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SUMMARY: Anionic phospholipids (PS, PA, PI, PIPs) are low‐abundant phospholipids with impactful functions in cell signaling, membrane trafficking and cell differentiation processes. They can be quickly metabolized and can transiently accumulate at defined spots within the cell or an organ to respond to physiological or environmental stimuli. As even a small change in their composition profile will produce a significant effect on biological processes, it is crucial to develop a sensitive and optimized analytical method to accurately detect and quantify them. While thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) separation coupled with gas chromatography (GC) detection methods already exist, they do not allow for precise, sensitive, and accurate quantification of all anionic phospholipid species. Here we developed a method based on high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with two‐dimensional mass spectrometry (MS2) by MRM mode to detect and quantify all molecular species and classes of anionic phospholipids in one shot. This method is based on a derivatization step by methylation that greatly enhances the ionization, the separation of each peak, the peak resolution as well as the limit of detection and quantification for each individual molecular species, and more particularly for PA and PS. Our method universally works in various plant samples. Remarkably, we identified that PS is enriched with very long chain fatty acids in the roots but not in aerial organs of Arabidopsis thaliana. Our work thus paves the way for new studies on how the composition of anionic lipids is finely tuned during plant development and environmental responses. Significance Statement: While anionic phospholipids have key functions in plant cellular processes, their low concentration in biological samples and their low stability during the analysis complicate their quantification. Here, we present the first one‐shot analytical method for the profiling and quantification of all anionic phospholipid classes and species from plant tissues with unprecedented sensitivity. This method opens the way to future studies requiring a fine quantification of anionic phospholipids to understand their role in plant cell processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sphingolipids are essential membrane components involved in a wide range of cellular, developmental and signaling processes. Sphingolipids are so essential that knock-out mutation often leads to lethality. In recent years, conditional or weak allele mutants as well as the broadening of the pharmacological catalog allowed to decipher sphingolipid function more precisely in a less invasive way. This review intends to provide a discussion and point of view on the function of sphingolipids with a main focus on endomembrane trafficking, Golgi-mediated protein sorting, cell polarity, cell-to-cell communication and cell signaling at the plasma membrane. While our main angle is the plant field research, we will constantly refer to and compare with the advances made in the yeast and animal field. In this review, we will emphasize the role of sphingolipids not only as a membrane component, but also as a key player at a center of homeostatic regulatory networks involving direct or indirect interaction with other lipids, proteins and ion fluxes. • Sphingolipids traffic through both vesicular and non-vesicular membrane contact sites • Sphingolipids drive protein sorting at pre- and post-Golgi by segregating subdomains. • Homeostasis of sphingolipids and PI4P is coupled across leaflets during protein sorting. • Sphingolipids act at endoplasmic reticulum/plasma membrane contact sites in plants. • Sphingolipids act in cell signaling at the plasma membrane and immunity response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cells, phospholipids contain acyl chains of variable lengths and saturation, features that affect their functions. Their de novo synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum takes place via the cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol (CDP‐DAG) and Kennedy pathways, which are conserved in eukaryotes. PA is a key intermediate for all phospholipids (PI, PIPs, PS, PE, PC, PG and CL). The de novo synthesis of PA occurs by acylation of glycerophosphate leading to the synthesis of 1‐acyl lysoPA and subsequent acylation of 1‐acyl lysoPA at the sn‐2 position. Using membranes from Escherichia coli overexpressing MLG1, we showed that the yeast gene MLG1 encodes an acyltransferase, leading specifically to the synthesis of PA from 1‐acyl lysoPA. Moreover, after their de novo synthesis, phospholipids can be remodelled by acyl exchange with one and/or two acyl chains exchanged at the sn‐1 and/or sn‐2 position. Based on shotgun lipidomics of the reference and mlg1Δ strains, as well as biochemical assays for acyltransferase activities, we identified an additional remodelling activity for Mlg1p, namely, incorporation of palmitic acid into the sn‐1 position of PS and PE. By using confocal microscopy and subcellular fractionation, we also found that this acyltransferase is located in ER membranes associated with mitochondria, a finding that highlights the importance of these organelles in the global cellular metabolism of lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A main characteristic of sphingolipids is the presence of a very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) whose function in cellular processes is not yet fully understood. VLCFAs of sphingolipids are involved in the intracellular traffic to the vacuole and the maturation of early endosomes into late endosomes is one of the major pathways for vacuolar traffic. Additionally, the anionic phospholipid phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns (3)P or PI3P) is involved in protein sorting and recruitment of small GTPase effectors at late endosomes/multivesicular bodies (MVBs) during vacuolar trafficking. In contrast to animal cells, PI3P mainly localizes to late endosomes in plant cells and to a minor extent to a discrete sub-domain of the plant's early endosome (EE)/trans-Golgi network (TGN) where the endosomal maturation occurs. However, the mechanisms that control the relative levels of PI3P between TGN and MVBs are unknown. Using metazachlor, an inhibitor of VLCFA synthesis, we found that VLCFAs are involved in the TGN/MVB distribution of PI3P. This effect is independent from either synthesis of PI3P by PI3-kinase or degradation of PI(3,5)P2 into PI3P by the SUPPRESSOR OF ACTIN1 (SAC1) phosphatase. Using high-resolution live cell imaging microscopy, we detected transient associations between TGNs and MVBs but VLCFAs are not involved in those interactions. Nonetheless, our results suggest that PI3P might be transferable from TGN to MVBs and that VLCFAs act in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]