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Twenty-three independent man-hamster (CH/HGPRT-) hybrids were analysed for human acid lipases and for some other human enzyme markers (PP, GOT 1, PGP) and chromosomes. Eighteen independent man-mouse (LA/HGPRT-TK) hybrids were analysed for human acid lipases, human enzyme marker PGP and human chromosomes. Three fibroblasts from unrelated patients with WD (Wolman's disease), one fibroblast from a heterozygote for WD, and 15 normal fibroblasts were analysed for acid lipases. The following results were obtained: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with schizophrenia experience episodic memory impairments that have been theorized to reflect deficits in processing context (e.g., spatio-temporal features tied to a specific event). Although past research has reported episodic memory impairments in young people at-risk for schizophrenia, the extent to which these impairments reflect context processing deficits remains unknown. We addressed this gap in the literature by examining whether children and adolescents at risk for schizophrenia exhibit context processing deficits during free recall, a memory task with high contextual demands. Our sample included three groups ( N  = 58, 9-16 years old) varying in risk for schizophrenia:16 high-risk, unaffected first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and/or schizoaffective disorder, 22 clinical control participants with a comorbid disorder (ADHD and/or an anxiety disorder), and 20 healthy control participants. Participants first completed a free recall task and then completed a recognition memory task. Based on established theories of episodic memory, we assumed that context processing played a more pivotal role in free recall than recognition memory. Consequently, if schizophrenia risk is associated with context processing deficits, then memory impairment should be present in free recall measures that are most sensitive to context processing (i.e., recall accuracy and temporal contiguity). Consistent with this prediction, free recall accuracy and temporal contiguity were lower for the high-risk group than the healthy controls, whereas recognition memory was comparable across groups. These findings suggest that episodic memory impairments associated with schizophrenia in unaffected, first-degree relatives may reflect context processing deficits., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this manuscript., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Background: This paper relies on data from the multilevel, sectoral discussions held among professional nursing and sociology individuals., Purpose: To present the outcomes of a reflective process on racism in nursing education and practice in the cities of Toronto and Paris., Method: The method used was a reflection on research conducted by eight individuals dealing with racism at distinct stages of their professional career. The reflections are organized as a systematic description of facts, noted feelings, appraisal of issues, analysis of learned lessons, and lead to recommendations for nursing education and practice., Results: The promotion of social justice and social inclusion has become a matter of nursing practice, yet a lack of critical discussion about racism with racialized students may result in feelings of being silenced. Increased awareness of racial negligence within a clinical setting can instigate change and allow nursing professionals to advocate for more culturally-sensitive care for a multicultural clientele. Insight from nurses with different professional status and from different racial backgrounds will garner an understanding of how the experiences of racism are in some ways individualized., Conclusion: A collective reflection is required to understand the factors that underpin racism in nursing and can be used to elicit dialogue on a national and international scale in order to address racism in global nursing., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The staff working in health and medical-social services are a reflection of French society. Many of the employees of these services are migrants, from French overseas departments, whose descendants are particularly high in number in the Île-de-France region. Users of the services, from the 'white' majority group can display racist attitudes., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Twenty independent man-mouse (Cl1D,LA/TK-, HPRT-) and man-hamster (CH,HPRT-) hybrids using female human cells with balanced reciprocal translocation XX,t(X;5)(q21;q11) were analyzed for human genes localized on chromosome 5 (HEXB), on chromosome X (PGK, GALA, HPRT, G6PD) and for the different chromosomes in relation with the balanced reciprocal translocation (chr.5, chr.5q-, chr.Xq+, chr.X). The different results obtained indicate that the genes for human markers HEXB, PGK are on Xq+, and that the genes for human markers GALA, G6PD are on 5q-. These data implicate finally the following localizations: HEXB on 5q11 leads to 5qter; PGK on Xq21 leads to Xpter; GALA, HPRT, G6PD on Xq21 leads to Xqter.

An analysis of 20 independent man-mouse and man-hamster hybrids has shown that the gene coding for the cell-surface protein CD9(p24), a differentiation antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody ALB6, is located on chromosome 12. A positive correlation was shown between CD9(p24) and chromosome 12 and all other chromosomes were excluded. In addition a synteny was observed between CD9(p24) and LDH-B, a well known marker of chromosome 12 (out of 27 hybrids, 15 were LDH-B+ ALB6+ and 12 were LDH-B-ALB6-). Expression of the antigen in hybrid CH-35K issued from parental fibroblasts possessing a balanced reciprocal translocation 46,X,Y,t(X,12)(q23,q12) indicated that the gene for CD9(p24) is probably localized on 12q12----pter. Monoclonal antibodies ALB6, Ba2 and 602/29 recognize the same protein of molecular weight 21 to 24 KD controlled by a gene located on chromosome 12. It is known that Ba2 and 602/29 recognize two different epitopes but the existence of a third epitope recognized by ALB6 remains to be shown.

A cDNA for the pro alpha 2 chain of human type I collagen has been recently cloned and amplified. We have used this specific probe to identify the human chromosome carrying the pro alpha 2(I) collagen gene. The DNA from 17 independent human/hamster and human/mouse somatic cell hybrids was digested by Eco RI and the restriction pattern analyzed in Southern blot experiments, using the 32P-labeled cDNA as a hybridization probe. The gene coding for the pro alpha 2 collagen subunit could be unambiguously assigned to human chromosome 7. All the other chromosomes, including chromosome 17, were excluded.

By using somatic cell hybrids between human fibroblasts and hamster or mouse cells, we have assigned the gene for human coproporphyrinogen oxidase to chromosome 9.

A DNA probe derived from a mouse intronless pseudogene including coding regions for the myosin fast skeletal muscle alkali light chains, MLC1F/MLC3F (suggested HGM symbol, MYL1), was tested on a panel of 25 independent man-rodent somatic cell hybrids in order to assign the human MLC1F/MLC3F gene to a human chromosome. A 3.7-kb TaqI human fragment was found to correlate with the presence of chromosome 2 in the hybrids, characterized both by cytogenetic analysis and reference enzyme markers. A regional assignment to 2q32.1-qter was possible using hybrids whose human parental strains bore a reciprocal translocation t(X;2) (p22;q32.1). The fact that IDH1 and the MLC1F/MLC3F gene are closely linked on chromosome 1 in the mouse and map to the same region of human chromosome 2 in man indicates, that these chromosomes have a conserved region of homology between them and that the human 3.7-kb TaqI fragment corresponds indeed to a functional gene.

Analysis of human-rodent hybrids showed the following: the assignment of the ADA1 structural gene to chromosome 20; the identification in hybrids of a new ADA, referred to as ADAx, with a migration more rapidly anodal than ADAd and less rapidly anodal than ADA1 (product of allele 1 or 2); ADAx and d are formed by ADA1 and ADCP (an adenosine deaminase complexing protein). ADCP synthesis is controlled, at least, by a gene (ADCP2) localized on chromosome 2, probably in the IDH1 region; the combined action of another gene (ADCP1), assigned by other authors to chromosome 6, could be neither proved nor disproved, if this gene exists, it must be on 6p or in the 6qter region; the presence of chromosomes 20, 2, and 6 does not constitute a sufficient condition for the formation of ADAx and d, in either the hybrids or the human strains or lines: other factors intervene in its formation, i.e., an interaction between the culture medium, the human parental strain or line, and the rodent parental line.

A non-competitive enzyme immunoassay specific for delta aminolevulinate dehydrase has been devised and applied to rodent-human hybrid cell lines. Two different conditions have been used, one specific for the human enzyme and the other indicative of both rodent and human enzymes. The ratio of the values obtained under the two conditions was used to discriminate between positive and negative clones. By this method the gene for ALA dehydrase has been assigned to chromosome 9.

The value of man-rodent hybrids for detecting creatine kinase BB (CKBB) was greatly increased by the use of an agar technique, in extended incubation (20 hours) with a concentrated solution of creatine as substrate (8 mg/ml instead of 1 mg/ml as usual). The selection of a man-rodent hybrid without discordant between chr. 14 and nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) (a marker of this chromosome) contributed efficiently to the detection of the positive correlation between CKBB and chr. 14/NP. Among 22 independent hybrids, the following were observed : 8 NP + CKBB+, 3 NP + CKBB(+), 11 NP-CKBB- and 6 chr. 14 + CKBB+, 2 chr. 14 + CKBB(+), 11 chr. 14 CKBB-, 2 chr. 14/CKBB+ and 1 chr. 14/CKBB(+). The presence of the chromosome was noted + or - according to its presence in more or less than 30% of the cells. These results show that the gene for CKBB is located on chr. 14 and that the presence of this single chr. 14 is sufficient for the expression of human CKBB in man-rodent hybrids. Discordant results reported by others (Povey et al., 1979) may be due to the weakness of the human CKBB detection in man-rodent hybrids or to the bad conservation of this enzyme.

A specific enzyme immunoassay of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase was developed and applied to the detection of the human enzyme in man-rodent somatic cell hybrids. This method allowed to assign the gene for uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase to human chromosome 1.

To increase the efficiency of the human gene mapping, a panel of 25 man-rodent hybrids was selected out of 200 independent man-rodent hybrids produced in our laboratory since 1969. The hybrid panel was selected in such a fashion as to allow the asignment of a human marker M by respecting the two following complementary criteria: correlation between M and a chromosome and exclusion of the other chromosomes. The panel characteristics allowing the use of these two criteria were presented and discussed. A first series of enzyme markers were analysed to test the validity of the hybrid panel for the human gene mapping. The different possibilities and limits of the hybrid panel were also discussed, especially for the assignment of markers with DNA probes.

Analysis of different human tissues showed that glutathione S-transferase (GST) of fibroblasts and leucocytes is GST3, an enzyme found in liver extracts by Board (1981). Consequently, the GST localized on human chromosome 11 by Silberstein and Shows (1981, 1982) is GST3. Analysis of tissue extracts showed a new GST band, very intense in muscle extracts and very weak or absent in other tissues, and called GSTM. Analysis of man-rodent hydrids showed synteny between LDHA, GST3, ESA4 and localization of this synteny group on chromosome 11. Analysis of discordant percentages and discordant types between markers favored the following assignments: LDHA on 11p12, GST3 on 11q13 leads to 11qter, ESA on 11q13 leads to 11q22. The present study suggests assignment of GST3 to 11q13 leads to 11q22. Different types of man-rodent hybrids are useful for human gene mapping. A new type hybrid, as used here (nonadhering to glass or plastic surfaces), appears useful because of rapid proliferation and growth in suspension, the latter feature facilitating culture and harvesting.