não foram conclusivos. A análise do pré-teste, porém, evidenciou que quem lê mais rápido compreende melhor. Os resultados desse estudo poderão auxiliar os profissionais que atuam nas escolas.

The present study investigated whether different grafting combinations (hypobiont-epibiont) of Vitis spp. influence root infection with phylloxera and thus vine biomass on potted 2-year-old plants. The study was conducted simultaneously at two locations in Slovenia (VEM) and Hungary (GF). The dormant canes of ‘Johanniter’ (JOH), ‘Riesling’ (RR) and Vitis berlandieri × Vitis riparia ‘Teleki 5C’ (5C) were hetero-grafted (each with each) and autografted (each with itself), so that nine plant combinations were used for the trial. The roots of the experimental plants at different ages (1–2 years) were infested with two phylloxera populations originating from two locations (VEM, GF). Plant growth was quantified 120 days after inoculation by measuring root and shoot biomass, while the extent of phylloxera infestation was assessed by the number of feeding sites (nodosities, tuberosities) and the number of larval stages of phylloxera. In most cases, the genotype of the hypobiont influenced the degree of phylloxera infestation on all roots of the two-year-old root system. At both locations, the highest number of nodosities and the highest increase in phylloxera population was observed on the autografted Teleki 5C (5C/5C). The phylloxera biotype derived from Vitis vinifera roots (GF) induced tuberosities, especially on roots of combinations where JOH and RR were used as hypobionts. No correlation was found between biomass and phylloxera infestation. The hypobiont genotype had no effect on cane biomass at the end of the growth cycle at either experimental site.

Abstract The present study evaluated the isolated and combined effect of total ammonia and nitrite on Macrobrachium amazonicum adults through the median lethal concentration (LC5096h), histological analysis of gills and total and differential haemolymph cell counts. Prawns (n = 640; 9.8 ± 0.9 cm and 8.22 ± 1.29 g) were subjected to an entirely randomised design in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme. Individuals were exposed to total ammonia (0, 18, 36 and 72 mg/L) and nitrite (0, 1, 2 and 4 mg/L) alone and in combination. Interaction between the compounds was determined by summing the additivity of the substances (S) and by calculating the additivity index (AI). The LC5096h of isolated compounds was 27.98 mg/L for total ammonia and 1.87 mg/L for nitrite. Total ammonia and nitrite combined showed an LC5096h of 22.36 and 1.17 mg/L, respectively. The sum of additivity ranged from 2.70 to 1.42 and the AI indicated that the toxicity of the mixture was 1.70 to 0.42 times lower, indicating an antagonistic effect of the compounds. High total haemocyte counts (THC) were observed at the higher concentrations of both compounds at a shorter exposure time. Reduction in THC was observed in the treatments with a longer exposure time. Differential haemocyte counts were similar between treatments. Increases in the extent of regressive damage and organ index (Iorg) values occurred with increasing concentrations of isolated total ammonia and nitrite. Mild to moderate presence of progressive damage was observed at intermediate combined concentrations, which elevated the Iorg values. The interaction of total ammonia and nitrite promoted a reduction in mortality compared to treatment with the isolated compounds. Thus, the results obtained guide decision‐making in production systems, which are currently based on studies where the compounds were evaluated acting in isolation.

We evaluated the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of 30 red wines from Austria (cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon, Blaufraenkisch and Zweigelt) and 20 wines from Montenegro (cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon and Vranac) from three consecutive vintages: 2014, 2015 and 2016. We determined spectrophotometrically the contents of total phenol (TP), total anthocyanin (TA) and low- and high-molecular-weight proanthocyanidins (LMP and HMP respectively). We identified and quantified 18 phenolic compounds (hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, stilbenes and flavan-3-ols) by high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, we used Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for chemical analyses of the main wine parameters. Austrian autochthonous wines exhibited a similar chemical composition (alcohol 12.4 vol%, pH 3.38). Blaufraenkisch wines showed higher TP, HMP and LMP than Zweigelt wines; however, TA content was similar. Blaufraenkisch wines also showed higher phenolic acid, flavan-3-ol and stilbene contents than Zweigelt wines. Montenegrin autochthonous Vranac wines showed a typical chemical composition (alcohol 13.0 vol%, pH 3.42), and medium to high levels of phenols: TP, HMP, LMP, TA, HCA and flavan-3-ols. On the other hand, they showed a moderate stilbene content. Cabernet-Sauvignon wines from Austria and Montenegro exhibited some similarities in phenolic composition: TP, HMP, LMP and TA. There were notable variations in the phenolic acid and flavan-3-ol contents, especially the stilbene content, which was much higher in the Austrian wines than in the Montenegrin wines. These findings evidence an important impact of climatic conditions on these compounds. The antioxidant activity in all investigated wines was high and correlated strongly with TP, total phenol index, HMP and LMP in wines. The vintage influenced the chemical composition and content of all examined phenolic groups, except flavan-3-ols. Wines from the vintage with the best maturity (2015) contained the highest content of spectrophotometrically determined phenolic compounds and lowest level of phenolic acids and stilbenes. Principle component analysis showed that wines were mainly discriminated by variety and origin but not by vintage.

Pioneering grapevines also referred to as “PIWIs” (after the German expression “pilzwiderstandsfähig” = fungus resistant), represent an interesting alternative to classic cultivars in several wine regions. Their resistance to some fungal diseases places them among the potential solutions for sustainability, especially under organic production systems. However, little is known about their response to abiotic stressors, such as water stress under drought conditions. Here we studied the response of three PIWI cultivars (Donauriesling, Muscaris, Souvignier gris, and Riesling or Grüner Veltliner Vitis vinifera cultivars as comparison; all plants without fruit) to drought under semi-controlled conditions over two consecutive seasons. While in season 2020, we imposed a single dry-down and re-watering cycle inside a glasshouse, during season 2021, we subjected the vines to three cycles of dehydration and re-watering under field conditions with the aid of a rain shelter. Along the experiments, we monitored leaf gas exchange and water potential during soil dehydration and characterised leaf area development and some key leaf hydraulic traits. Despite different conditions in our two study seasons, we found connective significances in some key parameters. Under well-watered conditions, Souvignier gris had the highest rates of stomatal conductance, whereas Muscaris exhibited the most conservative water use behaviour. When under drought, Souvignier gris showed an apparent less tight stomatal control than the other PIWIs in coordination with a lower (more negative) osmotic potential and turgor loss point. Our results suggest that Muscaris (and Donauriesling showed similar behaviour) might be more suitable for non-irrigated conditions than Souvignier gris. However, further research on berry composition and open field is needed to upscale our results and address the water management of PIWI vineyards.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar os efeitos de conteúdos multimodais na produção de resumos e suas implicações no ensino da leitura de alunos do ensino superior através da interação com um Objeto Digital de Aprendizagem Multimodal (ODAM). Nesse sentido, realizou-se uma intervenção pedagógica com uma turma do componente curricular Leitura e Produção de Textos I, de uma universidade privada, na qual os estudantes interagiram com o material didático digital, que tem como propósito o ensino da leitura do gênero textual artigo científico, mediado por conteúdo multimodal. Para coletar dados para a análise, as telas dos computadores usados pelos estudantes foram gravadas a fim de verificar se os conteúdos multimodais refletem na capacidade de produzir um resumo do texto contido no ODAM, o qual se tornou um parâmetro para analisar a compreensão leitora dos alunos. Os dados gerados pela gravação das interações com os conteúdos multimodais foram comparados com a produção dos resumos decorrentes da interação com o ODAM, a partir de uma estratégia de integração de dados mistos, qualitativos e quantitativos (CRESWELL, 2010). Com base nas análises, verificou-se que os estudantes que investiram menos tempo para interagir com os conteúdos multimodais apresentaram mais dificuldades em produzir os resumos, enquanto os que interagiram mais tempo conseguiram concluir a tarefa com menos dificuldades.

Este trabalho objetiva analisar a fala de crianças de 3 e 5 anos dentro do ambiente escolar a fim de verificar o emprego das implicaturas conversacionais na infância. Para isso, o estudo se fundamenta nos conceitos de Teoria das Implicaturas (GRICE, 1975), Teoria da Mente (SOUZA, 2006) e de significado natural e não-natural (GRICE, 1957). Com a finalidade de dar conta do objetivo proposto, foi realizado um estudo de caso em que se observaram 18 horas de interações de crianças, entre 3 e 5 anos, de três turmas da Educação Infantil de uma escola no município de Venâncio Aires/RS. As observações foram registradas em um diário de campo e suas análises realizadas com base nos conceitos teóricos que alicerçam o trabalho. Os resultados indicam que os sujeitos pesquisados usam, de forma consciente, os implícitos em suas construções linguísticas e que reconhecem a si e aos outros em suas falas.

Viticulture is a perennial cropping system that provides large inter-row space as a non-crop habitat for a range of different taxa. Extensive vegetation management has been shown to increase biodiversity and ecosystem service provision in vineyards. Important soil ecosystem services are decomposition, nutrient cycling, and pest regulation provided by the mesofauna (e.g., Acari and Collembola). However, studies investigating the effects of inter-row management on soil mesofauna are scarce. We studied the effect of inter-row management intensity (complete vegetation cover, alternating vegetation cover, and bare ground) and local pedoclimatic conditions on Acari and Collembola in nine Austrian vineyards. Our results showed that the clay content of the soil was the most important factor and increased the abundances of both analyzed taxa. Complete and alternating vegetation cover increased their abundance in comparison to bare ground management. Higher soil respiration slightly contributed to higher abundances of those two taxa in both years. In conclusion, besides the positive effects of the clay content in the soil, complete and alternating vegetation cover are feasible management practices for increasing soil mesofauna in vineyards.

In vineyards, the under-vine area is managed to control vegetation growth and to reduce the competing effect of growing plants on vines and fruit development. Applied under-vine management methods are the application of herbicides, soil tillage or the growth of spontaneous vegetation or cover crops. These methods affect pedo-climatic conditions differentially as well as the soil biota and have, therefore, consequences on soil functions and ecosystem services. In the presented case study, the effects of five under-vine management methods on the activity of soil hydrolytic enzymes, the soil water content, vine photosynthetic activity, shoot pruning weight, grape yield and quality are investigated in a vineyard in Lower Austria over three consecutive seasons. Thereby, we hypothesise that a permanent under-vine vegetation cover, either mowed or without mowing, supports the soil microbial communities and soil functions in a way to enhance water and nutrients availability for vines which partly compensates for the competition of the growing vegetation. Our results confirm effects on the soil water balance, more specifically, a reduced soil water content in 11 -20 cm soil depths induced by a permanent vegetation cover as compared to herbicide application or soil tillage. Further consequences of permanent vegetation below vines were lower shoot pruning weights and lower berry weights, while total soluble solids and titratable acidity were not affected. The vine's photosynthetic activity, as well as the soil water content, were partly affected by treatments dependent on the precipitation ahead of the measurement. In parallel, the soil microbial activity was significantly enhanced by a permanent vegetation cover below the vines as compared to herbicide application, a trend which increased with the years of the project. In conclusion, permanent under-vine vegetation strongly promoted soil microbial activity without strong effects on shoot pruning weight, grape yield and quality. In the next step, a functional proof is necessary to characterise the interaction between soil microbial activity, soil water balance and vine nutrition and water status by using sensors for continuous measurements.

The research maps and investigates the territories created by the abandonment of railway stations, a process that has been accentuated since the 1980s, in the twin cities of Jaguarão-Rio Branco and Santana do Livramento-Rivera, on the Brazil-Uruguay border. The aim was to understand the urban practices and the contemporary relationship with the railway heritage. Through the sensitive cartographic method, which explores the lived experience as processual, combined with an ethnographic perspective, which proposes an immersion in the field, the rupture body-city and the perception of a sensitive abandonment in these territories became evident. Our walks opened new ways of reading the city, and the prevalence of the importance of speech, of listening, of pause, of silence, as a powerful way to feel and experience the places through our sensibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMO Objetivo verificar se, por conta da pandemia, os fonoaudiólogos clínicos estavam realizando teleatendimento, se faziam avaliações de fala utilizando o meio virtual e de que modo o faziam, bem como quais instrumentos utilizavam. Métodos a amostra foi composta por 271 fonoaudiólogos clínicos do país. Foi enviado um questionário online com perguntas a respeito da sua formação e atuação profissional, da realização de atendimentos fonoaudiológicos (avaliação, acompanhamento e terapia) e avaliações de fala por meio da telessaúde, isto é, se estavam realizando atendimento e avaliação por esse meio e como o estavam fazendo. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente. Resultados a maioria dos fonoaudiólogos que participaram do estudo estava realizando atendimentos por meio da telessaúde. Porém, apenas um pequeno grupo dos profissionais realizou avaliação da fala nessa modalidade, utilizando, como método de coleta de dados a fala espontânea, figuras para nomeação, instrumentos adaptados para o meio virtual – Teste de Linguagem Infantil (ABFW) e Avaliação Fonológica da Criança (AFC) -, vídeos enviados pelos familiares, entre outros. Ainda, mais da metade dos fonoaudiólogos referiu acreditar que seja viável realizar avaliação da fala por telessaúde. Entretanto, consideraram que a avaliação por esse meio não tem a mesma efetividade que a avaliação presencial. Conclusão a telessaúde, embora pouco difundida no Brasil, apresenta profissionais fonoaudiólogos atuantes na modalidade. Nesse sentido, surge a necessidade de adaptação de instrumentos de avaliação para aplicação virtual, além de aperfeiçoamento da infraestrutura (áudio, vídeo, suporte e rede de internet).

Healthy soils form the basis of sustainable viticulture, where soil characteristics have a direct impact on wine quantity and quality. Soil not only provides water and nutrients to vines, but is also a living medium containing micro- and macroorganisms that perform many ecological functions and provide ecosystem services. These organisms are involved in many processes, from decomposing organic matter to providing minerals to vine roots. They also control diseases, pests, and weeds, in addition to improving the soil structure in terms of its capacity to retain water and nutrients. Related to decomposition processes, the carbon content of vineyard soils influences fertility, erosion and biogeochemical cycles, with significant implications for the global climate. However, common agricultural practices represent strong threats to biodiversity and associated ecosystem services provided by vineyard soils. As consumers increasingly consider environmental aspects in their purchase decisions, winegrowers have to adapt their vineyard management strategies, raising the demand for sustainable pest- and weed-control methods. This article presents a comprehensive review of the impacts of vineyard practices on the soil ecosystem, biodiversity, and biodiversity-based ecosystem services, and provides future prospects for sustainable viticulture.

Abstract Background Although native to North America, the invasion of the aphid-like grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae across the globe altered the course of grape cultivation. For the past 150 years, viticulture relied on grafting-resistant North American Vitis species as rootstocks, thereby limiting genetic stocks tolerant to other stressors such as pathogens and climate change. Limited understanding of the insect genetics resulted in successive outbreaks across the globe when rootstocks failed. Here we report the 294-Mb genome of D. vitifoliae as a basic tool to understand host plant manipulation, nutritional endosymbiosis, and enhance global viticulture. Results Using a combination of genome, RNA, and population resequencing, we found grape phylloxera showed high duplication rates since its common ancestor with aphids, but similarity in most metabolic genes, despite lacking obligate nutritional symbioses and feeding from parenchyma. Similarly, no enrichment occurred in development genes in relation to viviparity. However, phylloxera evolved > 2700 unique genes that resemble putative effectors and are active during feeding. Population sequencing revealed the global invasion began from the upper Mississippi River in North America, spread to Europe and from there to the rest of the world. Conclusions The grape phylloxera genome reveals genetic architecture relative to the evolution of nutritional endosymbiosis, viviparity, and herbivory. The extraordinary expansion in effector genes also suggests novel adaptations to plant feeding and how insects induce complex plant phenotypes, for instance galls. Finally, our understanding of the origin of this invasive species and its genome provide genetics resources to alleviate rootstock bottlenecks restricting the advancement of viticulture.

Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) can infest both roots and leaves of Vitis species. In commercial vineyards planted with Vitis vinifera scions grafted on rootstocks, grape phylloxera infestation is generally limited to root feeding. Vineyards are, however, increasingly subjected to vineyard-wide foliar infestations that last throughout the growing season. While some vineyards are affected by the infestation pressure of external leaf-feeding populations, other annually affected V. vinifera vineyards do not have these in their vicinity. Much is known about the damage potential of grape phylloxera root feeding; however, data on how phylloxera leaf infestation affects V. vinifera grapevines in commercial vineyards are lacking. This study, therefore, aimed to assess whether grapevine growth and yield are affected due to leaf infestation as it occurred in three commercial vineyards in the study area. Treatments were based on phylloxera leaf infestation and additional defoliation. Single-leaf carbon acquisition was measured with gas exchange analyses on healthy and galled leaves. Pruning weight and internode length were measured to assess the effect of leaf infestation and the effect of plant growth and vigour on leaf gall outbreaks. Yield quantity and quality were measured, and grapes were vinified for sensory analyses. Furthermore, using enzymatic analyses, non-structural carbohydrates were analysed in perennial wood. A significant decrease in sugar content in grapes (10 %) and starch reserves in perennial wood (11 %) was found in the most heavily infested vineyard. Grape must of infested plants in another vineyard furthermore showed a significantly higher level of titratable acid (7.5 %). Significant infestation effects seen in one vineyard were not significant in the other two vineyards. No significant differences were seen for carbon acquisition, harvest quantity, wine sensory analysis, pruning weight or internode length. The overall effect of phylloxera leaf infestation in the studied vineyards was, therefore, marginal. Grapevine vigour did not differ between infested vines, insecticide-sprayed vines, and vines on which no leaf infestation outbreaks took place. By analysing phylloxera leaf infestation under field conditions, these preliminary results form a basis for future long-term field studies about phylloxera leaf feeding on Vitis vinifera within the context of other biotic and abiotic plant stresses.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Apresentamos aqui os achados de uma pesquisa cujo objetivo foi de verificar a possibilidade de ensino da paráfrase como uma estratégia potencializadora do desenvolvimento da compreensão leitora, em nível metacognitivo, de alunos de 9° ano do Ensino Fundamental. A metodologia adotada foi composta por três etapas de desenvolvimento, sendo a primeira uma pré-testagem, seguida por uma intervenção didática e, por fim, uma pós-testagem. Os dados coletados não foram suficientes para que pudéssemos atingir o objetivo de forma satisfatória. Entretanto, a partir das análises e discussões, evidenciamos as dificuldades em compreensão leitora dos sujeitos participantes e a necessidade de ampliação de estudos sobre a paráfrase como estratégia metacognitiva no ensino da leitura, uma vez que parafrasear um texto, como evidenciamos em nosso estudo, requer um longo trabalho de intervenção didática