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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a recipient's obesity on posttransplant complications and patient and graft survival. A single-institution, retrospective study was performed on obese renal transplant recipients (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m, n = 102) from January 2010 to December 2018, matched with non-obese recipients (BMI < 30 kg/m, n = 204). For comparison, for every obese patient we selected 2 nonobese patients with a similar age, sex, and period of transplantation. The comparative analysis included patient and graft survival as primary outcomes and graft function and postoperative complications as a secondary outcome. Recipient demographics were comparable in both groups except for diabetic nephropathy in obese patients (P = .0006). Obesity was strongly related to a poorer patient survival (risk ratio [RR] = 2.83 confidence interval [CI] 95% 1.14-7.04; P = .020) but there was no observed difference in graft survival (P = .6). While early graft function was inferior in the obese population (RR = 2.41; CI 95% 1.53-3.79; P = .00016), during late follow-up, no statistically significant differences were observed between both groups (P = .36). Obese recipients had a significantly higher risk of delayed graft function (RR = 1.93; CI 95% (1.19-3.1), P = .0077), heart infarction (RR = 7; CI 95% 1.68-29.26; P = .0042), wound infections (RR = 8; CI 95% 1.96-32.87; P = .0015), diabetes aggravation (RR = 3.13; CI 95% 1.29-7.6; P = .011), and surgical revision for eventration (RR = 8; CI 95% 1.22-52.82; P = .026) when compared with nonobese recipients. Despite the inferior early kidney graft function in obese recipients, there was no difference observed at the long-term follow-up. However, recipient obesity demonstrated a negative effect on patient survival and postoperative complications.

Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) contributes to nearly 1 million deaths annually worldwide, with diarrhea and pneumonia being the common morbidity associated with mortality. To assess the effect of probiotics on diarrhea, pneumonia, and nutritional recovery in children with uncomplicated SAM. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted involving 400 children with uncomplicated SAM randomly assigned to ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) either with (n = 200) or without (n = 200) probiotics. Patients received 1 mL daily dose of a blend of Lacticasebacillus rhamnosus GG and Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 (dosage, 2 billion colony-forming units; 50:50) or placebo during 1 mo. They were simultaneously fed with the RUTF for 6 to 12 wk, depending on patients' recovery rates. The primary outcome was the duration of diarrhea. Secondary outcomes included diarrheal and pneumonic incidence, nutritional recovery, and transfer to inpatient care rate. For children with diarrhea, the number of days of disease was lower in the probiotic group (4.11; 95% CI: 3.37, 4.51) than that in the placebo group (6.68; 95% CI: 6.26, 7.13; P < 0.001). For children aged 16 mo or older, the risk of diarrhea was lower in the probiotic group (75.6%; 95% CI: 66.2, 82.9) than that in the placebo group (95.0%; 95% CI: 88.2, 97.9; P < 0.001), but no significant difference of the risk for the youngest. In the probiotic group, nutritional recovery happened earlier: at the 6th wk, 40.6% of the infants were waiting for nutritional recovery, contrasting with 68.7% of infants in the placebo group; but the nutritional recovery rate at the 12th wk was similar between the groups. Probiotics had no effect on pneumonic incidence and transfer to inpatient care. This trial supports using probiotics for the treatment of children with uncomplicated SAM. Its effect on diarrhea could positively affect nutritional programs in resource-limited settings. This trial was registered https://pactr.samrc.ac.za as PACTR202108842939734.

The kinetics of IgG antibodies after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) remain poorly understood. We investigated factors influencing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) IgG antibody levels and time to seronegativation during the follow‐up of severe and critically ill patients. We retrospectively reviewed serological evaluations drawn during the follow‐up of severe or critical laboratory‐proven COVID‐19 patients hospitalized at a large academic hospital. Specific IgG titers were measured using a chemiluminescent assay targeting anti‐spike and anti‐nucleocapsid protein IgG. The influence of time, demographic factors, clinical and paraclinical characteristics, and COVID‐19 therapeutics on IgG levels were assessed through linear regression using a mixed‐effect model, and delay until IgG negativation through a Weibull regression model. The cohort included 116 patients with a total of 154 IgG measurements drawn at a median of 79 days after diagnosis. IgG antibodies were increased with age (p = 0.005) and decreased significantly over time (p = 0.0002). Using elapsed time and age as covariates, we demonstrated higher IgG levels in patients with a higher body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.0026) and lower IgG levels in immunocompromised patients (p = 0.032). A high BMI was further found to delay and immunodeficiency to hasten significantly seronegativation, whereas no significant effect was observed with corticosteroids. These data highlight the waning over time of IgG antibodies after severe or critical COVID‐19. Age, BMI, and immunosuppression also appear to influence the IgG kinetics, while short‐term corticotherapy does not. Those data improve the understanding of SARS‐CoV‐2 serology while further research should determine the determinants of long‐term seroprotection., Highlights Anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibody levels measured during follow‐up of severe and critical COVID‐19 were studied. We analyzed the influence of time, demographics, clinical and paraclinical characteristics and COVID‐19 treatments on specific IgG levels and time to seronegativation. Time and immunodepression were associated to reduced IgG levels at follow‐up, while age and BMI were associated to increased levels. Corticosteroids given as short‐term treatment for COVID‐19 did not show influence. BMI and immunodepression were respectively associated with decreased and increased rates of seronegativation.

BACKGROUND: The management of surgical site infection (SSI) after craniotomy remains challenging with few existing recommendations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical files of patients who underwent surgery between 2009 and 2018 to manage infection after craniotomy at our tertiary hospital. The Cox proportional hazards model and the Renyi test were used to investigate the association between relapse or all-cause mortality and selected variables. We compared infections with and without intra-cranial involvement using the Fisher test and the Wilcoxon rank sum test. RESULTS: Seventy-seven episodes of infection were identified in 58 patients. The proportion of relapse was estimated to be 32.2% (± standard deviation [SD] 6.9) at five years. Intra-cranial infection was present in 15.6% of the cases (n = 12). Bone flap was removed in the majority of cases (93.5%) and the overall median duration of antibiotic therapy was six weeks (interquartile range [IQR] 6-12 weeks). Staphylococcus aureus was associated with a higher risk of relapse (p = 0.037). The administration of parenteral antibiotic agents (p = 0.012) and bone flap removal (p = 0.0051) were correlated with less relapse. In contrast, immunosuppressive drug use and radiotherapy were correlated with a higher risk of relapse (p = 0.014 and p = 0.031, respectively) and a higher all-cause mortality (p = 0.0093 and p < 0.0001, respectively). We found no difference between infections with and without intra-cranial involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Bone flap removal and parenteral antibiotic agents remain important in the management of SSI after craniotomy and were associated with less relapse in our study. More studies are needed to better determine the optimal treatment of this infection.

Cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD) is the third leading cause of death in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We aim to determine the prevalence of CFLD in a cohort of adult patients with CF and to characterise liver involvement in this population highlighting the importance of histological diagnosis.We retrospectively studied a cohort of patients with CF. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 18 and minimum 1 year of follow-up. We excluded lung transplant patients. CFLD was defined as having 2 out of 3 criteria: persistent elevation of transaminases and/or gamma-glutamyltransferase; abnormal ultrasound; and abnormal transient elastography. Non-invasive fibrosis biomarkers were calculated in CFLD patients. Adult-onset CFLD (Ad-CFLD) was defined as CFLD ≥18 years. Severe CFLD (s-CFLD) was defined as CFLD with cirrhosis and/or portal hypertension.We included 113 patients. Median age was 29 years, 58 were male. Forty patients had CFLD. Median age at CFLD diagnosis was 10 years. Twenty-one patients had s-CFLD. Two s-CFLD patients had nodular regenerative hyperplasia, 1 had hepatocellular carcinoma and 4 underwent liver transplantation. Six patients had ad-CFLD. Both CFLD and s-CFLD groups were compared to a non-CFLD group. The CFLD group had significantly more males (p = 0.034). S-CFLD group had worse pulmonary function (p = 0.015).Thirty five percent of adult patients with CF, mainly males, had CFLD. Nineteen percent had s-CFLD and had worse pulmonary function. With recent reports unravelling different pathophysiological mechanisms in CFLD, we believe it is important to better characterise liver involvement using liver biopsy.

Background Living donor liver transplantation is a treatment option for unresectable hepatic tumors in children. Methods We enrolled 45 living donor transplantations performed between 1993 and 2018 for liver malignacies, which included hepatoblastoma (n = 33), hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 10), hepatic angiosarcoma (n = 1), and rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 1). Results No mortality or major morbidities were encountered in any donor, and the complication rate was 9%. In the hepatoblastoma group, 5-year overall and event-free survival rate in recipients was 87.4% and 75.8%, respectively, and mortality was significantly higher in patients after rescue transplantation (p = .001). Inferior vena cava replacement in these recipients appeared to be associated with reduced mortality (p = .034), but this was not confirmed when rescue patients were excluded (p = .629). In hepatocellular carcinoma group, both 5-year overall and event-free survival rates were 75.4% each, and invasion of hepatic veins was significantly associated with increased risk of recurrence and death (p = .028). The patient with rhabdomyosarcoma died from EBV-induced lymphoma 2 months after transplantation. The patient with angiosarcoma was in complete remission at the last follow-up. Overall, 5-year graft survival rate was 81.3%, and one patient underwent re-transplantation due to chronic rejection. Conclusions Pediatric oncological liver transplantation has become a key player in the management of malignancies with cancer cure in 84% of patients in this series. Living donor liver transplantation for pediatric recipients with unresectable tumors might be a beneficial surgical option, which is technically safe for donors and recipients, thus, allowing timely planning according to chemotherapy protocols.

BACKGROUND: In the era of fast-track surgery, because pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) carries a significant morbidity, surgeons hesitate to begin early oral feeding and achieve early discharge. We compared the outcome of two different approaches to the postoperative management of PD in two tertiary centers. METHODS: Of patients having undergone PD for malignancy from 2008 to 2017, 100 patients who received early postoperative oral feeding (group A) were compared to 100 patients from another center who received early enteral feeding and a delayed oral diet (group B). Surgical indication and approach and type of pancreatic anastomosis were similar between both groups. Postoperative outcomes were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Patient characteristics were similar between both groups, except significantly more neoadjuvant treatment in group A (A = 20% vs. B = 9%, p < 0.01). Mortality rates were 3% and 4% in groups A and B, respectively (p = 0.71). The rate of severe postoperative morbidity was significantly lower in group A (13% vs. 26%, p = 0.02), resulting in a lower reoperation rate (p < 0.01). Delayed gastric emptying and clinically relevant pancreatic fistula were similar between both groups but chyle leaks were more frequent in group A (10% vs. 3%, p = 0.04). The median hospital stay was shorter in group A (16 vs. 20 days, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In the present study, early postoperative oral feeding after PD was associated with a shorter hospital stay and did not increase severe postoperative morbidity or the rate of pancreatic fistula. However, it resulted in more chyle leaks and did not prevent delayed gastric emptying.

Background: ABO-incompatible (ABOi) living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has been proposed to compensate for donor shortage. To date, few studies have reported detailed ABOi LDLT results in large series of pediatric patients. C4d complement deposition in graft capillaries has been reported to be associated with antibody-mediated rejection in solid organ transplantation. Methods: A retrospective case–control study was conducted, comparing clinical outcomes of each of 34 consecutive pediatric ABOi LDLT recipients with those of 2 non-ABOi pairs (n = 68), matched according to pre-transplant diagnostic criteria, age, and date of transplantation. In addition, we studied the C4d immunostaining pattern in 22 ABOi and in 36 non-ABOi recipients whose liver biopsy was performed within the first 4 post-transplant weeks for suspected acute rejection. Results: The incidence of biliary complications was higher in ABOi recipients (p &lt, 0.05), as were the incidence of acute humoral rejection (p &lt, 0.01) and the incidence of retransplantation (p &lt, 0.05). All children who required retransplantation were older than 1 year at the time of ABOi LDLT. Positive C4d immunostaining was observed in 13/22 (59%) ABOi recipients versus 3/36 (8.3%) non-ABOi recipients (p &lt, 0.0001). Conclusions: ABOi LDLT is a feasible option for pediatric end-stage liver disease but carries increased risks for the recipient, especially for children older than 1 year, even with a specific preparation protocol. C4d immunostaining may be a hallmark of acute humoral rejection in ABOi liver transplantation.

Cirrhosis in adults is associated with modifications of systemic and liver hemodynamics, whereas little is known about the pediatric population. The aim of this work was to investigate whether alterations of hepatic and systemic hemodynamics were correlated with cirrhosis severity in children. The impact of hemodynamic findings on surgical management in pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LT) was evaluated. Liver and systemic hemodynamics were studied prospectively in 52 children (median age, 1 year; 33 with biliary atresia [BA]). The hemodynamics of native liver were studied preoperatively by Doppler ultrasound and intraoperatively using invasive flowmetry. Portosystemic gradient was invasively measured. Systemic hemodynamics were studied preoperatively by Doppler transthoracic echocardiography and intraoperatively by using transpulmonary thermodilution. Hemodynamic parameters were correlated with Pediatric End-Stage Liver Disease (PELD) score and the histological degree of fibrosis (collagen proportionate area [CPA]). Cirrhosis was associated with a 60% reduction of pretransplant total liver flow (n = 46; median, 36 mL/minute/100 g of liver) compared with noncirrhotic livers (n = 6; median, 86 mL/minute/100 g; P = 0.002). Total blood flow into the native liver was negatively correlated with PELD (P

Background: Management of bile duct injury (BDI) after cholecystectomy is challenging. The authors analyzed their center’s 49-year experience.Methods: From 1968 to 2016, 120 consecutive patients we...

One of the key aspects of three-dimensional (3D) craniofacial cephalometry is the measurement of posterior cranial base angle as this area is deeply involved in craniofacial development. The purpose of our retrospective study was to define the best reproducible 3D posterior cranial base angles among five 3D angles transposed from 2D cephalometry (Cousin, BL1 of Ross and Ravosa, Bjork, Delaire, CBA4 of Liberman) and seven 3D angles based on physical anthropology studies and on new concepts (R1 to R7). The null hypothesis was that all 3D posterior cranial base angles were equally reproducible. We used a preoperative low-dose computed tomography (CT) data from 20 adult patients undergoing orthognathic surgery after approval by local ethical committee. Two independent observers performed two series of 23 3D landmark identifications on 3D CT surface rendering of each patient using Maxilim software. Then, the same observers performed twice 3D cephalometric analyses (23 landmarks, 4 midpoints, 19 planes) that provided the automatic measurement of 12 posterior cranial base angles. Inter-observer correlation coefficient varied from 0.545 (Cousin) to 0.695 (CBA4 of Liberman) and from −0.177 (R2) to 0.827 (R4). The null hypothesis was rejected. The most reproducible angle was 3D angle R4 based on “basion,” “superior optic” (right, left), and “crista galli inferior” landmarks. R4 angle might be used as reference 3D posterior cranial base angle in further clinical studies involving 3D cephalometry as a diagnostic tool for orthodontics and for orthognathic surgery.

Chemotherapeutic advances have enabled successful cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) expansion in treating metastatic colorectal cancer. The aims of this study were to evaluate the safety of combining liver surgery (LS) with HIPEC and CRS (which remains controversial) and its impact on overall survival (OS) rates. From 2007 to 2015, a total of 77 patients underwent CRS/HIPEC for peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) of colorectal cancer. Twenty-five of these patients underwent concomitant LS for suspicion of liver metastases (LM; group 2), and were compared with patients who underwent CRS/HIPEC only (group 1). Demographic and clinical data were reviewed retrospectively. Among the group 2 patients, two underwent major hepatectomies, six underwent multiple wedge resections, 16 underwent single wedge resections (one with radiofrequency ablation), and one underwent radiofrequency ablation alone. For groups 1 and 2, median peritoneal cancer index was 6 and 10 (range 0–26; p = 0.08), complication rates were 15.4 and 32.0 % (Dindo–Clavien ≥3; p = 0.15), and median follow-up was 34.2 and 25.5 months (range 0–75 and 3–97), respectively. One group 2 patient died of septic shock after 66 days. Pathology confirmed LM in 21 patients in group 2 (four with benign hepatic lesions were excluded from long-term outcome analysis). Two-year OS rates were 89.5 and 70.2 % (p = 0.04), and 2-year recurrence-free survival rates were 38.3 and 13.4 % (p = 0.01) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Simultaneous surgery for colorectal LM and PC is both feasible and safe, with low postoperative morbidity. Further longer-term studies would help determine its impact on patient survival.

Background: Mucin-producing hepatic cystic neoplasms (MHCN) are uncommon and potentially malignant. Methods: Nine MHCN were encountered in our centre for over 32 years. Patients’ clinical, biological, radiological and pathological features were reviewed. Lesions were classified into Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms (MCN) and Intraductal Papillary Neoplasms of the Bile duct (IPNB) (WHO 2010 classification). Results: Five MCN and 4 IPNB were reviewed. Serum and intracystic tumour markers were insufficient to diagnose malignancy. Complications were encountered in five out of nine patients (56%), mean symptom duration was 26 months (range: 1–132). Three patients were mismanaged pre-referral. Radiological features enabled preoperative diagnosis in eight out of nine patients (89%). Greater tumour size, unilocular lesion and mural nodularity indicated malignancy. Radical tumour excision was achieved in eight patients. One IPNB patient was misdiagnosed and underwent unroofing. For 103 months median follow-up, five out of six patients with benign tumours were alive and disease-free, whereas the misdiagnosed IPNB recurred with fatal malignant transformation seven years later. Among the three patients with malignancies (median follow-up: 77 months), two IPNB died, one from cancer recurrence and one from unrelated causes, whereas the malignant MCN was alive and disease-free. Conclusions: Appropriate MHCN diagnosis is crucial, yet it is often misdiagnosed and mismanaged. The prognosis after complete excision is favourable

To investigate the effect of using volunteer screeners in active tuberculosis case-finding in South Kivu, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, especially among groups at high risk of tuberculosis infection.To identify and screen high-risk groups in remote communities, we trained volunteer screeners, mainly those who had themselves received treatment for tuberculosis or had a family history of the disease. A non-profit organization was created and screeners received training on the disease and its transmission at 3-day workshops. Screeners recorded the number of people screened, reporting a prolonged cough and who attended a clinic for testing, as well as test results. Data were evaluated every quarter during the 3-year period of the intervention (2014-2016).Acceptability of the intervention was high. Volunteers screened 650 434 individuals in their communities, 73 418 of whom reported a prolonged cough; 50 368 subsequently attended a clinic for tuberculosis testing. Tuberculosis was diagnosed in 1 in 151 people screened, costing 0.29 United States dollars (US$) per person screened and US$ 44 per person diagnosed. Although members of high-risk groups with poorer access to health care represented only 5.1% (33 002/650 434) of those screened, they contributed 19.7% (845/4300) of tuberculosis diagnoses (1 diagnosis per 39 screened). The intervention resulted in an additional 4300 sputum-smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis diagnoses, 42% (4 300/10 247) of the provincial total for that period.Patient-led active tuberculosis case-finding represents a valuable complement to traditional case-finding, and should be used to assist health systems in the elimination of tuberculosis.Étudier les effets de l'utilisation d'examinateurs volontaires dans le dépistage de la tuberculose active au Sud-Kivu, en République démocratique du Congo, en particulier dans les groupes exposés à un risque élevé d'infection tuberculeuse.Afin d'identifier et d'examiner des groupes à haut risque dans des communautés isolées, nous avons formé des examinateurs volontaires, qui étaient principalement des individus ayant eux-mêmes reçu un traitement contre la tuberculose ou ayant un antécédent familial de la maladie. Une organisation à but non lucratif a été créée et les examinateurs ont reçu une formation sur la maladie et sa transmission dans le cadre d'ateliers de 3 jours. Les examinateurs ont enregistré le nombre de personnes examinées, faisant état d'une toux prolongée et qui se sont rendues dans un centre de consultation pour bénéficier d'un dépistage, ainsi que les résultats des examens. Les données ont été évaluées tous les trimestres pendant les 3 ans qu'a duré l'intervention (2014-2016).L'acceptabilité de l'intervention était élevée. Les volontaires ont examiné 650 434 membres de leurs communautés, parmi lesquels 73 418 ont fait état d'une toux prolongée; 50 368 se sont ensuite rendus dans un centre de consultation pour bénéficier d'un dépistage de la tuberculose. La tuberculose a été diagnostiquée chez 1 personne examinée sur 151, pour un coût de 0,29 dollar des États-Unis (US$) par personne examinée et 44 US$ par personne diagnostiquée. Bien que les membres des groupes à haut risque qui ont un accès plus restreint aux soins de santé ne représentaient que 5,1% (33 002/650 434) des personnes examinées, ils représentaient 19,7% (845/4300) des cas de tuberculose diagnostiqués (1 personne diagnostiquée sur 39 personnes examinées). L'intervention a donné lieu à 4300 autres diagnostics de la tuberculose pulmonaire à frottis positif, soit 42% (4300/10 247) du total de la province pour la période considérée.Le dépistage de la tuberculose active par les patients complète utilement le dépistage traditionnel et devrait être utilisé pour aider les systèmes de santé à éradiquer la tuberculose.Investigar el efecto del uso de examinadores voluntarios para la detección de casos de tuberculosis activa en Kivu del Sur (República Democrática del Congo), sobre todo entre los grupos de alto riesgo de infección por tuberculosis.Para identificar y examinar los grupos de alto riesgo en comunidades remotas, hemos formado a examinadores voluntarios, principalmente aquellos que habían recibido tratamiento para la tuberculosis o tenían antecedentes familiares de la enfermedad. Se creó una organización sin ánimo de lucro y los examinadores recibieron formación sobre la enfermedad y su transmisión en talleres de tres días. Los examinadores registraron el número de personas examinadas que mostraban una tos prolongada y que acudían a una clínica para hacerse la prueba, así como los resultados de la prueba. Los datos se evaluaron cada trimestre durante el periodo de tres años de la intervención (2014-2016).La aceptación de la intervención fue elevada. Los voluntarios examinaron a 650 434 personas en sus comunidades, 73 418 de las cuales presentaron una tos prolongada; posteriormente, 50 368 acudieron a una clínica para someterse a pruebas de tuberculosis. Se diagnosticó tuberculosis a 1 de cada 151 personas examinadas, lo que costó 0,29 USD por persona examinada y 44 USD por persona diagnosticada. Aunque los miembros de los grupos de alto riesgo con peor acceso a la atención de la salud representaban solo el 5,1 % (33 002/650 434) de los examinados, supusieron el 19,7% (845/4300) de los diagnósticos de tuberculosis (1 diagnóstico por cada 39 examinados). La intervención dio como resultado 4300 diagnósticos adicionales de tuberculosis pulmonar con frotis de esputo positivo, el 42% (4300/10 247) del total provincial durante el periodo.La búsqueda de casos de tuberculosis activa dirigida por el paciente representa un complemento valioso a la búsqueda de casos tradicional y debería utilizarse para ayudar a los sistemas sanitarios a eliminar la tuberculosis.دراسة تأثير الاستعانة بأفراد فحص متطوعين في اكتشاف حالات السل النشطة في جنوب كيفو، بجمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية، وخاصة بين المجموعات المعرضة لخطر مرتفع للإصابة بالسل.بهدف التعرف على المجموعات المعرضة لخطر مرتفع في المجتمعات النائية وفحصها، قمنا بتدريب بأفراد فحص متطوعين، وخاصة أولئك الذين تلقوا العلاج من مرض السل أو لديهم تاريخ عائلي للمرض. تم إنشاء منظمة غير هادفة للربح، وحصل أفراد الفحص على تدريب على المرض وكيفية انتقال العدوى الخاصة به، في حلقات عمل استمرت لمدة ثلاثة أيام. سجل أفراد الفحص عدد الأشخاص الذين تم فحصهم، والذين أفادوا بوجود سعال لفترة ممتدة، وحضروا للعيادة للخضوع للكشف، فضلاً عن نتائج الكشف. تم تقييم البيانات كل ثلاثة أشهر خلال فترة التدخل التي استمرت لمدة 3 سنوات (2014 إلى 2015).كانت مقبولية التدخل عالية. قام المتطوعون بفحص 650434 فرداً في مجتمعاتهم المحلية، وأفاد 73418 منهم بوجود سعال طويل؛ أتى 50368 منهم لاحقا للعيادة لإجراء اختبار للكشف عن مرض السل. تم تشخيص الإصابة بمرض السل في 1 من بين 151 شخصا تم فحصهم، بتكلفة قدرها 0.29 دولار أمريكي لكل شخص تم فحصه، و 44 دولاراً أمريكياً للشخص الذي تم تشخيص إصابته بالمرض. على الرغم من أن أعضاء المجموعات المعرضة لخطر كبير، والذين يعانون من مستوى أقل من الحصول على الرعاية الصحية، لم يمثلوا سوى 5.1٪ (33002/650434) من الأشخاص الذين تم فحصهم، إلا أنهم قد ساهموا بنسبة 19.7٪ (845/4300) من تشخيصات السل (تشخيص واحد لكل 39 فحصاً). أدى التدخل إلى عدد 4300 تشخيصاً إضافياً بمرض السل الرئوي بفحص مسحة اختبار البصاق، بنسبة 42٪ (4300/10247) من إجمالي المقاطعات لتلك الفترة.يمثل اكتشاف حالات السل النشط بين المرضى عنصر تكميلي قيّم للكشف التقليدي عن الحالات، وينبغي الاستعانة به لمساعدة النظم الصحية في القضاء على مرض السل.研究使用疾病筛查志愿者对于在刚果民主共和国南基伍省，尤其是结核病感染高风险群体中，发现开放性结核病的病例的作用。.为识别和筛选偏远地区的高风险群体，我们对疾病筛查志愿者进行培训，主要是那些自己接受过结核病治疗或有此疾病家族史的人。我们创建了一个非营利组织，疾病筛查人员在为期 3 天的研讨会中接受了针对此疾病及其传播的培训。疾病筛查人员记录被筛查人员数，报告持续咳嗽人员、参与临床测试人员和测试结果。在为期 3 年（2014-2016 年）的干预中，每季度评估一次数据。.干预的接受度非常高。志愿者对其社区中 650434 人进行筛查，其中 73418 人报告有长期咳嗽，50368 人相继参与结核病临床测试。在筛查人群中每 151 人中就有 1 人诊断为结核病，筛查每人花费 0.29 美元 (US$)，诊断每人花费 44 美元。尽管享受医疗服务机会较少的高风险群体仅占所有被筛查人员的 5.1% (33002/650434)，他们却占确诊结核病患者（每 39 位筛查者中就有 1 人诊断）的 19.7% (845/4300)。此干预确诊了另外 4300 例痰涂片阳性肺结核，占该期间省总数的 42% (4300/10247)。.患者主导开放性结核病的病例发现是对传统病例发现的宝贵补充，应用来协助医疗卫生体系消除结核病。.Изучить влияние использования добровольцев в качестве специалистов по скрининговому обследованию на степень выявления случаев заболевания активным туберкулезом в провинции Южное Киву, Демократической Республики Конго, особенно среди групп с высоким риском инфицирования туберкулезом.Чтобы выявить и отобрать группы с высоким риском инфицирования в отдаленных сообществах, авторы обучили специалистов-добровольцев проведению скринингового обследования (в основном тех, кто сам ранее получал лечение от туберкулеза или имел семейную историю заболевания). Была создана некоммерческая организация, которая организовала трехдневные семинары, где специалисты по скрининговому обследованию прошли курс, посвященный туберкулезу и способам передачи этой инфекции. Специалисты по скрининговому обследованию регистрировали количество людей, прошедших скрининг, лиц с продолжительным кашлем и тех, кто обратился в клинику для тестирования, а также результаты тестирования. Данные оценивались каждый квартал в течение трехлетнего периода вмешательства (2014–2016 гг.).Приемлемость вмешательства была высокой. Волонтеры отобрали 650 434 человека в своих общинах, у 73 418 из которых был отмечен продолжительный кашель; 50 368 впоследствии обратились в клинику для тестирования на туберкулез. Туберкулез был диагностирован у 1 из 151 человека, прошедшего скрининговое обследование. Расходы на проведение скрининга составили 0,29 долл. США на человека, прошедшего скрининговое обследование, и 44 долл. США на человека, у которого туберкулез был подтвержден диагнозом. Несмотря на то что доля людей, входящих в группы повышенного риска с плохим доступом к медицинскому обслуживанию, составила лишь 5,1% (33 002/650 434) из тех, кто прошел скрининговое обследование, эта же доля людей составила 19,7% (845/4300) случаев подтвержденного диагнозом туберкулеза (1 диагноз на 39 прошедших скрининговое обследование). Это вмешательство привело к дополнительным 4300 диагнозам туберкулеза легких с положительным результатом мазка мокроты, что составило 42% (4300/10 247) от общего количества провинций за этот период.Выявление случаев заболевания активным туберкулезом при активном участии самих пациентов представляет собой ценное дополнение к традиционному методу выявления случаев этого заболевания и должно использоваться для оказания помощи системам здравоохранения в борьбе с туберкулезом.

INTRODUCTION: An increased prevalence of metabolic disorders and cardiovascular (CV) disease has been reported in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) / Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cancer survivors. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the determinants of insulin resistance (IR) observed in this population, according to the treatment received. METHODS: 91 patients (45 men, mean age: 24 ± 5 years; mean follow-up: 15 ± 5 years) previously treated for a childhood ALL (n=76) or NHL (n=15) were grouped according to their previous treatment: chemotherapy only (Group I; n=43), chemotherapy + cranial irradiation (CI) (Group II; n=32) and chemotherapy + bone marrow transplant (BMT) / total body irradiation (TBI) (Group III, n=16). RESULTS: A high prevalence of IR (HOMA-S < 60%) was observed in the BMT/TBI group (88%) compared to groups I (9%) and II (16%). The IR patients from groups [I+II] (12% of these groups) showed higher BMI, fat mass (FM) and visceral fat when compared with the non-IR patients. In contrast, the IR patients from group III had mean BMI and total FM similar to those of non-IR patients but showed a reduction of lean body mass and an increase in the relative proportion of trunk FM similar to the IR patients from groups [I+II]. This was associated with an altered lipid profile, high TNF-α and IL-6 levels, and reduced adiponectin levels compared to IR patients from group [I+II] and non-IR patients. CONCLUSION: Childhood ALL/NHL survivors treated by BMT/TBI frequently develop severe insulin resistance associated with peripheral-to-central fat redistribution, rather than increased total FM, and low adiponectin levels which may contribute to their increased CV risk. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Introduction In the field of tuberculosis (TB), and particularly in regard to paediatric TB (PedTB), clinical skills of health professionals play an important role in determining quality of care. In an era where novel diagnostic technologies and efficient treatment regimens are being made available for the poorest, we must not divert our attention from the importance of clinical skills, as this deliverable remains the cornerstone of individualized patient care and ultimately the best assurance for optimal use of resources. The aim of our work was to study the epidemiology of PedTB and the determinants of PedTB under-detection in the South-Kivu Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), a setting with nearly no technical resources allowing to support the clinical diagnosis of PedTB, i.e. chest X-rays, rapid molecular tests or culture laboratories. Methods We collected TB notification data from 2010 to 2015 and analysed the space-time variations in notification for the different forms of TB among the 113 health facilities (HF) the South-Kivu Province, a region with a low HIV incidence. The different forms of TB notified were: smear positive pulmonary TB (SS+PTB), smear negative pulmonary TB (SS-PTB) and extra-pulmonary TB (EPTB). We further analysed the distribution of these different forms of the disease per age group and explored the possibility to predict the detection of PedTB. Results Significant differences were observed between HF in regard to the proportion of paediatric TB and the proportion of SS-TB among adults. We found a strong correlation between the proportion of PedTB and three major factors: the proportion of TB cases with no bacteriological confirmation (SS-TB) among adults, the number of TB cases notified by the HF and the fact that the HF was supported or not by Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF). The proportion of SS-TB among adults was found to be a valid indicator for predicting the level of detection of PedTB at the same HF. Conclusion Our observations strongly suggest that under-detection of PedTB is associated with insufficient clinical skills and technical resources at the HF level which similarly affects other forms of the disease, in particular SS-TB. We demonstrated that, in the specific context of South-Kivu, under-detection of PedTB can be predicted by a low SS-TB/SS+PTB ratio in the adult population. In the context of severely under-resourced settings, this ratio could be used to rapidly identify HF that should benefit in priority from deeper evaluation, and eventually targeted interventions.

Venous thromboembolism has been reported in association with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection both in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. In this population, it is yet undetermined whether CMV alone provokes VTE or other predisposing conditions are involved.1007 VTE patients consecutively recruited in one academic hospital were analyzed retrospectively in order to identify acute CMV infection. Acquired and inherited risk factors were screened. Only adults and immunocompetent patients were included.Among 1007 consecutive VTE patients, we identified 10 patients with synchronous acute CMV infection. Patients with coexistent VTE and acute CMV infection were younger (37.5 years vs. 56.6 years; p = 0.0088) and exhibited a female predominance (90% vs. 56%; p = 0.026), in comparison to the whole cohort. Hereditary thrombophilia was identified in 9 out of 10 patients. Acquired risk factors for VTE like estrogens administration and pregnancy were equally prevalent in patients with and without CMV infection.Acute CMV infection is a potential contributor to VTE whenever other prothrombotic conditions are required. This should help clinicians to privilege a limited duration of anticoagulant treatment like in other provoked VTE.

Background. Efforts are needed to improve the long-term efficiency of childhood obesity treatment. To adapt strategies, the identification of subgroups of patients with a greater weight loss may be useful. Objective. To analyze the results of a chronic care program for childhood obesity and to determine baseline factors (medical, dietary, and psychosocial) associated with successful weight loss. Subjects and Method. We set up a family-targeted and individually adapted interdisciplinary long-term care program. We reviewed the medical files of 144 children (59 boys and 85 girls; y; mean BMI-z-score: ) who had ≥2 interdisciplinary visits and ≥1-year treatment. Results. Mean treatment length was 2.2 y (1–6.7 y) with visits/year. The duration of treatment did not depend on the initial weight loss, but this was predictive of the weight change over time. Furthermore any additional weight loss was observed with time whatever the initial weight change. High levels of physical activity and daily water intake from baseline conditions were associated with a greater weight loss after 9 months of intervention. In contrast, a high baseline consumption of soft drinks resulted in lower weight loss. Family specific factors such as being a single child or the child’s family support were identified as baseline factors which may contribute to better results. Conclusion. Our study suggests that the benefit of a chronic weight control program supports the need for its integration into the current concept of treatment. Better prevention policy and parental support may improve the success of the childhood obesity treatment.

Background. Hypoalbuminemia commonly observed in cirrhosis is considered to be mainly related to hepatocellular dysfunction. However, the correlation between the decrease in serum albumin and liver function is far from linear and arguments in favor of an additive role of protein-losing enteropathy have been brought by a few studies. Aim. To assess the potential role of protein-losing enteropathy in a group of patients with cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and hypoalbuminemia. Design and methods. Eleven patients with documented cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and a low serum albumin level compared to liver function underwent an (111)In-transferrin scintigraphy. Results. Using this sensitive method of investigation, nine exhibited features suggestive of exudative enteropathy. Serum albumin level and digestive protein loss were even correlated (Pearson's coefficient = -0.529, one-sided p = 0.047). Protein loss were however not correlated with the degree of portal hypertension or with the extent of liver dysfunction evaluated by the aminopyrine breath test. Conclusions. Our preliminary data obtained in a small group of selected patients with cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and hypoalbuminemia indicate that protein-losing enteropathy may represent an appreciable and underestimated cause of hypoproteinemia.

International audience; IntroductionPERC rule was created to rule out pulmonary embolism (PE) without further exams, with residual PE risk < 2%. Its safety is currently not confirmed in high PE prevalence populations even when combined with low clinical probability assessed by revised Geneva score (RGS). As PERC rule and RGS are 2 similar explicit rules with many redundant criteria, we hypothesized that the combination of PERC rule with gestalt clinical probability could resolve this limitation. Methods We collected prospectively documented clinical gestalt assessments and retrospectively calculated PERC rules and RGS from a prospective study of PE suspected patients. We analyzed performance of combinations of negative PERC with low clinical probability assessed by both methods in high overall PE prevalence population. Results Among the final study population (n = 959), the overall PE prevalence was 29.8%. Seventy-four patients (7.7%) were classified as PERC negative and among them, 4 patients (5.4%) had final diagnosis of PE. When negative PERC was combined with low pretest probability assessed by RGS or gestalt assessment, PE prevalence was respectively 6.2% and 0%. This last combination reaches threshold target of 2% and unnecessary exams could easily have been avoided in this subgroup (6%). However, it confidence interval was still wide (0%; CI 0–5). Conclusions PERC rule combined with low gestalt probability seems to identify a group of patients for whom PE could easily be ruled out without additional test. A larger study is needed to confirm this result and to ensure safety.

Objectives: The Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is defined by retromicrognathia, glossoptosis, and sleep apnea and can also be associated with cleft palate. Diagnosis, management and mandibular catch-up growth are still controversial issues in PRS patients. The aim of our retrospective study was to evaluate in three dimensions (3D) the airway space and mandibular morphology in PRS compared to a normal control group patients in the pre-orthodontic period of life. The null hypothesis was that we would not find a significant difference between the PRS and control group patients in oropharyngeal airway volume measurements. Material and methods: We analyzed 9 PRS patients (mean age: 8 years-old) who underwent cleft palate surgery in the first four months of life, performed by the same surgeon using the same technique. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed in these patients after local ethical committee approval. The control group consisted of 15 patients (mean age: 9 years-old) with CBCT already performed for other reasons. 3D Slicer was used in both groups for semi-automatic segmentation of the airway space. Two independent observers performed semi-automatic segmentations twice in each patient with a one- week interval between the two series of measurements. Airway volume was automatically measured using 3D Slicer. We also developed a 3D cephalometric analysis with Maxilim software in order to define a 3D mandibular morphology which consisted of 25 landmarks, 4 planes, and 23 distances. Two independent observers performed the 3D cephalometric analysis twice for each patient, with a one- week interval between the two series of measurements. Results: There was no significant difference in the intra- and inter-observer measurements between the PRS and control groups for airway space volume (p

PURPOSE: The aim of this paper was to measure the reproducibility of osseous landmark identification from two recently described three-dimensional (3D) cephalometric analyses: 3D-ACRO and 3D-Swennen analyses. The study population consisted of 13 patients examined with spiral 3D computed tomography (CT). We used a previously validated low-dose CT protocol. For each analysis, 22 cephalometric reference landmarks were identified on 3D CT surface renderings. Forty-four reference landmarks were identified per patient. Two series of identifications were performed by two independent observers. In total, 3432 imaging measurements were completed. The intra-observer reconstructed mean log was 1.210+/-1.042mm for the 3D-ACRO analysis, and 1.311+/-1.042mm for 3D-Swennen analysis (comparison: p=0.17 NS). The inter-observer reconstructed mean log was 1.799+/-1.037mm for the 3D-ACRO analysis, and 2.465+/-1.036mm for 3D-Swennen analysis (comparison: p=0.000000002). The difference between the intra- and inter-observer reconstructed mean logs were 1.486+/-1.057mm for 3D-ACRO and 1.880+/-1.056mm for 3D-Swennen analysis. In conclusions: 3D-ACRO analysis was significantly more reproducible than 3D-Swennen analysis (p=0.0027) due to the use of a majority of highly reproducible cephalometric landmarks. Finally, we propose a classification scheme and exclusion criteria for reference landmarks used in 3D cephalometrics, based on inter-observer reproducibility and anatomical reality.

BACKGROUND: Hepatotoxicity from neoadjuvant chemotherapy before liver resection for colorectal metastases (CRLM) has been recently reported. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and the clinical relevance of this phenomenon. It was a retrospective study conducted at an academic secondary referral hospital. METHODS: One hundred patients suffering from CRLM and having undergone the resection of at least 1 liver segment (114 hepatectomies; 100 first, 13 second, 1 third) were enrolled. The surgical specimens were reviewed using standardized criteria for diagnosis and grading of pathological liver changes. Their impact on perioperative bleeding, transfusion, morbidity, and mortality rates after liver resection was studied. RESULTS: Sinusoidal congestion was the single hepatotoxic lesion significantly more frequently encountered in patients having received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P = .0014), even in patients having received chemotherapy more than 6 months before liver resection, but was not related to the type of chemotherapy. Despite a significant increase in perioperative blood losses, the presence of sinusoidal lesions, even severe, had no clinically significant effect on postoperative mortality, morbidity, and transfusion rates. CONCLUSION: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before operation for CRLM is significantly associated to sinusoidal congestion, irrespective of the type of chemotherapy but without any significant impact on postoperative clinical outcome. Sinusoidal lesions may persist more than 6 months after the end of chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to compare the accuracy of cephalometric landmark identification using three-dimensional CT (3D-CT) surface rendering with "high-dose" (200 mAs) and "low-dose" (35 mAs) CT protocols. The absorbed dose levels for radiosensitive organs in the maxillofacial region during the exposure for both 3D-CT protocols were also measured. METHODS: The study population consisted of 15 human dry skulls examined with spiral 3D-CT. 12 cephalometric anatomical landmarks at 7 sites were identified on the 3D-CT surface renderings by 2 observers independently, twice each, using high-dose and low-dose protocols. In total, 1440 imaging measurements were made. Thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLDs) were placed at ten sites around the thyroid and submandibular glands and the eyes in an Alderson phantom for measuring the absorbed dose levels. RESULTS: The intraobserver mean distances between 3D landmarks were smaller for all sites with the high-dose protocol (P = 0.37). There was a significant difference among the observers (P = 0.000004). Interobserver mean distances between 3D landmarks were smaller for four of the seven sites with the low-dose protocol. However, the global interobserver mean distances between 3D landmarks for all sites were smaller with the high-dose protocol (P = 0.028). The low-dose protocol reduced the radiation dose to the thyroid by 6.12, to the submandibular salivary glands by 5.91 and to the eye by 5.44, resulting in a global reduction factor of 5.71. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy in the landmark's identification was maintained when the milliampere-second values were reduced from 200 mAs to 35 mAs. We recommend use of the low-dose protocol for clinical 3D-CT cephalometric applications.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate a simple treatment algorithm in sternal wound infection (SWI) allowing for primary closure and to describe the different surgical techniques and their associated morbidity and mortality. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all patients operated on between 1996 and 2004 in a single tertiary care institution. All epidemiological and surgical data were prospectively collected in our database. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to determine preoperative and perioperative risks factors for 90-day and long-term mortality. RESULTS: Out of 5905 procedures, 146 sternal wound infections were documented (2.4%). The respective incidence of SWI for CABG, isolated valve, or combined procedures were 2.8%, 1.1%, and 3.2%. Pathogens involved were S. epidermidis (44.5%), S. aureus (31.5%), and gram-negative rods (19.2%). Re-operation was required in 131/146 patients. Mean time to the first re-operation was 17.3+/-12 days. Modalities of treatment consisted of drainage alone (44 patients), rewiring (25 patients), debridement, rewiring and mediastinal lavage (52 patients), and partial/complete sternal resection (10 patients). Additional procedures were required in 49 patients (37.7%). The 90-day mortality for uninfected patients and patients with superficial SWI were 4.4% and 2.8% (p=0.78) whereas for patients with deep SWI, 90-day mortality was 14.5% (DSWI vs others, p

Scrub typhus should be considered in any febrile patient presenting with a macular rash, a polyadenopathy, an eschar, or a history of environmental exposure in endemic areas. The differential diagnosis includes malaria, typhoid fever, leptospirosis, and arboviroses. Doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 7 days should be initiated as soon as the disease is suspected.

Context: Obesity in childhood is associated with an increased mortality due to cardiovascular (CV) diseases in adulthood, independent of adult weight. Recent studies in children indicate that the atherosclerosis process starts at an early age and is linked to obesity. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate determinants of increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), an early marker of atherosclerosis, in obese children. Design: A total of 104 obese children [age, 12.7 ± 0.2 yr; body mass index (BMI)-z-score, 2.8 ± 0.7] underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. Fasting levels of glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein and adhesion molecules (sICAM, sVCAM, sE-selectin), lipid profile, adiponectin, and resistin were determined. IMT was measured by ultrasound. Insulin resistance was estimated by the homeostatic model assessment index. Baseline measurements of blood parameters were obtained from 93 nonobese children (age, 13.0 ± 0.2 yr; BMI-z-score, −0.2 ± 0.9), and IMT was measured in 23 other control children with similar characteristics. Results: Univariate analysis showed a significant positive correlation between IMT and relative BMI, the degree of systolic hypertension, fasting insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment-R index, and resistin concentrations, whereas an inverse correlation with adiponectin levels was found. No correlation was obtained between IMT and classical CV risk factors such as positive familial history of type 2 diabetes or precocious CV disease, visceral obesity, or the lipid profile. C-reactive protein and adhesion molecule levels were not associated with IMT in our obese population. When controlled for sex, Tanner stage, and relative BMI, only adiponectin levels remained an independent determinant of IMT. Conclusion: Adiponectin more than conventional CV risk factors and inflammation status may be related to early atherosclerosis in obese children.

Background: Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) have been considered at risk for central adrenal insufficiency (CAI). Hypothalamic dysregulation has been proposed as a common mechanism underlying both stress-induced CAI and central respiratory dysfunction during sleep. Objective: To evaluate CAI and sleep-related breathing disorders in PWS children. Patients and methods: Retrospective study of cortisol response following either insulin tolerance test (ITT) or glucagon test (GT) in 20 PWS children, and comparison with 33 non-Growth Hormone deficient (GHD) controls. Correlation between sleep related breathing disorders and cortisol response in 11 PWS children who received both investigations. Results: In PWS children, the cortisol peak value showed a significant, inverse correlation with age (Kendall's t = -0.411; p = 0.012). A similar though non-significant correlation was present between cortisol increase and age (t = -0.232; p = 0.16). Similar correlations were found in controls. In only 1 of 20 PWS children (5 %), ITT was suggestive of CAI. Four patients had an elevated central apnea index but they all exhibited a normal cortisol response. No relationship was found between peak cortisol or cortisol increase and central apnea index (respectively p = 0.94 and p = 0.14) or the other studied polysomnography (PSG) parameters. Conclusions: CAI assessed by ITT/GT is rare in PWS children. Our data do not support a link between CAI and central respiratory dysregulation.

Acanthamoeba infection is a rare, difficult-to-treat, and often fatal, opportunistic parasitic infection in immunocompromised hosts, such as patients infected with HIV. We describe an aggressive nasal and sinus infection by Acanthamoeba spp. in a person with AIDS. The resolution of this Acanthamoeba infection was secondary to a multidisciplinary treatment approach involving a combination of surgery as well as high-dose amphotericin B plus 5-fluorocytosine. In the era of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the present report underscores the need for early identification and prompt aggressive treatment to ensure successful management of this rare but potentially fatal opportunistic infection.

Volumetric capnography provides a breath-by-breath analysis of ventilation-perfusion imbalances and deadspace volumes. The technique has been best described in intubated and ventilated patients, but promising clinical applications also concern spontaneously breathing patients. The objective of the study was to verify the reliability and reproducibility of a new capnographic program in various types of clinical conditions. In a first step, 56 patients, either healthy or with acute respiratory disorders, were connected to a sidestream gas sampler and flow sensor through a mouthpiece. An acquisition software synchronized expired CO2 and flow data to create volumetric capnographic curves. Mixed expired CO2 partial pressure, corresponding to the exhaled CO2 of the effective tidal volume, was simultaneously collected in a neoprene bag for comparison. In a second step, changes in airway deadspace before and after the adjunction of known spacer volumes were compared in six healthy volunteers. The mean difference between both methods in measuring mixed expired CO2 partial pressure was -0.9 mmHg (SE 0.2 mmHg, P

The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and the risk factors of ventilation-associated pneumonia (VAP) for out-of-hospital or in the emergency department intubated patients. This was a retrospective descriptive study. All intubated adults subsequently admitted to the ICU over 1-year period were included. Among 75 patients, 15 patients developed VAP (20%; 95% CI 12-31%). A multivariate analysis revealed three variables independently associated with VAP: cardiorespiratory arrest as the reason of intubation (P=0.001), out-of-hospital as the location of intubation (P=0.011), and clinical macroaspiration as clinical characteristic at the time of intubation (P=0.024). Death rate was 17% and was not significantly higher for patients with VAP (P=0.9; 95% CI 0.32-4.95%). Emergency care workers should be aware of the potential 20% occurrence of VAP when they intubate and ventilate a patient. Preventive strategies, which have been proven effective in ICUs, should be implemented in the emergency setting.

PURPOSE: To compare multi-detector row computed tomography (CT) and ventilation-perfusion (V-P) scintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) in outpatients who were cared for in the emergency department. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-four nonconsecutive patients, in whom acute PE was suspected, underwent thin-collimation multi-detector row CT (collimation, 4 x 1 mm; pitch, 1.25; scanning time, 0.5 second) and V-P scintigraphy. Concordance between CT and scintigraphic images was used in the diagnosis of PE. Pulmonary angiography was performed within 24 hours if interpretations of V-P and spiral CT images were inconclusive or discordant. Sensitivity and specificity values were calculated for V-P scintigrams and CT scans of the lungs. The rates of conclusive results for scintigraphy and CT were compared. RESULTS: The sensitivity of thin-collimation multi-detector row CT and V-P scintigraphy for the detection of PE was 96% (27 of 28; CI: 82%, 99%) and 98% (65 of 66; CI: 92%, 99%), respectively. The specificity of CT and V-P scintigraphy was 86% (24 of 28; CI: 67%, 96%) and 88% (58 of 66; CI: 77%, 94%), respectively. Seven V-P scintigrams were of intermediate probability, and one spiral CT study was indeterminate. Examinations with spiral CT yielded conclusive results more often than examinations with planar V-P scintigraphy (P

Bacillary angiomatosis is an infection caused by Bartonella, which has first been described in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. We report an unusually located lesion, in a totally asymptomatic kidney transplant recipient. The diagnosis was strongly suggested based on the iconography and our histological analysis, but was not confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemical studies. We illustrate our difficult way to the diagnosis as well as the course of the disease and our therapeutic strategy.

The presence of the 20210A allele of the prothrombin gene has recently been shown to be a risk factor of venous thromboembolism, probably mediated through increased prothrombin levels. The aim of the study was to determine the frequency of the prothrombin 20210A allele in 193 consecutive unselected patients with venous thromboembolism and 100 healthy controls and to analyze the clinical profile associated with this new inherited thrombophilic factor. In agreement with previous reports, we found a frequency of 7.3% of heterozygous carriers of the 20210A allele among patients and 1% among controls. We confirm that plasma prothrombin levels are more elevated in the individuals bearing the prothrombin 20210A allele compared with those who do not. We did not find any relationship between the presence of the prothrombin 20210A allele and either a family history of thromboembolism, the rate of recurrences or the age at disease onset. However, the co-inheritance in the same individual of both prothrombin 20210A allele and factor V Leiden was associated with a significantly lower age at disease onset suggesting a synergistic contribution of both abnormalities.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sensitivity of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plasma measurement to detect bacteremia in patients presenting sepsis signs, and to evaluate the potential benefit of such measurement in terms of early antimicrobial therapy initiation. METHODS: Plasma was obtained from 166 hospitalized patients for whom blood cultures were drawn for sepsis. Clinical data and antimicrobial therapies were noted. IL-6, TNF and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. The sensitivities of these markers were retrospectively compared with the accuracy of the attending physician in initiating empirical antimicrobial therapy. The setting was an 850-bed university hospital. RESULTS: Thirty-four bacteremias and 69 non-bacteremic infections were noted. In 63 others, no infection was documented. Median (range) IL-6 plasma levels in the three groups of patients were 462 (15--50 850), 189 (15--38 300) and 91 (10--13 750) pg/mL, respectively (p0.01). The corresponding TNF-alpha plasma levels were 37.5 (15--2400), 15 (15--240) and 15 (15--200) pg/mL, respectively (p0.01). CRP plasma levels were 10.7 (0.6--30.2), 10.3 (0.6--34.4) and 7.3 (0.6--20.9) mg/dL, respectively (p=0.12). With respect to these three parameters, IL-6 and TNF-alpha appear better than CRP for predicting bacteremia. Clinical features resulted in starting empirical antimicrobial therapy in only 62% of the bacteremic patients. On the other hand, 68% of these bacteremic patients had high IL-6 plasma levels (200 pg/mL). A combination of clinical features and high IL-6 levels would have permitted early treatment for 82% of the bacteremic patients. CONCLUSIONS: IL-6 and TNF-alpha thus appear to be useful and earlier markers of bacteremia in septic patients. By contrast, CRP is neither sensitive nor specific in this setting.

International audience; AIMS: To assess the clinical performance of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide 1-108 (proBNP) for the prognosis of acute pulmonary embolism. METHODS: This study was ancillary to a recently published multicentre study including 570 patients with acute pulmonary embolism. ProBNP values were analysed using a new sandwich immunoassay proBNP1-108, Bioplex2200 (Bio-Rade Laboratories). Data was compared with BNP and N-terminal (NT) proBNP values. Adverse outcomes at 30 days were defined as death, secondary cardiogenic shock, or recurrent venous thromboembolism. RESULTS: ProBNP values were analysed in 549 patients, with 39 (7.1%) presenting adverse outcomes. All three natriuretic peptides were significantly elevated in these 39 patients compared with the group without adverse outcomes (BNP: p < 0.001; NT-proBNP: p < 0.001; proBNP: 0.044), with median proBNP values being 605 pg/ml (113-1437) and 109 pg/ml (30-444), respectively. Multivariate analyses revealed that proBNP significantly depended on patient age (p < 0.001) and renal failure (p=0.001), with proBNP values increasing with both factors. The areas under the receiver operating curve were 0.74 (95% CI 0.69-0.79) for BNP, 0.76 (95% CI 0.72-0.80) for NT-proBNP, and 0.70 (95% CI 0.65-0.75) for proBNP, meaning that the performance of proBNP was significantly lower than that of the two other peptides (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION: ProBNP, BNP, and NT-proBNP values were significantly increased in patients with adverse outcomes after acute pulmonary embolism. However, the prognostic performance of proBNP for predicting adverse versus favourable outcomes was lower than that of the other natriuretic peptides, thus limiting the clinical relevance of proBNP as a prognostic marker in pulmonary embolism.

Laparoscopic surgery is associated with reduced surgical trauma, therefore with acute-phase response of lower magnitude as compared with open surgery. We hypothesized that NOTES might induce reduced immune response as compared with laparoscopy.To compare acute-phase reactants in a controlled trial of laparoscopic peritoneoscopy and ultrasonography versus transgastric or transcolonic NOTES peritoneoscopy and intraperitoneal endoscopic US.Eighteen pigs were divided in 3 groups: laparoscopy, transgastric and transcolonic NOTES. Serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were determined preoperatively and at day 2. Serum levels of haptoglobin and IL-6 mRNA levels from isolated white blood cells were measured by RT-PCR at days 0, 1, 2 and 7. Necropsy was performed at sacrifice, with peritoneal fluid microbiological analysis, macroscopic and microscopic examinations on gastrotomy/colotomy or abdominal wall closure sites, liver and parietal peritoneum biopsy sites and any area suggestive of infection.The groups were similar with regards to peritoneoscopy completeness, ultrasonographic examination and biopsies. The duration of NOTES procedures was significantly longer than laparoscopic procedures. Minor complications were observed in most animals by macroscopic and microscopic examination, but NOTES procedures were associated with severe complications in 3 pigs (fistula, abscess, mortality). No significant differences in acute-phase reactants levels were found between groups.No significant difference in the acute-phase reactants could be demonstrated between surgical and NOTES procedures. NOTES was however associated with more severe septic complications. Optimal closure remains a challenge and better devices are needed to avoid them.

International audience; Background:If the prevalence of pulmonary embolism (PE) differs significantly between the US and Europe, this observation could reduce the generalizability of diagnostic protocols for PE derived in either location.Objective:To determine possible causes and potential clinical consequences of these PE prevalence differences.Methods:Secondary analysis of three prospectively collected multicenter samples (two French and one from the US) including 3174 European and 7940 American PE-suspected patients in Emergency departments (ED) (117 for Europe and 12 for US). Comparison of clinical features, resource use and outcomes of European- and US-suspected PE populations in ED.Results:European patients evaluated for PE were significantly older and had a higher clinical pretest probability (CPP) for PE. The final PE prevalence was significantly higher in Europe, in the overall sample (26.5% vs. 7.6%) and in each level of CPP. Suspected European patients categorized as low CPP had a higher posttest probability than US low CPP patients. Suspected US patients categorized as high CPP had a much lower posttest probability of PE than in Europe. The mean number of tests performed for one PE diagnosis was lower in Europe (7.4 vs. 21.6). Among patients diagnosed with PE, European patients had a higher mean severity of illness score and a higher PE-mortality rate (3.4% vs. 0.7%).Conclusions:Among patients suspected of a PE and those ultimately diagnosed with a PE, European patients had higher acuity, a higher pretest probability and worse outcome than US patients. The present study underscores the importance of disease prevalence for pretest probability scoring approaches and for significance interpretation of imaging tests.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is considered nowadays as the standard management of acute cholecystitis (AC). However, results from multicentric studies in the general surgical community are still lacking.A prospective multicenter survey of surgical management of AC patients was conducted over a 2-year period in Belgium. Operative features and patients' clinical outcome were recorded. The impact of independent predictive factors on the choice of surgical approach, the risk of conversion, and the occurrence of postoperative complications was studied by multivariate logistic regression analysis.Fifty-three surgeons consecutively and anonymously included 1,089 patients in this prospective study. A primary open approach was chosen in 74 patients (6.8%), whereas a laparoscopic approach was the first option in 1,015 patients (93.2%). Independent predictive factors for a primary open approach were previous history of upper abdominal surgery [odds ratio (OR) 4.13, p0.001], patient age greater than 70 years (OR 2.41, p0.05), surgeon with more than 10 years' experience (OR 2.08, p = 0.005), and gangrenous cholecystitis (OR 1.71, p0.05). In the laparoscopy group, 116 patients (11.4%) required conversion to laparotomy. Overall, 38 patients (3.5%) presented biliary complications and 49 had other local complications (4.5%). Incidence of bile duct injury was 1.2% in the whole series, 2.7% in the open group, and 1.1% in the laparoscopy group. Sixty patients had general complications (5.5%). The overall mortality rate was 0.8%. All patients who died were in poor general condition [American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) III or IV].Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy is currently considered as the standard treatment for acute cholecystitis, an open approach is still a valid option in more advanced disease. However, overall mortality and incidence of bile duct injury remain high.

The purpose of this study is to compare the reproducibility of three-dimensional cephalometric landmarks on three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) surface rendering using clinical protocols based on low-dose (35-mAs) spiral CT and cone-beam CT (I-CAT). The absorbed dose levels for radiosensitive organs in the maxillofacial region during exposure in both 3D-CT protocols were also assessed.The study population consisted of ten human dry skulls examined with low-dose CT and cone-beam CT. Two independent observers identified 24 cephalometric anatomic landmarks at 13 sites on the 3D-CT surface renderings using both protocols, with each observer repeating the identification 1 month later. A total of 1,920 imaging measurements were performed. Thermoluminescent dosimeters were placed at six sites around the thyroid gland, the submandibular glands, and the eyes in an Alderson phantom to measure the absorbed dose levels.When comparing low-dose CT and cone-beam CT protocols, the cone-beam CT protocol proved to be significantly more reproducible for four of the 13 anatomical sites. There was no significant difference between the protocols for the other nine anatomical sites. Both low-dose and cone-beam CT protocols were equivalent in dose absorption to the eyes and submandibular glands. However, thyroid glands were more irradiated with low-dose CT.Cone-beam CT was more reproducible and procured less irradiation to the thyroid gland than low-dose CT.Cone-beam CT should be preferred over low-dose CT for developing three-dimensional bony cephalometric analyses.

BACKGROUND: The progress of modern imaging studies has improved the diagnostic approach of benign liver tumours, leading to a tailored approach with increased conservative management. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-two patients suffering from benign hepatic tumours were enrolled in this study, including an operative (group I, 49 patients) and a conservative (group II, 83 patients) management. Patients' tumour and treatment features were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean patients' age was 39 years. Indication for resection based on diagnosis of tumour nature (hepatic cell adenoma or uncertain diagnosis) and significant tumour-related abdominal pain was 15% out of 33 patients with hepatic haemangioma, 21.7% out of 60 patients with focal nodular hyperplasia and 78.4% out of 37 patients with hepatocellular adenoma. Mortality was nihil in group I. Complications and transfusion rates were related to the performance of major hepatectomy, when required for huge tumours. With a 95.5% of complete patients' follow-up during a mean of 92 months in group I and 87 months in group II, no misdiagnosis or evolution towards malignancy was encountered. Interestingly, 87.9% of all observed benign liver tumours remained stable, decreased in size or disappeared. None of the remaining lesions required surgery. CONCLUSION: A restrictive policy of surgical management of benign liver tumours based on clinical symptoms, tumour size and nature on imaging studies (including dubious lesions) and tumour biopsies in selected cases is safe and reliable with a low-operative mortality in resected patients and satisfactory disease-control in the vast majority of observed benign liver tumours.

Between 1977 and 1989, 151 patients were treated in our institution for acute sigmoid diverticulitis. Thirty-one patients were operated on for diffuse peritonitis, and were excluded from the study. One hundred twenty patients had localized disease. There were 59 men and 61 women, with a mean age of 60 years (range, 30 to 87 years). Thirteen were under 40 years of age. A "phlegmonous" diverticulitis (no pericolic abscess) was diagnosed in 78 cases (group I). A pericolic abscess was identified in 42 cases (group II). The medical treatment was successful in 97% of the patients of the group I. Only 15 patients required a delayed elective resection for recurrence or chronic complications, within the next 24 months. There were no operative deaths. All the other patients were doing well after a mean follow-up of 5 years (9-144 months), without any disease-related death. Patients presenting with a localized pericolic abscess (group II, n = 42) were initially treated either conservatively (n = 22) or by a more or less extensive drainage (n = 20). There were two deaths in the "conservative" group. Primary or delayed colonic resection was indicated in 34 cases because of uncontrolled sepsis, recurrence or secondary chronic complications. It is concluded that accurate classification of the disease is essential. If no peritonitis has developed, the presence of an abscess is the main determinant in both prognosis and treatment. Most patients who develop an acute phlegmonous diverticulitis do well with conservative treatment, and prophylactic resection is not indicated. Curative colectomy is reserved for patients developing persistent complications over the next few months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Objectives: Autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation has been shown to improve myocardial function in ischaemic cardiomyopathy. We studied one hypothetical mechanism, neo-angiogenesis, using allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in an ischaemic swine model. Methods: Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells were injected in the peri-infarct area (1x10(6)cellskg(-1)) 2 weeks after myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction alone (n=3) served as a control group. In the myocardial infarction-mesenchymal stem cells group (n=6), tacrolimus was given from day 0 to day 12. Capillary density and inflammatory/rejection processes (anti-factor VIII and anti-CD3/CD68 monoclonal antibodies, respectively) were compared between groups. Results: In scarred myocardium, capillary density was similar between both ischaemic groups: 15.4 (+/-15.3) and 14.7 (+/-15.2) vessel/field in myocardial infarction-mesenchymal stem cells and myocardial infarction-alone groups (non-significant). In viable myocardium adjacent to the infarction, capillary density was significantly increased in the myocardial infarction-mesenchymal stem cells group than in the myocardial infarction-alone group (p=0.002). The number of infiltrating CD3+ cells was equivalent in both myocardial infarction-alone and myocardial infarction-mesenchymal stem cells groups (CD3+: 8.6% vs 9.3%, non-significant). However, CD68+ cell infiltration was more prominent after mesenchymal stem cell transplantation (4.7% vs 2% in myocardial infarction alone, p

We report a case of a 9-month-old baby admitted to the hospital because of low-grade fever, focal seizures in a context of watery diarrhea for 14 days' duration. The patient workup revealed a mild neutrophilic pleocytosis on cerebrospinal fluid (46 cells/microl), a positive stool culture for Salmonella pomona sensitive to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin, and a subdural empyema (SDE) on the cerebral MRI. The child received an intravenous third-generation cephalosporin for 4 weeks which resulted in cure. This case highlights an unusual extra-intestinal complication of non-typhoid salmonella infection. Involvement of the central nervous system with non-typhoidal salmonellosis is an important complication that can result in significant morbidity if not recognized and treated promptly. A focal intra-cranial infection must be considered in the differential diagnosis of any child presenting with focal seizures and gastroenteritis due to Salmonella. Appropriate diagnostic imaging of the head (cerebral CT scan with contrast and/or MRI) is mandatory to exclude the presence of an intra-cranial complication, even in the presence of negative CSF culture for Salmonella. Subfrontal and subtemporal SDE are sometimes missed on axial CT scans and better appreciated on MRI. Non-surgical treatment of small subdural empyemas with prolonged intravenous antibiotic therapy is a therapeutic option.