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Occurrences of introduced and invasive pollinators are increasing worldwide. To predict the potential impacts of exotic bees on native ecosystems we need to understand their ecological interactions. Life history traits are fundamental for understanding ecological interactions and often help to explain the spread of exotic species. We conducted home-and-away comparisons of life history traits of the first invasive bee in Europe, the sculptured resin bee Megachile sculpturalis Smith 1853. We compiled information on nest architecture, offspring, natural enemies, body size and phenology using published literature, museum specimen, data from citizen science initiatives, field observations and reared specimen. Megachile sculpturalis uses a broad variety of nesting materials for brood cell construction, including even plastic at the exotic range. Body size at warm temperate climate was similar in the native and exotic ranges, but phenology shifted forward by about one month (28.9 ± 3.3 SE days) in the exotic ranges. The abundance of natural enemies was similar between native and exotic ranges but specialist enemies were missing in the exotic ranges. These trait shifts may be explained by founder effects or ecological filtering. The comparison of life history traits in native and exotic ranges sheds light on the ecological-evolutionary process of this quickly spreading species and provides a better understanding of invasion processes in solitary bees.

Abstract Background Facing a surge of COVID-19 cases in late August 2021, the U.S. state of Illinois re-enacted its COVID-19 mask mandate for the general public and issued a requirement for workers in certain professions to be vaccinated against COVID-19 or undergo weekly testing. The mask mandate required any individual, regardless of their vaccination status, to wear a well-fitting mask in an indoor setting. Methods We used Illinois Department of Public Health’s COVID-19 confirmed case and vaccination data and investigated scenarios where masking and vaccination would have been reduced to mimic what would have happened had the mask mandate or vaccine requirement not been put in place. The study examined a range of potential reductions in masking and vaccination mimicking potential scenarios had the mask mandate or vaccine requirement not been enacted. We estimated COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations averted by changes in masking and vaccination during the period covering October 20 to December 20, 2021. Results We find that the announcement and implementation of a mask mandate are likely to correlate with a strong protective effect at reducing COVID-19 burden and the announcement of a vaccinate-or-test requirement among frontline professionals is likely to correlate with a more modest protective effect at reducing COVID-19 burden. In our most conservative scenario, we estimated that from the period of October 20 to December 20, 2021, the mask mandate likely prevented approximately 58,000 cases and 1,175 hospitalizations, while the vaccinate-or-test requirement may have prevented at most approximately 24,000 cases and 475 hospitalizations. Conclusion Our results indicate that mask mandates and vaccine-or-test requirements are vital in mitigating the burden of COVID-19 during surges of the virus.

For online retailers, increasing click-through rates and reducing dropout rates are critical to success. In this study, we examine the effect of verbatim repetition of the website's headline message on the proceed button, based on research on processing fluency. In our field study involving 956 online platform visitors, we found that verbatim repetitions of the header message on the proceed button resulted in an increase in the conversion rate by more than 10 percentage points compared to gist repetitions and new messages. Our findings highlight the importance of simple verbatim features and demonstrate the successful application of processing fluency research to impact consumer behavior.

Bees are the most important group of insect pollinators, but their populations are declining. To gain a better understanding of wild bee responses to different stressors (e.g. land-use change) and conservation measures, regional and national monitoring schemes are currently being established in Germany, which is used here as a model region, and in many other countries. We offer perspectives on how to best design future bee monitoring programs with a focus on evaluating the implementation of conservation measures. We discuss different traditional and novel sampling methods, their efficacy depending on research questions and the life-history traits of target species, and how greater standardization of wild bee sampling and monitoring methods can make data more comparable, contributing to the identification of general trends and mechanisms driving bee populations. Furthermore, the potential impact of bee sampling itself on bee populations is discussed.

During the main COVID-19 global pandemic lockdown period of 2020 an impromptu set of pollination ecologists came together via social media and personal contacts to carry out standardised surveys of the flower visits and plants in gardens. The surveys involved 67 rural, suburban and urban gardens, of various sizes, ranging from 61.18° North in Norway to 37.96° South in Australia, resulting in a data set of 25,174 rows, with each row being a unique interaction record for that date/site/plant species, and comprising almost 47,000 visits to flowers, as well as records of flowers that were not visited by pollinators, for over 1,000 species and varieties belonging to more than 460 genera and 96 plant families. The more than 650 species of flower visitors belong to 12 orders of invertebrates and four of vertebrates. In this first publication from the project, we present a brief description of the data and make it freely available for any researchers to use in the future, the only restriction being that they cite this paper in the first instance. The data generated from these global surveys will provide scientific evidence to help us understand the role that private gardens (in urban, rural and suburban areas) can play in conserving insect pollinators and identify management actions to enhance their potential.

Host plants required by specialist bee species may be limited in urban areas. We investigated the effects of urbanisation on Heriades truncorum, a solitary bee species that is a specialist on the plant family Asteraceae. We examined brood cell number, host and native plant pollen proportions (via DNA metabarcoding) and the nutritional composition of pollen provisions in H. truncorum nests. Increasing urbanisation resulted in fewer brood cells and higher plant genus diversity in pollen provisions. Bees collected pollen from non‐native and non‐Asteraceae plant genera, including new records for H. truncorum. Increasing overall plant genus diversity in brood provisions was associated with decreased brood cell numbers. However, an increased diversity of Asteraceae plant genera was associated with increased brood cell number. The proportion of native plant genera and native plant pollen were not associated with changes in brood cell number. Pollen provision nutritional composition was not related to urbanisation or brood cell numbers. Pollen provisions averaged a P:L ratio of ~1:1, similar to Asteraceae. These results suggest that native and non‐native Asteraceae are equally beneficial to H. truncorum in Germany. Moreover, fewer brood cells at more urban sites and an increased diversity of plant pollen suggests that the overall level of resources, particularly Asteraceae plants, could be limited in highly urban landscapes. While H. truncorum is not of high conservation concern, our data demonstrate the mechanisms by which a specialist bee with a more narrow or less common host plant specificity could experience nutritional stress in urban areas and provides mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arias, Arturo. Recovering Lost Footprints. Volume One: Contemporary Maya Narratives. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2017. Print. 249 pp.

Addressing global biodiversity loss requires an expanded focus on multiple dimensions of biodiversity. While most studies have focused on the consequences of plant interspecific diversity, our mechanistic understanding of how genetic diversity within plant species affects plant productivity remains limited. Here, we use a tree species × genetic diversity experiment to disentangle the effects of species diversity and genetic diversity on tree productivity, and how they are related to tree functional diversity and trophic feedbacks. We found that tree species diversity increased tree productivity via increased tree functional diversity, reduced soil fungal diversity, and marginally reduced herbivory. The effects of tree genetic diversity on productivity via functional diversity and soil fungal diversity were negative in monocultures but positive in the mixture of the four tree species tested. Given the complexity of interactions between species and genetic diversity, tree functional diversity and trophic feedbacks on productivity, we suggest that both tree species and genetic diversity should be considered in afforestation.