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Angiosperms are the cornerstone of most terrestrial ecosystems and human livelihoods 1,2 . A robust understanding of angiosperm evolution is required to explain their rise to ecological dominance. So far, the angiosperm tree of life has been determined primarily by means of analyses of the plastid genome 3,4 . Many studies have drawn on this foundational work, such as classification and first insights into angiosperm diversification since their Mesozoic origins 5-7 . However, the limited and biased sampling of both taxa and genomes undermines confidence in the tree and its implications. Here, we build the tree of life for almost 8,000 (about 60%) angiosperm genera using a standardized set of 353 nuclear genes 8 . This 15-fold increase in genus-level sampling relative to comparable nuclear studies 9 provides a critical test of earlier results and brings notable change to key groups, especially in rosids, while substantiating many previously predicted relationships. Scaling this tree to time using 200 fossils, we discovered that early angiosperm evolution was characterized by high gene tree conflict and explosive diversification, giving rise to more than 80% of extant angiosperm orders. Steady diversification ensued through the remaining Mesozoic Era until rates resurged in the Cenozoic Era, concurrent with decreasing global temperatures and tightly linked with gene tree conflict. Taken together, our extensive sampling combined with advanced phylogenomic methods shows the deep history and full complexity in the evolution of a megadiverse clade., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The figwort family, Scrophulariaceae, comprises c. 2000 species whose evolutionary relationships at the tribal level have proven difficult to resolve, hindering our ability to understand their origin and diversification. We designed a specific probe kit for Scrophulariaceae, targeting 849 nuclear loci and obtaining plastid regions as by-products. We sampled c. 87% of the genera described in the family and use the nuclear dataset to estimate evolutionary relationships, timing of diversification, and biogeographic patterns. Ten tribes, including two new tribes, Androyeae and Camptolomeae, are supported, and the phylogenetic positions of Androya, Camptoloma, and Phygelius are unveiled. Our study reveals a major diversification at c. 60 million yr ago in some Gondwanan landmasses, where two different lineages diversified, one of which gave rise to nearly 81% of extant species. A Southern African origin is estimated for most modern-day tribes, with two exceptions, the American Leucophylleae, and the mainly Australian Myoporeae. The rapid mid-Eocene diversification is aligned with geographic expansion within southern Africa in most tribes, followed by range expansion to tropical Africa and multiple dispersals out of Africa. Our robust phylogeny provides a framework for future studies aimed at understanding the role of macroevolutionary patterns and processes that generated Scrophulariaceae diversity., (© 2023 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2023 New Phytologist Foundation.)

Eucalypts are a large and ecologically important group of plants on the Australian continent, and understanding their evolution is important in understanding evolution of the unique Australian flora. Previous phylogenies using plastome DNA, nuclear-ribosomal DNA, or random genome-wide SNPs, have been confounded by limited genetic sampling or by idiosyncratic biological features of the eucalypts, including widespread plastome introgression. Here we present phylogenetic analyses of Eucalyptus subgenus Eudesmia (22 species from western, northern, central and eastern Australia), in the first study to apply a target-capture sequencing approach using custom, eucalypt-specific baits (of 568 genes) to a lineage of Eucalyptus. Multiple accessions of all species were included, and target-capture data were supplemented by separate analyses of plastome genes (average of 63 genes per sample). Analyses revealed a complex evolutionary history likely shaped by incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization. Gene tree discordance generally increased with phylogenetic depth. Species, or groups of species, toward the tips of the tree are mostly supported, and three major clades are identified, but the branching order of these clades cannot be confirmed with confidence. Multiple approaches to filtering the nuclear dataset, by removing genes or samples, could not reduce gene tree conflict or resolve these relationships. Despite inherent complexities in eucalypt evolution, the custom bait kit devised for this research will be a powerful tool for investigating the evolutionary history of eucalypts more broadly., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Crown Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In a cross-continental research initiative, including researchers working in Australia and Denmark, and based on joint external funding by a 3-year grant from the Novo Nordisk Foundation, we have used DNA sequencing, extensive chemical profiling and molecular networking analyses across the entire Eremophila genus to provide new knowledge on the presence of natural products and their bioactivities using polypharmocological screens. Sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and dimers of branched-chain fatty acids with previously unknown chemical structures were identified. The collection of plant material from the Eremophila genus was carried out according to a 'bioprospecting agreement' with the Government of Western Australia. We recognize that several Eremophila species hold immense cultural significance to Australia's First Peoples. In spite of our best intentions to ensure that new knowledge gained about the genus Eremophila and any potential future benefits are shared in an equitable manner, in accordance with the Nagoya Protocol, we encounter serious dilemmas and potential conflicts in making benefit sharing with Australia's First Peoples a reality., (© 2022 The Authors. The Plant Journal published by Society for Experimental Biology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Eremophila is the largest genus in the plant tribe Myoporeae (Scrophulariaceae) and exhibits incredible morphological diversity across the Australian continent. The Australian Aboriginal Peoples recognize many Eremophila species as important sources of traditional medicine, the most frequently used plant parts being the leaves. Recent phylogenetic studies have revealed complex evolutionary relationships between Eremophila and related genera in the tribe. Unique and structurally diverse metabolites, particularly diterpenoids, are also a feature of plants in this group. To assess the full dimension of the chemical space of the tribe Myoporeae, we investigated the metabolite diversity in a chemo-evolutionary framework applying a combination of molecular phylogenetic and state-of-the-art computational metabolomics tools to build a dataset involving leaf samples from a total of 291 specimens of Eremophila and allied genera. The chemo-evolutionary relationships are expounded into a systematic context by integration of information about leaf morphology (resin and hairiness), environmental factors (pollination and geographical distribution), and medicinal properties (traditional medicinal uses and antibacterial studies), augmenting our understanding of complex interactions in biological systems., (© 2021 The Authors. The Plant Journal published by Society for Experimental Biology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aim: To infer relationships between populations of the semi-arid, mallee eucalypt, Eucalyptus behriana , to build hypotheses regarding evolution of major disjunctions in the species' distribution and to expand understanding of the biogeographical history of southeastern Australia., Location: Southeastern Australia., Taxon: Eucalyptus behriana (Myrtaceae, Angiospermae)., Methods: We developed a large dataset of anonymous genomic loci for 97 samples from 11 populations of E. behriana using double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-seq), to determine genetic relationships between the populations. These relationships, along with species distribution models, were used to construct hypotheses regarding environmental processes that have driven fragmentation of the species' distribution., Results: Greatest genetic divergence was between populations on either side of the Lower Murray Basin. Populations west of the Basin showed greater genetic divergence between one another than the eastern populations. The most genetically distinct population in the east (Long Forest) was separated from others by the Great Dividing Range. A close relationship was found between the outlying northernmost population (near West Wyalong) and those in the Victorian Goldfields despite a large disjunction between them., Conclusions: Patterns of genetic variation are consistent with a history of vicariant differentiation of disjunct populations. We infer that an early disjunction to develop in the species distribution was that across the Lower Murray Basin, an important biogeographical barrier separating many dry sclerophyll plant taxa in southeastern Australia. Additionally, our results suggest that the western populations fragmented earlier than the eastern ones. Fragmentation, both west and east of the Murray Basin, is likely tied to climatic changes associated with glacial-interglacial cycles although it remains possible that major geological events including uplift of the Mount Lofty Ranges and basalt flows in the Newer Volcanics Province also played a role., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (© 2020 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

We sequenced and assembled the whole chloroplast genome of the Australian-endemic shrub Platylobium obtusangulum . The total size of the genome is 150,090 base pairs (bp), including two inverted repeat regions of 25,511 bp each, one large single copy region of 80,567 bp and a small single copy region of 18,501 bp. The genome has a GC content of 36.7% and includes 127 annotated genes (83 protein coding, 36 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes). Phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genomes placed the Platylobium obtusangulum genome in the expected position of the Mirbelioid clade in the legume family (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae)., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (© 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

We assembled the complete chloroplast genome of the Australian shrub Spyridium parvifolium var. parvifolium . The genome was 161,012 bp in length, with a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 26,515 bp, separated by a large single copy (LSC) region of 88,814 bp and a small single copy region (SCC) of 19,168 bp. The GC content was 36.9%. In total, 130 genes were annotated, including 86 protein coding genes, 36 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis of 56 chloroplast genes placed this genome of S. parvifolium var. parvifolium within the family Rhamnaceae., Competing Interests: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors., (© 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.)

Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses have resolved the Australian bloodwood eucalypt genus Corymbia (~100 species) as either monophyletic or paraphyletic with respect to Angophora (9-10 species). Here we assess relationships of Corymbia and Angophora using a large dataset of chloroplast DNA sequences (121,016 base pairs; from 90 accessions representing 55 Corymbia and 8 Angophora species, plus 33 accessions of related genera), skimmed from high throughput sequencing of genomic DNA, and compare results with new analyses of nuclear ITS sequences (119 accessions) from previous studies. Maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony analyses of cpDNA resolve well supported trees with most nodes having >95% bootstrap support. These trees strongly reject monophyly of Corymbia, its two subgenera (Corymbia and Blakella), most taxonomic sections (Abbreviatae, Maculatae, Naviculares, Septentrionales), and several species. ITS trees weakly indicate paraphyly of Corymbia (bootstrap support <50% for maximum likelihood, and 71% for parsimony), but are highly incongruent with the cpDNA analyses, in that they support monophyly of both subgenera and some taxonomic sections of Corymbia. The striking incongruence between cpDNA trees and both morphological taxonomy and ITS trees is attributed largely to chloroplast introgression between taxa, because of geographic sharing of chloroplast clades across taxonomic groups. Such introgression has been widely inferred in studies of the related genus Eucalyptus. This is the first report of its likely prevalence in Corymbia and Angophora, but this is consistent with previous morphological inferences of hybridisation between species. Our findings (based on continent-wide sampling) highlight a need for more focussed studies to assess the extent of hybridisation and introgression in the evolutionary history of these genera, and that critical testing of the classification of Corymbia and Angophora requires additional sequence data from nuclear genomes.

Background: Exercise-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (EIPAH) is associated with reduced exercise capacity and abnormal central haemodynamic responses to maximal aerobic exercise. Aerobic and resistance exercise training are commonly employed to treat reduced exercise capacity; however, the haemodynamic response to aerobic and resistance exercise, at training intensities, in subjects with EIPAH is unknown., Methods: Fourteen subjects (11 with scleroderma, 12 females) with EIPAH underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a cycle ergometer, a one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength test and resistance exercise at 40% and 60% of maximum on a bilateral leg press machine. All tests were performed with a pulmonary artery catheter in situ. Haemodynamic and symptomatic responses to aerobic and resistance exercise, performed at 40% of peak oxygen consumption and 40% of 1RM, and at 60% of peak oxygen consumption and 60% of 1RM, were compared. For maximal exercise, the highest haemodynamic responses recorded during the cycling and 1RM tests were compared., Results: There were no differences in haemodynamic or symptomatic responses between the two modalities of submaximal exercise. At maximal exercise, all haemodynamic and symptomatic responses were lower during resistance compared with aerobic exercise (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: At the intensities studied, lower-limb resistance exercise was well tolerated and was mostly associated with similar or lower haemodynamic responses compared with aerobic exercise, in subjects with EIPAH.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with symptoms of dyspnea and fatigue, which contribute to exercise limitation. The origins and significance of dyspnea and fatigue in PAH are not completely understood. This has created uncertainly among healthcare professionals regarding acceptable levels of these symptoms, on exertion, for patients with PAH. Dysfunction of the right ventricle (RV) contributes to functional limitation and mortality in PAH; however, the role of the RV in eliciting dyspnea and fatigue has not been thoroughly examined. This paper explores the contribution of the RV and systemic and peripheral abnormalities to exercise limitation and symptoms in PAH. Further, it explores the relationship between exercise abnormalities and symptoms, the utility of the cardiopulmonary exercise test in identifying RV dysfunction, and offers suggestions for further research.

Choice of pins, drills, and drilling technique can result in heat generation leading to thermal necrosis of bone. This has been reported frequently in internal as well as in external fixation. This publication is the first report of a patient having osteomyelitis of the proximal tibia due to thermal necrosis following tracker pin placement in computer-navigated total knee arthroplasty., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Exercise-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (EIPAH) is associated with reduced peak exercise cardiac output (CO) and aerobic capacity (peak ). We investigated the validity of the encouraged 6-min walk test (6MWT) to identify exercise limitation and estimate aerobic capacity in subjects with EIPAH., Methods: Seventeen subjects with EIPAH (56 ± 14 years, 15 women) and 20 healthy controls (57 ± 13 years, 19 women) underwent two encouraged 6MWTs and a symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). To measure central haemodynamics, subjects with EIPAH performed the CPET with a pulmonary artery catheter in situ., Results: Compared with controls, subjects with EIPAH had reduced peak (1.2 ± 0.4 vs 1.7 ± 0.5, L/min, P < 0.01), 6-min walk distance (6MWD) (575 ± 86 vs 669 ± 76 m, P < 0.001) and 6-min walk work (6MWW) (39 ± 11 vs 45 ± 7 km.kg, P < 0.01). In subjects with EIPAH, there was a moderate correlation between 6MWD and peak (r= 0.72, P < 0.01) and a strong correlation between 6MWW and peak (r= 0.86, P < 0.001). There were significant correlations between 6MWD and peak CO (r= 0.59, P < 0.05), and between peak and peak CO (r= 0.55, P < 0.05). Peak heart rate was similar in the CPET and 6MWT in subjects with EIPAH (133 ± 15 vs 133 ± 19 beats/min, P= 0.8)., Conclusions: The encouraged 6MWT identifies reduced exercise capacity and provides a valid estimate of aerobic capacity in EIPAH., (© 2011 The Authors. Internal Medicine Journal © 2011 Royal Australasian College of Physicians.)

Purpose: To characterize the hemodynamic and ventilatory responses to exercise in a group of patients with unexplained dyspnea, increased risk for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and an elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP; >30 mm Hg) on exercise., Methods: A total of 37 symptomatic patients at risk of PAH and 20 healthy controls underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test and were assessed for quality of life (QOL). Patients had a pulmonary artery catheter in situ during the exercise test., Results: Seventeen subjects had exercise-induced PAH (EIPAH), which we defined as mPAP ≤ 25 mm Hg at rest, and mPAP > 30 mm Hg and pulmonary artery wedge pressure <20 mm Hg on exercise. These subjects had reduced peak exercise cardiac output (72% ± 19% predicted). Further, compared with matched controls, subjects with EIPAH had reduced peak oxygen consumption (1.2 ± 0.4 vs 1.7 ± 0.5 L · min, P < 0.05), an elevated ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (41.0 ± 7.3 vs 31.0 ± 2.9, P < 0.05) and reduced end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (32.6 ± 3.6 vs 39.4 ± 2.7 mm Hg, P < 0.05) at the anaerobic threshold. These exercise abnormalities were associated with impaired QOL (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: Elevated pulmonary artery pressure on exercise can be associated with hemodynamic and ventilatory abnormalities typical of PAH, along with impaired exercise capacity and reduced QOL.

The purpose of this study was to determine if use of protective behavioral strategies mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Participants were 186 college students at a state university campus in the Northeastern United States participating in a study examining the effectiveness of a brief alcohol intervention. Data were collected during the 2006-2007 academic years. Results indicated that use of protective behavioral strategies mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and both alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Implications of the findings for researchers and clinicians in the area of preventing high-risk drinking among college students are discussed.

Approximately 40% of college students reported engaging in heavy episodic or "binge" drinking in the 2 weeks prior to being surveyed. Research indicates that college students suffering from depression are more likely to report experiencing negative consequences related to their drinking than other students are. The reasons for this relationship have not been well-studied. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine whether use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS), defined as cognitive-behavioral strategies an individual can use when drinking alcohol that limit both consumption and alcohol-related problems, mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms and alcohol-related negative consequences among college students. Data were obtained from 686 participants from a large, public university who were referred to an alcohol intervention as a result of violating on-campus alcohol policies. Results from structural equation modeling analyses indicated that use of PBS partially mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms and alcohol-related negative consequences. Implications for clinicians treating college students who report experiencing depressive symptoms or consuming alcohol are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).

In a major industry shift, long term care is moving from nursing homes and institutions to the private home. This change results from a number of factors, including the lower cost of home-based care. These lower costs can be traced to a number of exemptions from the Fair Labor Standards Act requirements for minimum wage and premium overtime payments which apply to many home healthcare workers. These include the companionship, live-in, and professional exemptions. As the home healthcare industry has grown, home healthcare workers have challenged the applicability of these exemptions. This article will explore the issues reflected in those challenges and their resolution, and provide suggestions to help employers ensure that their employees fall within the exemptions.

We reviewed 1567 elective knee replacements performed between 1980 and 1990, using either the Total Condylar prosthesis with an all-plastic tibial component, or the Kinematic prosthesis which has a metal tibial tray. The ten-year probability of survival was 92.1% for the Total Condylar design and 87.9% for the Kinematic. The difference was mainly due to 16 revisions required in the Kinematic series for fracture of the metal base-plate. This was the most common cause of aseptic failure in this group. These fractures were strongly associated with a preoperative varus deformity (hazard ratio (HR) 8.8) and there was a slightly increased risk in males (HR 1.9) and in osteoarthritic knees (HR 1.8). In the nine fractures which occurred within four years of primary implantation (group 1), failure to correct adequately a preoperative varus deformity and the use of a bone graft to correct such a deformity were both strongly associated with fracture (HR 13.9 and 15.8, respectively). In eight fractures which occurred more than five years after primary replacement (group 2) we could detect no significant risk factors. Early complications occurred in two patients after the 16 revision procedures for tray fracture. One had a deep infection and the other refracture of the tray.

A 21-year-old man presented to our emergency department with a two-day complaint of painful swelling and protrusion of the tongue, odynophagia, dysphagia, and difficulty with speech. A nonfluctuant area of tongue swelling was identified; needle aspiration of this site produced 5 mL of pus, with considerable amelioration of symptoms. Culture of the aspirate subsequently grew Hemophilus parainfluenzae, the first such reported case of this pathogen in a glossal abscess. Glossal abscess is a rare clinical entity that may result in airway compromise and disseminated infection to other systems. The presence of a glossal abscess should be considered in all cases of tongue swelling.