Search

Fractures are integral to the hydrology and geochemistry of watersheds, but our understanding of fracture dynamics is very limited because of the challenge of monitoring the subsurface. Here we provide evidence that long-term, high-frequency measurements of the river concentration of the ultra-trace element thorium (Th) can provide a signature of bedrock fracture processes spanning neighboring watersheds in Colorado. River Th concentrations show abrupt (subdaily) excursions and biexponential decay with approximately 1-day and 1-week time constants, concentration patterns that are distinct from all other solutes except beryllium and arsenic. The patterns are uncorrelated with daily precipitation records or seasonal trends in atmospheric deposition. Groundwater Th analyses are consistent with bedrock release and dilution upon mixing with river water. Most Th excursions have no seismic signatures that are detectable 50 km from the site, suggesting the Th concentrations can reveal aseismic fracture or fault events. We find, however, a weak statistical correlation between Th and seismic motion caused by distant earthquakes, possibly the first chemical signature of dynamic earthquake triggering, a phenomenon previously identified only through geophysical methods., This work was conducted as part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and was supported by the US Department of Energy (DOE) Subsurface Biogeochemical Research Program, DOE Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, under contract no. DE-AC02 − 05CH11231. The authors thank Jiamin Wan, Tetsu Tokunaga, Caitlin Bernier and the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL).

Acoustic emission (AE) is a useful method for recording fracture processes in concrete. In this work, AE data are recorded during three-point bending tests to fracture of hydraulic concrete. First, AE data are used to analyze concrete's damage development using hits distribution, b-value, Ib-value, and average fre- quency versus RA value. Second, clustering analysis of AE signals is performed by hierarchical clustering. Third, a support vector machine model based on the gray wolf optimization algorithm is proposed to quantify the degree of damage. Via b-value analysis it is shown that the fracture process of hydraulic concrete can be divided into three stages: microcracks nucleation; microcracks coales- cence into macrocracks (macrocrack nucleation); and macrocrack propagation. Further, it is shown that rise time, ringdown counts, energy, duration, ampli- tude, and central frequency can be used to characterize the failure modes. Spe- cifically, it is found that microcrack nucleation stage is dominated by tensile failures, macrocrack nucleation stage is characterized by rapid increase of shear failures, which become dominant over tensile failures, and macrocrack propagation stage is dominated by shear failures. Via hierarchical cluster anal- ysis, it is found that the fracture process can be divided into three clusters, which corresponds to the three stages obtained via b-value analysis. Finally, the proposed support vector machine model based on gray wolf optimization is found to predict the degree of damage in excellent agreement with experi- ment. This offers an effective practical method for damage assessment by com- bining AE with machine learning.

Low-cost solar technologies such as perovskite solar cells are not only required to be efficient, but durable too, exhibiting chemical, thermal and mechanical stability. To determine the mechanical stability of perovskite solar cells, the fracture resistance of a multitude of solution-processed organometal trihalide perovskite films and cells utilizing these films were studied. The influence of stoichiometry, precursor chemistry, deposition techniques, and processing conditions on the fracture resistance of perovskite layers was investigated. In all cases, the perovskites offered negligible resistance to fracture, failing cohesively below 1.5 J/m2. The solar cells studied featured these perovskites and a variety of organic and inorganic charge transporting layers and carrier-selective contacts. These ancillary layers were found to significantly influence the overall mechanical stability of the perovskite solar cells and were repeatedly the primary source of mechanical failure, failing at values below those measured for the isolated fragile perovskite films. A detailed insight into the nature of perovskite and perovskite solar cell fracture is presented and the influence of grain size, device architecture, deposition techniques, environmental variables, and molecular additives on these fracture processes is reported. Understanding the influence of materials selection, deposition techniques and processing variables on the mechanical stability of perovskite solar cells is a crucial step in their development.

The paper presents the results of analysis of surface roughness parameters in the Krosno Sandstones of Mucharz, southern Poland. It was aimed at determining whether these parameters are influenced by structural features (mainly the laminar distribution of mineral components and directional distribution of non-isometric grains) and fracture processes. The tests applied in the analysis enabled us to determine and describe the primary statistical parameters used in the quantitative description of surface roughness, as well as specify the usefulness of contact profilometry as a method of visualizing spatial differentiation of fracture processes in rocks. These aims were achieved by selecting a model material (Krosno Sandstones from the Górka-Mucharz Quarry) and an appropriate research methodology. The schedule of laboratory analyses included: identification analyses connected with non-destructive ultrasonic tests, aimed at the preliminary determination of rock anisotropy, strength point load tests (cleaved surfaces were obtained due to destruction of rock samples), microscopic analysis (observation of thin sections in order to determine the mechanism of inducing fracture processes) and a test method of measuring surface roughness (two- and three-dimensional diagrams, topographic and contour maps, and statistical parameters of surface roughness). The highest values of roughness indicators were achieved for surfaces formed under the influence of intragranular fracture processes (cracks propagating directly through grains). This is related to the structural features of the Krosno Sandstones (distribution of lamination and bedding).

Geophysics, i.e. the physics of geological processes and objects, is a fantastic source of complex problems, as categorized by "complex matter physics" For example, some essential problems deal with fault mechanics, avalanches, led with fluids or not, dynamic stages of sedimentation and instabilities during these, fracture processes, either dry or triggered by fluids flowing through pores of rocks and soils, liquefaction during earthquakes, flow of one or several fluids, miscible or not, in porous rocks of irregular geometries, morphogenesis during the evolution of sedimentary rocks with an evolution of the chemical composition and mechanical equilibrium between the rock components, dynamic evolution of colloids with variable interactions, heat exchange in channeling flows, temperature evolution and its effect on the mechanics of the evolving system... . These systems present interactions rooted in classical physics and mechanics, but also present a disorder in their components, and nonlinearities in the fundamental couplings, that can generate a complex behavior at large scale. Notably, they can function over large range of space and time, where quick stages of evolution alternate with extremely slow ones, and where diffuse deformations alternate with extremely localized ones. The polyphasic and polydisperse character of these systems can generate such a complexity, without necessarily reflecting a multiplicity of scales present in the heterogeneity of the system composition: in critical systems, or near so called secondary phase transitions, many dynamical systems are known to let emerge large scale organizations arising from disorder only present at small scales. In this manuscript, we deal with analytical, numerical and experimental approaches related to the mechanics of such natural systems: mono- or multi-phase flow in porous or fractured media, deformable or not, fractures, avalanches, mechanical regime of active faults, slow deformation of rocks with coupling between chemistry and mechanics., La géophysique, au sens de la physique d'objets et processus géologiques, est une formidable source de problèmes complexes, au sens de la physique de la matière complexe. Par exemple, des problèmes essentiels ont trait à la mécanique des failles, les avalanches, chargées de fluides ou non, de matière en grain ou plus pâteuse, les phases dynamiques de la sédimentation et les instabilités pendant celle-ci, la fracturation, sèche ou déclenchée par le transport des fluides parcourant les pores de la roche ou du sol, la liquéfaction durant les tremblements de terre, les écoulements d'une ou plusieurs phases fluides non miscibles dans des roches poreuses de géométrie irrégulière, la morphogénèse durant l'évolution des roches sédimentaires où évoluent composition chimique et équilibre mécanique entre les composants des roches, l'évolution dynamique de colloïdes aux interactions variables, les échanges de chaleur dans des écoulements chenalisés, l'évolution de la température et son effet sur la mécanique du système en évolution... . Ces systèmes présentent des interactions qui relèvent de la physique et la mécanique classique, mais avec la présence d'un désordre dans la structure, ou des non-linéarités dans les interactions fondamentales, qui peuvent générer à grande échelle un comportement complexe : notamment, ils peuvent fonctionner sur des échelles de temps et d'espace très étendus, avec coexistence de phases rapides et de phases extrêmement lente, ou avec des déformations diffuses alternant avec des fonctionnements où la déformation est très localisée. L'aspect polyphasique ou polydisperse de ces systèmes peut générer une telle complexité, sans que celle-ci reflète nécessairement la multiplicité des échelles déjà présentes dans la composition du système : dans des systèmes au fonctionnement critique, ou au voisinage de transitions de phases dites du second ordre, de nombreux systèmes dynamiques sont connus pour faire émerger, à partir de désordre présent à petite échelle et d'interaction simples, des organisations à grande échelle du processus en jeu. On aborde dans ce mémoire des modèles analytiques, numériques et des expériences ayant trait à la mécanique de tels systèmes naturels : écoulements mono- ou multiphasiques en milieux poreux ou fracturés, déformables ou non, fractures, avalanches, fonctionnement mécanique des failles, déformation lente des roches avec couplage entre chimie et mécanique.

Strain Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCC) can be distinguished from other types of fiber reinforced cement-based matrix composites by the typical pseudo-strain hardening behavior they develop in tension. The design of Strain Hardening Cementitious Composites (SHCC) towards the development of multiple cracking in tension is based on the micro-mechanisms involved in the cracking process, including the fiber-matrix interaction properties as well as the fiber and the matrix mechanical properties. The cracking mechanisms at the micro-scale assume a key role in the composite behavior of SHCC. Their complexity introduces, however, significant uncertainty in the entire process. The investigation of the cracking processes of SHCC materials at an intermediate level between the micro-scale and the structural length scale is therefore important to further characterize the influence of the fracture processes on the composite tensile behavior. In previous studies the mechanical behavior of SHCC materials, as well as of other strain softening fiber reinforced cementitious composites, was characterized under eccentric tensile loading using the Compact Tension Test (CTT). The present research further extends this investigation, with particular emphasis on cementitious composites reinforced with multiple types of fibers. The experimental tensile load-displacement results are discussed and compared to the numerically derived responses. To numerically predict the tensile load-displacement responses obtained with the CTTs, the cohesive crack model and the tensile stress-crack opening relationships obtained with the Single Crack Tension Test (SCTT) are utilized. Furthermore, the crack initiation and propagation at the early stages of the loading sequence are analyzed. The size of the specimens and the resolution of the digital images acquired allow the detection of relatively small displacements and crack openings. The results are discussed, with special emphasis on the topology of the cracks obtained near the crack tip and on the description of the fracture process zone., Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)

In both the chemical and mechanical pulping process, the logs are cut into wood chips by a disc chipper before fibre separation. To make the wood chipping process more efficient, one have to investigate in detail the coupling between process parameters and the quality of the chips. One objective of this thesis was to obtain an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms behind the creation of wood chips. Another objective with the thesis was to investigate whether it was possible to, in a way tailor the chipping process so as to reduce the energy consumption in a following mechanical refining process. Both experimental and analytical/numerical approaches have been taken in this work. The first part of the experimental investigations, were performed with an in-house developed chipping device and a digital speckle photography equipment. The results from the experimental investigation showed that the friction between the log and chipping tool is probably one crucial factor for the chip formation. Further more it was found that the indentation process is approximately self-similar, and that the stress field over the entire crack-plane is critical for chip creation. The developed analytical model predicts the normal and shear strain distribution and to be more specific, the model can predict the compressive stresses parallel to the fibre direction for an assumed linear elastic and orthotropic material. The analytical distributions were found to be in reasonable agreement with the corresponding distributions obtained from a finite element analysis. To be able to study the chipping process under realistic conditions, which for example means to use chipping rates representative for a real wood chipper, a laboratory chipper was developed. Details regarding the chipper and how to evaluate the force measurements are given together with an example of how the force on the cutting tool (the knife) varies with time during cutting. To investigate the influence of a certain chipping process parameter, the chips were after production in the laboratory chipper, refined in a pilot refiner during conditions optimized for TMP (thermomechanical pulp) and CTMP (chemithermomechanical pulp) processes. It was concluded that the details concerning the chip process had a large impact on e.g. the energy consumption in both first stage and second stage refining. Results showing this are given in this thesis. För både kemisk och mekanisk pappersmassa så tillverkas flis av trädstockar med hjälp av en skivhugg innan fibrerna separeras. För att göra flisningsprocessen mer effektiv, måste kopplingen mellan processparametrar och fliskvalitet studeras. Ett mål med denna avhandling är att ge fundamental kunskap om mekanismerna bakom bildandet av träflis. Både experimentella och analytiska/numeriska metoder har använts i detta arbete. De experimentella undersökningarna har gjorts med hjälp av egen utvecklad utrustning. Resultaten från den experimentella undersökningen visar att friktionen mellan stammen och flisningsverktyget har betydelse vid flisning. Vidare observerades det att inträngnings processen är approximativt självlik (self similar) och att det är spänningsfältet över hela sprickplanet som är kritiskt för bildandet av en flis. Den utvecklade analytiska modellen förutsäger normal- och skjuvspänningsfördelningen över sprickplanet och kan mer specifikt förutsäga den kompressiva belastning som verkar parallellt fiberriktningen i ett linjärt elastiskt och ortotropt material (trä). De analytiskt bestämda fördelningarna stämmer relativt väl överens med motsvarande fördelningar beräknad med finit element analys. För att kunna studera flisningsprocessen under realistiska förhållanden, vilket bl.a. betyder att skärhastigheter som är representativa för en verklig process skall användas, så utvecklades inom ramen för avhandlingsarbetet, en laboratoriesflishugg. Detaljer rörande flishuggen samt hur uppmätta lastsignaler skall utvärderas ges tillsammans med ett exmpel på hur kraften på skärverktyget (kniven) varierar under ett skärförlopp. Inverkan av en viss flisningsprocessparameter undersöktes genom att flis tillverkades i laboratorieflishuggen varefter de raffinerades i en pilotraffinör under förhållanden som var optimerade för TMP (termomekanisk massa) och CTMP (kemitermomekanisk massa) processerna. Det konstaterades att detaljer i flisningsprocessen hade stor inverkan på t.ex. energiåtgången i både första stegs – och andrastegsraffinering. Resultat som verifierar detta ges i avhandlingen. At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Submitted. Paper 5: Submitted.

In both the chemical and mechanical pulping process, the logs are cut into wood chips by a disc chipper before fibre separation. To make the wood chipping process more efficient, one have to investigate in detail the coupling between process parameters and the quality of the chips. One objective of this thesis was to obtain an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms behind the creation of wood chips. Another objective with the thesis was to investigate whether it was possible to, in a way tailor the chipping process so as to reduce the energy consumption in a following mechanical refining process.Both experimental and analytical/numerical approaches have been taken in this work. The first part of the experimental investigations, were performed with an in-house developed chipping device and a digital speckle photography equipment.The results from the experimental investigation showed that the friction between the log and chipping tool is probably one crucial factor for the chip formation. Further more it was found that the indentation process is approximately self-similar, and that the stress field over the entire crack-plane is critical for chip creation.The developed analytical model predicts the normal and shear strain distribution and to be more specific, the model can predict the compressive stresses parallel to the fibre direction for an assumed linear elastic and orthotropic material. The analytical distributions were found to be in reasonable agreement with the corresponding distributions obtained from a finite element analysis.To be able to study the chipping process under realistic conditions, which for example means to use chipping rates representative for a real wood chipper, a laboratory chipper was developed. Details regarding the chipper and how to evaluate the force measurements are given together with an example of how the force on the cutting tool (the knife) varies with time during cutting.To investigate the influence of a certain chipping process parameter, the chips were after production in the laboratory chipper, refined in a pilot refiner during conditions optimized for TMP (thermomechanical pulp) and CTMP (chemithermomechanical pulp) processes. It was concluded that the details concerning the chip process had a large impact on e.g. the energy consumption in both first stage and second stage refining. Results showing this are given in this thesis.

In both the chemical and mechanical pulping process, the logs are cut into wood chips by a disc chipper before fibre separation. To make the wood chipping process more efficient, one have to investigate in detail the coupling between theprocess parameters and the quality of the chips. The objective of this thesis is to obtain an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms behind the creation of wood chips. Both experimental and analytical/numerical approaches have been taken inthis work. The experimental investigations were performed with an in‐house developed equipment and a digital speckle photography equipment. The results from the experimental investigation showed that the friction between the log and chipping tool is probably one crucal factor for the chip formation. Further more it was found that the indentation process is approximately self‐similar, and that the stress field over the entire crack‐plane is critical for chip creation. The developed analytical model predicts the normal and shear strain distribution. The analytical distributions are in reasonable agreement with the corresponding distributions obtained from a finite element analysis.