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OBJECTIVE The treatment of symptomatic, progressive or recurrent acquired intracerebral cysts is challenging, especially when they are localized in eloquent structures. In addition to resection, endoscopic fenestration, or stereotactic puncture, the implantation of a cystoventricular shunt by stereotactic guidance (SCVS) has been reported as a minimally invasive procedure; however, only scarce data are available regarding its feasibility and efficacy. Here, the authors evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of frame-based SCVS in patients with acquired intracranial cysts. METHODS In this single-center retrospective analysis, the authors included all patients with acquired intracerebral cysts treated by SCVS following a standardized prospective protocol between 2012 and 2020. They analyzed clinical symptoms, complications, and radiological outcome with regard to cyst volume reduction by 3D volumetry. RESULTS Thirty-four patients (17 females and 17 males; median age 44 years, range 5–77 years) were identified. The median initial cyst volume was 11.5 cm3 (range 1.6–71.6 cm3), and the mean follow-up was 20 months (range 1–82 months). At the last follow-up, 27 of 34 patients (79%) showed a cyst volume reduction of more than 50%. Initial symptoms improved or resolved in 74% (n = 25) and remained stable in 24% (n = 8). No permanent clinical deterioration after treatment was observed. The total complication rate was 5.9%, comprising transient neurological deterioration (n = 1) and ventriculitis (n = 1). There were no deaths. The overall recurrence rate was 11.8%. CONCLUSIONS In this study, SCVS proved to be a safe, minimally invasive, and effective treatment with reliable long-term volume reduction, resulting in clinical improvement and a minor complication rate.

Weakly supervised temporal action detection aims at localizing temporal positions of action instances in untrimmed videos with only action class labels. In general, previous methods individually classify each frame based on the appearance information and the short-term motion information, and then integrate consecutive high-response action frames into entities which serve as detected action instances. However, the long-range temporal dependencies between action frames are not fully utilized, and the detection results are more likely to be trapped in the most discriminative action segments. To alleviate this issue, we propose a novel two-branch (i.e., the coarse detection branch and the refining detection branch) detection framework with learning the long-range temporal dependencies for obtaining more accurate detection results, where only action class labels are required. The coarse detection branch is used to localize the most discriminative segments of action instances based on a typical multi-instance learning paradigm under the supervision of action class labels, whereas the refining detection branch is expected to localize the less discriminative segments of action instances via learning the long-range temporal dependencies between frames based on the proposed Transformer-style architecture and learning strategies. This collaboration mechanism takes full advantage of complementary information from the provided action class labels and the natural temporal dependencies between action frames, forming a more comprehensive solution. Consequently, our method obtains more precise detection results. Expectedly, the proposed method outperforms recent weakly supervised temporal action detection methods on dataset THUMOS14 and ActivityNet measured by mAP@tIoU and AR@AN.

OBJECTIVE Precise and accurate targeting is critical to optimize outcomes after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for trigeminal neuralgia (TN). The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes after SRS for TN in which two different techniques were used: mask-based 4-mm cone versus frame-based 5-mm cone. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent SRS for TN at their institution between 1996 and 2019. The Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) pain score and facial hypesthesia scale were used to evaluate pain relief and facial numbness. RESULTS A total of 234 patients were included in this study; the mean age was 67 years. In 97 patients (41.5%) radiation was collimated by a mask-based 4-mm cone, whereas a frame-based 5-mm cone was used in the remaining 137 patients (58.5%). The initial adequate pain control rate (BNI I–III) was 93.4% in the frame-based 5-mm group, compared to 87.6% in the mask-based 4-mm group. This difference between groups lasted, with an adequate pain control rate at ≥ 24 months of 89.9% and 77.8%, respectively. Pain relief was significantly different between groups from initial response until the last follow-up (≥ 24 months, p = 0.02). A new, permanent facial hypesthesia occurred in 30.3% of patients (33.6% in the frame-based 5-mm group vs 25.8% in the mask-based 4-mm group). However, no significant association between the BNI facial hypesthesia score and groups was found. Pain recurrence occurred earlier (median time to recurrence 12 months vs 29 months, p = 0.016) and more frequently (38.1% vs 20.4%, p = 0.003) in the mask-based 4-mm than in the frame-based 5-mm group. CONCLUSIONS Frame-based 5-mm collimator SRS for TN resulted in a better long-term pain relief with similar toxicity profiles to that seen with mask-based 4-mm collimator SRS.

We introduce a simple figure-of-merit (foM) to schedule task executions in frame-based CPS workloads. The objective is to more effectively harvest slack released by early task completions. The foM is derived based on task execution time probability density functions (obtained by profiling). A nominal voltage/frequency is assigned to each task based on its activity factor; the aim is to keep power consumption reasonably steady. Simulation results show that this approach lengthens battery lifetime and reduces thermally-induced processor aging.

We present SSPNet, a novel method for learning the spatiotemporal saliency of a target for visual tracking. State-of-the-art trackers typically track targets by predicting the target state, ie coordinates of a bounding box encompassing the target, from the target candidates sampled around a previous target state. However, they have two limitations: 1) vulnerability to tracking distractors present in a frame and 2) the strong bias of the target state estimation to the initial frame. The proposed method addresses this problem by predicting the spatiotemporal features of the target so-called current and future target saliencies. Given a frame, the current target saliency represents the spatial aspect of the target, whereas the future target saliency depicts how the target will appear in the next frame based on the temporal features. This technique improves tracking accuracy in two ways: we can exploit the similarity between the current and the future target saliencies to detect the distractors. Further, SSPNet provides better prior knowledge about the current target state compared to using only the previous frame, which mitigates the bias to the initial frame and occlusion problem . We show that SSPNet outperforms the state-of-the-art trackers, particularly in challenging sequences.

Placing the patient in lateral position is an option for implantation of stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) electrodes that have a posterior entry point. Previous studies reported the accuracy of SEEG electrodes but not specifically in relation to position. The aim of this study was to analyze accuracy of SEEG electrodes by position.Entry point and target accuracy of electrodes implanted in lateral position were compared with electrodes implanted in supine position using a frame-based with robot guidance technique. Subgroup analysis was performed for insular versus noninsular electrodes.Analysis included 23 consecutive patients (11 in lateral position) with 294 electrodes. The entry point error was similar between lateral (median 1.3 mm [interquartile range 0.8-1.9]) and supine (1.2 mm [0.8-1.7]; P = 0.360) position. Target accuracy was better in lateral (1.8 mm [1.3-2.7]) than supine (2.9 mm [2.0-4.4]; P0.001) position. For noninsular electrodes, the median entry point error in lateral and supine position was 1.3 mm (0.8-1.9) and 1.2 mm (0.8-1.7; P = 0.43), respectively. The accuracy was better in lateral position (median 1.7 mm [1.2-2.6]) compared with supine position (2.9 mm [2.0-4.4]; P0.001). The accuracy of insular electrodes was similar in both positions for entry point (lateral: median radial error 1.4 mm, [0.7-1.9]; supine: 1.1 mm [0.6-1.8]; P = 0.833) and target (lateral: median three-dimensional error 2.3 mm [1.6-3.2]; supine: 2.9 mm [2.4-4.5]; P = 0.07).SEEG leads implanted in lateral position exhibit an accuracy and safety profile in accordance with previous studies. In this cohort, target error was smaller in the lateral position, particularly in noninsular electrodes.

In this paper, we propose a variation model which takes advantage of the wavelet tight frame and nonconvex shrinkage penalties for compressed sensing recovery. We address the proposed optimization problem by introducing a adjustable parameter and a firm thresholding operations. Numerical experiment results show that the proposed method outperforms some existing methods in terms of the convergence speed and reconstruction errors. JEL classification numbers: 68U10, 65K10, 90C25, 62H35. Keywords: Compressed Sensing, Nonconvex, Firm thresholding, Wavelet tight frame.

To explore the difference between robot assisted (RA) and stereotactic frame based (SF) stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) in patients with medically refractory epilepsy.We undertook a retrospective review of 33 SEEG cases at our center, of which 14 were SF performed from March to October 2018 and 19 were RA performed from November 2018 to December 2019. Detailed review of medical histories and operative records as well as imaging and trajectory plans was carried out for each patient, and the results related to each technique compared. A multiple linear regression model was used to test for variables that significantly influenced placement error.Compared to the SF group, the RA group had a higher mean number of electrodes per patient (10.7 ± 2.8 versus 6.4 ± 0.8, P 0.0001) and a significantly shorter mean operative time (127.3 ± 40.7 versus 152.7 ± 13.6 min, P = 0.033). For the RA group, the intracranial implantation length was positively correlated with target point error (p = 0.000), depth error (p = 0.043), and two-dimensional (2D) radial error (p = 0.041). Conversely, skull thickness was negatively correlated with the TP error (p = 0.004), depth error (p = 0.037) and 2D radial error (p = 0.000). We also analyzed the mean entry point, target point, depth and 2D radial errors, the complication rates, and the results of epileptogenic zone (EZ) localization and Engel class. The results showed no difference in these aspects between the SF group and the RA group.This study suggests that, compared to stereotactic frame based SEEG, robot assisted SEEG is significantly more efficient and comparable in safety and effectiveness.

We aimed to evaluate the concordance between the image-based and the tissue-based diagnosis using frame-based stereotactic biopsy.Medical records of biopsy procedures from 2000 to 2017 were reviewed. The radiologists' preoperative reports, biopsy procedures and postoperative histopathological diagnoses were retrieved. We compared the preoperative image-based diagnosis with the final histopathological diagnosis.We identified 125 biopsy procedures performed in 123 patients. The concordance between image-based and histopathological diagnoses varied between 53.3% and 87.5%. The concordance of diagnosis concerning both tumor entity (i.e. cell type) and WHO grade was 54.6%. The diagnostic yield was 95.2%. There was overall morbidity of 10.4%, and a mortality rate of 0.8%. Minor complications occurred in 4.0% of the cases, while clinically significant complications occurred in 6.4% of the cases.There was suboptimal concordance between radiological and histopathological diagnosis. Also, there was a tendency of histopathological undergrading. We confirm that frame-based stereotactic biopsies have a high diagnostic yield and a low rate of clinically significant complications and mortality.

Wavelet tight frames have been actively investigated for various image restoration problems. In this paper, we introduce an analysis-sparsity model via $\ell _2$ -relaxed truncated $\ell _0$ regularization and nonlocal estimation, and the resulted nonconvex minimization problem is tackled by a proximal alternating minimization strategy. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is superior to many popular methods in both objective and perceptual quality.

Watermarking is a copyright authentication technique. This research proposes a robust watermarking method with a combination of Tchebichef transformation and singular value decomposition (SVD). To maintain imperceptibility, embedding is done on one of the selected frames. Frames are randomly selected to increase watermark security. Frame selection is based on two integer keys processed by a linear congruential generator (LCG). The selected frame is then converted to its color space from RGB to YCbCr. Y channel (luminance) was selected to be processed by Tchebichef transformation based on block 8 × 8, the coefficient 0.0 for each block of the transformed results was selected and collected on a matrix. This matrix is then transformed with SVD and a singular matrix is selected for watermark embedding, this method is done to increase robustness. Based on the test results, the imperceptibility value is very good with an average value of 50.952dB, based on the PSNR as a measuring tool. Whereas in the robustness aspect, a value of 0.927 is generated based on the results of the measurement of the correlation between the watermark and the original watermark, where these results are the average extraction results without and with various attacks.

The paper presents an overview of the research on teaching Javanese culture and describes the association between Javanese culture and English language teaching (ELT) through selected texts. A decisive question occurs in terms of ELT, whether to teach culture along with English. The implementation of selected text is one of the effective ways to encourage students to more appreciate and feel affection for their own culture. Since the native Javanese people obligates to be aware of their own culture. Using Javanese culture text means that the texts learned by the students are part of the Javanese original culture. Dealing with the text, the students will have a handle on the culture profoundly. To answer such an incomprehensible question, this article shows the relation about the connection among literature and studies. This research also discusses a theoretical frame based on the experts’ insights and opinions. To summarize, this research displays various viewpoints in relation to this topic, offers different practical studies, and reaches some valuable conclusions.

espanolEste trabajo explora la presencia de Frankenstein en el cine a partir de un marco teorico basado en los conceptos de transtextualidad y transescritura. En su primera parte hace un recorrido por las transmediaciones que han convertido la novela en un mito, con un doble objetivo: en primer lugar, ilustrar el rendimiento del marco teorico y, en segundo lugar, alcanzar una definicion del mito frankensteiniano, que se cifra en la dialectica creador-criatura articulada en tres motivos narrativos y desarrollada en tres mitemas. En la segunda parte el articulo se interroga sobre la presencia de este paradigma en el cine de ciencia ficcion y, primero, separa genero de mito (lo que permite establecer grados de presencialidad), para luego ocuparse del grado maximo (donde el mito se hace sentir con su dialectica caracteristica), que se ilustra con el analisis detallado de Blade Runner y 2049. EnglishThis essay explores the presence of Frankenstein in film through a theoretical frame based on the notions of transtextuality and transwriting. The first part is a survey of the series of transmediations which have turned the novel into a myth and entails a double aim: in the first place, to illustrate the efficiency of the theoretical frame and, in the second place, to reach a definition of the Frankensteinian myth, which is anchored in the dialectics between creator and creature, articulated in three narrative motifs and expressed in three mythemes. The second part probes the presence of this paradigm in science fiction and, firstly, it distinguishes between myth and genre (which leaves room for different degrees in this presence), so then it focuses on the highest degree (where the dialectics of myth can be detected), which is illustrated by a detailed analysis of Blade Runner and 2049.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy, safety, and duration of Remebot robot-assisted frameless brain biopsy with those of standard frame-based stereotactic biopsy.A retrospective analysis of 66 patients undergoing stereotactic brain biopsy in our department from January 2015 to January 2019 was performed. We divided the patients into two groups: the frame-based group (No significant difference in diagnostic yield was detected in the two groups, with frame-based biopsy having a diagnostic yield of 91.4% and Remebot robot-assisted frameless brain biopsy having a diagnostic yield of 93.5%. The duration of the total procedure was 116.5 min for the frame-based biopsy and 80.1 min for the Remebot robot-assisted frameless brain biopsy (Remebot robot-assisted frameless brain biopsy was as efficacious and safe as standard stereotactic frame-based biopsy. However, frameless biopsy can alleviate the suffering of the patient and reduce the total duration of the procedure. Remebot robot-assisted frameless brain biopsy is easy to use and better accepted by patients than frame-based biopsy.

이 연구는 신종 감염병으로 인한 위험이 급증함에 따라 언론의 기능과 역할이 증대되는 가운데 언론의 이념성향과 프레임과의 관계를 규명하고자 국내는 물론 전 세계적으로 많은 감염 환자와 사망자를 발생하게 한 코로나19 위험 이슈에 관한 국내 언론의 보도에 있어서 기사의 정보(취재)원, 프레임의 특징과 차이점을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 국내 4개 일간지(조선일보, 동아일보, 한겨레, 경향신문)들을 대상으로 코로나19 사태의 국면별 보도 기사의 특성과 정보(취재)원, 형식적 프레임, 내용적 프레임을 분석했다. 이 연구에서 특히 주목한 분야는 코로나19라는 신종 감염병에 대하여 보수와 진보의 이념적 성향에 따라 뉴스 보도의 차이가 있는지를 살펴보았다. 분석결과, 코로나19 보도 패턴을 보면 분석 대상인 보수성향의 신문과 진보성향의 신문 모두 형식적 프레임 중에는 사건 중심 프레임을 가장 많이 사용했으며 이러한 기사를 스트레이트 형태로 보도하는 형태가 주를 이루었다. 또한 기사 정보(취재)원은 신문들 모두 정부 부처 및 기관에 대한 의존도가 압도적으로 높았으나, 진보성향의 신문들은 보수성향의 신문들보다 일반인(시민)들과 시민 · 사회 · 종교단체를 정보원으로 더 많이 활용한 것으로 나타난 반면, 기업체(기업인)의 정보원 활용에 있어서는 보수성향의 신문들이 진보성향의 신문들보다 더 많이 활용한 것으로 분석됐다. 그러나 내용적으로는 보수신문들은 다양한 정보(취재)원에 근거해 코로나19라는 위험 이슈에 대하여 깊이 있고 심층적으로 분석하는 기사가 적었고, 신종 감염병인 코로나19에 대한 책임을 정부와 지방자치단체, 중국에 전가하는 프레임을 많이 사용함으로써 뉴스 이용자들에게 신뢰감을 덜 주는 것으로 분석됐다. 반면, 진보신문들은 해설과 사설을 통해 예방 및 대처 등 대응방안의 관점에서 보도한 기사의 비중이 높았으며, 시민들의 의견을 많이 반영하여 보도하려는 노력이 분석결과에서 드러났다. 즉, 보수신문들은 많은 기사에서 진보신문들과는 달리 갈등과 위험적 요소에 초점을 둔 보도가 많은 반면, 진보신문들은 많은 기사에서 보수신문들과는 달리 도덕적 평가 및 예방 · 대처 차원의 보도가 많은 것으로 분석됐다. 또한 보수신문들은 진보신문들에 비해 언론의 신뢰도를 하락시키고 독자들의 불안감을 증대시킬 수 있는 과장되거나 자극적인 표현들을 더 많이 사용한 것으로 사례분석 결과에서 나타났다. 이처럼 코로나19의 위험 이슈 보도에 있어서 신문들은 이념적 성향에 따라 프레임과 보도내용에 차이가 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

Background Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is a widely accepted treatment for obstructive hydrocephalus. For most practitioners, this procedure will be performed without navigation guidance. Without such guidance, the complications associated with the procedure have ranged from 1% to 8%. We hypothesized that the discrepancy between the surface bony anatomy and internal cranial anatomy contributes to the morbidities associated with ETV. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the position of the entry point defined by the classic Kocher's point relative to the ideal entry point that would result in no manipulation of the endoscope defined by frame-based stereotaxis. Methods The cranial computed tomography scan of 58 patients who had undergone frame-based stereotactic ETV was reformatted into 3-dimensional renderings. The location of this entry point was compared with the Kocher point, as determined by the external bony anatomy. Results Overall, >70% of the burr holes that provided an ideal trajectory to the third ventricle were ≥0.5 cm from the Kocher point in both the sagittal and the coronal planes. Median deviations of 0.74 and 0.81 cm in the coronal (P Conclusion The use of stereotactic endoscopic techniques increase the safety of third ventriculostomy by adding precision and reducing otherwise unnecessary surgical maneuvering.

In the design of gesture-based user interfaces, traditional gesture elicitation studies suffer from the legacy bias problem. In this paper, we conducted an exploratory study about the practical eff...

Previous work at our institution treating arteriovenous malformation (AVM) with radiosurgery (RS) demonstrated superior nidus visualization and geometric accuracy with use of 3-dimensional rotational angiography (3DRA) compared to biplanar digital subtraction angiography. We have since adopted a unique radiosurgical protocol that utilizes 3DRA in the planning of linear accelerator (LINAC)-based RS delivered in a frameless manner. This study seeks to compare clinical outcomes between patients treated by this novel approach and those treated by our historic frame-based protocol. Clinical data were queried for all patients treated for AVM by single-fraction RS from 2003 to 2017. RICs were identified and classified as radiologic, symptomatic, or permanent. Excellent outcome was defined as nidus obliteration without intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) or symptomatic RIC. Clinical predictors of study outcomes were identified through univariate and multivariate logistic regression using backwards elimination to optimize a predictive model. 131 AVMs in 124 patients were included with a median follow-up of 88 months. 59 AVMs received frame-based RS and 72 AVMs received frameless RS. Rate of obliteration was 64% for frame-based RS and 61% for frameless RS (p = 0.70). Radiologic, symptomatic, and permanent RICs rates were 68%, 17%, and 8%, respectively, for frame-based cases, versus 40% (p 0.01), 8% (p = 0.13), and 3% (p = 0.15), respectively, for frameless cases. Excellent outcome was achieved in 49% of frame-based cases and 53% of frameless cases (p = 0.68). These results illustrate the safety and effectiveness of frameless LINAC-based AVM RS utilizing 3DRA.

The fine-blanking press, which has been widely used in the sheet-cutting industry, is high-end equipment. The frame is a core component of the fine-blanking press. In this paper, the sensitivity analysis and size optimization method were used to optimize a fine-blanking press frame. First, a shell element model of the frame was established to analyse the mechanical properties of the initial frame. Then, the mathematical expressions for sensitivity analysis and size optimization of the frame were formulated. Based on the established model, the response sensitivities for plate thicknesses were analysed, and a 12.94 % weight reduction was achieved through size optimization. Moreover, the effect of material distribution on dynamic performance was investigated. The result indicated that for a constrained structure, distributing material close to the constraint location increases the modal frequencies.

Purpose The newest generation of the Leksell Gamma Knife (GK) allows frame based as well as frameless treatment. We here report outcomes of a prospective non-randomized study on mask fixation (MF) versus frame fixation (FF) for GK treatment of brain metastases. Methods The decision for FF or MF was made on a case-by-case basis. Factors considered were patients’ preference, proximity of critical structures, V12 and treatment time. Either stereotactic radiosurgery or fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy in up to 3 fractions was performed. For MF, a PTV margin of 1 mm was added. Follow-up included quarterly MRI scans. The primary outcome was local control. Secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and the incidence of radionecrosis. Results A total of 197 lesions (169 FF and 28 MF) were treated in 76 patients (59 FF and 17 MF). 187 lesions were treated with SRS and 10 with FSRT. Median dose was 22 Gy in both groups and median follow-up was 9.3 months. There was a higher local failure rate (HR: 3.69; 95%CI: 1.13–12.0; p = 0.03) with 11 local failures in the FF and none in the MF cohort. No differences were observed between the groups for OS (median: n.r. vs. 16.9 months; HR:1.00; 95%CI: 0.41–2.46; p = 0.999) and PFS (median: 6.9 vs. 8.4 months; HR: 0.92; 95%CI: 0.47–1.79; p = 0.800). Three cases of radionecrosis occurred with FF but none with MF (p = 0.67). Conclusions Gamma Knife treatment with MF does not result in worse outcome or increased rates of radionecrosis in this non-randomized study.

Stereotactic electroencephalography (SEEG) has largely become the preferred method for intracranial seizure localization in epileptic patients due to its low morbidity and minimally invasive approach. While robotic placement is gaining popularity, many centers continue to use manual frame-based and frameless methods for electrode insertion. However, it is unclear how these methods compare in regard to accuracy, precision, and safety. Here, we aim to compare frame-based insertion using a CRW frame (Integra®) and frameless insertion using the StealthStation™ S7 (Medtronic®) navigation system for common temporal SEEG targets. We retrospectively examined electrode targets in SEEG patients that were implanted with either frame-based or frameless methods at a level 4 epilepsy center. We focused on two commonly used targets: amygdala and hippocampal head. Stealth station software was used to merge pre-operative MR with post-operative CT images for each patient, and coordinates for each electrode tip were calculated in relation to the midcommissural point. These were compared to predetermined ideal coordinates in regard to error and directional bias. A total of 81 SEEG electrodes were identified in 23 patients (40 amygdala and 41 hippocampal head). Eight of 45 electrodes (18%) placed with the frameless technique and 0 of 36 electrodes (0%) placed with the frame-based technique missed their target and were not clinically useful. The average Euclidean distance comparing actual to ideal electrode tip coordinates for frameless vs. frame-based techniques was 11.0 mm vs. 7.1 mm (p

Background Tissue diagnosis for lesions in the posterior fossa, such as the brainstem, cerebellar peduncle, and cerebellum, is an important determinant of the next treatment option. Herein, we present our 10-year experience with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–guided frame–based stereotactic biopsy for 39 patients with posterior fossa lesions, the largest case series in this matter. Methods We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study on all patients with posterior fossa lesion admitted to 2 referral centers between 2006 and 2016. We used Leksell Frame G for stereotactic biopsy of all patients. MRI systems of both hospitals were 1.5 T. Results We performed analysis on the 39 cases (21 men and 18 women). Age of the patients ranged between 9 and 73 years (mean, 35.4 ± 15.7 years). Localization success rate was 100%. For 38 patients (97.4%), tissue sample size was enough for tissue diagnosis. For 1 case, it was insufficient and nondiagnostic. In this series, we had no surgery-related complications. Conclusions We present the largest reported series of MRI-guided frame-based stereotactic biopsy of the posterior fossa lesions via a transcerebellar route. We prefer oblique positioning of the frame on the skull and use a transcerebellar route to reduce surgical complications and achieve a greater localization success rate.

Frame-Based Editing (FBE) is a relatively new programming paradigm that sits between Block and Text based editing, by implementing good features of both practices. Moreover, FBE is designed as a middle step between block and text based editing, in order to ease the transition from the first to the later. Strype is a new online editor which implements FBE’s idea for Python and is used for programming the micro:bit. This demo will showcase the unique elements of Strype and demonstrate its use. This demo aims in introducing FBE and Strype to the educational community in order to generate fruitful discussions, get feedback and also promote its use to educational settings.

Block-based programming has become popular for children and young school students, but at university level almost all programming is still text-based. A third intermediate option is the use of frame-based editors that combine elements of both block- and text-based systems. However, there have been few evaluations of the efficacy of frame-based editing, so its suitability for school use is uncertain. This paper describes an experiment comparing the use of frame-based and text-based editing in a UK school setting. A total of 85 teenage students from five different schools each completed three sessions of object-oriented programming tasks and a programming quiz, with each school assigned to use either a text-based editor or frame-based editor. We found no difference in understanding of object-oriented concepts between the two editors, and no difference in task completion times. This provides some evidence to suggest that frame-based editing is a viable option for use in a school setting, in place of text-based editing.

The focus of this paper is to study how MNCs from new emerging markets manage the opportunity development in other new emerging markets. The aim is to propose a theoretical frame based on business ...

Most of the research conducted into collocation and semantic frames has dealt with these phenomena separately. The study of collocation has not figured prominently in the research agenda of frame semantics, and frame semantics has only sporadically been used as an analytical framework for collocation. This article is a contribution to narrowing the gap between the two fields. It does so by addressing key issues in the design of a frame-based approach to collocation, with a special focus on the relation between collocational patterns and semantic valency, and by providing arguments for the efficacy of the frame-semantic theoretical apparatus in explaining verb-adjective links that are not accounted for by the existing models of collocation. The methodology combines lexicographic resources as well as quantitative and qualitative analysis of examples and data from an English web corpus (ukWaC).

Object The purpose of this study was to compare two methods of stereotactic localization in Gamma Knife treatment planning: cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) or fiducial. While the fiducial method is the traditional method of localization, CBCT is now available for use with the Gamma Knife Icon. This study seeks to determine whether a difference exists between the two methods and then whether one is better than the other regarding accuracy and workflow optimization. Methods Cone beam computed tomography was used to define stereotactic space around the Elekta Film Pinprick phantom and then treated with film in place. The same phantom was offset known amounts from center and then imaged with CBCT and registered with the reference CBCT image to determine if measured offsets matched those known. Ten frameless and 10 frame-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to CBCT patient fusions were retrospectively evaluated using the TG-132 TRE method. The stereotactic coordinates defined by CBCT and traditional fiducials were compared on the Elekta 8 cm Ball phantom, an anthropomorphic phantom, and actual patient data. Offsets were introduced to the anthropomorphic phantom in the stereotactic frame and CBCT's ability to detect those offsets was determined. Results Cone beam computed tomography defines stereotactic space well within the established limits of the mechanical alignment system. The CBCT to CBCT registration can detect offsets accurately to within 0.1 mm and 0.5°. In all cases, some disagreement existed between fiducial localization and that of CBCT which in some cases was small, but also was as high as 0.43 mm in the phantom domain and as much as 1.54 mm in actual patients. Conclusion Cone beam computed tomography demonstrates consistent accuracy in defining stereotactic space. Since both localization methods do not agree with each other consistently, the more reliable method must be identified. Cone beam computed tomography can accurately determine offsets occurring within stereotactic space that would be nondiscernible utilizing the fiducial method and seems to be more reliable. Using CBCT localization offers the opportunity to streamline workflow both from a patient and clinic perspective and also shows patient position immediately prior to treatment.

The newly revised national standard GB 13057-2014 ‘The strength of the seats and their anchorages of passenger vehicles’ puts forward higher requirements for occupant protection of passenger car se...

Compressed sensing with sparse frame representation has received much greater attention than the orthonormal bases for its practical application in signal processing. One can expect exact recovery from undersampled data via an l q -minimisation under some proper conditions imposed on the sensing/measurement matrix and sparse representation matrix. In this study, the authors first introduce a recovery condition named by B-GRIP, which is actually a generalisation of the well-known restricted isometry property that most of the compressed sensing problems depend on. Under this condition, they expand the performance analysis of compressed sensing problem by an l q -minimisation problem for 0 < q ≤ 1 via the optimal dual frame. Finally, they present an iterative algorithm concerning the restoration of compressed sensing signals based on l q -minimisation for 0 < q ≤ 1 as well as the convergence of the algorithm, and prove that the iterative sequence can not only approximate the original signal, but be the exact one.

Poissonian image deblurring problem has been an attractive research subject in many areas of imaging science and engineering. In order to obtain accurate restorations, one has to run several times to manually select a good value of a regularization parameter in many models.In this paper, we first propose an optimization model by combining a new data-fitting term with a frame-based analysis regularizer and a nonnegative constraint. A discrepancy principle based nonstationary accelerating alternating direction method, called DP-NAADM, is then proposed to solve the optimization model, without estimating the regularization parameter. Numerical results show that DP-NAADM provides competitive restoration results compared to the well-known Poisson image deconvolution by augmented Lagrangian method called PIDAL. Also, DP-NAADM provides better restorations in terms of both accuracy and visual quality than the discrepancy principle based PIDAL method.

For a structure, robustness is a high-level performance index since it takes account of the effects of impact, explosion, earthquake and other instantaneous dynamic actions on the structure safety. In this work, layer is taken as the tie between the column and the frame. Two concepts, namely, “layer importance coefficient” of the column and “layer vulnerability coefficient” of the frame, are introduced. Based on these, the method for calculating the seismic robustness is proposed and analyzes the seismic robustness of three FRP-reinforced frame models. The results show that: The robustness of the frame with the 1st layer column reinforced with two layer CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) (F20RC) and the 1st and 2nd layer column reinforced with one layer CFRP (F11RC), respectively are better than that of the 1st layer column reinforced with one layer CFRP (F10RC). As the intensity of earthquake action increases, the seismic robustness index decreases. When UBC97’s acceleration-related parameter Ca = 0.36 and velocity-related parameter Cv = 0.36, the robustness coefficient of the three models F20RC, F11RC, F10RC are 36.5, 37.2, 34.1, respectively. When Ca = 0.6, Cv = 0.6, that of F20RC, F11RC, F10RC are 24.2, 20.4, 19.5, respectively. Finally, the procedure for designing the FRP-reinforced frame based on the seismic robustness is presented and demonstrated.

Wavelet frames have been widely applied in the field of image processing, due to their good capability for sparsely representing the piece-wise smooth functions which are suitable for describing natural images. In this paper, we propose a novel and efficient wavelet frame based sparse recovery model denoted as Support Driven Sparse Regularization (SDSR) for image deblurring. The partial support information of the wavelet frame coefficients is first attained via a self-learning strategy applied on a reference image, and this support prior is then exploited via a proposed truncated l0 regularization term . Moreover, existing off-the-shelf deblurring methods can be easily incorporated into the open interface of our flexible algorithmic framework, by providing the initial reference image for support detection. In the experiments, we compare our method with several state-of-the-art deblurring approaches. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of PSNR and SSIM values.

Vision-based action detection is a puzzling research topic of computer vision and pattern recognition. Violence detection in video has found a particularly fundamental application in real-life scenes, aiming at monitoring and protecting the safety of people and pedestrians. In previous years, violence detection in surveillance cameras gained more and more attention from researchers, due to a huge amount of video data collected by Closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras that covers different places such as schools, hospitals, shopping malls, streets, etc… However, the manual control and detection of violent behaviors and report of those incidents on time based on videos is very tiresome and laborious for operators which may results in the loss of lives. With the rise of deep learning and its applications in different domains of human daily lives, automatic detection models for abnormal behaviors or violence incidents are highly needed for this concern. In this paper, we address this research problem and explore ConvLSTM network as a solution. We conducted extensive experiments on six benchmark datasets, where our method shows superior performance on all these datasets by improving the state-of-the-art performance accuracy for violence detection.

The combination of topology optimization (TO) and 3D printing has revolutionized the way components are designed and fabricated. In view of this, this manuscript presents a TO workflow considering the frame of a scooter. In particular, TO is employed to redesign the scooter frame based on a commercial one. The topologically optimized frame is then fabricated with stainless steel 316L utilizing the selective laser melting (SLM) method. In particular, technical obstacles encountered during the process and according solutions are recorded. Given the herein notes, readers who are working with the two technologies can anticipate the technical problems and deliver more effective solutions should any of them arise. Web of Science 13 7 art. no. 1201

Objective: Bilateral globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation (GPi-DBS) is an established and effective therapy for primary refractory dystonia. However, the comparison of frameless vs. frame-based DBS surgery technique is still controversial. This retrospective study aims to compare the clinical outcome of two GPi-DBS surgical techniques for patients affected by primary generalized or multi-segmental dystonia.Methods: For lead's stereotaxic placement, 10 patients underwent frame-based surgery and the other 10 subjects DBS surgery with a frameless technique. Clinical features were evaluated at baseline and 6 and 12 months after surgery by means of the Burke–Fahn–Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale.Results: Frame-based GPi-DBS and frameless stereotaxic group revealed a comparable clinical outcome with no surgical complications.Conclusions: Frameless technique is safe and well-tolerated by patients and showed similar effectiveness of the frame-based stereotaxic surgery during GPi-DBS for primary dystonia. Notably, it could be a valid alternative solution because of the great advantage in improving the patient's discomfort during awake surgery.

In this paper, we mainly discuss the nonuniform average sampling and reconstruction in multiply generated shift-invariant subspaces \[ V_{p,q}(\Phi_r) = \bigg\{ \sum_{k_{1} \in \mathbf{Z}} \sum_{k_{2} \in \mathbf{Z}^{d}} c^T(k_{1},k_{2}) \Phi_r(\,\cdot-k_{1},\,\cdot-k_{2}): (c(k_{1},k_{2}))_{(k_{1},k_{2}) \in \mathbf{Z} \times \mathbf{Z}^{d}} \in \big( \ell^{p,q}(\mathbf{Z} \times \mathbf{Z}^d) \big)^r \bigg\} \] of mixed Lebesgue spaces $L^{p,q}(\mathbf{R} \times \mathbf{R}^{d})$, $1 \leq p,q \leq \infty$, where $\Phi_r = (\varphi_1, \varphi_2, \ldots, \varphi_r)^T$ with $\varphi_i \in L^{p,q}(\mathbf{R} \times \mathbf{R}^d)$ and $c = (c_1,c_2,\ldots,c_r)^T$ with $c_i \in \ell^{p,q}(\mathbf{Z} \times \mathbf{Z}^d)$, $i = 1,2,\ldots,r$, under the assumption that the family $\{ \varphi_{i}(x-k_{1},y-k_{2}): (k_{1},k_{2}) \in \mathbf{Z} \times \mathbf{Z}^{d}, 1 \leq i \leq r \}$ constitutes a $(p,q)$-frame of $V_{p,q}(\Phi_r)$. First, iterative approximation projection algorithms for two kinds of average sampling functionals are established. Then, we estimate the convergence rates of the corresponding algorithms.

In developing countries, lateral strengthening of seismically vulnerable masonry infilled RC buildings is one of the major concern. In this context, ferrocement can be used as a low cost and less labor-intensive strengthening scheme for those buildings. This study aims to experimentally identify major failure mechanisms, and to develop a lateral strength evaluation procedure of ferrocement strengthened masonry infilled RC frame. Subsequently, ductility of all of the identified major failure mechanisms is compared. Mainly four major failure mechanisms (i.e. overall flexural, column punching-joint sliding, diagonal compression, and diagonal cracking-sliding) are identified from the current experimental work and past experimental studies. The strength evaluation procedure, based on the identified failure mechanisms, is proposed and verified with an average calculated to experimental lateral strength ratio of 0.8. Among the identified failure mechanisms, overall flexural, and diagonal cracking-sliding mechanisms showed relatively ductile behavior when compared to the ductility of column punching-joint sliding, and diagonal compression failure mechanism.

The verbal particle in Hungarian raises a number of intriguing issues for any theory of the syntax-semantics interface. In this article, we aim at a formal account of the semantic contribution of various verbal particles in Hungarian and we show how the semantic representation of the clause can be compositionally derived. We will concentrate on the four frequent particles meg-, le-, el- and fel-. Our approach makes use of a formalized version of Role and Reference Grammar and the framework of decompositional frame semantics. In particular, we give a formal representation of the boundary-setting function of the verbal particle in terms of decompositional frames which builds on a scalar change analysis. We furthermore analyze the interaction of the particle with resultative adjectives and provide a formal model of how their syntactic representations drive their frame-semantic composition.

This chapter takes up a prominent feature of converts’ narratives that has significant implications for thinking about identity and belonging, the discursive divide between religion and culture. It identifies and critically discusses two approaches to un the relationship between religion and culture in convert narratives, one which sees converts assimilating into born Muslim communities and one which sees converts as excluding born Muslims from a Westernised form of Islam. It goes on to discuss the work of three prominent scholars whose approaches emphasise religious concerns to thinking about the religion–culture divide. This allows this discursive feature to be seen as inevitably grappled with rather than settled in the favour of one side or another. The chapter subsequently proposes an alternative analytical frame based on Simmel’s conception of the stranger and offers a more dynamic and complex understanding of the patterns of belonging that emerge in converts’ narratives.

Machine Learning methods and, in particular, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have demonstrated promising capabilities in material constitutive modeling. One of the main drawbacks of such approaches is the lack of a rigorous frame based on the laws of physics.