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International audience; The palaeobotanical record of Myanmar (Burma) is poorly documented despite its importance for understanding the evolution of Asian monsoonal ecosystems through time. Here, we describe 20 taxa of fossil wood from 30 silicified specimens collected in the upper lower to lowermost middle Miocene Natma Formation, central Myanmar. These fossils share affinities with modern Fabaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Burseraceae, Moraceae and Cupressaceae. They include a great variety of fossil dipterocarps (eight species) as found in today's Southeast Asian rainforests. The nearest living relatives of this assemblage reflect different ecotones of seasonal forests with coastal, mixed to dry deciduous, and wet evergreen species. This reconstruction implies a wet, warm, and monsoonal climate in Myanmar during the late early Miocene. The presence of fossil dipterocarp species typical of wet evergreen forests contrasts with Burmese Eocene dry dipterocarp assemblages and indicates wetter conditions during the Miocene. Our reconstructions support a long-term change from seasonal to everwet ecosystems for dipterocarp trees.; Le registre botanique fossile du Myanmar (Birmanie) est faiblement documenté malgré son importance pour comprendre l'évolution des écosystèmes de mousson au cours des temps géologiques. Nous décrivons ici 20 taxa de bois fossile issus de 30 specimens silicifiés de la Formation de Natma (Myanmar central) datant du Miocène inférieur tardif au début du Miocène moyen. Ces fossiles sont affiliés aux familles modernes des Fabaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Burseraceae, Moraceae et Cupressaceae. Nos spécimens incluent une grande diversité de diptérocarpacées fossiles (huit espèces) retrouvée aujourd'hui dans les forêts tropicales d'Asie du Sud-Est. Les analogues modernes de ces espèces fossiles révèlent différents écotones de forêts saisonnières avec des espèces côtières, de forêts mixtes ou décidues sèches, et de forêts humides sempervirentes. Cette reconstruction implique un climat chaud et humide de mousson au Myanmar durant le Miocène inférieur tardif. La présence d'espèces fossiles de diptérocarpacées typiques de forêts humides sempervirentes contraste avec les assemblages forestiers birmans de l'Eocène, dominés par des forêts sèches à diptérocarpacées, et indiquent des conditions plus humides. Ces reconstructions suggèrent un changement à long-terme des diptérocarpacées d'environnements saisonniers vers des environnements plus humides.

International audience; La flore de l’Éocène supérieur de Célas (Bassin d’Alès, France) a été étudiée d’un point de vue taxonomique et paléoclimatique. Ici, la taphonomie et la paléoécologie de ces plantes fossiles sont analysées. La localité historique de Célas n’est malheureusement plus accessible mais de nouveaux restes ont été retrouvés dans trois affleurements proches, qui apportent des précisions sur les paléoenvironnements des végétaux fossiles :1)Saint-Hyppolite-de-Caton montre des intercalations de marnes et de calcaires correspondant à une bordure de lac. Cet affleurement est dominé par des écailles de cônes et des pousses bien articulées de Doliostrobus, des pinnules de Pteris, des rhizomes de Nymphaea et des tiges de plantes hélophytes. On trouve également des feuilles entières de Comptonia schrankii, Salix et/ou Myrica. Les données taphonomiques suggèrent queles restes de Doliostrobus, de Nymphaea et des tiges de plantes hélophytes se sont déposés pratiquement sans transport au sein d’une ceinture palustre du lac. Sur les berges de cette ceinture se développaient Myrica ou Salix, Pteris et Comptonia schrankii, formant une végétation riveraine. 2) Le site de Saint-Jean-de-Ceyrargues montre des couches tabulaires de grès avec des stratifications entrecroisées et ripple-marks interprétés commedes dépôts d’embouchure d’un delta lacustre. Il contient d’abondantes feuilles entières mais aussi déchirées de Daphnogene et Laurophyllum, des costae déchirées de palmier, des feuilles entières de «Ficus» et des plantes hélophytes. Les feuilles entières de «Ficus», Daphnogene, Laurophyllum et des plantes hélophytes seraient tombées et déposées directement au bord du lac, tandis que les feuilles brisées de Daphnogene, Laurophyllumet les restes de palmier indiquent un transport fluviatile, suggérant qu’elles ont poussé en ammont, sur les berges d’une rivière. 3) Les affleurements de Saint-Jean-de-Maruéjols-et-Avéjan sont formés de marnes bitumineuses et calcaires argileux qui représentent des dépôts plus profonds de lac. Ce faciès est composé de rameaux désarticulés et d’écailles isolées de Doliostrobus, feuilles dechirées, rhizomes isolés et feuilles cassées de Nymphaea. La fragmentation significative des restes indique un long transport fluviatile suivi d’un période de flottaison dans le lac avant l’enfouissement. Par comparaison, la localité contemporaine de Sarral, en Bassin de l’Ebre, montre une ceinture palustre moins développée, sans Doliostrobus. La végétation riveraine présente certaines espèces communes (e.g. C. schranckii), et aussi des lauracées, myricacées et salicacées mais l’absence de fougères. Ces différences peuvent être liées aux conditions paléoclimatiques, beaucoup plus arides dans la localité catalane.

Key to the genus Pyrenacantha 1. Endocarp elliptical-ovoid, obovoid or globose in lateral view......................................................... 2 – Endocarp deltoid in lateral view............................................................................................................................................................... P. macrocarpa (A.Chev. ex Hutch. & Dalziel) Byng & Utteridge 2. Tubercles ± 1 mm long, elongate-flattened or peg-shaped............................................................... 3 – Tubercles> 1 mm long, spiny or cylindrical..................................................................................... 4 3. Tubercles peg-shaped........................................................................................................................ 5 – Tubercles elongate-flattened............................................................................................................. 6 4. Tubercles spiny................................................................................................................................. 7 – Tubercles cylindrical......................................................................................................................... 8 5. Locule surface smooth, tubercles capitate at the apex, often bifid............................................................................................................................................... P. klaineana Pierre ex Exell & Mendonça – Locule surface with papillae, tubercles not capitate or bifid at the apex.......................................... 9 6. Endocarp ovoid to globose in lateral view, fewer than 50 pits per face......................................... 10 – Endocarp elliptical to obovoid, more than 50 pits per face.............................................................11 7. Pits small, up to 400 µm in diameter.............................................................................................. 12 – Pits wider, up to 1450 µm in diameter............................................................................................ 13 8. Endocarp ca 9 mm in length, with no reticulation............................................. P. sylvestris S.Moore – Endocarp more than 10 mm in length, with reticulation................................................................ 14 9. Endocarp with more than 200 pits per face........................................................... P. vogeliana Baill. – Endocarp with fewer than 190 pits per face................................................................................... 15 10. Endocarp wall 275–325 µm thick, at least 40 pits per face....................................................................................................................................................... P. anhydathoda (Villiers) Byng & Utteridge – Endocarp wall 420–500 µm thick, up to 36 pits per face................................................................................................................................................................ P. gossweileri (Exell) Byng & Utteridge 11. Endocarp obovoid, ca 18.5 mm in length, with a reticulum of ridges enclosing 37–55 areoles.......................................................................................................... P. soyauxii (Engl.) Byng & Utteridge – Endocarp elliptical, ca 14.8 mm in length, with a reticulum of ridges enclosing 5–7 areoles...................................................................................................... P. thomsoniana (Bail.) Byng & Utteridge 12. Endocarp width ca 15 mm............................................................................ P. longirostrata Villiers – Endocarp width ca 7.2 mm............................................................................................................. 16 13. Endocarp wall less than 400 µm thick............................................................................................ 17 – Endocarp wall more than 400 µm thick.......................................................................................... 18 14. Endocarp length ca 19 mm, more than 100 pits per face................................ P. laetevirens Sleumer – Endocarp length less than ca 12 mm, fewer than 45 pits per face.................................................. 19 15. Endocarp length ca 15.4 mm, endocarp wall 290–300 µm thick, ca 100 pits per face............................................................................................................. P. rakotozafyi Labat, El-Achkar & R.Rabev. – Endocarp length less than ca 14.4 mm, endocarp wall more than 400 µm thick, more than 120 pits per face............................................................................................................................................ 20 16. Endocarp ca 11 mm long................................................................................................................ 21 – Endocarp ca 14 mm long.................................................................................... P. lebrunii Boutique 17. Ca 80–93 pits per face................................................... P. tropophila Labat, El-Achkar & R.Rabev. – Ca 107–114 pits per face..................................................................................... P. capitata H.Perrier 18. Endocarp lenticular in transverse section, surface ridged and pitted or only pitted....................... 22 – Endocarp globose in transverse section, surface only pitted.......................................................... 23 19. Tubercle length more than 2 mm, endocarp length ca 12 mm, endocarp wall more than 300 µm thick.................................................................................................................... P. cordicula Villiers – Tubercle length less than 2 mm, endocarp length ca 10.8 mm, endocarp wall less than 300 µm thick............................................................................................................... P. staudtii (Engl.) Engl. 20. Ridges sharp, pits less than 300 µm in diameter, 170–184 pits on each face.............................................................................................................................................................. P. kaurabassana Baill. – Ridges rounded, pits more than 300 µm in diameter, 120–140 pits on each face............................................................................................................................................................. P. malvifolia Engl. 21. Endocarp with a prominent median ridge that crosses the endocarp in length................................................................................................................................................................. P. acuminata Engl. – Endocarp without a prominent median ridge.................................................... P. puberula Boutique 22. Endocarp pitted and ridged, pits elongate......................... P. humblotii (Baill. ex Grandid.) Sleumer – Endocarp pitted only, with circular pits................................................. P. glabrescens (Engl.) Engl. 23. Endocarp with 145–150 pits on each face..................... P. ambrensis Labat, El-Achkar & R.Rabev. – Endocarp with 159–173 pits on each face.................... P. andapensis Labat, El-Achkar & R.Rabev.

Key to the genus Alsodeiopsis 1. Endocarp brown with thick ridges............................................................................. A. mannii Oliv. ��� Endocarp cream with thin ridges...................................................................................................... 2 2. Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall, base rounded....................................................................................................................................................................... A. staudtii Engl. ��� Endocarp primary vascular bundle in a channel on the keel, base flattened.................................... 3 3. Endocarp wall ca 180���232 ��m thick......................................................................... A. poggei Engl. ��� Endocarp wall ca 256���302 ��m thick........................................................................ A. zenkeri Engl., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 11, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Iodes perrieri Sleumer Fig. 14.19���14.27 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR ��� 1926; Perrier de la B��thie 17843; P [MNHN-P-P04472108]. Other material MADAGASCAR ��� 1932; J. Leandri 468; P [MNHN-P-P04472110] ��� 1996; C.C.H. Jongkind 3385; P [MNHN-P-P05279694] ��� 1997; C.C.H. Jongkind 3696; P [MNHN-P-P05274867]. Description FRUIT. Globose, brown when mature. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, finely ridged when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 88���111 ��m thick when dry. Length 11���17 mm, width 11.3���15.0 mm, thickness 10���12 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, globose in lateral view and transverse section, length ca 11.5 mm, width ca 10.9 mm, thickness ca 9.2 mm. Keel thin and delicate, surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex slightly asymmetrical; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with two types of ridges. The primary ridges comprise three main longitudinal ridges, two of them spanning from the apex to the base. Primary ridges thin, rounded and forming a sparse diffuse pattern. Secondary ridges thin and sharp, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing numerous areoles. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces. Vasculature of the endocarp resting on ridges. Endocarp wall 317���338 ��m thick excluding ridges (340���426 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 3���11 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, cells 23.7���44.0 ��m in width, followed by a layer with 3���9 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 20���27 ��m in width, innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 12���18 ��m in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 12.3���18.0 ��m (av. 14.9 ��m) in diameter, ca 448 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 40-42, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Miquelia assamica (Griff.) Mast. ex B.D.Jacks. Fig. 18.18���18.23 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description INDIA ��� 1871; Wight s.n.; K[sheet lacking barcode, same specimen series as K 000700042] Other material INDONESIA ��� ��� Celebes ��� [Sulawesi]; P [MNHN-P-P04513530]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, asymmetrical and acuminate at the apex. Epicarp glabrous, shrunken when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Length 9.0��� 13.5 mm, width 8.0��� 9.3 mm, thickness ca 5 mm. ENDOCARP. Elliptical in lateral view, length ca 13.5 mm, width ca 8.9 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical, acute in lateral view, with apical hole in apical view. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted, ridged and rugose. Ridges large and rounded, faintly apparent, with three main longitudinal ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing a few polygonal areoles. Rugosities apparent on the ridges, mostly on the keeled margin and transversally oriented ridges. Pits large, 1���2 mm in diameter, exclusively circular, organized in longitudinal lines, 3���4 pits longitudinally and transversally (ca 12 pits per face). Pits associated with bullate tubercles, ca 240 ��m in length inside the endocarp. Endocarp wall ca 182���210 ��m thick (with and without ridges; the ridges are mainly formed by a fold of the wall rather than extra thickening). Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with ca 12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.4���28.0 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.2���11.0 ��m in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 13���18 ��m (av. 16 ��m) in diameter. Locule lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 54-55, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Hosiea japonica Makino Fig. 9.19���9.25 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description JAPAN ��� Okudai 60474; UC. Description FRUIT. Mesocarp ca 200 ��m thick when dry. ENDOCARP. Length ca 12.5 mm, width ca 8.1 mm, thickness ca 1.5 mm. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with 2���3 main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges thin and sharp, delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing 15���18 irregular areoles generally with freely ending ridgelet inside. Vasculature of the endocarp resting on the ridges. Endocarp wall 180���235 ��m thick excluding ridges (262���302 ��m including ridges). Endocarp wall with three layers: outermost layer with 11���12 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 14���26 ��m in length; middle layer with 3���4 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 11���22 ��m in width; innermost layer with periclinally oriented cells, cells 6 ��m in width, lining the locule with regularly spaced and elongate to rounded papillae; papillae 12.2���21.0 ��m (av. 14.6 ��m) in diameter. Locule surface lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Mappia racemosa Jacq. Fig. 18.1���18.8 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CUBA ��� Province of Pinar del Rio, Guanajay; 1904; H.A. Van Hermann 250; P[MNHN-P-P04513543]. Other material CUBA ��� Sep. 1859 ��� Jan. 1860; C. Wright 1389; P [MNHN-P-P04513544]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical or globose, asymmetrical at the apex, length 10���23 mm, width 8���11 mm, thickness 6���13 mm. ENDOCARP. Elliptical in lateral view, length ca 12 mm, width ca 8.8 mm, thickness ca 6.9 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical and acute; base with small rounded protuberance at the point of the base. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose, irregular; rugosities distributed randomly at the surface. Vasculature of the endocarp free. Endocarp wall 373��� 468 ��m thick excluding rugosities (535���545 ��m thick including rugosities). Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with 10���12 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 15.7���34.0 ��m in length; innermost layer with 10 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.8���19.8 ��m in width. Locule surface smooth, not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 51-52, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Phytocrene anomala Merr. Fig. 20.19���20.26 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description BORNEO ��� 1920; M. Ramos 1840; L [L.2289425]. MALAYSIA ��� 18 Jun. 1986; Patrick et al. SAN 118639; K [K000183648]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, slightly asymmetrical and accrescent at the apex, yellow-orange when mature. Epicarp with clusters of yellow hairs. Calyx persistent. Length 20���25 mm, width 11���15 mm, thickness 8.0��� 10.1 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 14.4 mm, width ca 10 mm, thickness ca 6 mm. Marginal keel encircling the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, lacking except for a thin trace observable in the upper part. Apex slightly asymmetrical and acute in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted. Pits circular to elongate (concave area), ca 0.8���1.7 mm in diameter, representing most of the surface of the endocarp, more or less organized longitudinally with ca 8���10 pits longitudinally and 6���7 pits transversally (ca 35���45 pits per face). Each pit with a central dimple or one freely ending ridge inside. Pits without tubercles. Endocarp wall ca 330 ��m thick excluding pits (114���154 ��m thick including pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 3���5 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 12.3���24.5 ��m in length; middle layer with 9���10 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 10.2���14.2 ��m in width; innermost layer with a single row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.0��� 20.7 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with inflated cells. Locule with slightly rounded protuberances due to the thickening of the wall under the pits., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 62, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Icacina claessensii De Wild. Fig. 10.10���10.17 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ��� ���Baringa/ S /Maringa (Terr. Befale) For��t���; 26 Oct. 1958; C. Evard 5094; BR [BR0000015572356]. Other material GABON ��� 1897; R.P. Klaine 959; P[MNHN-P-P04495392]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, red when mature. Epicarp glabrous, ridged, with diffuse long arbuscles, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 200���250 ��m thick. Length 24���26 mm, width 18.3 mm, thickness 14.0��� 17.5 mm. ENDOCARP. Elliptical in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 23 mm, width ca 17.6 mm, thickness ca 17 mm. Keel faintly apparent, with a median channel, surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex truncate; base rounded and slightly asymmetrical, positioned in opposition to the apex asymmetry. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with 3���4 main longitudinal ridges; the median and a lateral ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges sharp and thin, with a median channel (corresponding to the trace left by the vasculature of the fruit), forming a partial and sparse reticulum with ca 16���17 areoles, some areoles transversally extended, others small and randomly positioned, with freely ending ridgelets, occasionally arbusclular. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores positioned eccentrically and subapically at the apical end of the median ridge. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges; endocarp primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 240���362 ��m thick excluding ridges (400���430 ��m including ridges). Endocarp wall with two layers: outermost layer with 3���4 rows of isodiametric cells, cells 18���28 ��m in diameter, innermost layer with 10���13 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13���21 ��m in width. Locule surface smooth and lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 27, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Platea parvifolia Merr. & Chun Fig. 36.1���36.8 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CHINA ��� 1936; W.T. Tsang 27299; P[MNHN-P-P04518074]. Description FRUIT. Laterally compressed, black when dry, ovoid-elongate, acute at the apex. Epicarp glabrous. Mesocarp thin when dry. Length 30���34 mm, width 13.5���15.0 mm, thickness 13.7 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, slightly elliptical in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 33.2 mm, width ca 12.2 mm, thickness ca 12.5 mm. Apex acute and asymmetrical; base rounded and symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose with ca 62���65 mounds, more or less square-polygonal in shape, with freely ending channels inside, more or less branched. Mounds organized in 3���4 longitudinal lines separated by 2���3 main longitudinal channels. The main channel on each face reaches a pore positioned subapically. Vasculature of the endocarp positioned in the channels between mounds and in the channel of the mounds. Endocarp wall 500���550 ��m thick. Endocarp wall with 11���21 rows of sclerotic, periclinally oriented, elongated and homogeneous cells, cells 18.0��� 44.8 ��m in width. Inner endocarp surface smooth, not lacunate. Class Magnoliopsida Brongn. Subclass Lamiidae Order Icacinales Tiegh. Family Oncothecaceae Kobuski ex Airy Shaw Fig. 36.9���36.14, Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 112-114, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Hosiea sinensis (Oliv.) Hemsl. & E.H.Wilson Fig. 10.1���10.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CHINA ��� ��� District de Tchen-K��ou-Tin ���; s.d.; M. l���abb�� Farges s.n.; P[MNHN-P-P04513501]. Description FRUIT. Epicarp glabrous, reticulate when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 70 ��m thick when dry. Length 13���18 mm, width 8.1 mm, thickness 3.9 mm. ENDOCARP. Length ca 12.6 mm, width ca 7.8 mm, thickness ca 1.1 mm. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with 3���4 main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Ridges thin and rounded, forming a reticulate pattern enclosing 14���20 areoles, generally with a freely ending ridgelet inside. Vasculature of the endocarp free. Endocarp wall 161���202 ��m thick excluding ridges (ca 250 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 5���10 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 10���13 ��m in length; followed by a layer of 5���7 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 15���19 ��m in width; innermost layer with a single row of periclinally oriented cells, cells ca 6 ��m in width, lining the locule with regularly spaced and elongate papillae; papillae 11���21 ��m in diameter, ca 1000 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule surface lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 26, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Pyrenacantha humblotii (Baill. ex Grandid.) Sleumer Fig. 26.1���26.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR ��� 1987; M. Nicoll, P. Lowry & A. Rakotozafy 570; P [MNHN-P-P00440635]. Other material MADAGASCAR ��� s.d.; REH 334; P [MNHN-P-P06637527] ��� s.d.; Humblot s.n.; P [MNHN- P-P00440634]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, slightly accrescent at the apex, red when mature. Epicarp pilose-puberulent with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry. Mesocarp 440���560 ��m thick when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by an elongated gynophore. Length 17���22 mm, width 11���20 mm, width 5���13 mm. ENDOCARP. Reddish-brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 17 mm, width ca 11.7 mm, thickness ca 7.4 mm. Trace of keel present in the upper part. Apex with acute protuberance, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily elongate, 0.4���1.3 mm in diameter, more or less randomly arranged with 9���13 pits longitudinally and 10���12 pits transversally (ca 115���130 pits per face). Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 2���3 mm in length and 548���628 ��m in diameter at the base, more or less capitate at the apex, with 16���20 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges rounded and large, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing all pits in an areole. Endocarp wall 480���566 ��m thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 3���4 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, cells 8.3���12.8 ��m in length, followed by a layer with ca 13���14 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 16.9���56.3 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.2���11.9 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 10.5���20.0 ��m (av. 15.3 ��m) in diameter. Locule surface not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Key to the genus Vadensea 1. Endocarp ridged and rugose, with a diffuse pattern of ridges................................................................................................................................................... V. vogelii (Miers) Jongkind & O.Lachenaud – Endocarp exclusively ridged, with a reticulate pattern of ridges...................................................... 2 2. Fruit length ca 11 mm, ridges sharp, areoles with freely ending ridgelets........................................................................................................................ V. oblongifolia (Engl.) Jongkind & O.Lachenaud – Fruit length ca 20–25 mm, ridges angular, areoles without freely ending ridgelets............................................................................................................... V. tenuifolia (Oliv.) Jongkind & O.Lachenaud

Vadensea vogelii (Miers) Jongkind & O.Lachenaud Fig. 9.10���9.18 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description IVORY COAST ��� ���C��te d���Ivoire���; 1931; Service forestier 364; P[MNHN-P-P04495087]. Other material IVORY COAST ��� ��� C��te d���Ivoire ���; 1931; Service forestier 446; P [MNHN-P-P04495088] ��� 1963; W.J.J.O. de Wilde 514; P[MNHN-P-P04495094] ��� Tabou, along road via Irputou to Cavally River; 8 Apr. 2000; C. C. H. Jongkind 4975; WAG [WAG.1463136]. Description FRUIT. Epicarp puberulent, reticulate-rugose when dry, revealing the underlying rugosities and ridges of the endocarp. Mesocarp thin. Length 14���21.4 mm, width 10.0��� 11.1 mm, thickness 7.0��� 11.2 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, globose in transverse section, length ca 19.4 mm, width ca 10.7 mm, thickness ca 10 mm. Sharp keel, sinuous and serrated, surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex acute and asymmetrical; base rounded, slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose and ridged. Ridges sharp and diffuse with only a median ridge serrated. Surface covered by ca 70 rugged protuberances, evenly distributed, and by ���ridges��� that form small, vertically and longitudinally elongate mounds. Endocarp with a symmetrical pair of pores situated at the merging of the apex and the median ridge. Endocarp primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 370���477 ��m thick excluding ridges (1200���1380 ��m including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 1���2 rows of isodiametric cells, cells ca 27���40 ��m in diameter; followed by a layer of 15���21 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells ca 19���24 ��m in length; innermost layer with 5���6 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells ca 9���14 ��m in width. Locule surface smooth and lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Iodes yatesii Merr. Fig. 16.10���16.18 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description SUMATRA ��� 19 Nov. 1988; Burley 1577; L [L.2288996]. Other material SUMATRA ��� s.d.; H.S. Yates 1342; P [MNHN-P-P04504846]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, brown when mature, length 25���34 mm, width 15���17 mm, thickness 11���13 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, with a cork-like texture, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 33.8 mm, width ca 17 mm, thickness ca 10.7 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with two types of ridges. Primary ridges comprising three main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge reaching the point of the base. Primary ridges large, rectangular, with a median channel and with wavelet ornamentation on both sides of the channel; delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing 7���8 square-polygonal areoles transversally. Secondary ridges thin and sharp, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing numerous areoles. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces. Endocarp wall 258���322 ��m thick excluding ridges (433���597 ��m thick including the secondary ridges and ca 959 ��m thick including primary ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 2���4 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally oriented cells, cells 30.7���32.6 ��m in width; middle layer with 11 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 11.9���21.0 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.3���8.4 ��m in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with papillae. Locule lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Genus Sarcostigma Wight & Arn. Fig. 33.19���33.32 Description FRUIT. Elliptical, slightly asymmetrical or symmetrical, laterally compressed, red-black when mature. Epicarp puberulent, with simple hairs with granular ornamentation or uncinate hairs, occasionally shriveled when dry. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular to globose in transversal view. Keel or channel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view, with a pair of subapical pores with a central pit; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose, irregular, almost smooth. Vasculature of the endocarp free. Primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall or in a channel on the keel. Endocarp wall with at least one layer with row(s) of periclinally oriented cells and another with rows of anticlinally oriented cells. Locule surface covered by rounded and regularly spaced papillae. Locule lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 104, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Sarcostigma kleinii Wight & Arn. Fig. 33.19���33.24 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description INDIA ��� 1890; King���s Collector s.n.; K. Other material VIETNAM ��� 2008; DDS_14043; P [MNHN-P-P06807860]. Description FRUIT. Red when mature. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp 313���343 ��m thick when dry. Length 22���35 mm, width 16���23 mm, thickness 10���15 mm. ENDOCARP. Lenticular in transverse section, length ca 21 mm, width ca 16 mm, thickness ca 9.9 mm. Channel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with thin median ridge. Apex rounded. Primary vascular bundle lying in the channel surrounding the endocarp. Endocarp wall 496���513 ��m thick excluding rugosities (614 ��m thick including rugosities). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 13 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 17.6���35.8 ��m in length; middle layer with 10 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.0��� 17.2 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 5.8���6.1 ��m in width, lining the locule surface. Detail of the locule surface unknown. Remarks The surface of the locule was decayed by a fungi (see Discussion for preservation issues)., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 105, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Genus Leretia Vell. Description See description of Leretia cordata Vell., the sole member of the genus., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 50, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Phytocrene oblonga Wall. Fig. 22.10���22.18 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description COUNTRY UNKNOWN ��� s. loc.; s.d.; s. col. s.n.; P. Other material VIETNAM ��� ���Indochine���, Annam; 4 Jun. 1920; A. Chevalier 1499; P [MNHN-P-P04513413]. Description FRUIT. Obovoid, symmetrical and elongated at the apex, red when mature. Epicarp with yellow long and thin hairs. Mesocarp thin but thicker in the accrescent part when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 30���44 mm, width 15.0���25.0 mm, thickness 9���10 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical to oblong in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 26.5 mm, width ca 12.3 mm, thickness ca 7 mm. No clear keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, slightly symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted. Pits elongate longitudinally (concave area), ca 1.4���2.8 mm in length, representing most of the surface of the endocarp, organized longitudinally with ca 12 pits longitudinally and 7���12 pits transversally (ca 81���105 pits per face). Pits without tubercles. Endocarp wall ca 542���591 ��m thick excluding pits (ca 200 ��m thick including pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 17 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 10.3���19.3 ��m in length, followed by a layer with ca 4 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 13.9���18.6 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 17.0��� 29.8 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with the inflated cells. Locule with rounded protuberances due to the thickening of the wall under the pits., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 66, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Iodes kamerunensis Engl. Fig. 13.1���13.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CAMEROON ��� 1899; G.A. Zenker 2032; P[MNHN-P-P03951972]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical; epicarp puberulent with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 135���150 ��m thick when dry. Length 10.0��� 12.4 mm, width 7.0��� 9.6 mm, thickness 6.0��� 8.9 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 10.9 mm, width ca 9.9 mm, thickness ca 7.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall, occasionally divided into two parts subapically. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded-flat and symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with three main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge beginning at the point of the base then dichotomizing at the �� of the endocarp length; the apical �� of the endocarp length is ridgeless. Ridges rounded and thin, each with a median channel, enclosing 1���3 polygonal areoles, extended transversally and longitudinally. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges. Endocarp wall 154���181 ��m thick excluding ridges (460���470 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall homogenous, with 9���12 rows of isodiametric cells, 14���26 ��m in diameter. Locule surface unknown, lacunate. Remarks A tissue (placenta?, degradation?) obscures the surface of the locule., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Pyrenacantha kaurabassana Baill. Fig. 26.10���26.18 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MOZAMBIQUE ��� 1933; A. Gomes e Sousa 1584; P [MNHN-P-P04495513]. Other material AFRICA ��� ��� C��te orientale d���Afrique ���; Nov. 1888; R. P. Sacleux 787; P [MNHN-P-P04495512] ��� ���Cap���; s.d.; Or��ge? s.n.; P [MNHN-P-P04495509]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, accrescent at the apex. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp 200���260 ��m thick when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by an elongated gynophore. Length 13���20 mm, width 8.0��� 9.2 mm, thickness 5���7 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 14.4 mm, width ca 8.2 mm, thickness ca 6 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex with acute protuberance, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits exclusively circular, 0.2���0.3 mm in diameter, more or less longitudinally arranged with 14���18 pits longitudinally and ca 10 pits transversally (ca 170���184 pits per face). Pits associated with peg-shaped tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 658���700 ��m in length and 267��� 326 ��m in diameter at the base. Ridges sharp and thin, delimiting a dense reticulum enclosing all pits in an areole. Endocarp wall 427���469 ��m thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 1���2 rows of isodiametric cells, cells 8.0��� 12.6 ��m in diameter, followed by a layer with 11���12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 15.0��� 44.3 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.9���12.2 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 12.3���27.8 ��m (av. 21 ��m) in diameter. Locule surface not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 82, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Pyrenacantha thomsoniana (Bail.) Byng & Utteridge Fig. 30.10���30.18 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description GABON ��� 1907; M. Le Testu 1038; P [MNHN-P-P04494723]. Other material CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ��� Boukoko; 10 Dec. 1947; Equipe?; P [MNHN-P-P04494725] ��� Boukoko; 27 Jan. 1949; Equipe?; P [MNHN-P-P04494720]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, accrescent elongate at the apex (representing 4���5 of the fruit length). Epicarp pilose, with yellow long and thin hairs. Mesocarp thin when dry. Calyx persistent, separated from the fruit by an elongate gynophore. Length 45���80 mm, width 14���18 mm, thickness 7���12 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 14.8 mm, width ca 11.5 mm, thickness ca 6.8 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits circular, occasionally elongate, 0.3���0.6 mm in diameter, randomly arranged with 7���12 pits longitudinally and 9���11 pits transversally (ca 74���83 pits per face). Pits associated with elongateflattened tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles 634���761 ��m in length and ca 670 ��m in diameter at the base, with ca 20 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and not elongate, more or less anticlinal-isodiametric. Ridges rounded and thin, with 5���6 ridges longitudinally; the median ridge runs from the base up to the apex. Ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing 5���7 areoles. Secondary ridges delimiting small areoles more or less enclosing each pit. Endocarp wall 376���433 ��m thick excluding ridges (520���590 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 3���6 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 11.9���35.3 ��m in length, followed by a layer with 5���9 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.7���18.6 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.9���9.9 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 7.1���11.2 ��m (av. 9.1 ��m) in diameter, 650���920 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Genus Nothapodytes Blume Fig. 20.1���20.18 Description FRUIT. Elliptical to almost oblong, asymmetrical at the apex, laterally compressed, red-black when mature. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp rugosities. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream to brown, elliptical to oblong in lateral view, lenticular to globose in transverse section. Channel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view, with a subapical bulge; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose, irregular. Vasculature of the endocarp resting between the rugosities. Primary vascular bundle positioned in the channel in the plane of symmetry or outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall composed of periclinally oriented cells. Locule surface smooth, not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 58, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Key to the genus Stachyanthus 1. Endocarp ca 22 mm in length, ridges sharp............................................................... S. zenkeri Engl. – Endocarp ± 17 mm in length, ridges rounded................................................................................... 2 2. Endocarp length ca 17 mm, pits per face 150–160............................ S. donisii (Boutique) Boutique – Endocarp length ca 11 mm, pits more than 180............ S. occidentalis (Keay & É.Miège) Boutique

Key to the genus Rhyticaryum 1. Endocarp 28.8–36.3 mm in length, endocarp wall 800–950 µm thick.......... R. macrocarpum Becc. – Endocarp less than 23.6 mm in length, endocarp wall less than 600 µm thick................................ 2 2. Endocarp primary vascular bundle in a channel......................... R. novoguineense (Warb.) Sleumer – Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall......................................................... 3 3. Endocarp ridging reticulate............................................................................................................... 4 – Endocarp ridging not reticulate.......................................................................... R. oleraceum Becc. 4. Subapical pores present, endocarp wall less than 250 µm thick................... R. elegans G.Schellenb. – Subapical pores absent, endocarp wall more than 300 µm thick...................................................... 5 5. Areoles 15–21 on each face, endocarp wall 514–575 µm thick..................... R. fasciculatum Becc. – Fewer than 15 areoles on each face, endocarp wall less than 500 µm thick.................................... 6 6. Fruit strigose, endocarp width ca 10 mm................................. R. longifolium K.Schum. & Lauterb. – Fruit glabrous, endocarp width ca 13 mm......................................................... R. racemosum Becc.

Dendrobangia boliviana Rusby Fig. 35.10���35.17 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description FRENCH GUIANA ��� Maripasoula; 2015; O. Poncy 2800; P [MNHN-P-P00784576]. Description FRUIT. Laterally compressed, black when dry, elliptical. Epicarp glabrous. Mesocarp ca 190 ��m thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 15���20 mm, width 6.0��� 10.4 mm, thickness ca 6.1 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, bilaterally symmetrical, unilocular, single-seeded, elliptical in lateral view, triangular or pyriform in transverse section, length ca 14.5 mm, width ca 8.1 mm, thickness ca 5.9 mm. Large channel present on dorsal side, ca 2mm wide, mirrored by a keel on ventral side. Apex and base slightly asymmetrical in lateral view. Outer surface of the endocarp rugose-granulate, homogeneous. Vasculature of the endocarp free; primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 300���320 ��m thick. Endocarp wall with sclerotic cells, with two cell layers: outermost layer with 6���8 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 27.4���38.4 ��m in width; innermost layer with 1-5 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 23.8���35.2 ��m width, cells tunnel-shaped (very elongate cells)., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 110-112, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Iodes madagascariensis Baill. Fig. 14.1���14.9 Material examined Specimens used for endocarp and fruit description MADAGASCAR ��� ��� C��te orientale de Madagascar ���; s.d.; Chapelier s.n.; P [MNHN-P-P04472113] ��� McPherson 18809; MO [MO-2972314]. Other material MADAGASCAR ��� s.d.; Chapelier s.n.; P [MNHN-P-P04472112]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, brown when mature. Epicarp glabrous, granular, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 135���214 ��m thick when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 7���9 mm, width 4���5 mm, thickness 4.4���5.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length 7.6���8.0 mm, width ca 4.6 mm, thickness ca 4.3 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing the primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view, horn-like protrusions or pores absents; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged delimiting a reticulate pattern of rounded ridges. Ridges thin and faintly apparent, with a median channel, enclosing more than 80 small polygonal areoles distributed over the entire surface of the endocarp. Vasculature of the endocarp resting in the channels of the ridges. Endocarp wall 165���201 ��m thick excluding ridges (227���265 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with at least two cell layers: outermost layer with ca 11 rows of periclinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 18.9���27.0 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of small periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.9���9.6 ��m in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae, papillae ca 13.3 ��m in diameter. Locule not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 39, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Genus Cassinopsis Sond. Figs 7.10���7.26, 8.1���8.9 Description FRUIT. Globose to elliptical, occasionally laterally compressed, brown-black when mature. Epicarp glabrous. Calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream to brown, elliptical to globose in lateral view, lenticular to globose in transverse section. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with thin to thick rounded and diffuse ridges (i.e., not reticulate), sometimes absent. Vasculature of the endocarp follows the reticulum of ridges or resides in a channel. Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside or within the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall thick, homogeneous, without preferential orientations of cells. Locule surface smooth, occasionally lacunate or with clusters of hairs., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Pyrenacantha rakotozafyi Labat, El-Achkar & R.Rabev. Fig. 29.1���29.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description COMOROS ��� Mayotte; 2007; F. Barthelat 1764; P [MNHN-P-P00631418]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, slightly accrescent at the apex. Epicarp strigose, with yellow uncinate hairs, ridged when dry, more or less revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 70���200 ��m when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 16.0��� 18.2 mm, width 9.0��� 10.8 mm, thickness 5���7 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 15.4 mm, width ca 10 mm, thickness ca 6.6 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex roundedflattened, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily elongate, 0.2���0.4 in length, arranged in longitudinal lines with 12���14 pits longitudinally and 8���9 pits transversally (ca 100���110 pits per face). Pits associated with peg-shaped tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles 828���905 ��m in length and 311���327 ��m in diameter at the base, with ca 16 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges rounded and thin, more or less diffuse, faintly apparent. Endocarp wall 288���304 ��m thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with two cell layers: outermost layer with ca 12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 14.7���32.3 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 4.1���10.0 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with inflated cells or regularly spaced and large papillate cells (generally at the apex of the tubercle), cells 12.5���20.0 ��m in diameter. Locule not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 88-90, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Nothapodytes pittosporoides (Oliv.) Sleumer Fig. 20.10���20.18 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CHINA ��� s.d.; s. col. 4118; P [MNHN-P-P04513559]. Other material CHINA ��� 1907; J. Cavalerie 3164; P [MNHN-P-P04449925]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical; mesocarp 72���129 ��m thick when dry. Length 10���20 mm, width 6���9 mm, thickness 4.0��� 6.7 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 10.7 mm, width ca 7.3 mm, thickness ca 6.7 mm. Channel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Rugosities extended longitudinally, organized in 3���4 longitudinal lines, separated by 3���4 main longitudinal channels. Endocarp wall 164���197 ��m thick excluding rugosities. Endocarp wall with ca 7���8 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 14.2���26.8 ��m in width., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 59, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Miquelia caudata King Fig. 19.1���19.8 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description MALAYSIA ��� 26 Oct. 1988; Othman S. 56069; L [L.3807104] ��� Perak; 8 Dec. 1965; Mohd, Shah & Sidek 1168; L [L.2289517]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, apex elongate. Epicarp strigose, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, shriveled when dry, faintly revealing the underlying endocarp ridges. Length 23���30 mm, width 13��� 18 mm, thickness 7���10 mm. ENDOCARP. Elliptical in lateral view, length ca 17 mm, width ca 12.2 mm, thickness ca 8.2 mm. Apex slightly asymmetrical, acute in lateral view, with apical hole. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Ridges sharp and thin, with three main longitudinal ridges; the median ridge running from the point of the base up to �� of the endocarp length, the two lateral ridges running from the point of the apex almost to the base, each connected with the keel by four transverse ridges enclosing three areoles. Pits large (0.4���1.2 mm in diameter), exclusively circular, organized in longitudinal lines, 8���9 pits longitudinally, ca 6 pits transversally with one pit between median ridge and lateral ridges, and two pits between lateral ridges and the keel (ca 44���48 pits per face). Pits associated with bullate tubercles, ca 302 ��m in length inside the endocarp. Cellular details of endocarp wall unknown. Inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 13.2���18.0 ��m (av. 15.9 ��m) in diameter, ca 600���800 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 55, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Key to the genus Stachyanthus 1. Endocarp ca 22 mm in length, ridges sharp............................................................... S. zenkeri Engl. ��� Endocarp �� 17 mm in length, ridges rounded................................................................................... 2 2. Endocarp length ca 17 mm, pits per face 150���160............................ S. donisii (Boutique) Boutique ��� Endocarp length ca 11 mm, pits more than 180............ S. occidentalis (Keay & ��.Mi��ge) Boutique, Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 108, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Iodes africana Welw. ex Oliv. Fig. 12.1���12.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ��� Oubangui, Boukoko; 20 Mar. 1948; R. P. Tisserant s.n.; P [MNHN- P-P03951984]. GABON ��� 1904; R.P. Klaine 3505; P[MNHN-P-P03951995]. Other material CAMEROON ��� 1969; J.J. Bos 5089; P[MNHN-P-P03951958]. REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO ��� 1964; A. Bouquet 833; P[MNHN-P-P03951922]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, laterally compressed, brown when mature. Epicarp puberulent with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, reticulate when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 300 ��m thick when dry. Length 11.2���15.0 mm, width 8.4���11.1 mm, thickness ca 6 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length 10.8���11.7 mm, width 8.5���9.1 mm, thickness ca 4.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, slightly flattened, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged with three main longitudinal ridges (up to eight counting small longitudinal ridges) more or less branched, all reaching the point of the base. Ridges rounded and thin, enclosing 21���25 longitudinal and polygonal areoles with small freely ending ridgelets, occasionally absent. Vasculature of the endocarp resting on the ridges and free in the mesocarp. Endocarp wall 154���171 ��m thick excluding ridges (268���277 ��m including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 0���6 row(s) of isodiametric cell, cells 24���32 ��m in diameter; followed by a layer with 5���10 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9���13 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells ca 8.5 ��m in width, covering the inner endocarp surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 14.3���17.4 ��m (av. 16.1 ��m) in diameter, ca 810���840 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule surface lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Genus Alsodeiopsis Oliv. in Benth. Figs 6, 7.1���7.9 Description FRUIT. Oblong to slightly elliptical, asymmetrical at the apex, laterally compressed, red when mature. Epicarp strigose with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, more or less shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges; calyx persistent. ENDOCARP. Cream to brown, oblong in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded and symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with a reticulate pattern of thin rounded to angular ridges. Ridges delimit irregular, small to expansive areoles with simple or arbuscular freely ending ridgelets. Vasculature of the endocarp follows the reticulum. Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall or in a channel on the keel. Endocarp wall forming two or three layers, each with at least one row of periclinally oriented cells; locule surface smooth, often clearly lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 10, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Leretia cordata Vell. Fig. 17.1���16.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description BOLIVIA ��� Pando; 17 Jun. 1987; J. C. Solomon 17073; U [U.1343377]. Other material FRENCH GUIANA ��� Crique Baboune; 29 Jul.1981; Centre Orstom 4687; P [MNHN-P-P05221896]. Description FRUIT.Elliptical, apex asymmetrical, red-black when mature. Epicarp glabrous, channels with vasculature marked when dry. Mesocarp 200���240 ��m thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 20���50 mm, width 13���30 mm, thickness 12.7���16.0 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical to oblong in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 22.5 mm, width ca 13 mm, thickness ca 12.3 mm. Channel surrounding the endocarp on one side in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, slightly asymmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp smooth with ca 3 main shallow channels containing the vasculature of the endocarp. Endocarp primary vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 353��� 386 ��m thick. Endocarp wall with ca 12���14 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 16.3���33.0 ��m in width. Inner endocarp surface smooth with long and thin hairs. Locule surface slightly lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 50, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Rhyticaryum racemosum Becc. Fig. 33.10���33.18 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description NEW GUINEA ��� 1954; Royen 344 8; L [L.2293115]. Description FRUIT. Epicarp glabrous; mesocarp 70���200 ��m thick when dry. Length 15���18 mm, width 10.0��� 13.8 mm, thickness 8���10 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length ca 17.1 mm, width ca 13.3 mm, thickness ca 10 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged, with three longitudinal ridges; the median ridge spanning from the base to the apex. Ridges sharp and thin, with a median channel, delimiting a reticulate pattern enclosing ca 10 irregular areoles, each with freely ending ridgelets more or less branched. Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall 363���391 ��m thick excluding ridges (520���686 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 8 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 15.7���28.7 ��m in length, followed by a layer with ca 11 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.1���20.0 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 5.9���7.4 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and large papillae; papillae 8.0���27.0 ��m (av. 16.4 ��m) in diameter, ca 790 papillae per 0.25 mm 2., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 104, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Genus Pyrenacantha Hook. Figs 23.10���23.27, 24���30, 31.1���31.9 Description FRUIT. Elliptical to globose, apex accrescent elongate, sometimes widely inflated, laterally compressed or not, yellow to black when mature. Epicarp puberulent to pilose, with simple hairs, small ovoid hairs with an acuminate apex, long and thin hairs, or uncinate hairs, yellow, occasionally red or white; occasionally shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Calyx absent or persistent, often separated from the fruit by more or less extended gynophore. ENDOCARP.Brown to cream, elliptical-ovoid to globose, rarely deltoid in lateral view, lenticular to globose in transverse section. Keel, more or less visible, surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged, with the ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern, which in general surrounds the pits. Sometimes the ridges are not visible except at the apex. Pits more or less circular, in longitudinal lines or randomly distributed, each pit associated with a tubercle protruding into the locule; tubercles spiny, peg-shaped, cylindrical, or elongate-flattened. Vasculature of the endocarp free; primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall mainly with three stratified cell layers. Locule surface often with regularly spaced and rounded to large papillae, occasionally only present at the apex of the tubercles, smooth in some cases, not clearly lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 69, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Phytocrene palmata Wall. Fig. 22.19���22.26 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description SUMATRA ��� 3 Apr. 1968; Jacobs 8155; L [L.2289602]. Description FRUIT. Ovoid, slightly asymmetrical and elongate at the apex, yellow when mature. Epicarp with clusters of hairs. Mesocarp thin, but thicker in the accrescent part when dry. Calyx not persistent. Length 35��� 55 mm, width 16���25 mm, thickness ca 13 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, ovoid in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 29.3 mm, width ca 18 mm, thickness ca 13 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and faintly ridged. Pits circular, occasionally elongate, thin, 0.3���0.8 mm in diameter, randomly arranged with ca 11���13 pits longitudinally and 8���11 pits transversally (ca 168���178 pits per face). Pits narrow and shortly rounded, without tubercles. Ridges rounded, limited to two laterals ridges, not branched, only present in the apical third to half of the endocarp length. The two lateral ridges reaching the apex at the location of the pore, with one on each face. Endocarp wall 594���627 ��m thick excluding pits (300���400 ��m thick including pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with ca 14 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 22.3���34.6 ��m in length, followed by a layer with ca 5 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 15.8���22.9 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells ca 11 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with inflated cells. Locule with rounded protuberances due to the thickening of the wall under the pits., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 68, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Genus Phytocrene Wall. Figs 20.19���20.26, 21���22 Description FRUIT. Elliptical to oblong, symmetrical to highly asymmetrical and accrescent at the apex, laterally compressed, yellow-red when mature. Epicarp pilose, with clusters of yellow to red hairs or long and thin hairs. Calyx persistent or absent. ENDOCARP. Brown to cream, elliptical to ovoid in lateral view, occasionally obovoid, lenticular to elliptical in transverse section. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry in some species. Apex asymmetrical in lateral view; base symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted, occasionally ridged or rugose, irregular. Pits associated with shallow mounds, narrow or polygonal in shape, not protruding beyond the endocarp wall. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of pores, positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces. Endocarp primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall with two layers, one layer with rows of periclinally oriented cells and another with rows of anticlinally oriented cells. Locule surface smooth, generally not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 60, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Key to the genus Miquelia 1. Endocarp ovoid, ca 8 mm in length...................................................................... M. celebica Blume ��� Endocarp elliptic,> 13.5 mm in length............................................................................................. 2 2. Endocarp wall thick (> 1 mm), 8���9 pits longitudinally........................................... M. caudata King ��� Endocarp wall thin (M. assamica (Griff.) Mast. ex B.D.Jacks., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 54, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Key to the genus Miquelia 1. Endocarp ovoid, ca 8 mm in length...................................................................... M. celebica Blume – Endocarp elliptic,> 13.5 mm in length............................................................................................. 2 2. Endocarp wall thick (> 1 mm), 8–9 pits longitudinally........................................... M. caudata King – Endocarp wall thin (M. assamica (Griff.) Mast. ex B.D.Jacks.

Key to genera of Icacinaceae s.str. 1. Endocarp wall homogeneous comprised of isodiametric cells.............................. Cassinopsis Sond. – Endocarp wall not homogeneous or cells not exclusively isodiametric........................................... 2 2. Hairs present on the locule surface................................................................................................... 3 – Hairs absent from the locule surface................................................................................................ 4 3. Endocarp width ca 40 mm, endocarp wall more than 700 µm thick........................ Lavigeria Pierre – Endocarp width ca 13 mm, endocarp wall less than 400 µm thick................................ Leretia Vell. 4. Locule surface papillate.................................................................................................................... 5 – Locule surface not papillate.............................................................................................................. 6 5. Outer endocarp surface pitted........................................................................................................... 7 – Outer endocarp surface not pitted..................................................................................................... 8 6. Hairs-like unit present on the endocarp surface................................................. Pleurisanthes Baill. – Hairs-like unit absent from the endocarp surface............................................................................. 9 7. Tubercles bullate....................................................................................................... Miquelia Meisn. – Tubercles spiny, cylindrical, peg-shaped or elongate-flattened........................ Pyrenacantha Hook. 8. Endocarp primary vascular bundle embedded within endocarp wall............................. Iodes Blume – Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside endocarp wall or in a channel.................................... 10 9. Outer endocarp surface pitted..........................................................................................................11 – Outer endocarp surface not pitted................................................................................................... 12 10. Outer endocarp surface completely smooth................................................................... Iodes Blume – Outer endocarp surface ridged or rugose, irregular........................................................................ 13 11. Pits within shallow mounds slightly protruding inside the locule.......................... Phytocrene Wall. – Pits within tubercles protruding inside the locule........................................................................... 14 12. Endocarp thickness> 12 mm..................................................................................... Icacina A.Juss. – Endocarp thickness 13. Endocarp length ca 12 mm.................................................................. Hosiea Hemsl. & E.H.Wilson – Endocarp length> 15 mm............................................................................................................... 16 14. Tubercles bullate................................................................................................. Stachyanthus Engl. – Tubercles spiny, cylindrical, peg-shaped or elongate-flattened........................ Pyrenacantha Hook. 15. Endocarp ridged and reticulate....................................................................................................... 17 – Endocarp rugose, irregular.............................................................................................................. 18 16. Endocarp almost smooth, irregularly rugose but without clear protuberant structures........................................................................................................................................ Sarcostigma Wight & Arn. – Endocarp rugose with clear protuberant structures or ridged......................................................... 19 17. Endocarp oblong.................................................................................... Alsodeiopsis Oliv. in Benth. – Endocarp elliptical.......................................................................................................................... 20 18. Endocarp apex with prominent bulge or pores............................................................................... 21 – Endocarp apex without ornamentation.......................................................................... Mappia Jacq. 19. Endocarp rugose, irregular....................................................................... Mappianthus Hand. -Mazz. – Endocarp ridged with a reticulate or diffuse ornamentation................................ Rhyticaryum Becc. 20. Endocarp length ca 9 mm, 4–5 areoles formed by ridges on each face......................................................................................................................................................... Natsiatum Buch. -Ham. ex Arn. – Endocarp length> 11 mm, 20–30 areoles formed by ridges on each face.............................................................................................................................................. Vadensea Jongkind & O.Lachenaud 21. Endocarp with subapical pores.................................................. Vadensea Jongkind & O.Lachenaud – Endocarp with apical bulge............................................................................................................ 22 22. Ornamentation bullate, occuring in Madagascar............................. Desmostachys Planch. ex Miers – Ornamentation more granular, occuring in Asia............................................... Nothapodytes Blume

Pyrenacantha acuminata Engl. Fig. 23.10���23.18 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ��� Boukoko; 18 Apr. 1951; R. P. Tisserant 2085; P [MNHN- P-P04495460]. Other material CAMEROON ��� 1968; R. Letouzey 9166; P [MNHN-P-P04495454]. COUNTRY UNKNOWN ��� s. loc.; 18 May 1900; s. col. 1863; P [MNHN-P-P04495455]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, acuminate and accrescent at the apex. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, ridged when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 192���612 ��m thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 12���17 mm, width 8���12 mm, thickness 4���8 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 11 mm, width ca 8.4 mm, thickness ca 5.5 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical and acute in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits circular and thin, ca 0.2���0.3 mm in diameter, randomly arranged with 8���11 pits longitudinally and 8���9 pits transversally (ca 93���106 pits per face). Pits associated with spiny tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 983���1718 ��m in length and 352���456 ��m in diameter at the base, with 17���18 cells spanning the width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges rounded and thin, more or less diffuse, faintly apparent, with a prominent median ridge running longitudinally from the base up to the apex. Endocarp wall 243���302 ��m thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer composed of 1���2 rows of isodiametric to periclinally oriented cells, cells 11.8���20.1 ��m in width, middle layer with 9���11 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.0��� 35.6 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 9.16���17.0 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with inflated to papillate cells. Locule not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 71, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Pyrenacantha sylvestris S.Moore Fig. 30.1���30.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description GABON ��� 1964; N. Hall�� 3598; P [MNHN-P-P04472269]. Other material GABON ��� 1979; J. Florence 2002; P [MNHN-P-P04472191]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, acuminate and accrescent at the apex, brown when mature. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation and yellow-red uncinate hairs, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 170���300 ��m thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 10.2���12.0 mm, width 8.5���12.0 mm, thickness 3.5���5.6 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 9 mm, width ca 7.4 mm, thickness ca 5 mm. Sharp keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex slightly asymmetrical and acute in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits elongate and thin, ca 0.1���0.5 mm in length, randomly arranged with 6���7 pits longitudinally and 5���8 pits transversally (ca 44���54 pits per face). Pits associated with cylindrical tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 1307���1549 ��m in length and 488���604 ��m in diameter at the base, capitate or bifid at the apex, with ca 28 cells in width. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and elongate. Ridges rounded and thin, more or less diffuse, faintly apparent, with a median ridge running longitudinally from the base up to the apex. Endocarp wall 189���228 ��m thick (excluding pits). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 2���3 rows of anticlinally oriented to isodiametric cells, cells 11.8���18.5 ��m in length, followed by a layer with 9���10 rows of periclinally oriented thick cells, cells 13.1���17.9 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.4���14.7 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with inflated to papillate cells. Locule not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 92-93, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Stachyanthus zenkeri Engl. Fig. 34.19���34.27 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description EQUATORIAL GUINEA ��� Bioko; 26 Sep. 1988; Carvalho 3626; P [MNHN-P-P05030978]. Description FRUIT. Acute at the apex. Epicarp strigose, with yellow uncinate hairs, ridged when dry, revealing the underlying endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 204���264 ��m thick when dry. Length 24���30 mm, width 14��� 18 mm, thickness 9���12 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, length ca 22.3 mm, width ca 13.8 mm, thickness ca 8.8 mm. Pits exclusively circular, 0.2���0.3 mm in diameter, more or less organized in longitudinal lines with 14���18 pits longitudinally and 9���10 pits transversally (ca 162���164 pits per face). Pits associated with bullate tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 320 ��m in length and ca 701 ��m in diameter at the base. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and periclinal. Ridges sharp and thin, with three longitudinal ridges; the median ridge running from the base to the apex, the two lateral ridges running subbasally up to the top third of the endocarp length, where they merge with the median ridge. Endocarp wall 277���477 ��m thick excluding ridges (800���960 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 3���4 rows of isodiametric to anticlinally (mesocarp?) oriented cells, cells 13.5���19.2 ��m in width, followed by a layer with 11���12 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 18.0��� 21.4 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.3���10.0 ��m in width, lining the locule surface., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 109, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J.Graham) Mabb. Fig. 20.1���20.9 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description SRI LANKA ��� ��� Ceylon ���, Kandy District, E of Madugoda; 30 Apr. 1975; A. H. H. Jayasuriya 1922; L [L.2289443]. Other material SRI LANKA ��� ��� Ceylan ���; s.d.; Thwaites 492; P [MNHN-P-P04513579]. INDIA ��� Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri; s.d.; Hook. fil. & Thomson 359; P [MNHN-P-P04513576]. Description FRUIT. Oblong; mesocarp 108���189 ��m thick when dry. Length 10���20 mm, width 6���10 mm, thickness 3.0��� 7.3 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, oblong in lateral view, globose in transverse section, length ca 14 mm, width ca 7.2 mm, thickness ca 6.6 mm. Rugosities extended longitudinally, organized in 3���4 longitudinal lines, separated by 3���4 main longitudinal channels. Endocarp wall 208���295 ��m thick excluding the rugosities (336 ��m thick including rugosities). Endocarp wall with ca 16 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 11.6���23.7 ��m in width., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 59, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Iodes ovalis Blume Fig. 14.10���14.18 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description VIETNAM ��� Hiep HLF 203; MO [MO-2080935]. Other material INDONESIA ��� ��� Celebes ��� [Sulawesi]; 1863; Kunz?; P [MNHN-P-P04504863]. Description FRUIT. Elliptical, cleft at the base, red when mature. Epicarp strigose with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation and small papillae-like hairs lining the fruit, shriveled when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp 142���242 ��m thick when dry. Length 15���25 mm, width 10.0��� 11.4 mm, thickness 8���9 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, elliptical in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 17.8 mm, width ca 11 mm, thickness ca 8.6 mm. Keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, with the thicker margin containing a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Apex asymmetrical and acute in lateral view; base flattened and cleft. Outer surface of the endocarp ridged and faintly rugose, with 3���4 main longitudinal ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern, enclosing 3���4 large polygonal areoles. Ridges thin, rectangular, with a median channel, interconnected with some very short freely ending ridgelets. Rugosities distributed over the entire surface. Endocarp possessing a symmetrical pair of horn-like protrusions positioned eccentrically and subapically on the endocarp faces, each with a central pit. Endocarp wall 314���375 ��m thick excluding ridges (ca 490 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall with three cell layers: outermost layer with 16���19 rows of isodiametric, occasionally anticlinally oriented cells, followed by a layer with 6���11 rows of periclinally oriented cells; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded papillae; papillae 9.2���11.8 ��m (av. 10.1 ��m) in diameter, at least 220 papillae per 0.25 mm 2. Locule lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 39-40, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Pyrenacantha anhydathoda (Villiers) Byng & Utteridge Fig. 24.10���24.17 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description GABON ��� ��� Gabonia ���; s.d.; R.P. Teilles 100; P [MNHN-P-P04494750]. Other material GABON ��� 19 Feb. 1902; R. P. Klaine 1571; P [MNHN-P-P00418164]. Description FRUIT. Ovoid to globose, accrescent at the apex, red when mature. Epicarp puberulent, with red to yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation, ridged when dry, revealing the underlying reticulum of endocarp ridges. Mesocarp ca 100 ��m thick when dry. Calyx persistent. Length 34���35 mm, width 12���20 mm, thickness 7���8 mm. ENDOCARP. Brown, ovoid to globose in lateral view, lenticular in transverse section, length ca 10.6 mm, width ca 11.4, thickness ca 5.5 mm. Sharp keel surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry. Apex acute, asymmetrical in lateral view; base rounded, symmetrical. Outer surface of the endocarp pitted and ridged. Pits primarily elongated longitudinally, 0.3���0.9 mm in length, randomly arranged with ca 5 pits longitudinally and 8 pits transversally (ca 40���42 pits per face). Pits associated with an elongate-flattened tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 412���874 ��m in length and 400���450 ��m in diameter at the base. Ridges rounded and thin, with a median ridge running longitudinally from the point of the apex to the center of the endocarp length and then splitting into two parts, merging with two lateral ridges. Ridges delimiting a reticulate pattern with 12���14 areoles. Secondary ridges delimiting small areoles more or less enclosing each pit. Endocarp wall 276���326 ��m thick excluding ridges (ca 460 ��m thick including ridges). Endocarp wall (excluding pits) with three cell layers: outermost layer with 2���4 rows of anticlinally oriented cells, cells 15.4���27.4 ��m in length, followed by a layer with 14���16 rows of periclinally oriented cells, cells 8.0��� 14.2 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 7.7���15.6 ��m in width, lining the locule surface with regularly spaced and rounded to elongate papillae; papillae 10.9���18.3 ��m (av. 14.8 ��m) in diameter. Locule surface not lacunate., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on pages 74-76, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651

Stachyanthus occidentalis (Keay & ��.Mi��ge) Boutique Fig. 34.10���34.18 Material examined Specimen used for endocarp and fruit description BENIN ��� ��� Dahomey ���; 28 May 1910; A. Chevalier 23794; P [MNHN-P-P04495077]. Other material IVORY COAST ��� 1955; Ak�� Assi? 3104; P [MNHN-P-P04495080]. Description FRUIT. Acuminate and asymmetrical at the apex. Epicarp puberulent, with yellow simple hairs with granular ornamentation. Mesocarp 201���216 ��m thick when dry. Length 9.0��� 12.4 mm, width 6.0��� 8.5 mm, thickness 3.0��� 5.4 mm. ENDOCARP. Cream, length ca 11.3 mm, width ca 8.1 mm, thickness ca 5.1 mm. Pits circular in the center, more elongate laterally, 0.1���0.3 mm (av. 0.2 mm) in diameter, randomly arranged with 12���14 pits longitudinally and 11 pits transversally (ca 184 pits per face). Pits associated with bullate tubercles protruding into the locule; tubercles ca 244���248 ��m in length and 377���382 ��m in diameter at the base. Tubercle cells sclerotic, digitate and periclinal. Ridges rounded and thin, faintly apparent, with one median ridge running from the apex to the base. Reticulum forming a diffuse pattern of ridges running from the median ridge. Endocarp wall 145���165 ��m thick (excluding ridges). Endocarp wall with two cell layers: outermost layer with 9���10 rows of periclinally oriented (or occasionally isodiametric) cells, cells 6.3���24.7 ��m in width; innermost layer with one row of periclinally oriented cells, cells 6.0��� 11.5 ��m in width, lining the locule surface., Published as part of Rio, C��dric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), pp. 1-130 in European Journal of Taxonomy 645 on page 108, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.645, http://zenodo.org/record/3829651