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Este trabajo trata de la importancia que tienen los estudiantes de medicina para responder a las demandas de atención médica en México; alude al proceso histórico que determina esta situación y la construcción de la categoría “médicos en formación”; refiere las condiciones laborales, educativas y de salud de los estudiantes de medicina en las unidades médicas, y su impacto sobre la calidad de la atención médica. Desde la perspectiva ética y de los derechos humanos se plantea que los programas de educación médica, y en particular la categoría de “médicos en formación”, pueden, paradójicamente, violentar tanto el derecho a la educación como el derecho a la atención médica, y dañar tanto la salud de los estudiantes como la de la población por ellos atendida. Se concluye que debe desarrollarse un nuevo respaldo ético docente asistencial para educación médica en las unidades de atención médica.

Introducción. Las instituciones de educación superior están constantemente enfrentándose a los desafíos de mejorar su productividad, competitividad, función social, así como la calidad de la educación y formación ofrecida al estudiantado. Dos respuestas para mejorar la calidad de la educación y la formación impartida al estudiantado, así como su función social, son el aprendizaje-servicio y la mentoría. El fundamento de ambas intervenciones de enseñanza recae en el hecho de que permiten una mayor conexión eficiente entre el currículo, las necesidades sociales y el mundo profesional. Objetivo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue explorar la eficacia del Programa Huelva Educa (PHE) para mejorar el grado de compromiso académico en el alumnado participante en calidad de personas mentoras. Metodología. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 54 estudiantes de la Universidad de Huelva seleccionados mediante un muestreo no probabilístico de conveniencia. Se adoptó un diseño cuasi-experimental pretest-postest de estudiantado universitario, donde la variable dependiente se midió mediante el “Cuestionario sobre compromiso académico del alumnado universitario” y del cuaderno de trabajo de las personas mentoras PHE. Resultados. Los resultados registrados muestran que el alumnado mejora significativamente comportamientos relacionados con la implicación en clase, análisis reflexivo de experiencias e ideas, razonamiento crítico, realizar tareas en un idioma extranjero, entre otras. Conclusiones. Este trabajo aporta evidencias sobre la eficacia del programa para la mejora de la preparación de sus asignaturas, aumento del logro académico o incremento en su aprendizaje activo y colaborativo, por lo que se recomienda la importancia de adoptar este tipo de programa.

La ética docente-asistencial atiende situaciones derivadas del involucramiento de los pacientes en el proceso de formación de los médicos. En comparación con la ética en la investigación clínica, la ética docente-asistencial está como la de antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial: aplica de manera autorregulada las normas de la ética médica a los problemas educativos con los pacientes. La carencia de lineamientos éticos específicos para las labores docente-asistenciales se manifiesta, entre otros aspectos, en debilidades en la supervisión y asesoría de los estudiantes durante sus prácticas clínicas, lo que favorece violaciones al derecho a la vida y a la salud de la población. Se propone considerar la conveniencia de los comités de ética docente-asistencial, que protejan y promuevan el respeto y la garantía del derecho a la educación en las unidades médicas.

Greenhouses on the Mediterranean coast mainly use plastic materials as their cover. The influence of light exerted by these materials directly affects the crops by modifying the environment in which they develop. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the use of two plastic films in an experimental greenhouse on the development of fungal diseases in two spring–summer crop cycles: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) from February to July 2021 and pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) from February to July 2022. The study was carried out in Almeria (Spain) in a multispan greenhouse divided transversely into two sectors by a polyethylene sheet. A commercial film was installed in the east sector (90% of transmissivity and 55% diffusivity) and an experimental film was installed in the west sector (85% of transmissivity and 60% diffusivity). In addition, the effect of the yield and quality of the harvested fruit was determined. In this study, two diseases were established naturally on the crop: (i) powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) in both the tomato and the pepper crop cycles and (ii) early blight (Alternaria solani) in the tomato. The analyses of both diseases showed that the areas of the greenhouse that used the plastic cover, which presented a lower sunlight transmissivity, showed higher levels of disease than the areas that used the plastic cover that allowed greater transmissivity of light within the greenhouse, differing statistically in some phases of the crop. The marketable yield was 4.2% (for tomato) and 3.1% (for pepper) higher in the sector with the experimental film with high transmissivity. For both crops, the quality of the fruits did not show statistically significant differences.

Permeability and inertial factor are the most relevant variables in the Forchheimer equation. They are important to estimate pressure drop when a fluid flow is passing through a porous media. However, in the insect-proof screens field, the existing models to date are still providing a poor predictive accuracy, in part due to they are based on 2D porosity of screens. This work provides novel models for permeability and inertial factor, which are developed from experimental data of insect-proof screens in a wind tunnel and the analytical estimation of 3D porosity. Instead of fitting models directly on observed training data values of permeability and inertial factor, we propose to focus the modelling efforts on finding models dependent on the 3D porosity through the constants in the pressure drop of Forchheimer equation. Since two screens can have the same 2D porosity but different 3D porosity, this makes also models more reliable. The combination of all these aspects has led to parametric models that overcome by far predictions by previous models in the literature.

Mediterranean greenhouses are usually covered by plastic materials (films); these films allow light to pass through them, modifying some of their characteristics. The properties of the plastic cover influence the development of greenhouse crops. In addition, it can influence the stresses that the plants endure and the development of fungal diseases in the crop. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect that an experimental film cover, with high transmittance and high light diffusivity, produces on the development of fungal diseases on a cucumber crop (Cucumis sativus L.). Two different film covers were compared: (i) commercial film (transmittance of 85%; diffusivity of 60%); and (ii) experimental film (transmittance of 90%; diffusivity of 55%). The study was carried out across two autumn–winter crop cycles in a multi-span greenhouse divided into two isolated sectors. Three fungal diseases caused the main damage to the cucumber crop: downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis), powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginia) and gummy stem blight (Didymella bryoniae). In the case of powdery mildew, a greater severity in the sector was observed with the commercial film in comparison with the sector with the experimental film, with significant statistical differences between the two sectors in both crop cycles. Downy mildew and gummy stem blight were fungal diseases with less presence than downy mildew, and a greater presence of these two fungal diseases in the sector with the commercial film was also observed in both crop cycles.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of different evaporative cooling systems compared to natural ventilation on the microclimate, photosynthetic activity and yield of a tomato crop (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) in a spring-summer cycle. In this study, the expenditure of electricity and water caused by the different refrigeration systems and their economic cost was analysed. The study was carried out in three multi-span greenhouses: (i) a greenhouse with evaporative pads and fans and natural ventilation (PS + NV); (ii) a greenhouse with a fog system and natural ventilation (FS + NV); (iii) a greenhouse only with natural ventilation (NV). The photosynthetic activity was higher in the greenhouse with natural ventilation (14.7 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1) than in the greenhouse with the pad-fan system (14.6 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1; without a statistically significant difference) and in the greenhouse with fog system (13.4 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1; with a statistically significant difference). The production was higher in the greenhouse with the pad-fan system (5.0 kg m−2) than in the greenhouse with natural ventilation (4.8 kg m−2; without a statistically significant difference) and in the greenhouse with a fog system (4.5 kg m−2; with a statistically significant difference). In general, photosynthetic activity and crop production increased as the maximum temperature (and the number of hours of exposure to high temperatures) decreased. It has been observed that the improvement in temperature conditions inside the greenhouses in spring-summer cycles produces increases in the photosynthetic activity of the tomato crop and, consequently, growth in production. The energy and water consumption derived from the use of active-type cooling systems have not been offset by a representative improvement in photosynthetic activity or crop production.

Resumen: Objetivo: Saber si los programas de educación médica reconocidos por su calidad tienen mejores resultados en el Examen Nacional de Aspirantes a Residencias Médicas. Material y métodos: Se analizan los resultados del Consejo Mexicano para la Acreditación de la Educación Médica (programas acreditados, programas no acreditados y programas sin acreditación) y los de los Comités Interinstitucionales para la Evaluación de la Educación Superior (programas con y sin nivel 1) según el Examen Nacional de Aspirantes a Residencias Médicas (2016). Resultados: Tanto en el número de programas con promedio general aprobatorio, como en la probabilidad de ser seleccionado y en el promedio general del examen, los programas con reconocimiento tienen mejores resultados. Sin embargo, en el 37% de los programas hay contraposición entre reconocimiento y resultados. Conclusiones: En general, los programas con reconocimiento tienen mejores resultados. Hay que justipreciar la importancia de estos para el otorgamiento de los reconocimientos a la calidad. Abstract: Objective: To determine whether the medical education programs recognised for their quality achieve better results in the National Medical Residency Examination. Material and methods: An analysis was performed on the results from the Mexican Council for Accrediting Medical Education (accredited programs, non-accredited programs and programs with no accreditation), as well as from the Inter-institutional Committee on Evaluating Higher Education (Level 1 or No Level 1 Programs) according to the National Medical Residency Examination for Candidates (2016). Results: Recognised programs achieve better results as regards the possibility to be admitted, as well as the mean scores. However, there is an evident difference between the results and the recognition in 37% of the programs. Conclusions: In general, the recognised programs get better results. Thus, their importance has to be appraised in order to recognise quality. Palabras clave: Acreditación de programas, Educación médica, Médicos generales, Personal de salud, Keywords: Accrediting programs, Medical education, General practitioners, Health workers

Resumen: Introducción: En la Universidad Veracruzana se puso en marcha el Plan de Estudios General de Especialidades Médicas, 2013. Los cursos que lo integran son obligatorios dada su importancia para lograr, en los futuros médicos especialistas, competencias que contribuyan a mejorar la práctica de la medicina especializada. Ante la dificultad para impartirlos presencialmente, se ofrecieron en línea los de Educación Médica, Sistemas y Servicios de Salud y Desarrollo Humano. Objetivo: Conocer la opinión de los residentes sobre los cursos virtuales del ciclo 2015-2016. Material y método: Se aplicó una encuesta de opinión a residentes (n = 567) que concluyeron Educación Médica (n = 220), Sistemas y Servicios de Salud (n = 192) y Desarrollo Humano (n = 155). La encuesta recoge la opinión cuantitativa y cualitativa sobre: accesibilidad, estructura y utilidad del curso, facilitadores y apoyo técnico. Resultados: En general, el 63,7% de los residentes tienen una opinión favorable o muy favorable de los cursos. En ese mismo sentido la tienen el 77,3% de los participantes en Educación Médica; el 59,3% en Sistemas y Servicios de Salud, y el 49,7% en Desarrollo Humano. Las opiniones favorables hacen referencia a la novedad y utilidad de los cursos, y las desfavorables a que demandan recursos, tiempo y no son específicos de la especialidad. Conclusiones: La opinión de los residentes sobre los cursos virtuales revela información fundamental para entender la problemática entre las instituciones de educación y salud para formar médicos especialistas. Se requieren nuevas reglas de entendimiento y operación para mejorar la calidad de la formación de especialistas en México. Abstract: Introduction: The University of Veracruz implemented the General Study Plan for Medical Specialties in 2013. The courses included in this study plan are mandatory, as they are important to improve specialised medicine skills for medical specialists of the future. Since it is not possible to deliver attendance-based courses, medical education, health services and systems and human development courses were offered online. Objective: To find out the opinion of residents on online courses during the 2015-2016 academic years. Material and method: An opinion poll was conducted among residents (n = 567) who completed the courses on Medical Education (n = 220), Health Systems and Services (n = 192), and Human Development (n = 155). The survey collected quantitative and qualitative data on four variables: Accessibility, structure and usefulness of the course, facilitators, and technical support. Results: A favourable or very favourable opinion of on online courses was expressed by 63.7% of residents. Broken down by course; 77.3% of the participants who studied the Medical Education course, 59.3% of the participants who studied the Health Systems and Services course, and 49.7% of the participants who studied Human Development were also favourable or very favourable. Favourable opinions refer to the novelty and usefulness of the courses, while unfavourable opinions refer to the fact that these courses demand resources and time, and are not specific to the specialty. Conclusions: The opinion of residents on online courses highlighted important information to help understand the current problems between the education and health sectors in the training of medical specialists. New operation and understanding rules are required to improve the training of medical specialists in Mexico. Palabras clave: Educación médica de posgrado, Formación de médicos especialistas, Relación docente-asistencial, Educación virtual, Keywords: Graduate medical education, Training medical specialists, Health care teaching-relationships, Online education

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00851-9.

This paper conceptualizes and evaluates the groundwater resource in a coastal urban area hydrologically influenced by peri-urban irrigation agriculture. Adra town in southern Spain was the case study chosen to evaluate the groundwater resource contributed from the northern steep urban sector (NSUS) to the southern flat urban sector (SFUS), which belongs to the Adra River Delta Groundwater Body (ARDGB). The methodology included (1) geological and hydrogeological data compilation; (2) thirteen Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW), and eight Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) profiles to define shallow geological structures and some hydrogeological features; (3) hydrogeological surveys for aquifer hydraulic definition; (4) conceptualization of the hydrogeological functioning; and (5) the NSUS groundwater resource evaluation. All findings were integrated to prepare a 1:5000 scale hydrogeological map and cross-sections. Ten hydrogeological formations were defined, four of them (Paleozoic weathered bedrock, Pleistocene littoral facies, Holocene colluvial, and anthropogenic filling) in the NSUS contributing to the SFUS. The NSUS groundwater discharge and recharge are, respectively, around 0.28 Mm3 year−1 and 0.31 Mm3 year−1, and the actual groundwater storage is around 0.47 Mm3. The groundwater renewability is high enough to guarantee a durable small exploitation for specific current and future urban water uses which can alleviate the pressure on the ARDGB.

The efficient use of light is one of the most important factors for the development of greenhouse crops. It is increasingly necessary to use film covers that enhance transmittance and the proportion of diffuse light to generate a more homogeneous light distribution. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect that an experimental film cover with high transmittance and high light diffusivity produces on the microclimate and the growth and yield of tomato crops (Solanum lycopersicum L.), compared with a commercial thermal film cover. The trial was developed during a spring–summer growing cycle in a multispan greenhouse divided into two compartments (sectors) separated by a vertical polyethylene sheet. In the East sector, a commercial film was installed (transmittance of 85% and diffusivity of 60%) and in the West sector, an experimental film was used (transmittance of 90% and diffusivity of 55%). The results show an increase in the marketable yield of 0.25 kg·m−2 in the sector with the experimental film, which represents 3.2% growth with respect to the commercial film. The photosynthetic activity measured in tomato leaves was 21.5% higher in plants growing in the sector with the experimental film, with had the highest transmittance. The increase in radiation transmittance of 14% produced greater photosynthetic activity without generating a higher inside air temperature at the crop level (at the height of 2 m above the floor). However, the mean temperature of the soil surface was statistically higher on the side with the diffuse experimental cover film, as a logical consequence of the higher level of intercepted solar radiation.

This work analyzes the influence of whitening a greenhouse roof on the microclimate and yield of a tomato crop. In the west sectors of two multi-span greenhouses, a whitening concentration of 0.250 kg L−1 was used as a control. In an autumn–winter cycle, a lower (0.125 kg L−1) and an increased (0.500 kg L−1) concentration were used in the east sectors of greenhouses 1 and 2. In a spring–summer cycle, the whitening concentrations in the east were varied depending on outside temperature. The effect of whitening on photosynthetic activity, production, plants’ morphological parameters, and the quality of the fruits were also analyzed. To evaluate the effect on microclimate, solar and photosynthetically active (PAR) radiations, air and soil temperatures, and heat flux in the soil were measured in greenhouse 1. Results show that excessive whitening leads to reductions of inside PAR radiation that decreases photosynthesis and crop yield. A whitening concentration of 0.500 kg L−1 is proposed at the beginning of the autumn–winter crop cycle, washing the cover when inside temperature drops to 35 °C. At the end of the spring–summer cycle, a concentration of 0.125 kg L−1 is recommended when inside temperature increases to 35 °C.

Natural ventilation is the most important method of climate control in Mediterranean greenhouses. In this study, the microclimate and air flow inside a Mediterranean greenhouse were evaluated by means of sonic anemometry. Experiments were carried out in conditions of moderate wind (≈ 4.0 m s-1), and at low wind speed (≈ 1.8 m s-1) the natural ventilation of the greenhouse was supplemented by two horizontal air flow fans. The greenhouse is equipped with a single roof vent opening to the windward side and two side vents, the windward one being blocked by another greenhouse close to it, while the leeward one is free of obstacles. When no fans are used, air enters through the roof vent and exits through both side vents, thus flowing contrary to the thermal effect which causes hot air to rise and impairing the natural ventilation of the greenhouse. Using fans inside the greenhouse helps the air to circulate and mix, giving rise to a more homogeneous inside temperature and increasing the average value of normalized air velocity by 365 %. These fans also increase the average values of kinetic turbulence energy inside the greenhouse by 550 % compared to conditions of natural ventilation. As the fans are placed 4 m away from the side vents, their effect on the entrance of outside air is insufficient and they do not help to reduce the inside temperature on hot days with little wind. It is therefore recommended to place the fans closer to the side vents to allow an additional increase of the air exchange rate of greenhouses.

The irruption of information and communication technologies has brought about an abrupt change in the demands placed on future professionals. In this sense, in recent years, information competencies have gained importance in university education from a cross-cutting perspective, which advocates as its main purpose the training of young people in information search, evaluation, processing and communication skills, especially through a digital network. Based on this idea, the present work aims to develop the Information Competence Scale for Future Teachers (ICS-FT), in order to measure the level of self-perceived skills in this area. For this purpose, a work design is presented below concerning an empirical validation, divided into different phases: the validation of content, construct and reliability, which has taken as a pilot sample a total of 259 university students studying the degree of Primary Education. The results of the validation determined the optimal conditions of content, construct and reliability that allowed the application of this scale as a generic approach to determine the level of competence in the information skills of future teachers.

Three operative models with minimum input data requirements for estimatingthe partition of available surface energy into sensible and latent heat flux using ASTERdata have been evaluated in a semiarid area in SE Spain. The non-evaporative fraction(NEF) is proposed as an indicator of the surface water deficit. The best results wereachieved with NEF estimated using the “Simplified relationship†for unstable conditions(NEFSeguin) and with the S-SEBI (Simplified Surface Energy Balance Index) modelcorrected for atmospheric conditions (NEFS-SEBIt,) which both produced equivalent results.However, results with a third model, NEFCarlson, that estimates the exchange coefficient forsensible heat transfer from NDVI, were unrealistic for sites with scarce vegetation cover.These results are very promising for an operative monitoring of the surface water deficit,as validation with field data shows reasonable errors, within those reported in the literature(RMSE were 0.18 and 0.11 for the NEF, and 29.12 Wm-2 and 25.97 Wm-2 for sensible heatflux, with the Seguin and S-SEBIt models, respectively).

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Here, we propose a mathematical model and a calibration procedure for a PSD (position sensitive device) sensor equipped with an optical system, to enable accurate measurement of the angle of arrival of one or more beams of light emitted by infrared (IR) transmitters located at distances of between 4 and 6 m. To achieve this objective, it was necessary to characterize the intrinsic parameters that model the system and obtain their values. This first approach was based on a pin-hole model, to which system nonlinearities were added, and this was used to model the points obtained with the nA currents provided by the PSD. In addition, we analyzed the main sources of error, including PSD sensor signal noise, gain factor imbalances and PSD sensor distortion. The results indicated that the proposed model and method provided satisfactory calibration and yielded precise parameter values, enabling accurate measurement of the angle of arrival with a low degree of error, as evidenced by the experimental results.

This paper focuses on optimal sensor deployment for indoor localization with a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. Our goal is to obtain an algorithm to deploy sensors taking the number of sensors, accuracy and coverage into account. Contrary to most works in the literature, we consider the presence of obstacles in the region of interest (ROI) that can cause occlusions between the target and some sensors. In addition, we aim to obtain all of the Pareto optimal solutions regarding the number of sensors, coverage and accuracy. To deal with a variable number of sensors, we add speciation and structural mutations to the well-known non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). Speciation allows one to keep the evolution of sensor sets under control and to apply genetic operators to them so that they compete with other sets of the same size. We show some case studies of the sensor placement of an infrared range-difference indoor positioning system with a fairly complex model of the error of the measurements. The results obtained by our algorithm are compared to sensor placement patterns obtained with random deployment to highlight the relevance of using such a deployment algorithm.

ABSTRACT The present work analyzes the effectiveness of windbreaks against wind erosion through the study of streamline patterns and turbulent flow by means of sonic anemometry and sediment traps. To this end, windbreaks composed of plastic meshes (7.5 m long and 0.7 m tall) were used. Windbreaks are a good means to reduce wind erosion, as they produce a positive effect on the characteristics of air currents that are related to wind erosion processes. Due to their ease of installation and dismantling, plastic meshes are widely used in areas where they are not required permanently. In our study, the use of a mesh of 13 × 30 threads cm−2 and 39 % porosity resulted in an average reduction of 85 % in face velocity at a height of 0.4 m and a distance of 1 m from the windbreak. The turbulence intensity i increased behind the windbreak because the reduction of mean of air speed on the leeside caused by the flow of air through the windbreak. Fluctuation levels, however, remained stable. The mean values of turbulence kinetic energy k decreased by 65 % to 86 % at a distance of 1 m from the windbreak and at a height of 0.4 m. The windbreak reduces erosion and sediment transportation 2 m downwind (2.9 times the windbreak height). Nevertheless, sediment transportation was not reduced at a height of 1.0 m and the effect of the windbreak was not observed at a distance of 6 m downwind (8.6 m times the windbreak height).

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