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Purpose: This article investigates and classifies firm resources for the internationalization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from emerging countries. Originality/value: SMEs from emerging countries in global markets evidence their more restricted access to resources for internationalization. The mainstream international business literature classifies firm’s resources identified in large companies from developed economies. This research classifies firms’ internationalization resources located in different emerging countries based on a systematic literature review (SLR) and interviews. This paper contributes to the theoretical development about the internationalization of SMEs from emerging countries, indicating the importance of organizational resources in this process. Design/methodology/approach: This paper presents an exploratory research developed in two stages: a SLR on emerging countries and interviews with experts, institutions, and SMEs about the Brazilian context. Bibliographic research and an interview with semi-structured script were adopted as data collection techniques. Interviews were analyzed with NVivo software using content analysis technique and providing categorization of resources. Findings: Up to 2016, 15 works mentioned resources for the internationalization of SMEs from emerging countries and seven were done in Asia. We identified 72 resources in ten emerging countries. Organizational resources predominate. The use of financial resources in Brazil contradicts the trend in other emerging countries. More tangible resources seem less strategic for SMEs’ internationalization from emerging countries when compared to more intangible resources, as organizational ones. RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar e classificar recursos para internacionalização de pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) de países emergentes. Originalidade/valor: A participação de PMEs de países emergentes em mercados globais evidencia seu acesso mais restrito aos recursos para internacionalização. A literatura dominante de negócios internacionais segue classificações de recursos identificados em grandes empresas de economias desenvolvidas. Esta pesquisa classifica recursos da firma para internacionalização de PMEs baseada em diferentes países emergentes, com dados de revisão sistemática de literatura (RSL) e entrevistas. O artigo contribui para o desenvolvimento teórico sobre a internacionalização de PMEs de países emergentes, indicando a importância dos recursos organizacionais nesse processo. Design/metodologia/abordagem: Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvida em duas etapas: RSL, abrangendo diferentes países emergentes, seguida de entrevistas com especialistas, instituições e PMEs no contexto brasileiro. Adotaram-se técnicas de coleta de dados de pesquisa bibliográfica e entrevista com roteiro semiestruturado. A análise das entrevistas baseou-se em técnica de análise de conteúdo e categorização dos recursos, com o software NVivo. Resultados: Até 2016, 15 trabalhos mencionaram recursos para internacionalização de PMEs de países emergentes e sete foram feitos na Ásia. Identificaram-se 72 recursos em dez países emergentes. Predominam recursos organizacionais. O uso de recursos financeiros de terceiros no Brasil contradiz tendências em outros países emergentes. Recursos tangíveis parecem ter menor importância estratégica para a internacionalização do que recursos intangíveis, como os organizacionais.

Les coentreprises (joint ventures) constituent l’une des principales formes d’internationalisation, mais elles sont instables et risquées. L’objectif de cet article est de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la durée d’existence de ces organisations. Les auteurs examinent quinze études empiriques publiées dans les principales revues de management international afin d’expliquer les mesures utilisées pour analyser l’instabilité, la survie et la longévité des coentreprises internationales. Les résultats permettent de donner un panorama de la recherche sur cette thématique.

International audience; La complexité du management des entreprises expose les acteurs au paradoxe, particulièrement dans la recherche d’équilibre entre exploration et exploitation en contexte d’innovation. L’étude de cette question, à l’aide du concept d’ambidextrie, met en évidence un domaine peu analysé : les pratiques des managers dans la situation spécifique de relations interorganisationnelles. Sur la base d’études de cas d’alliances, trois modes de gestion sont identifiés : bricoleur (tourné vers l’exploration), gestionnaire (privilégiant l’exploitation) et acro- bate (maintenant un équilibre permanent entre exploration et exploitation).

International audience

Using a mix of quantitative and qualitative data collected in a professional sports organization from two key stakeholder groups, namely fans and owner/managers, this article investigates the perceived importance and management principles of reputation and e-reputation. It provides a better understanding of the challenges of managing e-reputation in highly expressive contexts (sports organizations) and proposes a model of e-reputation management in this specific context.

Although the importance of local/regional factors in firms' international competitiveness has been increasingly recognized, few studies have investigated the relationship between clusters and the internationalization process of clustered-firms. This theme assumes special relevance for industries that are predominantly organized in territorial agglomerations, or clusters, as is the case of the wine industry. The objective of this paper is to identify the resources generated by the cluster and analyze their influence in the internationalization process of clustered companies. A case study was carried out on two wine clusters: Provence, in Southern France, and Serra Gaucha, in Southern Brazil. Resource-based theory provides the underlying analytical framework. Both theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.

The question of the influence of ownership structure on corporate diversification strategy incites debate. Past research has led to controversial results whether it is based on agency theory, strategic approach or stewardship theory. We propose new empirical evidence by applying this question to the context of family businesses in France. We find that family businesses are more diversified than non-family businesses, which contradicts past results of studies based on US samples. This finding underlines the importance of considering the diversity of international contexts. Our analysis also shows that there is a negative relationship between the presence of a shareholder block and the level of diversification only for non-family businesses. This result emphasizes the particularity of family businesses in terms of the links between governance structure and business strategy. Furthermore, our results reveal that there is no difference between family and non-family businesses in terms of the choice of diversification type (related or unrelated).

With this article we draw up a panorama of proposed conceptualisations lying between dyad and network. We strive to summarize as far as possible the major dimensions, found in the academic management literature, which have been used to characterise networks. These dimensions are then used to interpret the above conceptualisations. This allows us, to round off, to propose a potential roadmap allowing researchers and practitioners alike the possibility of situating and positioning themselves in the myriad field that could loosely be termed network research.

La synthese presentee dans cet article vise a apporter un eclairage theorique sur le concept de coopetition en lui associant un ensemble de notions relatives au management des competences en contexte interorganisationnel. Nous etablissons une grille de lecture organisee suivant deux dimensions: orientation de la coopetition (concue comme un espace ou predomine soit la cooperation soit la concurrence) et actions menees sur les competences (exploration de nouvelles competences ou exploitation des competences existantes).

The research presented here has a double purpose. On the one hand to better define and frame the field of inter-organizational transfer of competences, and on the other to suggest that the competence-based marketing view can well stem from marketing initiatives targeting not just customers, or customers' customers, but also other actors in the market, in this instance suppliers. This research focus has led us to select a precise area of study so as to obtain situations in which the probability of the existence of transfer of competence is high. We chose to centre the study on transfer of competences in the area of logistics between MNCs and their local suppliers in Brazil. Research findings lead to proposals regarding correlations between types of competences transferred, transfer mechanisms and strategic objectives of the transfer.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o impacto dos recursos no desempenho exportador das empresas pertencentes a clusters. O argumento em que se baseia o presente trabalho é o de que a inserção em clusters possibilita o acesso a recursos que influenciam o processo de internacionalização das empresas. Foi realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa no setor vitivinícola francês, que é o principal mercado consumidor em volume, sendo a França o segundo país em produção de vinhos no mundo. Outro dado da pesquisa é a população-alvo do estudo, que são empresas exportadoras do setor vitivinícola francês, localizadas em clusters, além da amostra composta por 130 vinícolas francesas exportadoras, localizadas em diferentes clusters vitivinícolas. Em suma, os resultados apontaram que o acesso aos recursos disponíveis no cluster impacta no processo de internacionalização das empresas pertencentes às aglomerações e no seu desempenho exportador. Uma implicação relevante da pesquisa para a internacionalização das empresas é a importância dos recursos singulares ligados ao fator comercial, uma vez identificado que as empresas com desempenho exportador superior são aquelas atribuem maior importância aos seus recursos comerciais. Novos estudos poderão mensurar a utilização dos recursos na estratégia de internacionalização, bem como comparar a importância e a utilização dos recursos de acordo com o nível de desempenho exportador das empresas. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the impact of resources on export performance of clustered companies. We argue that the insertion in clusters provides access to resources that influence the internationalization process of firms. We conducted a survey in the French wine industry, the main consumer market in volume and second largest producer of wine in the world. The population of the study includes exporting French wineries, located in clusters. The sample consists of 130 French wine exporters, located in different wine clusters. In short, the results indicated that access to cluster’s resources has a positive impact on the process of internationalization and export performance of companies. One managerial implication of the research is the importance of commercial resources. The firms with higher export performance attributed greater importance to their commercial resources. Further studies may measure the utilization of resources in the internationalization strategy, and compare the importance and the use of resources in accordance with the level of export performance of companies. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el impacto de los recursos en las exportaciones de las compañías pertenecientes a los clústeres. El argumento del presente documento es que la inserción en grupos proporciona acceso a los recursos que influyen en el proceso de internacionalización de las compañías. Se realizó una encuesta cuantitativa en la industria del vino francés, el principal mercado consumidor en volumen y el segundo mayor productor de vinos del mundo. La población objeto del estudio son los exportadores del sector vitivinícola francés, situada en clústeres. La muestra se compone de 130 exportadores de vino francés situados en diferentes clústeres. En resumen, los resultados indican que el acceso a los recursos disponibles en el clúster impacta en el proceso de internacionalización de las compañías pertenecientes a los clústeres y en los resultados de exportación de los mismos. Una de las implicaciones de la investigación relevante para la internacionalización de las compañías es la importancia de los recursos naturales relacionados con el factor comercial, ya que se encontró que las compañías con mayor rendimiento en las exportaciones son las que conceden mayor importancia a los recursos de su negocio. Estudios posteriores pueden medir la utilización de los recursos en la estrategia de internacionalización, así como comparar la importancia y el uso de los recursos de acuerdo con el nivel de rendimiento de las exportaciones de las empresas.

Cette étude a pour objectif d’analyser l’influence du nombre de partenaires sur la survie des joint ventures. Les résultats montrent que plus le nombre de partenaires est élevé, plus la probabilité de survie est faible. Cependant, lorsque l’âge de la joint venture augmente, un nombre élevé de partenaires a alors un effet positif sur la survie. La prise en compte de l’effet du temps permet de réconcilier l’approche fondée sur les coûts de transaction, qui suppose un effet négatif du nombre de partenaires, et l’approche relationnelle, qui suppose un effet positif lié à la combinaison des ressources., In this research, we analyze the influence of the number of partners on joint venture survival. Our findings show that the higher the number of partners, the lower the probability of survival. However, for older joint ventures, a high number of partner increases the probability of survival. By considering this age effect, we propose to conciliate predictions from a transaction cost perspective, that suppose a negative influence of the number of partners on survival, and predictions from a relational view, that suppose a positive influence related to the combination of multiple resources., El objeto de este estudio es de analizar la influencia de la cantidad de empresas sobre la sobrevida de las joint ventures. Los resultados muestran que cuanto más elevado es el número de empresas, más la posibilidad de sobrevida es débil. Sin embargo cuando la edad de la joint venture aumenta, el número elevado de empresas tiene un efecto positivo sobre la sobrevida. La consideración de la duración permite reconciliar el enfoque basado en los costos de transacción que supone un efecto negativo del número de empresas y el enfoque relacional que supone un efecto positivo ligado a la combinación de recursos.

The purpose of this paper is to carry out a bibliometric analysis of the Competence-Based Management (CBM) field. From the first books dedicated to CBM (Hamel & Heene, 1994; Sanchez, Heene, & Thomas, 1996; Heene & Sanchez, 1997) to more recent publications, the CBM field experienced a significant development. As the International Conferences on Competence-Based Management is a place for exchange and development of new ideas and applications, it appears to be central to the consolidation of the field. The conferences are followed by the publication of a series of books and a journal (Research in Competence-Based Management). Therefore it seems particularly adapted to use these publications in order to analyze the CBM field. We identified 12 books and 3 journal issues published between 1994 and 2005. This corresponds to a total of 185 papers written by 213 different authors, and a total of 7,958 references cited in these papers. We present the results of our research in three steps. First, we analyze the profile of the authors of the papers. This leads to the identification of the most prominent authors and the identification of the authors' country of origin. Second, we analyze the content of the papers. We identify the type of the papers (theoretical or empirical), the main methodology (qualitative or quantitative), and the keywords. Third, we analyze the references. This allows the identification of the most frequently cited references, and their historical structure. In order to deepen the latter analysis, we perform a co-citation analysis to identify networks of references. The overall results lead to a better understanding of the organization of the CBM field.

Cet article présente une synthèse de cinq perspectives en management stratégique: la théorie des ressources, la perspective fondée sur le management stratégique des compétences, la théorie fondée sur les connaissances, les capacités dynamiques et l'approche relationnelle. Bien que reliées, ces perspectives présentent des spécificités. Pour chacune, les auteurs identifient les fondements théoriques, les concepts clés et les développements récents, et les relient aux auteurs principaux. Ils proposent ainsi de dépasser les possibles confusions entre ces perspectives, tout en prenant en considération la diversité des approches.

In this article, we propose to study the case of the management of reputation when a sports company aims to penetrate the Chinese market. The sporting sector is an environment that suffers from strong instability as it is reliant upon sporting results. We intend to understand how sports organizations can exploit resources linked to reputation in order to develop a sustainable strategy in the Chinese market. On the basis of the case study of the Olympique Lyonnais Football Club, the leading football club in France, we propose a matrix that we use to analyze the mobilization of resources for the development of reputation in China.

Mergers have increased at a fast rate in the last 10 years. Nevertheless, practitioners and consultants point out the low rate of success for mergers. Considering this paradoxical situation, it would appear opportune to question the possibility of developing a specific competence within an organization for carrying out mergers and acquisitions. This research aims to propose a model for analyzing the development of such a competence. This paper presents a study of competence-building according to two aspects: level of recognition by the organization and level of use. The study model defines four forms that competence may take: ad hoc responses, capitalization, institutionalization, and dynamic competence. This model is used for the study of the development by the Lafarge Group of a competence in managing cultural integration after international mergers and acquisitions.

The management of competences in interorganizational relations refers to two fundamental domains in strategy: competence and co-operation. Thus, it constitutes an area of research which is at one and the same time complex and promising. The synthesis presented in the form of a literature review in this article allows us to look at the current state of approaches in the management of competences in interorganizational relations in the context of the resource-based view and the competence-based management perspective. We then propose a model based on two dimensions: the first is defined by the nature of the relationship (considered to be a space where either co-operation or competition predominates) and the second by the actions taken on the competences in the context of the relationship (oriented either towards creating new competences or leveraging existing ones).

Considering the situation of low performance of joint ventures, a certain number of studies have concluded that there is a close relationship between the initial conditions of creation of joint ventures and their success or failure. Nevertheless, other explanatory factors can be identified through dynamic analysis of the joint venture. For this purpose, on the basis of the case of the Franco-Brazilian Algar-Bull joint venture in the information technology sector, from its creation in 1983 to its dissolution in 1998, the aim of our research is to study the influence of external evolution processes ( partners' adaptive strategies and changes in environmental constraints) on the success or failure of a joint venture. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The inter-organizational transfer of competence is a subject that presents several interesting perspectives for research. This article proposes elements for defining a model for its analysis. The model is based on three main groups of constructs: transfer level and state of the knowledge transferred; objectives of the transfer; transfer mechanisms. Through the study of the method developed by Renault in Brazil in order to transfer logistical skills, capabilities and competencies to its local suppliers, the applicability of the model is assessed. The case study is also used to develop the model through three propositions.

L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser les méthodes utilisées par les multinationales pour transférer des connaissances vers leurs fournisseurs locaux. Nous présentons les résultats d’une étude menée auprès de 121 filiales de multinationales américaines au Brésil. Dans une première étape de la recherche, nous établissons une typologie des méthodes de transfert. Dans une seconde étape, chacune des méthodes identifiées est analysée en fonction des objectifs stratégiques du transfert pour l’émetteur. Les résultats de cette recherche permettent de proposer des définitions des méthodes de transfert et de souligner les intérêts stratégiques du transfert pour l’émetteur., The purpose of this article is to analyze how multinational corporations transfer knowledge to their local suppliers. We present the results of a survey of 121 US multinational subsidiaries in Brazil. In the first stage of the research we identify the different transfer methods. In the second stage we analyze each transfer method in order to define the source company’s strategic objectives behind the transfer. With the results of this research, we intend to provide definitions of transfer methods and to highlight the strategic interests of the transfer for the source company., El artículo analiza los métodos utilizados por empresas multinacionales para transferir conocimientos hacia sus proveedores locales. Son presentados los resultados de un estudio realizado en 121 filiales de multinacionales estadounidenses en Brasil. Se establece primeramente una tipología de métodos de transferencia. Luego, cada uno de los métodos utilizados es analizado en función de los objetivos estratégicos de la transferencia según el emisor. Los resultados de esta investigación permiten proponer identificaciones de métodos de transferencia y de destacar los intereses estratégicos de la transferencia por parte del emisor.

Dans cet article, nous analysons l’influence de la corruption sur la survie des filiales de multinationales dans un pays émergent en utilisant une approche permettant de prendre en considération le paiement effectif de pots-de-vin au niveau des firmes. Sur la base d’une étude de survie menée sur 3 483 filiales de multinationales en Indonésie sur une période de 33 ans, nous testons l’influence du paiement de pots-de-vin et de taxes indirectes. Les résultats montrent que la corruption a un effet modérateur sur le taux de mortalité des filiales étrangères récentes, mais cet effet disparait pour les plus anciennes., In this paper, using single-country firm-level corruption data, we analyze the effect of corruption on foreign wholly-owned subsidiary survival in an emerging country. Applying an event history analysis to a population of 3 483 wholly-owned subsidiaries in Indonesia over a 33-year period, we test the influence of bribes and indirect taxes on survival. Results show that corruption moderates the hazard rate for young subsidiaries, but this corruption effect disappears for older ones., En este articulo, analizamos la influencia de la corrupción en la sobrevida de filiales de empresas multinacionales en un país emergente utilizando un modo que permite tomar en consideración el pago en efectivo de coimas o sobornos por parte de las firmas. Basándonos en un estudio de sobrevida empresarial llevado a cabo en 3.483 filiales de multinacionales en Indonesia en un lapso de 33 años, hemos probado la influencia del pago de sobornos (o coimas) y de tasas indirectas. Los resultados muestran que la corrupción tiene un efecto moderador sobre la tasa de mortalidad de las filiales extranjeras recientes aunque este efecto desaparece en aquellas asentadas desde hace mucho tiempo.

International audience

National audience; Ce chapitre d'ouvrage porte sur les relations entre les firmes multinationales (FMN) et les gouvernements dans les économies émergentes. Les auteurs soutiennent l’idée que la conceptualisation de cette relation doit tenir compte des changements dans l'équilibre des forces entre les Etats et les entreprises, ainsi qu'entre les pays riches et les pays pauvres. Ils expliquent la façon dont ces changements ont influencé les stratégies de développement des entreprises, pour créer de nouveaux défis pour les FMN, les gouvernements et les chercheurs en management international. La première partie de la contribution présente une investigation de l'équilibre des forces entre les FMN et les gouvernements des pays d’accueil, et une analyse de la littérature critique sur le champ du management international. La seconde partie porte sur l'impact de l’instabilité politique et économique sur le comportement des firmes multinationales dans les pays émergents.