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Background Discoid meniscus (DM) is a rare variant of regular knee anatomy. Compared to standard meniscus it is thicker and abnormal in shape; these characteristics make it more prone to tear. It is a congenital defect whose correct etiology is still debated and far from being clarified. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate evidences of DM in human fetuses in order to assess whether embryological development may have a role. Methods A systematic review was performed on PubMed, Scopus, and Embase with different combinations of the keywords “discoid meniscus”, “embryology”, “fetus”, “neonatal”. Search yielded 1013 studies, on which we performed a primary evaluation. Results Seven studies were considered including a total of 1378 fetal menisci specimens, from 396 different fetuses. Discoid shape was not found represented as a normal stage of prenatal development. From 782 lateral menisci analyzed, only 86 (10.86%) were discoid (13 complete, 73 incomplete type). None of medial menisci was found to be discoid. Lateral meniscus was observed to cover a larger surface of tibial plateau than medial one until 28th gestational week. Conclusion Lateral meniscus seems to be more prone to discoid shape for its natural tendency of covering a larger surface of the tibial plateau during fetal stages. However the fact that a discoid shape was not found in the majority of fetuses suggests that it is not a normal stage of fetal development. To support a single etiological factor it will be appropriate to have further morphological and morphometric studies.

Objective To define similarities and differences between neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS) and hypoxic-ischemic neonatal encephalopathy (HINE). Methods A retrospective case-control study was conducted of neonates born at 35 weeks or more and weighing 1800 g or more at a tertiary care university hospital, between 2005 and 2016, with NAIS (group A), perinatal asphyxia (PA) with Stage II-III HINE (group B), and PA with or without Stage I HINE (group C). Ante- and intrapartum data, neonatal characteristics, and placental histopathology were compared. Results Eleven neonates were identified in group A, 10 in group B, and 227 in group C. Sentinel events occurred exclusively in groups B (80%) and C (41.4%). Umbilical cord blood gas values and Apgar score were worse in groups B and C compared to group A. No group A neonates required resuscitation at birth, whereas all group B and one-third of group C neonates did. Seizures developed only in neonates in groups A and B. One neonatal death occurred in group A. There were no significant differences in placental histopathology. Conclusion NAIS and PA/HINE cases have different intrapartum and neonatal features. PA does not seem necessary for the occurrence of NAIS. More research is needed regarding associated placental abnormalities.

Objective: Gestational age (GA) at delivery and spontaneous prematurity are independent risk factors for cerebral palsy (CP). The aim of this study is to investigate perinatal risk factors for CP in spontaneous preterm delivery. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of all single pregnancies complicated by spontaneous preterm labor (PTL) or PPROM with delivery at

Aim Synovial Chondromatosis (SC) is a rare, benign non neoplastic arthopathy characterized by the metaplastic development of cartilaginous nodules within the synovial membrane. In only 3% of all cases does it affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and cases that arise from the lower compartment are rarely found in literature. The aim of this paper is to report a new case of SC of the inferior TMJ compartment with the description of the clinical, therapeutic and histopathological findings. Case report This article presents a 68-year-old woman with preauricular swelling on the right side, pain, crepitus and limited joint motion. This patient was evaluated by preoperative clinical manifestation, CT scan and MR images. Both showed multiple, calcified loose bodies in the inferior compartment. Based on these images as well as the patient's signs and symptoms, a surgical intervention was performed. A good functional recovery with no signs of recurrence at 36 months of follow up was obtained. Conclusion Among cases of synovial chondromatosis in literature, only twelve originating in the lower compartment have been reported, this one included. In all the cases treated for SC in the lower compartment, both in literature and in our case report, surgical treatment led to healing.

This report describes 2 new cases of testicular involvement by Rosai-Dorfman disease, also known as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, and reviews the clinical and pathologic features of the other cases documented in the literature (4 cases) or included in the sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy registry (7 cases). Our patients were 42 and 68 years of age, respectively, reflecting the usual middle-age of all the previously reported cases in this location, except for 1, which occurred in a child. Five cases were bilateral, and other sites, such as lymph nodes, kidney, skin, and adrenal gland, were involved in 8 cases. The histories were noteworthy in 2 of the cases, inasmuch as 1 patient had chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and another had a B-cell lymphoma. On gross examination, the testicular masses did not exhibit specific diagnostic features, whereas microscopic examination revealed the typical population of histiocytes, with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm often exhibiting so-called emperipolesis. The differential diagnosis includes non-neoplastic conditions such as granulomatous orchitis, hematolymphoid disorders, a variety of metastatic tumors, and germ cell tumors.

Objective To study the expression of Annexin A5 (A5) in relation to preeclampsia using immunohistochemical Tissue Microarray (TMA) technique. Study design Case-control study of 66 singleton preeclamptic (PE) patients matched for gestational age (GA) at delivery with 63 normotensive controls with normally grown fetuses. Immunohistochemical expression of A5 and other population characteristics were compared between the two groups using Chi-square, One-way ANOVA, Spearman’s Correlation, and Linear Regression. Results The two groups were similar for maternal age and rate of corticosteroid administration, but differed for nulliparity, Body Mass Index (BMI), blood pressure, presence of placental histological lesions, and placental weight. Expression of A5 was similar in PE and controls (p = 0.10); however it was found to be lower in PE cases complicated by fetal growth restriction (FGR, n = 34) compared with matched controls (n = 55) (p = 0.04). An inverse correlation was found between A5 and GA in cases but not in controls (p = 0.04 vs p = 0.71). The association was even more significant in the subgroup of PE complicated by FGR (p = 0.02). A5 expression was not influenced by blood pressure, proteinuria, or placental weight. Conclusions Annexin A5 expression seems to be related only to FGR and not to PE or its clinical severity.

WITH NEONATAL AND PLACENTAL WEIGHT FRANCESCA SALA, GABRIELE URBAN, PATRIZIA VERGANI, FRANCESCA MOLTRASIO, BIAGIO EUGENIO LEONE, Universita di Milano-Bicocca, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monza, Milan, Italy, University of Milano-Bicocca, Pathology Unit, Monza, Milan, Italy OBJECTIVE: Recently increased Annexin V (A5) levels in amniotic fluid have been shown to predict subsequent FGR. We investigated the placental expression of A5 in singleton growth restricted fetuses. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty nine small for gestational age (SGA) newborns were matched with 30 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) controls based on gestational age at delivery. Placental samples were obtained at three different sites: marginal, central and close to the insertion of the umbilical cord. Samples were stored at 80 C and in paraffin. Immuno-hystochemical analysis was performed blinded to the clinical condition. The localization of A5 in placenta was determined by immunoperoxidase staining with ABC peroxidase system using monoclonal antibodies anti-Human A5. The mean reactivity among 10 fields for sample was calculated. Maternal and neonatal blood and clotting markers were evaluated in cases and controls. Statistical analysis was performed with Spearman correlation and chi square (p!0.05). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in gestational age, parity, gravity, maternal age between SGA and AGA. In SGA but not AGA placentas, A5 was inversely correlated with birth weight (r=-0.4, p=0.04) and placental weight (r= 0.3, p=0.04), but not with gestational age (p=0.2). None of coagulation or blood markers were related with A5 expression except for the maternal LDH (r=0.4, p=0.04). CONCLUSION: Our results show that placental expression of A5 is increased in SGA neonates, and it is related to the severity of the condition regardless of the gestational age. The present results in the context of similar previous amniotic fluid findings suggest a role for A5 in the homeostatic placental regulation to vascular or hypoxic insults.