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Abstract Viscous flow of interacting electrons in two dimensional materials features a bunch of exotic effects. A model resembling the Navier-Stokes equation for classical fluids accounts for them in the so called hydrodynamic regime. We perform a detailed analysis of the physical conditions to achieve electron hydrodynamic transport and find alternative routes: the application of a magnetic field or a high-frequency electric field in the absence of very frequent inelastic collisions. As a major conclusion, we show that the conventional requirement of frequent electron-electron collisions is too restrictive and, as a consequence, materials and phenomena to be described using hydrodynamics are widened. In view of our results, we discuss recent experimental evidence on viscous flow and point out alternative avenues to reduce electric dissipation in optimized devices.

Uno de los fenómenos más curiosos del teatro barroco español consistió en la escritura de comedias con un método colaborativo mediante el cual varios dramaturgos se repartían la composición de la obra. Esta actividad se enmarcaba en un contexto de asociaciones (academias, justas poéticas, certámenes, etc.) en las que los escritores forjaban redes de participación. El dramaturgo Álvaro Cubillo de Aragón permaneció al margen de tales prácticas. Este artículo trata de dar explicaciones de esta autoexclusión, a partir de sus datos biográficos, de su trayectoria literaria y de su propia preceptiva dramática.

The blade of a hydraulic turbine is the critical element of the energy conversion process in a hydroelectric plant; therefore, numerous blade reconstruction techniques are based on stacking cross-sections along the flow streamlines generated inside the runner passage. The uneven distribution along the spanwise direction causes surfaces with a lower degree of uniformity and continuity, especially in highly twisted and re-flexed blades. To solve this problem, the researchers often stack many cross-sections, causing a proportional increase in the number of parameters and points that define each section, which is detrimental when performing hydrodynamic optimization or numerical machining of the runner. In consequence, in this paper, we created the Smoothed Numerical Blade (SNB), a blade that is computationally cheap and defined with the lowest number of well-defined cross-sections placed orthogonality on a grid instead of following the fluid trajectory. The quantitative and qualitative analysis developed in the model test of the Francis GAMM turbine shows that the runner created by SNB achieves a high degree of smoothness and continuity on the blade surfaces, thereby maintaining the GAMM turbine performance of the original parameters.

Lectin-like transcript-1 (LLT1) expression is detected in different cancer types and is involved in immune evasion. The present study investigates the clinical relevance of tumoral and stromal LLT1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and relationships with the immune infiltrate into the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Immunohistochemical analysis of LLT1 expression was performed in 124 OSCC specimens, together with PD-L1 expression and the infiltration of CD20+, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocytes and CD68+ and CD163+-macrophages. Associations with clinicopathological variables, prognosis, and immune cell densities were further assessed. A total of 41 (33%) OSCC samples showed positive LLT1 staining in tumor cells and 55 (44%) positive LLT1 in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Patients harboring tumor-intrinsic LLT1 expression exhibited poorer survival, suggesting an immunosuppressive role. Conversely, positive LLT1 expression in TILs was significantly associated with better disease-specific survival, and also an immune-active tumor microenvironment highly infiltrated by CD8+ T cells and M1/M2 macrophages. Furthermore, the combination of tumoral and stromal LLT1 was found to distinguish three prognostic categories (favorable, intermediate, and adverse; p = 0.029, Log-rank test). Together, these data demonstrate the prognostic relevance of tumoral and stromal LLT1 expression in OSCC, and its potential application to improve prognosis prediction and patient stratification.

Asumir el compromiso de alcanzar el desarrollo sostenible, reconociendo que para lograrlo es necesario garantizar nuevas modalidades de consumo y producción sostenibles; supone lograr un equilibrio entre las tres dimensiones que sustentan el desarrollo: la dimensión económica, la social y la ambiental. A nivel país, una serie de instrumentos - leyes, decretos y políticas - se han generado en los últimos 20 años, a los fines de promover la protección del medio ambiente y los recursos naturales, de la mano con el desarrollo sostenible. Otros instrumentos importantes directamente vinculados a la Política, son: La Red Nacional de Producción Más Limpia y Uso Eficiente y Sostenible de los Recursos; el Premio Nacional a la Producción Más Limpia, y los Acuerdos Voluntarios de Producción Sostenible. Pero nada de esto basta si no se garantizar la participación de una pluralidad de actores (consumidores, empresarios, medios de comunicación, académicos, organismos públicos, políticos, agencias de cooperación, organizaciones no gubernamentales, entre otros), que garantice que los compromisos asumidos con la Agenda 2030 y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, se conviertan en realidad.

The diagnosis of endometriosis by laparoscopy is delayed until advanced stages. In recent years, microRNAs have emerged as novel biomarkers for different diseases. These molecules are small non-coding RNA sequences involved in the regulation of gene expression and can be detected in peripheral blood. Our aim was to identify candidate serum microRNAs associated with endometriosis and their role as minimally invasive biomarkers. Serum samples were obtained from 159 women, of whom 77 were diagnosed with endometriosis by laparoscopy and 82 were healthy women. First, a preliminary study identified 29 differentially expressed microRNAs between the two study groups. Next, nine of the differentially expressed microRNAs in the preliminary analysis were evaluated in a new cohort of 67 women with endometriosis and 72 healthy women. Upon validation by quantitative real-time PCR technique, the circulating level of miR-30c-5p was significantly higher in the endometriosis group compared with the healthy women group. The area under the curve value of miR-30c-5p was 0.8437, demonstrating its diagnostic potential even when serum samples registered an acceptable limit of hemolysis. Dysregulation of this microRNA was associated with molecular pathways related to cancer and neuronal processes. We concluded that miR-30c-5p is a potential minimally invasive biomarker of endometriosis, with higher expression in the group of women with endometriosis diagnosed by laparoscopy.

Abstract The quest for Majorana zero modes in the laboratory is an active field of research in condensed matter physics. In this regard, there have been many theoretical proposals; however, their experimental detection remains elusive. In this article, we present a realistic setting by considering a quantum ring with Rashba spin-orbit coupling and threaded by a magnetic flux, in contact with a topological superconducting nanowire. We focus on spin-polarized persistent currents to assess the existence of Majorana zero modes. We find that the Rashba spin-orbit coupling allows for tuning the position of the zero energy crossings in the flux parameter space and has sizable effects on spin-polarized persistent currents. We believe that our results will contribute towards probing the existence of Majorana zero modes.

Density-driven groundwater flows are described by nonlinear coupled differential equations. Due to its importance in engineering and earth science, several linearizations and semi-linearization schemes for approximating their solution have been proposed. Among the more efficient are the combinations of Newtonian iterations for the spatially discretized system obtained by either scalar homotopy methods, fictitious time methods, or meshless generalized finite difference method, with several implicit methods for the time integration. However, when these methods are used, some parameters need to be determined, in some cases, even manually. To overcome this problem, this paper presents a novel generalized finite differences scheme combined with an adaptive step-size method, which can be applied for solving the governing equations of interest on non-rectangular structured and unstructured grids. The proposed method is tested on the Henry and the Elder problems to verify the accuracy and the stability of the proposed numerical scheme.

Abstract We theoretically address the impact of a random distribution of non-magnetic impurities on the electron states formed at the surface of a topological insulator. The interaction of electrons with the impurities is accounted for by a separable pseudo-potential method that allows us to obtain closed expressions for the density of states. Spectral properties of surface states are assessed by means of the Green’s function averaged over disorder realisations. For comparison purposes, the configurationally averaged Green’s function is calculated by means of two different self-consistent methods, namely the self-consistent Born approximation (SCBA) and the coherent potential approximation (CPA). The latter is often regarded as the best single-site theory for the study of the spectral properties of disordered systems. However, although a large number of works employ the SCBA for the analysis of many-impurity scattering on the surface of a topological insulator, CPA studies of the same problem are scarce in the literature. In this work, we find that the SCBA overestimates the impact of the random distribution of impurities on the spectral properties of surface states compared to the CPA predictions. The difference is more pronounced when increasing the magnitude of the disorder.

Mercury (Hg) cytotoxicity, which is largely mediated through oxidative stress (OS), can be relieved with antioxidants. Thus, we aimed to study the effects of Hg alone or in combination with 5 nM N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) on the primary endometrial cells’ viability and function. Primary human endometrial epithelial cells (hEnEC) and stromal cells (hEnSC) were isolated from 44 endometrial biopsies obtained from healthy donors. The viability of treated endometrial and JEG-3 trophoblast cells was evaluated via tetrazolium salt metabolism. Cell death and DNA integrity were quantified following annexin V and TUNEL staining, while the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were quantified following DCFDA staining. Decidualization was assessed through secreted prolactin and the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) in cultured media. JEG-3 spheroids were co-cultured with the hEnEC and decidual hEnSC to assess trophoblast adhesion and outgrowth on the decidual stroma, respectively. Hg compromised cell viability and amplified ROS production in trophoblast and endometrial cells and exacerbated cell death and DNA damage in trophoblast cells, impairing trophoblast adhesion and outgrowth. NAC supplementation significantly restored cell viability, trophoblast adhesion, and outgrowth. As these effects were accompanied by the significant decline in ROS production, our findings originally describe how implantation-related endometrial cell functions are restored in Hg-treated primary human endometrial co-cultures by antioxidant supplementation.

Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and due to its favorable prognosis, the extent of surgery has been a matter of debate. About 10% of these tumors are located in the thyroid isthmus, with no specific management in current guidelines. In the last decades, isthmusectomy has been proposed as a therapeutic option for isthmic papillary thyroid carcinoma, although there is no consensus on its management. We present two cases of patients from our institution with solitary isthmic papillary thyroid carcinoma without clinical macroscopic extrathyroidal extension or clinical-radiological lymph node involvement who were treated with isthmusectomy without prophylactic lymph node dissection. Neither of them had any postoperative complications. Both had an intermediate risk of recurrence due to aggressive variants. None of them had signs of recurrence during follow-up. We intend to show that isthmusectomy seems to be an effective and safe surgical alternative in selected patients through these cases.

Environmental factors that have been linked to an increased endometriosis risk include exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), an endocrine disruptor. This study aims to investigate whether DEHP in vitro exposure in primary endometrial stromal cells (EnSC), primary endometrial epithelial cells (EnEC), and the human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line Ishikawa properly mimics alterations described in the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis. Primary EnSC and EnEC, isolated from six fertile egg donors, and Ishikawa cells were exposed to DEHP (0.1, 1, and 10 µM) and were assessed for viability, endometriosis markers (IL-6, VEGF-A, HOXA10, EZH2, and LSD1), steroid receptor gene expressions (ER-1, ER-2, PR-T, PR-B, and PGRMC1), and invasive capacity. Viability after 72 h of DEHP exposure was not significantly affected. None of the endometriosis markers studied were altered after acute DEHP exposure, nor was the expression of steroid receptors. The invasive capacity of EnSC was significantly increased after 10 µM of DEHP exposure. In conclusion, acute DEHP exposure in primary endometrial cells does not fully phenocopy the changes in the viability, expression of markers, or steroidal receptors described in endometriosis. However, the significant increase in EnSC invasiveness observed after DEHP exposure could be a link between DEHP exposure and increased endometriosis likelihood.

Las nociones de seguridad de una población pueden definir su relación con el espacio. El presente artículo analiza esta relación en una urbanización de vivienda social, donde los habitantes al llegar ejercen prácticas para tener seguridad a partir de sus percepciones, concepciones y vivencias. El estudio indaga sobre las transformaciones sociales y espaciales de la urbanización Altos de Santa Elena en la ciudad de Cali a partir de dos nociones de (in)seguridad: seguridad como vigilancia y protección física y seguridad como bienestar que tiene implícita la convivencia y formación del tejido social. La metodología aplicada fue de corte cualitativo con el fin de recoger versiones desde los habitantes de la urbanización, los vecinos y las instituciones involucradas sobre la problemática. Los resultados consideran un bosquejo histórico de la construcción, el poblamiento de las viviendas, junto a los recorridos cotidianos de los habitantes y las nociones de seguridad en relación con las prácticas que adoptan y los lleva a sentirse seguros. Por último, en las conclusiones se debate sobre la prevalencia de la seguridad como vigilancia en la percepción de los habitantes y en la configuración socioespacial de la urbanización.

Several IV–VI semiconductor compounds made of heavy atoms, such as Pb1−xSnxTe, may undergo band-inversion at the L point of the Brillouin zone upon variation of their chemical composition. This inversion gives rise to topologically distinct phases, characterized by a change in a topological invariant. In the framework of the k·p theory, band-inversion can be viewed as a change of sign of the fundamental gap. A two-band model within the envelope-function approximation predicts the appearance of midgap interface states with Dirac cone dispersions in band-inverted junctions, namely, when the gap changes sign along the growth direction. We present a thorough study of these interface electron states in the presence of crossed electric and magnetic fields, the electric field being applied along the growth direction of a band-inverted junction. We show that the Dirac cone is robust and persists even if the fields are strong. In addition, we point out that Landau levels of electron states lying in the semiconductor bands can be tailored by the electric field. Tunable devices are thus likely to be realizable, exploiting the properties studied herein.

This article analyzes the complex relationship between reform and revolution in and through the complexities formulated by, for the time being, successful neoliberal offensive in Latin America. Such a process has benefited and capitalized on the difficulties associated with the global credit crisis and has generated problems of budget deficits for progressive and revolutionary governments throughout the region.

The progesterone hormone regulates the human menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and parturition by its action via the different progesterone receptors and signaling pathways in the female reproductive tract. Progesterone actions can be exerted through classical and non-classical receptors, or even a combination of both. The former are nuclear receptors whose activation leads to transcriptional activity regulation and thus in turn leads to slower but long-lasting responses. The latter are composed of progesterone receptors membrane components (PGRMC) and membrane progestin receptors (mPRs). These receptors rapidly activate the appropriate intracellular signal transduction pathways, and they can subsequently initiate specific cell responses or even modulate genomic cell responses. This review covers our current knowledge on the mechanisms of action and the relevance of classical and non-classical progesterone receptors in female reproductive tissues ranging from the ovary and uterus to the cervix, and it exposes their crucial role in female infertility.

The accurate description of the flow of water in porous media is of the greatest importance due to its numerous applications in several areas (groundwater, soil mechanics, etc.). The nonlinear Richards equation is often used as the governing equation that describes this phenomenon and a large number of research studies aimed to solve it numerically. However, due to the nonlinearity of the constitutive expressions for permeability, it remains a challenging modeling problem. In this paper, the stationary form of Richards’ equation used in saturated soils is solved by two numerical methods: generalized finite differences, an emerging method that has been successfully applied to the transient case, and a finite element method, for benchmarking. The nonlinearity of the solution in both cases is handled using a Newtonian iteration. The comparative results show that a generalized finite difference iteration yields satisfactory results in a standard test problem with a singularity at the boundary.

This study investigates the relevance of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Immunohistochemical analysis of stromal/tumoral CD4+, CD8+ and FOXP3+ TILs is performed in 125 OSCC patients. Potential relationships with the expression of tumoral PD-L1 and cancer stem cell (CSC) markers (NANOG, SOX2, OCT4, Nestin and Podoplanin (PDPN)) are assessed. CD4+ and CD8+ TILs are significantly associated with smoking and alcohol habits. CD4+ and CD8+ TILs show an inverse relationship with NANOG and SOX2 expression, and FOXP3+ TILs is significantly correlated with Nestin and PDPN expression. High infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ TILs and a high tumoral CD8+/FOXP3+ ratio are significantly associated with tumors harboring positive PD-L1 expression. Infiltration of stromal/tumoral FOXP3+ TILs and a low stromal CD8+/FOXP3+ ratio are significantly associated with better disease-specific survival. Multivariate analysis reveals that the stromal CD8+/FOXP3+ TILs ratio is a significant independent prognostic factor. Regarding OSCC patient survival, the CD8+/FOXP3+ TILs ratio is an independent prognostic factor. TILs may act as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for OSCC.

Abstract A single-ion reservoir has been tested, and characterized in order to be used as a highly sensitive optical detector of electric signals arriving at the trapping electrodes. Our system consists of a single laser-cooled 40Ca+ ion stored in a Paul trap with rotational symmetry. The performance is observed through the axial motion of the ion, which is equivalent to an underdamped and forced oscillator. Thus, the results can be projected also to Penning traps. We have found that, for an ion oscillator temperature T axial ≲ 10 mK in the forced-frequency range ω z = 2π × (80,200 kHz), the reservoir is sensitive to a time-varying electric field equivalent to an electric force of 5.3(2) neV/μm, for a measured quality factor Q = 3875(45), and a decay time constant γ z = 88(2) s−1. This method can be applied to measure optically the strength of an oscillating field or induced (driven) charge in this frequency range within times of tens of milliseconds. Furthermore the ion reservoir has been proven to be sensitive to electrostatic forces by measuring the ion displacement. Since the heating rate is below 0.3 μeV/s, this reservoir might be used as optical detector for any ion or bunch of charged particles stored in an adjacent trap.

Trees in urban parks play a key role in the sustainability of cities. The tree is urban landscape of a city, provides environmental, aesthetic, scenic, recreational, cultural and economic benefits. The obwas to study the current state of woodland in the Cerro de Amalucan Ecological Reserve in the city of Puebla, Mexico, a forest dasometric diagnosis was applied by sampling in the area. Settling 17 sampling sites area of 1000 m2, completely randomized design with dasometric data. The results were averaged 183.5 trees per hectare, the most dominant Eucalyptus sp with 61.5% of actual stocks species. Following the species Cupressus lindleyi with 22.2%. Subsequently, the species Juniperus deppeana, with 6.8%, and the species Ipomoea murocoides, which had 2.9% of the total population, like the species polystachya Eysenhardtia, continuing the species flaccid Juniperus, with 1.6%, followed Cupressus sempervirens with 0.96%, Casuarina equisetifolia, with 0.64%, finally Pinus patula with 0.64%. Are cataloged as exotic tree species the next in line: Eucalyptus sp, and Casuarina equisetifolia, Cupressus lindleyi, Cupressus semprevirens and Pinus patula and were characterized as native species: Juniperus deppeana Eysenhardtia polystachya, Juniperus flacida. The areas are to manage 20 hectares with reforestation for restoration, on 75 hectares’ protection is carried out in areas prone to invasion and species conservation and recreation area with 40 hectares for hiking, ecological tours, bike paths and recreation.

Foreword

The association of granulomatous lobular mastitis and carcinoma of the breast is very infrequent. We present the case of a 44-year-old woman with concurrent granulomatous lobular mastitis with coryneform bacteria and ductal carcinoma in situ in the same breast.

Weyl semimetals are prominent examples of topologically protected quantum matter. These materials are the three-dimensional counterparts of graphene and great efforts are being devoted to achieve a thorough understanding of their fundamental physics. In this work, we aim at contributing to this end by discussing the effect of a single magnetic impurity in Weyl semimetals as a first step towards considering a larger number of point-like impurities. We find that resonances appear in the local density of states (LDOS) with a Friedel-like behaviour, oscillating as a function of distance. By studying the spin-resolved LDOS, we can observe non-trivial and anisotropic spin textures where the spin components perpendicular to the spin of the impurity wind around the latter, until the spin becomes completely parallel to the impurity right at the impurity’s location. Friedel oscillations also play a relevant role in the form of the spin textures, forming an oscillatory pattern. We believe our results can pave the way to further studies which consider the presence of a large number of random magnetic impurities.

We study the effect of the Rashba spin–orbit coupling on the Fermi arcs of topological Dirac semimetals. The Rashba coupling is induced by breaking the inversion symmetry at the surface. Remarkably, this coupling could be enhanced by the interaction with the substrate and controlled by an external electric field. We study analytically and numerically the rotation of the spin of the surface states as a function of the electron’s momentum and the coupling strength. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the spin-dependent two-terminal conductance is presented in the clean limit and with the addition of a random distribution of impurities. Depending on the magnitude of the quadratic terms in the Hamiltonian, the spin-flip conductance may become dominant, thus showing the potential of the system for spintronic applications, since the effect is robust even in the presence of disorder.

Tumor-infiltrating immune cells phenotype is associated with tumor progression. However, little is known about the phenotype of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from breast cancer patients. We investigated MMP1 and MMP11 expression in PBMC from breast cancer patients and we analyzed gene expression changes upon their interaction with cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). We measured the impact of PBMC on proinflammatory gene expression in breast cancer cells, normal fibroblast (NF), and CAF and the impact on proliferation and invasiveness capacity of breast cancer cells. Gene expression of MMP1 and MMP11 in PBMC from breast cancer patients (n = 54) and control (n = 28); expression of IL1A, IL6, IL17, IFNβ, and NFĸB in breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231); and, additionally, IL10 and MMP11 in CAF and NF were analyzed by qRT-PCR before and after co-culture. Our results show the existence of a subpopulation of breast cancer patients (25.9%) with very high levels of MMP11 gene expression in PBMC. Also, gene expression of MMP1 and MMP11 increases in PBMC after co-culture with breast cancer cell lines, NF or CAF. PBMC from healthy or breast cancer patients induce an increased proliferation rate on MCF-7 and an increased invasiveness capacity of MDA-MB-231. Finally, we show a differential expression profile of inflammatory genes in NF and CAF when co-cultured with control or breast cancer PBMC. We have observed that MMPs’ expression in PBMC is regulated by the microenvironment, while the expression of inflammatory genes in NF or CAF is differentially regulated by PBMC. These findings confirm the importance of the crosstalk between stromal cells and suggest that PBMC would play a role in promoting aggressive tumor behavior.

Lake Zirahuén is one of the ecologically better preserved and small-sized lakes in Mexico. Observations revealed that Lake Zirahuén is subjected to a consistent diurnal wind because of the presence of a valley–mountain breeze that triggers semidiurnal and 3–8 h variability oscillations, with the latter among the natural frequencies of the lake, whereas the former and the principal forcing are in near resonance with the second vertical mode. The thermodynamic variability was greater in the metalimnion where the analysis of eigenfunctions shows that higher modes (>2) are important at depths below the thermocline. The numerical modeling adequately described the water temperature evolution and surface layer currents in an averaged manner. The daily observations showed drifts in surface currents, acquiring velocities of up to 0.1 m/s, owing to wind stress, which caused an increase in temperature at the northern section of the lake. Data averaged over three months revealed that the surface currents flow northward with an anticyclonic return to the east part and a pair of cyclonic returns to the northwestern and southwestern parts of the lake; whereas at the vertical, the structure showed two circular regions divided by the thermocline located at a depth of 15–20 m.

The helical distribution of the electronic density in chiral molecules, such as DNA and bacteriorhodopsin, has been suggested to induce a spin−orbit coupling interaction that may lead to the so-called chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. Key ingredients for the theoretical modelling are, in this context, the helically shaped potential of the molecule and, concomitantly, a Rashba-like spin−orbit coupling due to the appearance of a magnetic field in the electron reference frame. Symmetries of these models clearly play a crucial role in explaining the observed effect, but a thorough analysis has been largely ignored in the literature. In this work, we present a study of these symmetries and how they can be exploited to enhance chiral-induced spin selectivity in helical molecular systems.

Current Mexican forest management is the product of a history that dates back to 1926. Earlier approaches were directly or indirectly aimed at attaining the normal forest model. Around 1980, multi-resource and environmental impact considerations were mandated for all private timber operations. Timber-oriented silviculture was deemed insufficient to take proper care of non-timber values in the forest. Concerns about water quality, biodiversity, and natural conservation were the motives for promoting voluntary best management practices, in 2012 and afterwards. In this research, two traditional Mexican forest management schemes, Sicodesi and Plan Costa, enhanced with best management practices, are compared to Mapa, a management method specifically designed to manage landscape attributes. Results from two successive forest inventories 10 and 13 years apart show that Sicodesi and Plan Costa, even when modified to comply with best management practices, failed to maintain proper stewardship of non-timber values. Mapa, however, employed multiple means to drive forest dynamics to fulfill multi-resource objectives, constrained by self-financing and competitive profitability. These capabilities in Mapa enabled some degree of control over non-timber values, but many more important processes occur beyond the property boundary, and beyond the planning scope considered in Mapa and all other forest planning methods.

La Carta del Turismo Sostenible de Lanzarote de 1995 es un documento clave al establecer el compromiso del turismo con la sostenibilidad. Después, junto con otros referentes, se integra en El Código Ético Mundial del Turismo (CEMT), estableciendo la Deontología del Turismo. Sin embargo, ¿Cómo se ha asumido ese deber ser del turismo, y en específico el Desarrollo Sustentable? Con base en una evaluación de 360 grados sobre el turismo en Cancún (turistas, residentes y profesionales del turismo), se indaga sobre la percepción de la sostenibilidad en el destino turístico bajo los lineamientos del CEMT. Los resultados muestran cómo la valoración del turismo como factor de Desarrollo Sustentable no es uniforme entre los actores centrales, evidenciándose una mejor valoración por parte de los turistas, y una mirada más crítica de la población residente y de los profesionales.

El artículo enfoca la variedad de gobiernos progresistas en América Latina que, representando un abanico de definiciones ideológicas, desde 1998, colaboran intensamente para reforzar o crear mecanismos de integración regional, aplican políticas que se contraponen y combaten vigorosamente al otrora dominante neoliberalismo. Añade que en menos de 20 años America Latina ha transitado del sometimiento abyecto al Consenso de Washington a un Consenso Sin Washington. La pobreza en la región ha bajado dramáticamente, los gobiernos controlan áreas clave de la economía, incluyendo materias primas estratégicas y, la soberanía nacional se ha reforzado extraordinariamente. Pero, tales logros no son estables: planes estadounidenses de desestabilización son una amenaza permanente. Además, las políticas de inclusión social, han convertido a millones de individuos en activos ciudadanos. La redistribución, siendo necesaria, no es suficiente para satisfacer las aspiraciones de su nuevo horizonte socioeconómico. Analiza las complejidades y desafíos planteados en esta fase de desarrollo de la nueva América Latina.

A Penning-trap facility for high-precision mass spectrometry based on a novel detection method has been built. This method consists in measuring motional frequencies of singly-charged ions trapped in strong magnetic fields through the fluorescence photons from laser-cooled ^40 Ca ^+ ions, to overcome limitations faced in electronic single-ion detection techniques. The key element of this facility is an open-ring Penning trap coupled upstream to a preparation Penning trap similar to those used at Radioactive Ion Beam facilities. Here we present a full characterization of the trap and demonstrate motional frequency measurements of trapped ions stored by applying external radiofrequency fields in resonance with the ions’ eigenmotions, in combination with time-of-flight identification. The infrastructure developed to observe the fluorescence photons from ^40 Ca ^+ , comprising the 12 laser beams and the optical system to register the image in a high-sensitive CCD sensor, has been proved by taking images of the trapped and cooled ^40 Ca ^+ ions. This demonstrates the functionality of the proposed laser-based mass-spectrometry technique, providing a unique platform for precision experiments with implications in different fields of physics.

Neisseria meningitidis isolates are conventionally classified by serosubtyping that characterizes the reactivities of the PorA outer membrane protein variable-region epitopes with monoclonal antibodies. Porins are outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of N. meningitidis serogroup B and have attracted study principally for two reasons: their use in the classification of meningococcal isolates into serotype and subtype and as potential components of vaccines against this important pathogen. New murine hybridomas, secreting specific monoclonal antibodies against PorA serotype P1.4 of N. meningitidis serogroup B, were generated using conventional hybridoma procedures. The monoclonal antibodies obtained were characterized by Western blot and whole cell ELISA, using reference strains from different N. meningitidis serotypes and subtypes. All monoclonal antibodies belong to isotype IgG1. Others hybridomas producing MAbs against PorB and FrpB were also obtained.

We describe a case of papillated Bowen disease (PBD), associated with a clear cell atypical fibroxanthoma (CCAFXA). The epidermal lesion showed a bowenoid papillomatous growth pattern with histologic features suggestive of infection by human papilloma virus (HPV). In the dermis a neoplasm made up by spindled or polygonal cells with wide clear cytoplasm and moderate nuclear pleomorphism was found. Immunohistochemical characteristics of these two lesions were clearly different. The atypical cells of the intraepidermal proliferation were positive for AE1-AE3 anticytokeratin antibody, EMA, p16, p53 and p63. The dermal tumor was positive for vimentin, CD10, CD68, CD99, alpha-1-antitrypsin and c-kit. Histological features and immunohistochemical profile of the dermal tumor corresponded to a CCAFXA, a very uncommon neoplasm of which only 10 cases have been reported. In situ hybridization for numerous types of HPVs was negative in both lesions.

Cuba is not perfect. Blocaded and subjected to the unrelenting harassment and aggression by the most powerful military machine of the history of humanity for five decades cannot avoid suffering from deficiencies, shortages, distortions, inefficiencies and other difficulties. However, since literally 1959, the Cuban revolution has been subjected to a defamation campaign that has managed to embed a demonized depiction of her reality in the brains of millions of innocent consumers of mass media ‘information’. This ‘achievement’ has been repeated for five decades and the essential elements of such a depiction are that the Cuban regime is essentially an obsolete, fossilized, crumbling, totalitarian communist dictatorship headed by a megalomaniac, bloodthirsty tyrant. Such depiction, or varieties of it, contribute to shape public opinion which helps justify US policy against the island and significantly obfuscates ordinary people’s understanding of the complexities of the Cuban revolution, including the almost totality of the enormous amount of positive features of the revolution. His article aims at deconstructing this fallacious though no less powerful mythology that has been constructed about Cuban reality, not an easy task that sometimes reminds us of Thomas Carlyle biographer of Oliver Cromwell, who said he “had to drag out the Lord Protector from under a mountain of dead dogs, a huge load of calumny.” All proportions guarded, it must have been much easier for Carlyle to remove the mountain of dead dogs from the memory of Cromwell that to undo the infinite torrent of calumnies that falls on Cuba, when the object of enquiry is not even yet dead, nor has it fallen into oblivion as it had occurred with the 17th century English revolutionary by the time of Carlyle

El incremento dramático de incidencia y severidad de los “mohos verdes” en la producción de hongos comestibles se refleja en la aparición de formas altamente agresivas de éstos patógenos, como es el caso de los biotipos de Trichoderma harzianum (Th1, Th2., Th3 y Th4), que han sido encontrados en Europa y Norte América, donde la importancia de la patogenicidad de dicho “moho” se comprobó en 1995 con las pérdidas del 30-100% en las plantas de hongos comestibles en Chester, Pennsylvania. En México se han identificado diversos “mohos contaminantes”, entre los cuales Trichoderma spp., se encuentra frecuentemente en la producción de hongos comestibles (Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus y Lentinula edodes), en el 2004, un grupo de investigación detectó la presencia de cepas altamente agresivas de T. aggressivum f. aggressivum, identificadas con técnicas clásicas y moleculares, en muestras de substrato (compost) contaminado, proporcionado por la principal planta de hongos de México. Actualmente se desconoce la situación sobre la distribución de Trichoderma harzianum y los problemas de contaminación en la producción de hongos comestibles, tanto de zonas rurales, como de zonas industrializadas en México, puede causar serias disminuciones en la producción de hongos comestibles y presentar pérdidas económicas para los productores de la región. Palabras Claves: T. harzianum; T. aggressivum; patogenicidad; producción de hongos comestibles. Abstract The dramatic increase of green mould incidence and severity in edible mushroom production has been reflected in the emergence of highly aggressive forms of these pathogens, such as Trichoderma harzianum biotypes (Th1, Th2, Th3 and Th4). These have been found in Europe and North America where the importance of the mould’s pathogenicity was discovered in 1995 leading to 30%-100% losses from Th4 in edible mushrooms from farms in Chester, Pennsylvania. Several contaminating moulds have been identified in Mexico, Trichoderma spp. frequently occurring in edible mushroom production (Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes). A research group detected the presence of highly aggressive strains of T. aggressivum f. aggressivum in 2004, identified by classical and molecular techniques on contaminated substrate (compost) samples provided by the main edible mushroom-growing farm in Mexico. The current situation regarding Trichoderma harzianum distribution and contamination problems in edible mushroom production in both rural and industrial areas in Mexico remains unknown. This can lead to a serious decrease in edible mushroom production lead to financial loss for the region’s producers. Key words: T. harzianum; T. aggressivum; pathogenicity; edible mushroom production.

Pierre Reverdy has entered the literary history as the creator of «Literary Cubism», not only due to his close friendship to the painters cercle of Montmartre Bateau-Lavoir –especially Juan Gris–, but also because his innovating writing technique. Although, Reverdy's first works, composed when he just arrived to Paris, are not created following that method. His Poèmes en prose and La Lucarne ovale are a projection of his everyday experiences, as the others opuses L'Imperméable and, above all, Le Voleur de Talan. Reverdy practices an écriture du moi usually misconsidered by the critics –perhaps hidden behind the historical importance of the «cubist» Reverdy–, initially used in Les Ardoises du toit, work of 1918. It is important, so, to vindicate the value of these works not only from an aesthetic point of view, but also lyric: there took shelter the most sincere and sensitive Reverdy –the same who took shelter behind the cryptical landscape of cubist technique. This tents to realise a thematic analysis of the autobiographical weight of the mentionned works.

This text analyses and describes J.-K. Huysmans’ evolution from zolian Natural-ism towards what he named «spiritualist naturalism», much more intimate and introspective. The desertion of the Médan school is due not only to aesthetical and social needs, but also to personal exigencies of psychological principle. Tired of the usual scenes and characters of Zola’s aesthetics, Huysmans deals with the naturalist study of himself, aiming to operate an acceptable reconstruction of his personal and familiar coordinates. Thanks to the application of Charles Mauron’s psychocritical method, the contrast between recurrent figures and biological facts highlights an unresolved Œdipian conflict, source of sorrows that the writer tried to correct by means of literature.

La «materia portuguesa» es un tema que inspiró a buena cantidad de obras dramáticas del Siglo de Oro español, sobre todo en el período de la monarquía dual, en el que los episodios destacados de la historia de Portugal y sus principales protagonistas son tratados, en general, desde una visión castellano-céntrica. Este artículo se centra concretamente en los hechos que protagonizaron los duques de Braganza, de capital importancia tanto para la historia de Portugal como la de la monarquía austríaca, y que sirvieron de fuente para distintas comedias del teatro del Siglo de Oro. Se analizan diversas obras de Lope de Vega, entre otras El duque de Viseo, El más galán portugués, para contrastarlas con La tragedia del duque de Berganza del dramaturgo granadino Cubillo de Aragón. El análisis de las dramatizaciones deja en evidencia la diferente actitud de ambos dramaturgos para con la casa de Braganza y su distinta valoración del noble portugués en relación con las circunstancias históricas que protagonizó durante el reinado de Juan II de Portugal; en el caso de Lope de Vega, coincidiendo con el período de la monarquía dual, para ennoblecer su imagen, y en el de Cubillo para confirmar su fama de traidor tras el levantamiento contra la monarquía de Felipe IV que condujo a la secesión de Portugal.

We recently reported the rapid expansion of an HIV-1 subtype F cluster among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the region of Galicia, Northwest Spain. Here we update this outbreak, analyze near full-length genomes, determine phylogenetic relationships, and estimate its origin. For this study, we used sequences of HIV-1 protease-reverse transcriptase and env V3 region, and for 17 samples, near full-length genome sequences were obtained. Phylogenetic analyses were performed via maximum likelihood. Locations and times of most recent common ancestors were estimated using Bayesian inference. Among samples analyzed by us, 100 HIV-1 F1 subsubtype infections of monophyletic origin were diagnosed in Spain, including 88 in Galicia and 12 in four other regions. Most viruses (n = 90) grouped in a subcluster (Galician subcluster), while 7 from Valladolid (Central Spain) grouped in another subcluster. At least 94 individuals were sexually-infected males and at least 71 were MSM. Seventeen near full-length genomes were uniformly of F1 subsubtype. Through similarity searches and phylogenetic analyses, we identified 18 viruses from four other Western European countries [Switzerland (n = 8), Belgium (n = 5), France (n = 3), and United Kingdom (n = 2)] and one from Brazil, from samples collected in 2005-2011, which branched within the subtype F cluster, outside of both Spanish subclusters, most of them corresponding to recently infected individuals. The most probable geographic origin and age of the Galician subcluster was Ferrol, Northwest Galicia, around 2007, while the Western European cluster probably emerged in Switzerland around 2002. In conclusion, a recently expanded HIV-1 subtype F cluster, the largest non-subtype B cluster reported in Western Europe, continues to spread among MSM in Spain; this cluster is part of a larger cluster with a wide geographic circulation in diverse Western European countries.

Se realizó un estudio aleatorizado, controlado y a doble ciegas en 225 adolescentes cubanos entre 13 y 16 años de edad, con el objetivo de evaluar la reactogenicidad y la inmunogenicidad de una nueva vacuna de toxoide tetánico y toxoide diftérico con concentración reducida, producida en el Instituto Finlay, con respecto a su similar comercial IMOVAX dT adult de Aventis Pasteur. Se tomaron muestras de suero antes y 21 días después de la vacunación. La reactogenicidad de ambas vacunas fue similar. Los síntomas y signos, tanto locales como generales fueron moderados y aparecieron principalmente durante las primeras 72 h después de la vacunación. Todos los voluntarios vacunados alcanzaron niveles protectores (³0,1 UI/mL) de antitoxina contra el tétanos y la difteria. El 99,25% de los inmunizados con la vacuna experimental y el 98,36% de los voluntarios del grupo control presentaron niveles de antitoxina tetánica correspondientes a una protección de larga duración (³1,0 UI/mL); para la antitoxina diftérica se alcanzaron estos niveles en el 81,20% y 80,33% de los voluntarios en cada grupo. Los títulos medios geométricos de antitoxina tetánica (21,73 UI/mL) y antitoxina diftérica (2,55 UI/mL) inducidos por la nueva vacuna fueron superiores (p

Our objective was to determine the expression of the elements of the Lin28/Let-7 system, and related microRNAs (miRNAs), in early stages of human placentation and ectopic pregnancy, as a means to assess the potential role of this molecular hub in the pathogenesis of ectopic gestation. Seventeen patients suffering from tubal ectopic pregnancy (cases) and forty-three women with normal on-going gestation that desired voluntary termination of pregnancy (VTOP; controls) were recruited for the study. Embryonic tissues were subjected to RNA extraction and quantitative PCR analyses for LIN28B, Let-7a, miR-132, miR-145 and mir-323-3p were performed. Our results demonstrate that the expression of LIN28B mRNA was barely detectable in embryonic tissue from early stages of gestation and sharply increased thereafter to plateau between gestational weeks 7-9. In contrast, expression levels of Let-7, mir-132 and mir-145 were high in embryonic tissue from early gestations (≤ 6-weeks) and abruptly declined thereafter, especially for Let-7. Opposite trends were detected for mir-323-3p. Embryonic expression of LIN28B mRNA was higher in early stages (≤ 6-weeks) of ectopic pregnancy than in normal gestation. In contrast, Let-7a expression was significantly lower in early ectopic pregnancies, while miR-132 and miR-145 levels were not altered. Expression of mir-323-3p was also suppressed in ectopic embryonic tissue. We are the first to document reciprocal changes in the expression profiles of the gene encoding the RNA-binding protein, LIN28B, and the related miRNAs, Let-7a, mir-132 and mir-145, in early stages of human placentation. This finding suggests the potential involvement of LIN28B/Let-7 (de)regulated pathways in the pathophysiology of ectopic pregnancy in humans.

BackgroundUnderstanding the molecular basis of embryonic implantation is of great clinical and biological relevance. Little is currently known about the adhesion receptors that determine endometrial receptivity for embryonic implantation in humans.Methods and principal findingsUsing two human endometrial cell lines characterized by low and high receptivity, we identified the membrane receptor CD98 as a novel molecule selectively and significantly associated with the receptive phenotype. In human endometrial samples, CD98 was the only molecule studied whose expression was restricted to the implantation window in human endometrial tissue. CD98 expression was restricted to the apical surface and included in tetraspanin-enriched microdomains of primary endometrial epithelial cells, as demonstrated by the biochemical association between CD98 and tetraspanin CD9. CD98 expression was induced in vitro by treatment of primary endometrial epithelial cells with human chorionic gonadotropin, 17-β-estradiol, LIF or EGF. Endometrial overexpression of CD98 or tetraspanin CD9 greatly enhanced mouse blastocyst adhesion, while their siRNA-mediated depletion reduced the blastocyst adhesion rate.ConclusionsThese results indicate that CD98, a component of tetraspanin-enriched microdomains, appears to be an important determinant of human endometrial receptivity during the implantation window.

Parâmetros y dinâmicas de la resistencia al neoliberalismo global. Se examina la estructura del capitalismo mundial y sus tendencias dominantes, para poder asi analisar aspectos centrales de la rivalidad entre la Unión Europea y los Estados Unidos, y discutir los pre-requisitos para Ia manutención de la hegemonia mundial por parte de éstos últimos. Esta contextualización es necesaria para poder entender la resistencia generalizada a la globalización en el mundo entero.