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The purpose of this study was to establish a multivariate model using two complementary multivariate statistical techniques: Factor Analysis and Stepwise Multiple Regression, to predict tissue composition through carcass characteristics of Santa Inês sheep. The data was obtained from 82 Santa Inês sheep under confinement. The predictor variables were carcass characteristics related to weight, yield, morphometric measures and meat cuts. The use of latent variables from factor analysis in multiple regression models eliminates the problem of multicollinearity of the explanatory variables, improving the accuracy of interpretation of results by proposing a better fit of the mathematical model. However, the coefficient of determination (R²) values were moderate for muscle proportion and total fat, and low for bone proportion, indicating that more appropriate independent variables should be used to better predict the proportion of tissues in Santa Inês sheep.

Objective An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of spineless cactus (0%, 33%, 66%, and 100%) used as a substitute for wheat bran in buffalo diets on quantitative and qualitative traits of the meat and carcass. Methods Twenty Murrah buffaloes at 18 months of age, with a mean initial weight of 292.9±57.3 kg, were randomly allocated to four treatments with five replicates. The animals were slaughtered after 90 days in the feedlot. The effects of spineless cactus as a replacement for wheat bran in the diet of the buffaloes on the carcass and meat traits, slaughter weight, carcass yield and carcass measurements were studied. Results Increased spineless cactus levels led to linear reduction in average daily gain, slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weight, compactness index and in the amount of muscle in the carcass, and there is no difference between the control treatment and the 33% replacing level for these parameters. The quality of the meat was not influenced by the treatments. Conclusion Spineless cactus can replace wheat bran by up to 33% in sugarcane-based diets for buffaloes, without influencing quantitative and qualitative traits of the meat and carcass.

This study aimed to assess the effects of diets containing spineless cactus genotypes resistant to carmine cochineal insect (Dactylopius opuntiae) on the liver condition of sheep. Thirty-six non-castrated Santa Inês male sheep (six months of age and average initial body weight of 22.0 ± 2.9 kg) were assigned to a completely randomized design, with three treatments and 12 replicates. The animals were fed a diet with Tifton hay as exclusive roughage (control) and two more diets in which the hay was partially replaced by ‘Miúda’ or ‘Orelha de Elefante Mexicana’ (OEM.) spineless cactus. The animals were randomly slaughtered at 86 days after 16-h solid fast. The use of spineless cactus, regardless of genotype, increased the liver weight and caused inflammatory processes and necrosis on the liver parenchyma. Spineless cactus in diets for sheep confined for 86 days, despite causing liver tissue damage, such as inflammation and death process of hepatocytes, does not compromise weight gain.

Objective To evaluate the effects of the carmine cochineal-resistant spineless cactus genotypes cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia) and Miúda (Nopalea) on the intake and digestibility of nutrients, ingestive behavior, performance, and ultrasound measurements of growing lambs. Methods Thirty-six male (non-castrated) Santa Inês lambs were used, with an average age of 6 months and an initial average weight of 22.0±2.9 kg. They were distributed in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments (Tifton hay, Nopalea and Opuntia) and 12 replications, using initial weight as a covariate. The experimental period was 86 days, with the first 30 days used for the adaptation of the animals to the facilities, diets and management, and the remaining 56 days used for evaluation and data collection. Results The intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) showed a significant difference (p0.05) on feeding time, however, rumination time and total chewing time were higher (p0.05). For the ultrasound measurements, Nopalea promoted an increase in the final loin eye area, compared to Tifton hay. Conclusion The use of spineless cactus variety Miúda leads to the greater intake and digestibility of nutrients. The evaluated carmine cochineal-resistant spineless cactus genotypes are alternatives for semi-arid regions as they do not negatively affect the performance of growing lambs.

Objective An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of crude glycerin (0%, 6%, 12%, and 18%) used as a substitute for corn in lamb feed on the quantitative characteristics of the carcass. Methods A total of 40 crossbred Santa Inês lambs that were four months old with a mean initial weight of 21.0±0.8 kg were randomly distributed in four treatments with ten replicates. The animals were slaughtered after 66 days of confinement. The effects of crude glycerin as a replacement for corn in the diet of the lambs on the carcass characteristics, commercial cut weight and yield and carcass measurements were studied. Results There was an increasing linear effect for body weight at slaughter with the replacement of corn by crude glycerin. The dry matter and metabolizable energy intakes, weight of the empty body, hot carcass weight and cold carcass weight showed a quadratic effect, with maximum crude glycerin levels estimated at 10.9%, 9.8%, 10.83%, 11.78%, and 11.35%, respectively. The initial pH was not influenced by the replacement of corn for crude glycerin, while the final pH presented a quadratic effect. The other parameters of the carcass and the weights and yields of commercial cuts were not influenced. There was also no effect of the diets on carcass morphometric measurements, except for the thoracic perimeter and the carcass compactness index, which presented quadratic and linear effects, respectively. Conclusion Crude glycerin can replace up to 18% of corn because it favours muscle tissue deposition without promoting changes in the main carcass characteristics of lambs.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the ingestive behavior of buffalo fed sugarcane with different levels of concentrate. Twenty four Murrah buffaloes with body weight of 219±23 kg and nine months old were assigned to completely randomized design. Animals were placed in individual pens where they received diets ad libitum, twice a day. The experimental period has divided into 30 d for adaptation and 84 d for observations and samples collection. Four treatments were used: 1) 80% sugarcane (SC) + 20% concentrate (C); 2) 60% SC + 40% C; 3) 40% SC + 60% C; 4) 20% SC + 80% C. The diets were isoproteics and urea/ammonium sulfate was used at 9:1 ratio to correct the protein level of sugarcane. The evaluated variables were time spent feeding (TSF), ruminating (TSR), idle (TSI), dry matter intake (DMI), feeding efficiency of dry matter (FEDM), rumination efficiency of dry matter (REDM), number of meals, duration of meal and duration of breaks between meal. A regression analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure. DMI was positively affected (P0.05) on TSF. However, the TSR and number of meals decreased linearly (P

Objetivou-se avaliar parâmetros fisiológicos de ovinos submetidos a dietas à base de palma forrageira e o grau de correlação entre estas variáveis e a ingestão de nutrientes digestíveis totais. Foram utilizados 36 cordeiros, com peso corporal inicial de 22.0±2.90 kg, idade média de seis meses, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e 12 repetições. O período experimental foi de 86 dias, sendo fornecida uma dieta base (controle) e dietas nas quais o feno de capim Tifton foi parcialmente substituído por palma miúda ou palma orelha de elefante mexicana. No 80º dia do período experimental, os animais foram submetidos à avaliação de respostas fisiológicas: frequência respiratória e cardíaca, temperatura retal e superficial, sendo esses dados coletados nos turnos da manhã e da tarde. Não houve interação significativa entre os fatores ‘dietas’ e ‘turno’, assim como não foi observado efeito das dietas sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos. Os valores de frequência respiratória e a temperatura superficial foram maiores no turno da manhã (98,73±32,30 respirações por minuto e 33,83ºC±0,81, respectivamente) em relação ao turno da tarde (78,79±24,53 respirações por minuto e 32,53ºC±0,89, respectivamente). Observaram-se significativos coeficientes de correlação positiva entre o consumo de energia e a frequência respiratória nos animais que receberam a dieta controle, no turno da manhã, e entre o consumo de energia e a temperatura corporal, no turno da tarde. Existe correlação positiva de moderada a forte magnitude entre o consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais e a frequência respiratória e temperatura corporal de ovinos submetidos à dieta sem palma forrageira.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of the cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) in sheep diets on the feed intake, digestibility, fermentation, and physicochemical characteristics of the ruminal digesta. Five sheep cannulated in the rumen (61.5±9.5 kg body weight) were assigned in a Latin square design (5×5), with five diets and five experimental periods of 21 days each. The first 14 days were the adaptation period, and data were collected over the following seven days, making the total duration of the experiment 105 days. The diets included a control diet and four diets containing cactus at 121, 245, 371, and 500 g/kg of dry matter (DM). The diets had a forage:concentrate ratio of 65:35. The inclusion of cactus increased the DM intake and non-fiber carbohydrates, but reduced the neutral detergent fiber intake. It also increased the apparent digestibility of the DM, reduced the digesta density 4 h after feeding, and increased the production of ruminal fluid foam. The inclusion of cactus quadratically affected the DM rumen turnover, with the lowest value observed in the 336.5 g/kg cactus diet. The DM ruminal disappearance rate increased with the inclusion of cactus to the diets and quadratically affected the ruminal pH, with the highest value found in the 150 g/kg cactus diet. The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) increased, but the acetate:propionate ratio decreased with the inclusion of cactus at 500 g/kg DM. Taken together, our findings indicate that the evaluated spineless cactus can be added to sheep diets up to the level of 500 g/kg DM. The inclusion of O. stricta (Haw.) improves feed intake, DM digestibility, and SCFA and modifies the physicochemical characteristics of the ruminal digesta.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of guava agroindustrial waste (GAW) on ruminal parameters (pH, N-NH3, and microbial protein), volatile fatty acid (VFA), and morphometry of the rumen and intestine of sheep. A total of forty Santa Inês sheep (120 days old and 21.3±2.62 kg) were used. The animals were fed diets with 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30% inclusion of GAW. The pH, ammonia nitrogen, microbial protein, and VFA were evaluated in the ruminal fluid, alongside the morphometric characteristics of the rumen and intestine. The inclusion of GAW linearly increased fasting and postprandial pH, N-NH3 only showed a quadratic effect for fasting animal, whereas MP presented a quadratic effect for pre- and post-prandial animals. There was a quadratic effect for papilla width, with a maximum value of 393.33 μm at the level of 34.43% GAW in the diet. The papilla absorption area showed a linear effect, in which increasing levels of GAW in the diet had a smaller area of papillae absorption. The inclusion of GAW in the diet of Santa Inês sheep favored pH neutrality, reduced N-NH3 and ruminal MP concentrations, decreased the thickness of the rumen muscular layer, and increased the intestinal mucosa, favoring greater absorption of nutrients.

Objetivou-se determinar os efeitos da substituição do feno de Tifton (Cynodon spp.) por feno de alfafa (Medicago Sativa) em dietas à base de palma forrageira (Nopalea cochenillifera) sobre o balanço hídrico, funções renais e excreção mineral de cabras leiteiras. Utilizou-se 12 cabras da raça Saanen, com peso vivo de 46,23±7,5kg, produção de 3,0 kg leite/dia. O delineamento experimental foi quadrado latino (4x4), com quatro tratamentos (0%; 33,3%; 66,7% e 100% de substituição) e quatro períodos para coleta de dados e amostras. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS), expresso em kg/dia e consumo de água total apresentaram aumento linear (p0,05) pelas dietas. A substituição do feno de Tifton por feno de alfafa em até 300 g/kg de matéria seca, em dietas à base de palma forrageira para cabras em lactação, influencia no consumo de água, sem alterar os índices de excreção urinária.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of low-purity crude glycerin (CG, 63.1% of glycerol) in the diets of feedlot-finished goats on the weights and yields of the non-carcass components, with are frequently used in regionals dishes (buchada and panelada). Forty castrated male goats with the initial mean body weight of 19.70 ± 2.30 kg were used. Experimental treatments consisted of inclusion of CG at levels of 0, 6, 12, and 18%, based on dry matter. The weights of the lungs, spleen, total organs (TWO), and TWO yield, as a function of the slaughter body weight, decreased linearly. It was shown that the rumen portion of the weight showed a quadratic effect, at the level of 10.71% of CG, with a minimum point of 0.37 kg. Similar behavior was observed for the reticulum, with a minimum point of 0.08 kg, at the level of 7.5% of CG. The weights and yields of the buchada and panelada were negatively influenced by the experimental diets. Low-purity crude glycerin may partially replace corn and be included in up to 6% of the dry matter of the finished goats' feedlot diet without adversely affecting weights and yields of organs, viscera, and regional dishes, such as buchada and panelada.

Our objective was to evaluate leg tissue composition and physico-chemical quality parameters of sheep meat fed with increasing levels of annatto coproduct. 32 male uncastrated animals without a defined breed were randomized in four treatments (0, 100, 200 and 300 g kg-1 of annatto coproduct in the DM diet). After 78 days of confinement, the animals were slaughtered and body components were recorded. Reconstituted leg weight, total muscle weight, biceps weight and semitendinosus weight showed a negative linear behavior (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of the annatto coproduct in the diet. No effects of the inclusion of annatto coproduct (P > 0.05) were found for leg tissue composition (%), muscle:bone ratio, relative fat or leg muscle. Meat physico-chemical parameters (color, shear force, water retention capacity and cooking losses) were not affected by the inclusion of the annatto coproduct in the diet. The annatto coproduct can be included in up to 300 g kg-1 of dietary dry matter without negative effects to the leg tissue composition (%) and physical parameters of confined sheep meat.

Objective The aim was to evaluate carcass characteristics, cut yield, and meat quality in lambs that were fed different inclusion levels of palm kernel cake. Methods Forty-five woolless castrated male Santa Inês crossbred sheep with an initial average body weight of 23.16±0.35 kg were used. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with five treatments, with palm kernel cake in the proportions of 0.0%, 7.5%, 15.0%, 22.5%, and 30.0% with nine replications per treatment. After slaughter, the gastrointestinal tract was weighed when it was full, after which it was then emptied. The heart, liver, kidney, pancreas perirenal fat were also collected and weighed. The carcass was split into two identical longitudinal halves and weighed to determine the quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Results The empty body weight, carcass weight and yield, and fat thickness decreased linearly (p0.05) for the rib eye area of animals that were fed palm kernel cake. There was a reduction in the commercial cut weight (p0.05). The sarcomere length decreased linearly (p

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of housing density on ingestive behavior of male Santa Inês sheep housed individually and in double. Forty non-castrated males were used with an average initial weight of 21.33±2.62 kg and an average age of 120 days. The males were housed in two types of covered stalls: double stalls (two males/stall) of 3.0 m2 and individual stalls of 1.50 m2. Animals housed in individual stalls spent more time ruminating and less time eating than those in double stalls. These animals also spent more time in idleness. Sheep idled approximately 11.43 hours/day (47% of the time), which can be explained by the shorter time spent in rumination, considering that the diet used in this experiment had adequate nutritional quality. The animals in double stalls consumed more water, which resulted in increased urination. However, this activity did not interfere with total weight gain. Therefore, experiments testing stall density does not interfere with the performance of the animals.

Annatto byproduct is the residue from the extraction of powder dye that covers the seed pericarp; after processing, between 94% and 98% of the original product is considered a byproduct. The aim was to evaluate the influence of increasing levels of annatto byproduct on the components of sheep body weight. Thirty-two male sheep, not castrated, with initial weight of 23.17 ± 1.45 kg, without a defined breed, were used in randomized blocks in all four treatments (0, 100, 200 and 300 g kg?1 of annatto byproduct in the diet dry matter). The increase to 300 g kg?1 of annatto byproduct had a negative linear effect (P < 0.05) for hot carcass weight (kg) and cold carcass weight (kg). Increasing levels of annatto byproduct resulted in a linear reduction (P < 0.05) for palette weight (kg), leg weight (kg), carcass compactness index (kg cm?1), liver weight (kg) and skin weight (kg). The inclusion of annatto byproduct up to 200 g kg?1 of dry matter in sheep diets did not affect the components of sheep body weight.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the substitution (0, 33, 66 and 100%) of corn by cassava wastewater dregs on carcass characteristics and non-carcass components of crossbred Santa Inês lambs. Forty male sheep, uncastrated with an average initial body weight of 20 ± 1.87 kg and five months of age, were used. These were housed in individual pens in a randomized block design with four treatments and ten repetitions and slaughtered after 70 days of confinement. Quadratic effect (P < 0.05) was observed for the empty body weight (EBW), hot carcass weight (HCW) and cold carcass weight (CCW) and carcass compactness index (CCI), with maximum points of 36.14, 19.45, 20.20 and 0.31 kg cm-1 for the replacement level of corn for cassava wastewater dregs, 50.0, 53.84, 54.04 and 45.45% respectively. There was also an effect (P < 0.05) on the weights of the rumen and “Buchada”, with maximum points of 0.909 and 6.25 kg per replacement level, 49.11 and 51.29% respectively. As for retail cuts, only the efficiency of the leg was altered (P < 0.05), having a linear increase while the other variables were not affected. Cassava wastewater dregs can be used in full as an alternative food in the diet of feedlot lambs without harming the main carcass characteristics and non-carcass components.

The objective of this study is to predict the energy and protein requirements of crossbred dairy cattle in feedlot. The study was conducted at the Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Brazil with 30 bulls with a body weight of 339.1 ± 35.4 kg. Five animals were slaughtered at the end of the adaptation period to serve as the reference group; the remainder of the animals was slaughtered after 112 days. The latter group was randomly allocated to receive five treatments: 0, 17, 34, 51 and 68% of concentrate in the feed using a completely randomized design. The dietary intake of the animals that were not given concentrate was restricted to 1.5% of their body weight; these animals composed the group fed for maintenance. The body composition and empty body weight (EBW) were estimated by means of the comparative slaughter method and full dissection of a half-carcass. The results showed that for crossbred dairy bulls in confinement, the net and metabolizable energy requirements were 86.49 and 138 kcal EBW-0.75 day-1, respectively, and the efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance and gain were 62.67% and 31.67%, respectively. The net energy (NEg) and net protein (NPg) requirements for gain can be estimated using the following equations, respectively: NEg= 0.0392*EBW0.75*EBWG1.0529 and NPg= 242.34 x EBWG - 23.09 x RE. The efficiency of use of metabolizable protein for gain was 25.8%, and the protein requirement for maintenance was 2.96 g EBW-0.75 day-1. The rumen degradable protein can supply 62.44% of the crude protein requirements of feedlot dairy crossbred bulls with a body weight of 450 kg while gaining 1 kg day-1.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of including different levels of tomato pomace (TP) on performance, blood biochemical parameters, hormones, production and composition of milk, and economic analysis of Saanen goats reared in confinement. Sixteen multiparous goats (Saanen), 21 days in milk, were randomly distributed in two Latin square 4 × 4 (four periods and four treatments), according to the inclusion levels of dehydrated tomato pomace (0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%) in the diet. This inclusion resulted in differences in the intake of dry and organic matter, as well as ether extract, crude protein, water, neutral detergent fiber, and non-fibrous carbohydrates. The inclusion of 60% TP resulted in a significant decrease of body weight (−4.42 kg) in comparison with initial body weight, while the other three treatments did not affect or increase the animal body weight (between −0.05 and +3.07 kg). The addition of 20% and 40% of TP resulted in higher milk production (around 1.5 kg day−1) than in animals from a control (1.2 kg day−1) and 60% TP (1.04 kg day−1). This increase was approximately 28% in the animals with 40% of TP inclusion. Moreover, the addition of 20% or 40% TP also improved the milk quality, which presented a higher fat amount (4.37% and 4.63% in 20% TP and 40% TP animals, respectively) than in a control (3.7%) and animals feed with 60% TP (4.02%). The feed efficiency and feed conversion did not show differences between diets. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were also significantly affected by the inclusion of TP in the diet. The diet with the highest level of TP (60%) had the lowest cost per kilo among the diets evaluated. However, the use of 40% TP in animal diet presented the highest milk production and intermediate production cost.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the replacement of Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.) by maniçoba hay or silage (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg) on sheep intake and performance. Twenty-four male Santa Ines animals were used, with initial body weight of 19.77 ± 1.95 kg and average age of 160 days. The animals were distributed in three treatments (Tifton 85 hay-TH, Maniçoba hay-MH and Maniçoba silage-MS), arranged in a randomized blocks design, with 8 replicates per treatment. The feedlot period lasted for 71 days. The means of the variables were tested by Tukey’s test at 5% probability. Sheep fed MH presented higher dry matter intake (p > 0.05) than those fed TH (1.17 kg day-1 vs 1.06 kg day-1). Neutral detergent fiber intake was higher (p > 0.05) for MH-fed sheep (0.394 kg day-1) when compared to MS (0.340 kg day-1). The digestibility of total carbohydrates was higher (p > 0.05) for MH diet (0.71 g kg-1) than TH (0.67 g kg-1). The average daily gain and body weight at slaughter did not differ (p > 0.05) among treatments. Maniçoba hay or silage can replace Tifton 85 hay in sheep diets.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to use multivariate techniques of principal component analysis and canonical discriminant analysis in a data set from Morada Nova sheep carcass to reduce the dimensions of the original data set, identify variables with the best discriminatory power among the treatments, and quantify the association between biometric and performance traits. The principal components obtained were efficient in reducing the total variation accumulated in 19 original variables correlated to five linear combinations, which explained 80% of the total variation present in the original variables. The first two principal components together accounted for 56.12% of the total variation of the evaluated variables. Eight variables were selected using the stepwise method. The first three canonical variables were significant, explaining 92.25% of the total variation. The first canonical variable showed a canonical correlation coefficient of 0.94, indicating a strong association between biometric traits and animal performance. Slaughter weight and hind width were selected because these variables presented the highest discriminatory power among all treatments, based on standard canonical coefficients.

The use of native forages Caatinga set up as an alternative for the sustainable production systems in Northeast Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the substitution of Tifton 85 hay by Maniçoba hay in the components of the body weight of Moxotó goats. The animals were steers, initially weighing 21.67±3.92 kg, housed in individual pens and slaughtered at 58 days of confinement. The type of hay did not influence (P>0.05) any of the carcass traits. The animals presented for slaughter average body weight of 21.83 kg, and average weights of hot and cold carcass of 9.83 kg and 9.21 kg, respectively. The carcass were not affected by the type of hay (P>0.05) and average 44.98% and 42.11% for hot cold carcass. The loin eye area (LEA) and carcass compactness index had averages of 6.19 cm² and 0.159 kg cm-1, respectively, and did not influence the type of hay in the diet. There was no difference (P> 0.05) between diets for weight of organs and viscera. The diet Tifton 85 yielded higher (P

The non-carcass components are configured in additional source of income for sheep producers. This study aimed to evaluate the non-carcass components in Morada Nova hair sheep fed hay or Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) or Maniçoba (Manihot pseudoglaziovii Pax & Hoffman) hay. The animals were males, initially weighing 18.86 ± 6.48 kg were housed in individual and slaughtered at 58 days of confinement. The Tifton 85 diet resulted in higher (P

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição tecidual da perna e os parâmetros físico-químicos de qualidade da carne de ovinos alimentados com níveis crescentes do subproduto do urucum (SU). Foram utilizados 32 animais machos, não castrados, sem padrão racial definido, casualizados em quatro tratamentos (0, 100, 200 e 300 g kg-1 do subproduto do urucum na MS da dieta). Após 78 de confinamento, os animais foram abatidos e tiveram os componentes corporais registrados. O peso da perna reconstituída, peso total de músculos, peso do bíceps e peso do semitendinoso apresentaram comportamento linear negativo (P < 0,05) com a inclusão do SU na dieta. Os parâmetros físico-químicos da carne (cor, força de cisalhamento, capacidade de retenção de água e perdas por cocção) não foram influenciados pela inclusão do SU na dieta. O subproduto do urucum pode ser incluído em até 300 g kg-1 da matéria seca da dieta sem efeitos negativos sobre a composição tecidual da perna (%) e parâmetros físicos da carne de ovinos confinados.

The objective of the present study was to assess the growth performance and carcass traits of Moxotó goat kids fed different levels concentrate (supplement) (SL) on native pasture under semiarid conditions in Brazil. Thirty-two castrated kids (15.7±0.78 kg initial BW) were allocated randomly to one of the four SL (treatment groups: 0, 5, 10 and 15 g/kg BW). When the animals of treatment group 15 g/kg BW reached 25 kg BW, the animals in the other treatments groups were also slaughtered. Therefore, the animals belonging to the 0, 5, 10 and 15 g/kg of BW were finished with 18.40, 21.04, 22.94 and 25.74 kg of BW, respectively. The concentrate supplementation positively influenced the performance and the carcass traits of animals, providing higher feed intake and thus greater weight gain. The results of cold carcass yields were 405.9, 427.0, 449.1 and 462.9 g/kg of SBW for 0, 5, 10 and 15 g/kg BW, respectively. The weight of the different commercial cuts, (neck, ribs, shoulder, loin and leg) increased linearly as the SL increased; however the yields of the carcass cuts were not influenced, except for the shoulder. Overall, the distribution of non-carcass fat increased as SL increased, with the exception of mesenteric fat yield, which was not influenced. The use of concentrate supplementation to Moxotó goats under grazing conditions on native rangelands of the Brazilian semiarid improves the performance of animals and carcass yield, but does not affect the yields of commercial cuts of Moxotó growing goats.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of partial or total replacement of Tifton 85 hay with fresh or dehydrated spineless cactus on performance and body weight components of sheep. Thirty hair lambs, with 19 kg ± 0.35 kg initial weight, were randomly divided into five treatments, namely: Tifton 85 Hay (HA); Tifton 85 Hay + fresh spineless cactus (HAFC); Tifton 85 Hay + dehydrated spineless cactus (HADC); fresh spineless cactus (FC); dehydrated spineless cactus (DC). In addition to the spineless cactus and hay, the complete mixture contained soybean meal, mineral salt and limestone in all treatments. Animals were confined for 75 days and then slaughtered. The weight of body components was recorded. Dry matter intake, total digestible nutrients intake and voluntary water intake were higher (p < 0.05) for the DC and HADC treatments. The average daily gain was 118 g day-1 and body weight at slaughter of 25.8 kg were not influenced (p > 0.05) by treatments. The cold carcass weight, rib eye area, weight and yield of the skin, liver, kidney and large intestine were higher (p < 0.05) for the DC and HADC treatments. Partial or total replacement of Tifton 85 hay with fresh or dehydrated spineless cactus, in complete diets for sheep, increases the weight of the cold carcass and non-carcass components.

It was studied the effects of inclusion of cassava in substitution of corn on nutrient digestibility and ingestive behavior of dairy goats of Saanen breed fed diets based on cane sugar. It was used five lactating goats with average production of 2 kg of milk per day allotted to 5 x 5 Latin square design with five levels of inclusion of cassava (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) replacing corn. The apparent digestibility of DM, CP, OM, TC was not affected by the replacement levels of ground corn for cassava. The apparent digestibility of the NDF fraction decreased linearly with the increase of cassava in diets. The apparent digestibility of NFC increased linearly with the increase of cassava in the diets. Feed behavior in all studied variables did not influence the inclusion of cassava in place of corn. The replacement of cracked corn by cassava did not affect the digestibility, and chewing behavior of lactation goats. Foram estudados os efeitos da inclusão da raiz de mandioca em substituição ao milho sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e comportamento ingestivo de cabras leiteiras de ra��a Saanen alimentadas com dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar. Foram utilizadas cinco cabras lactantes com produção média de 2 kg de leite dia-1, distribuídas em um quadrado latino 5 x 5, com cinco níveis de inclusão de raiz de mandioca (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40%) em substituição ao milho. A digestibilidade aparente da MS, PB, MO, EE, CHOT não foi influenciada pelos níveis de substituição do milho triturado por raiz de mandioca. A digestibilidade aparente da FDN diminuiu linearmente em função do aumento de raiz de mandioca nas dietas. A digestibilidade aparente dos CNF aumentou linearmente com o aumento de raiz de mandioca nas dietas. O comportamento ingestivo não sofreu influência da inclusão da raiz em substituição ao milho nos níveis estudados. A substituição do milho triturado pela raiz de mandioca não interfere na digestibilidade e no comportamento ingestivo de cabras em lactação.

Foram estudados os efeitos da inclusão da raiz de mandioca em substituição ao milho sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e comportamento ingestivo de cabras leiteiras de raça Saanen alimentadas com dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar. Foram utilizadas cinco cabras lactantes com produção média de 2 kg de leite dia-1, distribuídas em um quadrado latino 5 x 5, com cinco níveis de inclusão de raiz de mandioca (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40%) em substituição ao milho. A digestibilidade aparente da MS, PB, MO, EE, CHOT não foi influenciada pelos níveis de substituição do milho triturado por raiz de mandioca. A digestibilidade aparente da FDN diminuiu linearmente em função do aumento de raiz de mandioca nas dietas. A digestibilidade aparente dos CNF aumentou linearmente com o aumento de raiz de mandioca nas dietas. O comportamento ingestivo não sofreu influência da inclusão da raiz em substituição ao milho nos níveis estudados. A substituição do milho triturado pela raiz de mandioca não interfere na digestibilidade e no comportamento ingestivo de cabras em lactação.It was studied the effects of inclusion of cassava in substitution of corn on nutrient digestibility and ingestive behavior of dairy goats of Saanen breed fed diets based on cane sugar. It was used five lactating goats with average production of 2 kg of milk per day allotted to 5 x 5 Latin square design with five levels of inclusion of cassava (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) replacing corn. The apparent digestibility of DM, CP, OM, TC was not affected by the replacement levels of ground corn for cassava. The apparent digestibility of the NDF fraction decreased linearly with the increase of cassava in diets. The apparent digestibility of NFC increased linearly with the increase of cassava in the diets. Feed behavior in all studied variables did not influence the inclusion of cassava in place of corn. The replacement of cracked corn by cassava did not affect the digestibility, and chewing behavior of lactation goats.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of using silk flower hay replacing corn and soybean meal on physical-chemical and sensorial traits of lamb meat. It was used 32 intact Morada Nova male lambs (12.7 ± 2 kg initial body weigth) on feedlot system, distributed in a completely randomized design with four levels (0, 15, 30 and 45% on dry matter basis). The use of silk flower hay in the diet influenced quality of meat and carcass, leg weight, tissue composition, moisture, juiciness and flavor. Replacing corn (26.67%) and soybean (3.33%) with silk flower hay does not affect the tissue composition, ratios and muscularity index of leg and physical-chemical parameters of semimembranosus muscle of Morada Nova lambs.Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do uso de feno de flor-de-seda em substituição ao milho e ao farelo de soja nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais da carne de cordeiros. Utilizaram-se 32 cordeiros Morada Nova, machos não-castrados (12,7 ± 2 kg de peso vivo inicial), em confinamento, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com quatro níveis (0, 15, 30 e 45% com base na MS). A utilização de feno de flor-de-seda na dieta influenciou a qualidade da carcaça e da carne, o peso da perna, a composição tecidual, a umidade, a suculência e o sabor. A substituição do milho (26,67%) e da soja (3,33%) pelo feno de flor-de-seda não altera composição tecidual, relação e índice de muscularidade da perna e os parâmetros físico-químicos do músculo semimembranosus de cordeiros Morada Nova.

Water is a nutrient of extreme importance for animals and must be considered vital in any rearing phase. The increasing scarcity of this precious natural resource has concerned different segments of society in order to find solutions for rational and sustainable use of this nutrient. Small ruminants, especially sheep and goats, have social and economic importance due to their great ability in adapting to adverse environmental conditions and using water efficiently. Thus, they might be a good alternative to mitigate the climate change effects and to generate foreign exchange and improving life condition in many places of the world. The concept of water productivity for livestock production is relatively new and there are few studies in the world, especially in Brazil. More researches and new technologies for water use in livestock production are indispensable.A água é um nutriente extremamente importante na vida dos animais e deve ser considerada como vital em qualquer fase da criação. A escassez crescente deste precioso recurso natural tem provocado reações de diferentes segmentos da sociedade na busca de soluções de uso racional e sustentável deste nutriente. Os pequenos ruminantes, especialmente os ovinos e caprinos, são partes importantes da vida econômica e social de muitas nações pela sua ampla capacidade de adaptação às condições adversas do ambiente e boa eficiência no uso da água, podendo ser uma das boas alternativas de mitigação dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas, gerando divisas e melhoria das condições de vida em muitas regiões do mundo. O conceito de produtividade de água para a produção animal é relativamente novo e ainda são recentes e escassos os estudos existentes no mundo e em particular no Brasil. A realização de mais pesquisas e a geração de novas tecnologias de uso da água na produção animal, hoje mais do que nunca tornam-se imprescindíveis.

Avaliou-se a inclusão de farelo grosso de trigo nos níveis 0,0; 8,9; 19,8 e 31,7% em substituição ao milho na dieta de caprinos. Utilizaram-se 24 cabritos mestiços, machos não-castrados, com peso inicial médio de 20 kg, alojados em gaiolas individuais, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro dietas e seis repetições, durante 74 dias. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade foram obtidos por coleta total de fezes. A inclusão do farelo grosso de trigo influenciou de forma quadrática os consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). O consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) aumentou e o de carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) diminuiu com o uso do farelo grosso de trigo. A substituição do milho pelo farelo grosso de trigo não influenciou os consumos de extrato etéreo (EE) e carboidratos totais, mas teve efeito linear decrescente nos coeficientes de digestibilidade de MS, MO, carboidratos totais e CNF, embora não tenha alterado os de PB, EE e FDN. O ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar não foram afetados pela inclusão de farelo grosso de trigo na dieta. O farelo grosso de trigo pode ser incluído em níveis de até 14% em dietas para caprinos em crescimento, desde que o percentual da FDN não ultrapasse 48% da matéria seca da dieta.It was evaluated the inclusion of rough wheat bran at 0.0; 8.9; 19.8 and 31.7% levels replacing corn in goat diets. Twenty-four crossbred non-castrated male goats averaging 20 kg body weight were used. They were allocated in individual cages as a complete randomized design with four treatments and six replicates during for 74 days. The digestibility coefficients were obtained through total collection of feces. The inclusion of rough wheat bran had a quadratic effect on the intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrient (TDN). The intake of fiber in neutral detergent (NDF) increased and nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) decreased with the addition of rough wheat bran. Replacing corn by the rough wheat bran did not affect the ether extract (EE) and total carbohydrates intake but it had a decreasing linear effect in the digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), total carbohydrates and nonfiber carbohydrates despite of not affecting crude protein, ether extract and fiber in neutral detergent. Weight gain and food conversion were not affected by the inclusion of rough wheat bran in the diet. Rough wheat bran can be included in levels up to 14% in the diet of growing goats, since the percentage of NDF is not higher than 48% of the dry matter in the diet.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a utilização do feno de maniçoba (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg.) em diferentes níveis (30, 40, 50 e 60%) sobre os consumos e as digestibilidades de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e os consumos de água e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Utilizaram-se oito cabras da raça Moxotó, multíparas, com aproximadamente 60 dias de lactação, pesando 44,26 ± 4,23 kg, em delineamento quadrado latino duplo 4 × 4, com quatro tratamentos, quatro períodos e quatro animais. Cada período teve duração de 15 dias (10 de adaptação dos animais às dietas e 5 para coleta de dados). Utilizou-se a fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi) como indicador interno para estimativa da produção de matéria seca fecal. A utilização do feno de maniçoba nos níveis de 30, 40, 50 e 60% nas dietas para cabras em lactação não alterou os consumos de MS, MO, PB, EE, MM e CT. Os consumos de CNF, NDT e água diminuíram linearmente com o aumento no nível de feno de maniçoba nas dietas, enquanto os de FDN e FDA (kg/dia, %PC e g/kg0,75) aumentaram linearmente. A digestibilidade aparente de MS, MO, PB, EE, CT, CNF, EB e FDA reduziu linearmente, enquanto a da FDN não se alterou com o aumento dos níveis de feno na dieta.This research was conducted with the objective of evaluating the use of different Maniçoba hay (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg) levels (30, 40, 50 and 60%) on intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TCHT), non fiber carbohydrates (NFC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), water intake (WI), besides total digestible nutrients intake (TDNI). Eight multiparous Moxotó dairy goats with initial weight of 44,26 ± 4,23 kg were assigned to two 4 × 4 Latin squares design, with four treatments, four experimental periods and four animals. Each experimental period lasted 15 days (ten days for animal adaptation to diets and five days for feed, refusal and feces collection. Indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) was used as an internal marker to estimate fecal dry matter yield. The use of Maniçoba hay in the levels (30, 40, 50 and 60%) in diets did not affect the DM, OM, CP, EE, MM, and TCHT intakes. The NFC, TDN and water intakes decreased linearly with the increase of dietary hay levels while NDF and ADF (kg/day; %BW and g/kg0.75) intakes increased linearly. The apparent DM, OM, CP, EE, CHT, NFC, GE and ADF digestibility decreased linearly while the NDF digestibility was not affected with the increase in the dietary hay levels.

Avaliaram-se as características de carcaça e os rendimentos dos cortes medidos in vivo e na carcaça de ovinos Morada Nova terminados em confinamento com dietas contendo diversos níveis de concentrado. Utilizaram-se 32 cordeiros castrados, Morada Nova, com 8,11 ± 1,15 meses de idade e peso inicial de 19,67 ± 2,97 kg, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, cada um com oito repetições. Os animais foram abatidos com 30,0 kg e alimentados com quatro níveis de concentrado (20, 40, 60 ou 80%). Houve efeito linear crescente do nível de concentrado da dieta sobre o peso do corpo vazio e peso e o rendimento da carcaça fria e efeito linear decrescente sobre o conteúdo do trato digestório e o número de dias em confinamento. Os níveis de concentrado tiveram efeito linear crescente sobre o peso e rendimento de pescoço e efeito linear decrescente sobre os rendimentos da paleta e perna, ao passo que o peso do costilhar foi influenciado de forma quadrática pelos tratamentos. Nas medidas in vivo, apenas o perímetro da perna sofreu efeito decrescente. Nas medidas na carcaça, houve efeito linear crescente sobre a largura do tórax e a compacidade, que aumentaram com o nível de concentrado na dieta, enquanto a largura da garupa teve efeito quadrático. O uso de concentrado na dieta eleva os pesos e os rendimentos de carcaça fria, mas não aumenta os pesos e rendimentos dos cortes da carcaça de cordeiros Morada Nova.The in vivo carcass characteristics and the cut yields measured in the carcass of Morada Nova sheep finished in feedlot system fed increasing levels of dietary concentrate were evaluated. Thirty-two castrated Morada Nova lambs with 8.11 ± 1.15 months of age and 19.67 ± 2.97 kg of initial body weight were used in this trial. The experimet was analyzed as a completely randomized block design with eight replicates per treatment. Animals were slaughtered at 30.0 kg BW and fed diets with four concentrate levels: 20, 40, 60 or 80%. Linear increasing effect of dietary concentrate on empty body weight and cold carcass weight and yield and linear decreasing effect on digestive tract content and feedlot period were observed. The neck weight and yield linearly increased and the percentage of shoulder and leg linearly decreased with the concentrate levels, while the rib weight showed quadratic effect. In the in vivo measurements, only leg perimeter presented significant effect. There was a linear increasing effect for thoracic width and carcass compactness, while the hind width showed quadratic effect. The use of concentrate in the diet increased the weight and yields of cold carcass; however this maximization did not increase the weights and yields of commercial cuts from Morada Nova lambs.

Avaliaram-se as características, os rendimentos e as medidas lineares de carcaça de 24 ovinos sem padrão racial definido (SPRD), não-castrados, com idade inicial de 4,6 ± 0,8 meses e peso vivo inicial de 20 ± 3,25 kg, confinados em baias individuais e alimentados com rações contendo 0, 10, 20 ou 30% de farelo de babaçu. Utilizou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Houve efeito linear decrescente dos níveis de farelo de babaçu sobre o peso de corpo vazio, o peso vivo ao abate e os pesos de carcaça quente e fria. Os pesos da meia-carcaça, de paleta, costelas (da 1ª a 5ª e da 6ª a 13ª), serrote, lombo e perna também decresceram de forma linear, enquanto o peso do pescoço foi influenciado de forma quadrática pelos níveis de farelo de babaçu. Os rendimentos dos cortes não foram influenciados pelos níveis do farelo de babaçu: as médias foram de 20,47; 8,65; 6,94; 9,71; 10,36; 9,11 e 33,07% para paleta, pescoço, costela (1ª a 5ª), costela (6ª a 13ª), serrote, lombo e perna, respectivamente. Entre as medidas biométricas na carcaça, houve efeito linear decrescente para compacidade da carcaça, área de olho-de-lombo, perímetro da garupa, comprimento de perna e comprimento interno da carcaça. Níveis de farelo de babaçu superiores a 10% na dieta afetam negativamente os pesos e rendimentos, bem como os cortes comerciais e as medidas lineares, de carcaças de ovinos sem padrão racial definido em terminação.The carcass characteristics, yields and linear measurements of 24 non-castrated non defined breed lambs (SPDR) with 4.8 ± 0.8 months of age and mean initial live weight of 20.45 ± 3.25 were evaluated. The animals were kept in individual stalls and fed with diets containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% of babassu meal. A block randomized design, with six replicates and four treatments was used. A linear decreasing effect of the babassu meal on the empty-body-weight, live weight at slaughter, and cold and hot carcass weight was observed. The half-carcass weight, shoulder weight, ribs (from 1st to 5th and from 6th to 13th), braes, loin and leg, also showed decreasing linear effect with babassu meal levels. The neck weight presented quadratic effect. Dressing cuts were not influenced by babassu meal levels (averages of 20.47, 8.65, 6.94, 9.71, 10.36, 9.11 and 33.07% for shoulder, neck, ribs (from 1st to 5th), ribs (from 6th to 13th), breast, loin and leg, respectively). For the carcass measurement, there was linear decreasing effect for the carcass compactness, rib eye area, hind perimeter, leg length and carcass internal length. Diets with babassu meal levels higher than 10% affected negatively weights and yields, as well the commercial cuts and measurements of the carcass of sheep in feedlot.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho, o consumo voluntário e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, foram utilizados 24 ovinos sem raça definida (SRD), machos não-castrados, com peso inicial de 20 ± 3,25 kg e 4,6 ± 0,8 meses de idade. Os animais foram mantidos em confinamento e alimentados com dietas com farelo de babaçu (0, 10, 20 e 30%) em substituição ao feno de capim-colonião. As dietas, isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas, foram fornecidas em forma de ração completa. Utilizou-se um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. O consumo de matéria seca foi influenciado pela inclusão do farelo de babaçu na dieta e apresentou redução de 302 g/dia a cada 10% de participação de farelo de babaçu. A ingestão dos nutrientes e o desempenho foram restringidos pela diminuição do consumo de matéria seca. A inclusão do farelo de babaçu reduziu linearmente o ganho de peso dos animais. A digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi influenciada pelos níveis de farelo de babaçu, mas esse aumento está associado às reduções na ingestão de matéria seca. O farelo de babaçu, ao ser utilizado como alternativa de alimento para cordeiros em crescimento, compromete o consumo de alimentos e o ganho de peso dos animais.With the objective to evaluate the performance, voluntary intake and nutrient digestibilities, 24 NDB (no defined breed), non castrated male lambs with 20 ± 3.25 BW initial and 4.6 ± 0.8 months old were used. Animals were kept in feedlot and fed diets with babassu meal (0, 10, 20 and 30%) in substitution to Panicum maximum Jack hay. The diets, isoprotein and isonitrogenous, were fed in a complete mix ration. A completely blocks randomized design, with four treatments and six replicates was used. The dry matter intake was influenced by the inclusion of babassu meal in the diet and presented a reduction of 302 g/day for each 10% of babassu meal inclusion. Nutrient intake and performance were limited by the decrease of dry matter intake. The inclusion of babassu meal caused a linear decrease on average daily gain of lambs. Nutrient digestibility was influenced by inclusion of babassu meal in the diet, but this increase was a result of the reduction on dry matter intake. Babassu meal, used as an alternative feed for growing sheep, affect nutrient intake and weight gain of the animals.

Utilizaram-se 26 animais da raça Moxotó, machos não-castrados, com peso vivo (PV) médio inicial de 15 kg e 7 a 8 meses de idade, alimentados com dieta contendo 2,6 Mcal de energia metabolizável, com o objetivo de avaliar a composição corporal e as exigências de energia para ganho de peso. Ao início do experimento, seis animais foram abatidos e serviram como referência na estimativa da composição corporal e do peso do corpo vazio (PCVZ) iniciais. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (alimentação à vontade - AV; e 85, 70 ou 55% do consumo observado no grupo com AV) e cinco repetições. Quando o PV dos animais com AV se aproximava de 25 kg, um animal de cada tratamento com restrição alimentar era abatido. Ajustaram-se as equações do logaritmo (log) dos conteúdos corporais de gordura (CCG) e energia (CCE) em função do log do PCVZ. A concentração de água no corpo dos animais experimentais foi baixa, entretanto, as deposições de gordura, proteína e cinzas aumentaram com a maturidade dos animais. Foram observados aumentos de 78,55 para 125,38 g/kg de PCVZ nos conteúdos corporais de gordura e de 1,90 para 2,34 Mcal/kg de PCVZ nos conteúdos corporais de energia com o aumento de 15 para 25 kg no PV dos animais. Verificou-se relação linear positiva entre a composição em energia do ganho em PCVZ (GPCVZ) (Mcal/kg GPCVZ) e o PCVZ. Resposta semelhante foi constatada para os conteúdos de gordura no ganho. Os conteúdos corporais de gordura (g) e energia (Mcal) de caprinos Moxotó aumentam de 14,33 para 22,87 e 0,26 para 0,32 por 100 g de GPCVZ, respectivamente, à medida que aumenta o PCVZ.Twenty-six Moxotó non-castrated males kids, with average 15 kg BW and 7 to 8 mo old, were fed a diet containing 2.6 Mcal/kg ME were used to evaluate the body composition and energy requirements for weight gain. At the beginning of the experiment, six animals were slaughtered as a reference to estimate initial body composition and initial empty body weight (EBW). While, the remaining animals (four groups of five animals, one for each feeding regime, were distributed to a completely randomized experimental design, with four feeding regime (100% or ad libitum (AL), and 85, 70 or 55% of the intake recorded for the animals from the AL group) and five replications. As the animals from the AL group approached 25 kg BW, an animal from each feeding regime was slaughtered. Logarithm (log) equations body fat (BFC) and energy (BEC) content were fitted on log10 of EBW. The concentration of water in the body of animals was low, however, the deposition of fat, protein and ash content increased with the maturity of animals. There was an increase from 78.55 to 125.38 g/kg of EBW in BFC and from 1.90 to 2.34 Mcal/kg of EBW in BEC with the increase from 15 to 25 kg of LW of the animals. There was a positive linear relationship between energy composition of gain in EBW (EBWG) (Mcal/kg EBWG) and EBW. Similar response was observed to BFC in the gain. The body fat (g) and energy (Mcal) contents of Moxotó goats kids increased from 14.33 to 22.87 and 0.26 to 0.32 per 100 g of EBWG, respectively, as EBW increased.

Avaliaram-se a composição corporal e as exigências de proteína para ganho de peso de caprinos da raça Moxotó. Utilizaram-se 26 animais machos não-castrados, com peso vivo (PV) médio inicial de 15 kg e 7 a 8 meses de idade, alimentados com dieta contendo 2,6 Mcal de energia metabolizável. Ao início do experimento, seis animais foram abatidos e serviram como referência para estimativa da composição corporal e do peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) iniciais. Posteriormente, formaram-se grupos homogêneos de quatro animais, distribuídos ao acaso em dois programas de alimentação (tratamentos): alimentação à vontade (AV); e restrição alimentar de 85, 70 e 55% do consumido pelo grupo com alimentação à vontade. Os animais com AV foram abatidos no momento em que o PV se aproximou de 25 kg. As equações do logaritmo (log) dos conteúdos corporais de proteína (CCP) foram ajustadas considerando o log do PCVZ. Derivando-se essa equação, obteve-se a equação de predição do conteúdo de proteína por kg de ganho de PCVZ. Os conteúdos protéicos dos animais experimentais mantiveram-se praticamente constantes e variaram de 205,60 para 201,69 g/kg de PCVZ (redução de 1,9%) e de 15 para 25 kg com o aumento do PV. Apesar da pouca variação corporal das exigências líquidas protéicas (19,86 para 19,49), a relação gordura:proteína aumentou com o aumento do PV de 15 para 25 kg.Twenty-six Moxotó non-castrated male kids (initial mean 15 kg LW and 7-8 month old) fed a diet with 2.6 Mcal ME were used to evaluate the body composition and protein requirements for weight gain. At the beginning of the experiment, six animals were slaughtered as reference to estimate initial body composition and initial empty body weight (EBW). Subsequently, homogeneous groups of four animals were distributed a complete randomized experimental design into two feeding regimes: ad libitum feeding (AL) and feed restriction of 85, 70 and 55% of that consumed by the AL feeding group. The animals from each feeding regime were slaughtered at the time the group of the AL feeding approached 25 kg LW. Logarithm equation of retained body protein contents (BCP) was fitted on log10 of empty body weight (EBW). By deriving this equation, the predicting equation of BCP per kg of EBW gain was obtained. The protein content of the animals remained practically constant and ranged from 205.60 to 201.69 g/kg of EBW (reduction of 1.9%) and 15 to 25 kg with the increase of live weight. Despite of small body changes of net protein requirements (19.86 to 19.49), the fat: protein ratio increased with the increase in LV from 15 to 25 kg.

Objetivou-se avaliar as exigências líquidas de energia para mantença e as eficiências de utilização da energia metabolizável (EUEM) para mantença (km) e ganho de peso (kf). Utilizaram-se 26 animais da raça Moxotó, machos não-castrados com peso vivo (PV) médio inicial de 15 kg e 7 a 8 meses de idade, alimentados com dieta contendo 2,6 Mcal de energia metabolizável. No início do experimento, seis animais foram abatidos e serviram como referência para estimativa da composição corporal e do peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) iniciais. Posteriormente, os animais foram distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso em grupos homogêneos de quatro animais, um para cada nível de consumo: alimentação à vontade (AV) e alimentação restrita (85, 70 e 55% do consumido pelo grupo que recebeu alimentação à vontade). No momento em que o PV dos animais que recebiam alimentação à vontade se aproximava de 25 kg, o grupo era abatido. As exigências líquidas de energia para mantença foram estimadas pelas relações logarítmica ou exponencial da produção de calor (PC) e o consumo de energia metabolizável (CEM). As km e kf foram calculadas como a relação entre a energia líquida da dieta para ganho ou mantença e a concentração de energia metabolizável das dietas. Posteriormente, estimaram-se as exigências de EM e NDT. A exigência de energia líquida para mantença, de 55,11 kcal/kgPCVZ0,75, foi próxima ao predito pelas normas norte-americanas para essa espécie. Esse valor é considerado baixo se comparado aos reportados na literatura brasileira pesquisada. A km estimada foi de 0,57 e as kf para as concentrações de 2,99; 2,95; 2,56 e 2,5 Mcal/kg de MS foram de 0,22; 0,19; 0,28 e 0,36, respectivamente.Twenty-six Moxotó non-castrated male kids (averaging 15 kg of initial live weight (LW) and 6-8 months old) fed a diet with 2.6 Mcal of metabolizable energy were used to predict the net energy requirements for maintenance and net efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization (EMEU) for maintenance (km) and weight gain (kf). At the beginning of the experiment, six animals were slaughtered as reference to estimate initial body composition and initial empty body weight (EBW). Afterwards, five groups of four animals (one for each intake levels) were assigned to a complete randomized design, in the following treatments: 100% or ad libitum (AL), 85, 70 and 55 of ad libitum. Each group was slaughtered when BW of AL animals reached 25 kg LW. The net energy requirements for maintenance were estimated by the logarithm or exponential relations of heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy intake. Estimates of km and kf were calculated as the relation between dietary net energy for gain and maintenance, respectively, and the dietary ME concentration. After, ME and TDN requirements were estimated. The net energy requirement for maintenance of 55.11 kcal per kg EBW0.75 was next to the predicted by the North American report for this specie. This value is considered low if compared to that reported in the Brazilian literature. Km estimate was of 0.57. Kf estimates were of 0.22, 0.19, 0.28 and 0.36, respectively, for the concentrations of 2.99, 2.95, 2.56 e 2.5 Mcal/kg of DM.

Objetivou-se determinar as características de carcaça e rendimento de buchada de caprinos alimentados com dietas com 0,0; 8,9; 19,8 ou 31,7% de farelo grosso de trigo (FGT) em substituição ao milho. Foram utilizados 24 cabritos mestiços, machos não-castrados, com peso inicial de 20 kg, em gaiolas individuais, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro dietas e seis repetições, durante 74 dias. Houve efeito linear decrescente nos pesos e rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria, enquanto o peso vivo ao abate (27,85 kg), as perdas por jejum (4,02%), as perdas por resfriamento (4,15%) e a área de olho-de-lombo (7,2 cm²) não foram influenciados pelo aumento do FGT na ração. Os pesos de lombo, perna e baixo e o percentual do baixo reduziram linearmente, enquanto o peso de buchada foi influenciado de forma quadrática (ponto de máximo 14,22%) pela inclusão do FGT. Os melhores resultados de rendimentos de carcaça e buchada foram obtidos com a inclusão, em média, de 14% de farelo grosso de trigo em substituição ao milho.The objective of this work was to evaluate the carcass characteristics and "buchada" dressing of goat fed with diets with 0.0, 8.9, 19.8, and 31.7% of rough wheat bran (RWB) replacing corn. Twenty-four crossbred male goats, with initial 20 kg LW, in individual cages, allotted to a completely randomized experimental design with four diets and six replications, during 74 days. Hot and cold carcass weight and dressing decreased linearly, the slaughter live weight (27.85 kg), fasting losses (4,02%), cooling losses (4.15%), loin eye area (7.2cm²) were not affected by increasing dietary RWB levels. The weights loin, leg, and breast weight, and percent of breast linearly reduced, while the "buchada" weight were quadratically affected (point of maximum 14.22%) by the inclusion of RWB. The best results of carcass and buchada dressing were obtained with inclusion, in average, of 14% rough wheat bran replacing corn.

Avaliaram-se as características de carcaça, os rendimentos dos cortes e a musculosidade da carcaça de 24 ovinos Santa Inês, inteiros, confinados em baias individuais, alimentados com dietas contendo 0; 20; 30 e 40% de caroço de algodão integral (CAI). Os animais apresentaram peso corporal inicial médio de 19,5 kg e foram abatidos quando atingiram peso médio de 32,2 kg. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro dietas e seis repetições. Não houve efeito para as características quantitativas analisadas em função dos níveis de CAI empregados. O rendimento verdadeiro médio foi de 56,46%. Para os pesos dos cortes em relação à meia-carcaça, houve efeito linear decrescente para a paleta, enquanto para os rendimentos de cortes não houve efeito dos níveis de CAI. A estimativa de musculosidade da carcaça sofreu efeito linear decrescente para a relação músculo:osso e área de olho-de-lombo. Entre os tecidos constituintes da perna, a porcentagem de músculo sofreu influência decrescente. Os níveis de CAI proporcionaram menor musculosidade da carcaça, sem, no entanto, afetar as características e o rendimento de cortes da carcaça de cordeiros Santa Inês, podendo ser incluído em dietas de terminação.This work was carried out with the objective to evaluate the effects of different levels (0.0 20.0, 30.0 and 40.0%) of whole cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) of the diet (% DM) on carcass characteristics, cut yields and carcass muscularity of feedlot Santa Inez sheep. Twenty-four sheep with average initial and final body weight of 19.0 and 32,2kg, respectively, and allotted to a completely randomized design, with four diets and six replications. No effect was observed for the inclusion of whole cottonseed (WCS) levels to the diets on quantitative characteristics. The average true carcass dressing yield was 56.46%. For the cuts weights based on half carcass, there was a decreasing linear effect for shoulder, while for the cut yields there was not effect of the inclusion of WCS levels in the diet. The estimated of carcass muscularity index presented decreasing linear effect for the muscle:bone ratio and loin eye area. Among the tissues that compose the leg, the muscle percentage a decreasing linear effect was observed. The levels of whole cottonseed provided smaller carcass muscularity, without however affect characteristics and yields of carcass cuts the Santa Inez lambs and could be included in termination diets.

Objetivou-se avaliar os pesos e rendimentos de órgãos, vísceras, subprodutos e componentes comestíveis de 32 ovinos da raça Morada Nova, castrados, confinados, recebendo dietas contendo 20; 40; 60 e 80% de concentrado. Os animais (8,11 ± 1,15 meses de idade e 19,67 ± 2,97 kg de peso inicial) foram abatidos aos 30,0 kg. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. O aumento dos níveis de concentrado elevou os pesos de corpo vazio (25,12; 25,69; 25,87 e 26,82 kg), fígado (0,497; 0,565; 0,566 e 0,653 kg), vesícula biliar (0,009; 0,014; 0,020 e 0,033 kg), intestino delgado (0,460; 0,564; 0,582 e 0,650 kg), sangue (1,258; 1,363; 1,295 e 1,597 kg), pele (1,944; 1967; 1,991 e 2,236), patas (0,607; 0,623; 0,620 e 0,692 kg), miúdos da "buchada" (4,489; 4,602; 4,750 e 5,055 kg) e seus rendimentos em relação ao peso corporal ao abate (14,51; 14,75; 15,50 e 16,29%), mas reduziu linearmente o conteúdo do trato gastrintestinal (5,80; 5,47; 4,80 e 4,16 kg) e do omaso (0,089; 0,070; 0,063 e 0,058 kg). Os pesos e rendimentos de alguns órgãos, vísceras, subprodutos e gorduras internas não foram alterados pelos planos nutricionais. Independentemente dos níveis de concentrado utilizados, os pesos e rendimentos dos componentes não-carcaça foram altos, com valores que refletem diretamente em menores pesos e rendimentos da carcaça dos ovinos Morada Nova confinados.The objective of this study was evaluate the yields and weights of the organs, viscera, by-products and edible offal in 32 males castrate Morada Nova hair sheep breed, in feedlot, fed with diets containing 20.0 40.0 60.0 and 80.0 % of concentrate. The animals (8.11 ± 1.15 months old, 19.67 ± 2.97 kg BW) were slaughtered at 30.0 kg BW. A completely randomized blocks design, with four diets and eight replicates, was used. The crescent concentrate levels increased empty body weight (25.12, 25.69, 25.87, and 26.82 kg), liver (0.497, 0.565, 0.566, and 0.653 kg), gall bladder (0.009, 0.014, 0.020, and 0.033 kg), small intestine (0.460, 0.564, 0.582, and 0.650 kg), blood (1.258, 1.363, 1.295, and 1.597 kg), paws (0.607, 0.623, 0.620, and 0.692 kg), "buchada" offals (4.489, 4.602, 4.750, and 5.055 kg) and their yields in relation to slaughter body weight (14.51, 14.75, 15.50, and 16.29%), while there was linear decreasing for digestive tract content (5.80, 5.47, 4.80, and 4.16 kg) and omasum (0.089, 0.070, 0.063, and 0.058 kg). No treatment effect on weights and yields of some organs, viscera, by-products and internal fats was observed. Beyond the used concentrate levels, the yields and weights of non carcass components were high, with values that directly reflect in less yields and weights of carcass of the feedlot Morada Nova hair sheep.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de dietas com diferentes níveis (0,0; 20,0; 30,0 e 40,0%) de caroço de algodão integral (Gossypium hirsutum L.) na matéria seca da dieta sobre o desempenho, consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes de ovinos Santa Inês. Vinte e quatro cordeiros inteiros com peso corporal médio inicial de 19,5 kg foram submetidos a um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro dietas e seis repetições. Os consumos de matéria seca, expressos em kg/dia, %PV e g/kg0,75, não foram influenciados pela inclusão do caroço de algodão integral (CAI), com médias de 1,195; 4,61 e 104,07, respectivamente. Os ganhos de peso total e diário decresceram, enquanto a conversão teve efeito linear crescente, mas entre os níveis de CAI o de 20% apresentou desempenho semelhante à dieta controle. Os consumos de matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), carboidratos totais (CHT) e nutrientes digestíveis totais, expressos em g/dia, não foram afetados, enquanto os de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA) e extrato etéreo (EE) tiveram efeito linear crescente com a adição do CAI. A inclusão do caroço de algodão na alimentação proporcionou efeito quadrático para os coeficientes de digestibilidade de PB e FDA e linear crescente para FDN e EE, porém não afetou os de MS, MO e CHT e o consumo de NDT. O CAI nos níveis utilizados não alterou o consumo e a digestibilidade de MS, FDN e NDT, mas reduziu o ganho de peso e a eficiência alimentar de ovinos em terminação.This work was carried out with the objective to evaluate the effects of different levels (0.0 20.0, 30.0 and 40.0%) of whole cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) of the diet (% DM) on performance and nutrient digestibilities of feedlot Santa Inez sheep. Twenty-four sheep with average initial and final body weight of 19.0 and 32.2 kg, respectively, and allotted to a completely randomized design, with four diets and six replications. The dry matter intake in kg/day, %BW and g/kg0.75 was not influenced by the inclusion of the whole cottonseed (WCS), with averages of 1.195, 4.61, and 104.07, respectively. The total and daily weight gains decreased, while the feed conversion ration showed increasing linear effect with the inclusion of WCS, except for the level of 20% WCS that showed similar performance to the control diet. The intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), total carbohydrates (TC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), in g/day were not affected, while the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE) presented increasing linear effect with the inclusion of WCS. The inclusion of whole cottonseed in the feeding provided quadratic effect for digestible coefficients of CP, ADF and increasing linear effect for NDF and EE, however did not affect DM, OM, TC and TDN intake of the diets. The whole cottonseed in the used levels does not alter the intake and the digestibility of the DM, NDF and TND, but reduced the weight gain and feed conversion ratio of feedlot of the Santa Inez lambs, and could be included in termination diets.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da utilização de silagem de maniçoba (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg.) nas relações volumoso:concentrado 30:70; 40:60; 50:50 e 60:40% sobre a composição do leite, o perfil de ácidos graxos e as características sensoriais do leite de cabras Moxotó. Utilizaram-se oito cabras multíparas com aproximadamente 60 dias pós-parto, pesando em média 44 kg, em um delineamento quadrado latino duplo 4 × 4, com quatro tratamentos, quatro períodos e quatro animais. Cada período teve duração de 15 dias: dez de adaptação dos animais às dietas e cinco de coleta do leite. Não foi observado efeito das dietas na composição química do leite, que apresentou valores médios de proteína (3,79%), gordura (3,97 %), lactose (4,66 %), extrato seco total (13,12%), densidade (1,033) e acidez (19ºD). O fornecimento de silagem de maniçoba influenciou de forma linear crescente as concentrações de ácido mirístico (C14:0), que apresentaram valores de 6,15 a 7,85%, e de forma decrescente os teores de ácido linolênico (C18:3), cujos valores médios foram de 2,13 a 0,76% conforme aumentaram os níveis de silagem na dieta. Os resultados da ADQ (análise descritiva quantitativa) indicam que a utilização de silagem de maniçoba em dieta para cabras não confere mudanças sensoriais perceptíveis no leite. A inclusão de silagem de maniçoba na alimentação de cabras leiteiras em níveis de até 60% da dieta não altera a composição e as características sensoriais do leite.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the use of maniçoba silage (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg.) in different forage:concentrate ratio (30:70; 40:60; 50:50 and 60:40%) in milk composition, fatty acids profile and sensorial characteristics of Moxotó dairy goat milk. Eight multiparus goats were used, with approximately 60 days postpartum and about 44 kg on average, in a 4 × 4 Latin square design, with four treatments, four periods and 4 animals. Each period lasted 15 days : 10 of adaptation of the animals to the diets and 5 of milk collection. No effect of the diets was observed on milk chemical composition, which showed mean values of protein (3.79%), fat (3.97%), lactose (4.66%), total dry extract (13.12%), density (1.033) and acidity (19ºD). A positive linear effect was observe for the miristic acid (C14:0), with mean values from 6.15 to 7.85%, and a negative linear effect was observed for the linolenic acid (C18:3), with mean values from 2.13 to 0.76%, due to the increase of silage levels in the diet. The results of ADQ (quantitative and descriptive analyses) show that the use of maniçoba silage in goats diet did not cause sensorial perceptible changes in the milk. The maniçoba silage inclusion in feeding of milk goat up to the level of 60% in the diet did not change the composition and sensorial characteristics of Moxotó breed goat milk.

Foram utilizados, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, 32 caprinos mestiços de anglo-nubiano, machos castrados, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da substituição do milho por casca de soja nos níveis de 0, 33, 66 e 100%, em dietas baseadas em palma forrageira (Nopalea cochenilifera Salm Dyck) sobre o consumo e rendimento decarcaça. A elevação no nível de casca de soja aumentou linearmente (p < 0,05) o consumo de fibra em detergente neutro e diminuiu o consumo de carboidratos não-fibrosos, entretanto, não influenciou o peso vivo ao abate, peso do corpo vazio, perdas com resfriamento, nem os pesos e rendimentos de carcaça quente, carcaça fria e da buchada. Asperdas com jejum apresentaram comportamento quadrático, enquanto o rendimento verdadeiro e de frigorificação aumentaram linearmente. O índice de compacidade da carcaça, os cortes e seus respectivos rendimentos não foram influenciados pelo nível de substituição do milho por casca de soja, com exceção do corte da paleta, que apresentou comportamento quadrático (p < 0,05). A substituição total do milho pela casca de soja resultou em redução de 15,4% do custo com alimentação. A casca de soja pode constituir alternativa na alimentação de caprinos em confinamento, em dietas à base de palmaforrageira.Thirty-two Anglo-Nubian crossbred castrated male goats were utilized in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effect of replacing corn with soybean hull in diets based on cactus forage (Nopalea cochenilifera Salm Dyck) at levels of 0, 33, 66 and 100%, measured for intake and carcass yield. The rise in soybean hull levels increased neutral detergent fiber intake linearly (p < 0.05) and reduced the intake of non-fiber carbohydrates. However, live slaughter weight, empty body weight, freezing losses, hot carcass weight and yield, cold carcass and “buchada” (gut) were not influenced. Fasting losses presented quadratic behavior (p < 0.05) while true and freezing yields increased linearly (p < 0.05). The carcass compactness index, the cuts and their respective yields were not influenced by the replacement of corn with soybean hull level,except for the shoulder cut, which presented quadratic behavior (p < 0.05). Total replacement of corn reduced feeding costs by 15.4%. Soybean hull can represent an alternative in the feeding of goats in confinement fed a cactus forage-based diet.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho e farelo de soja por levedura de cana-de-açúcar e uréia, sobre o consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade e desempenho, em ovinos. Foi avaliada a inclusão de 0; 10, 20 e 30% de levedura corrigida com uréia. Foram distribuídos, aleatoriamente, 32 ovinos castrados nos quatro tratamentos, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, extrato etéreo, proteína bruta e carboidratos totais não foram influenciados, pela inclusão de levedura na dieta. Os consumos de carboidratos não-fibrosos e NDTdiminuíram, e o de fibra em detergente neutro aumentou linearmente com a inclusão de levedura. A digestibilidade da proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro e carboidratos totais não foram influenciados, enquanto que a digestibilidade da matéria seca,matéria orgânica e carboidratos não-fibrosos diminuíram linearmente com a inclusão de levedura. Os pesos ao abate, da carcaça fria e quente, ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça fria e quente e perda ao resfriamento diminuíram linearmente com a inclusão de levedura.O rendimento dos cortes comerciais não foi alterado pela inclusão de levedura. Conclui-se que a substituição do milho e farelo de soja por levedura e uréia, na dieta de ovinos, afetou negativamente o consumo de energia e o desempenho animal.This study was conducted to determine the effects of the replacement of cracked corn and soybean meal with sugar cane yeast and urea on nutrient intake, digestibility and performance of sheep. The additions of 0, 10, 20 and 30% of sugar cane yeast enriched withurea were evaluated. Thirty-two castrated male sheep were assigned to the four treatments in a completely randomized design. The results showed that intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and total carbohydrates were not affected by sugar caneyeast. However, intake of non-fiber carbohydrates and TDN decreased, and neutral detergent fiber intake increased linearly when the level of sugar cane yeast increased. The digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and total carbohydratewere not affected, while the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and non-fiber carbohydrates decreased linearly as a function of sugar cane yeast levels. Slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weight, live weight gain and both hot and cold carcass dressingdecreased linearly as functions of levels of sugar cane yeast. The dressing of commercial cuts, as a function of cold carcass, was not affected by sugar cane yeast. It was concluded that the replacement of cracked corn and soybean meal with sugar cane yeast and urea in thediet of sheep adversely affected energy intake and animal performance.

Avaliaram-se o desempenho e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em 32 ovinos Morada Nova, castrados, em confinamento alimentados com dietas contendo 20, 40, 60 e 80% de concentrado. Os animais tinham 8,11 ± 1,15 meses de idade, peso inicial de 19,67 ± 2,97 kg e peso ao abate de 30,0 kg. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Houve efeito linear decrescente dos níveis de concentrado sobre o número de dias em confinamento, que variou de 123,37 a 52,50 para as dietas com 20 e 80% de concentrado. O consumo diário de MS aumentou linearmente com a redução da proporção volumoso:concentrado, que variou de 0,925 a 1,124 kg. O ganho de peso, a conversão e a eficiência alimentar melhoraram com aumento do nível de concentrado na dieta. Os consumos de MO, PB, EE, NDT, EM, carboidratos totais (CT) e carboidratos não-fibrosos (CNF) elevaram, enquanto os de FDN e FDA decresceram com a inclusão do concentrado. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade de MS, MO e dos CT foram crescentes, enquanto a digestibilidade do EE e dos CNF sofreram efeito quadrático e as digestibilidades de PB, FDN e FDA não foram influenciadas pelo aumento de concentrado na dieta. Níveis de concentrado acima de 60% elevaram os ganhos de peso e anteciparam a idade ao abate dos ovinos Morada Nova. Dietas com níveis superiores a 40% de concentrado melhoraram os índices de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes. A raça Morada Nova tem potencial para produção de carne em confinamento.The objective of this trial was to evaluate performance and nutrient intake and digestibility in feedlot Morada Nova hair sheep fed increasing levels of dietary concentrate. Thirty-two castratated Morada Nova sheep averaging 8.11 ± 1.15 months of age and 19.67 ± 2.97 kg of body weight (BW) at the beginning of the study were used in this trial. Animals were slaughtered with 30.0 kg of BW and fed diets with the following concentrate levels: 20, 40, 60 or 80%. A completely randomized block design with eight replicates per treatment was used. There was a significant linear reduction in feedlot days from 123.37 to 52.50 when the concentrate levels increased from 20 to 80% in the diet. Conversely, dry matter intake increasead linearly from 0.925 to 1.124 kg/day by reducing the forage:concentrate ratio of the diet. The daily weight gain and feed conversion and efficiency improved with increasing the levels concentrate in the diet. Intakes of organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, total digestible nutrients, metabolizable energy, total carbohydrates, and nonfiber carbohydrates all increasead with concentrate levels in the diet, while the opposite was observed for intakes of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. Total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and total carbohydrates increased when the concentrate levels was increased in the diet. Significant quadratic effects were observed for the the digestibility of ether extract and nonfiber carbohydrates while that of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fibers was not affected by the dietary levels of concentrate. Dietary concentrate levels greater than 60% improved performance of feedlot Morada Nova sheep by increasing daily weight gain and decreasing slaughter feedlot time. Diets with concentrate levels higher than 40% increasead digestibility coefficients of nutrients.

Um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a influência dos níveis de concentrado sobre o peso e o rendimento dos cortes e dos constituintes não-carcaça e a composição tecidual da perna de cordeiros mestiços de Dorper terminados em confinamento ou mestiços de Dorper x Santa Inês. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros (não-castrados) ½ Dorper x ½ Santa Inês (peso médio inicial de 17,1 kg) alimentados com dietas contendo 30, 45, 60 e 75% de concentrado. Os cordeiros foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. Os animais foram mantidos em confinamento durante 43 dias. Após o abate, as carcaças foram resfriadas por 24 horas. Foram registrados os pesos e as porcentagens dos cortes da meia-carcaça e as porcentagens de osso, músculos e tecido adiposo, avaliadas por meio de dissecação da perna. Houve efeito significativo linear crescente dos níveis de concentrado sobre os pesos de pescoço, paleta, costilhar, lombo e perna. Verificou-se também efeito significativo linear decrescente sobre os rendimentos dos cortes comerciais (pescoço, perna e paleta), excetuando-se o de costilhar, que cresceu linearmente. A espessura de gordura e a área de olho-de-lombo foram influenciadas pelos níveis de concentrado. Observou-se efeito significativo sobre os constituintes não-carcaça, exceto o trato digestório, que não foi afetado pelos níveis de concentrado. O aumento do nível de concentrado influenciou o peso e o rendimento dos cortes e órgãos internos e aumentou a proporção e a deposição de gordura na carcaça.Thirty-two intact lambs averaging 17.1 kg of initial body weight were assigned to one of the following four treatments: 30, 45, 60 or 75% of dietary concentrate in a completely randomized design (eight lambs/treatment). Lambs were feedlot fed during the experimental period (43 days). After slaughter, carcasses were refrigerated for 24 h. It was measured the weights and percentages of five cuts from the half carcass as well as the proportion of muscle, bone and fat tissue from the leg. The weights of neck, shoulder, ribs, loin and leg all increased linearly by increasing the level of concentrate in the diet while the opposite was observed for the yields of neck, leg, and shoulder; yield of ribs followed the increment of concentrate in the diet and increased linearly. Fat thickness and loin eye area were both affected by the level of concentrate in the diet. The same was observed for the non-carcass components with the exception of digestive tract. Feeding increasing dietary levels of concentrate to lambs affected the weight and yield of retail cuts and internal organs and increased the proportion and deposition of fat in the carcass.

Objetivou-se determinar o consumo voluntário e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes de fenos triturados de milheto, sorgo sudanense, capim-elefante e cultivares de sorgo forrageiro SF-25 e IPA-467-4-2 em caprinos. Utilizaram-se 25 animais (18 meses de idade e 19,5 kg de PV inicial) distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos completos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os consumos de MS (CMS) e MO (CMO), quando expressos em porcentagem de peso vivo (%PV), não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. O CMS representou, respectivamente, 2,41; 2,33; 2,25; 1,82 e 1,85% do PV dos caprinos. Os consumos voluntários de PB (%PV) evidenciaram diferenças significativas para os fenos de milheto e sorgo sudanense, que foram superiores aos de capim-elefante e aos dos sorgos SF-25 e IPA-467-4-2. Os consumos de FDN não diferiram entre os fenos e variaram de 236,14 a 322,10 g/dia, representando 1,25 a 1,61% do PV dos caprinos. A digestibilidade aparente da MS dos fenos não sofreu influência significativa e variou de 49,87 a 55,90%. Para a digestibilidade da PB (DPB), não foram constatadas diferenças significativas entre os fenos de milheto, sorgo sudanense, capim-elefante e sorgo SF-25. A digestibilidade da FDN (DFDN), no entanto, apresentou variação significativa entre os fenos do milheto (64,44%) e sorgo IPA-467-4-2 (54,72%). Os valores de digestibilidade, indicativos de qualidade, dos fenos triturados das cinco gramíneas foram aproximados e as diferenças requerem a realização de ensaios de desempenho para suas comprovações.The objective of this trial was to investigate intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients on goats fed one of the following chopped grass hays: pearl millet (PMH), sudangrass (SH), elephantgrass (EH) or two cultivars of forage sorghum (FSH1 and FSH2). Twenty-five goats averaging 18 months of age and 19.5 kg of body weight were assigned to a completely randomized block design with five treatments and five replicates. DM intake (DMI), expressed as percentage of body weight (% BW), did not differ and averaged 2.41, 2.33, 2.25, 1.82, and 1.85%, respectively, for PMH, SH, EH, FSH1, and FSH2. The same was observed for the intakes of OM and NDF. However, CP intake as % BW was greater on goats fed PMH and SH than on those fed EH, FSH1, and FSH2. No significant differences were observed for the apparent total tract digestibility of DM that varied from 49.87 to 55.90% across hays. CP digestibility was lowest on FSH2, intermediate on SH and FSH1, and greatest on PMH and EH while that of NDF differed significantly only by comparing PMH (64.44%) with FSH2 (54.72%). It can be concluded that the overall nutritional quality of all five hays were similar and further research is required to verify potential differences in animal performance among these forage sources.

A pesquisa foi conduzida objetivando avaliar o rendimento, a composição químico-bromatológica e as perdas de fenos triturados de milheto, sorgo sudanense, capim-elefante e sorgos forrageiros (SF-25 e IPA-467-4-2). Os materiais foram colhidos quando atingiram 30% de inflorescências, com exceção do capim-elefante, colhido aos 60 dias. Utilizou-se delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Houve diferenças significativas, com maiores produções de feno para os sorgos IPA-467-4-2 (10,85 t/ha/corte) e SF-25 (10,65 t/ha/corte), que foram superiores ao capim-elefante, sorgo sudanense e milheto, com, respectivamente, 6,94; 6,69 e 4,93 t/ha/corte. Os percentuais de perdas na fenação não diferiram entre os tratamentos, com níveis variando de 17,33 a 20,17%. Os fenos de milheto e sorgo sudanense tiveram as maiores concentrações de PB (10,56 e 8,80%), superiores às do capim-elefante (6,76%) e dos sorgos SF-25 (5,62%) e IPA-467-4-2 (5,50%). Os valores de FDN foram, na maioria, superiores a 70,0%. As menores concentrações de NIDN foram observadas nos cultivares de sorgo (0,42 e 0,40% da MS). As concentrações de NIDA variaram de 0,06 a 0,30% na MS. As maiores concentrações de lignina (%MS) dos fenos foram obtidas no milheto (6,52%) e no sorgo IPA-467-4-2 (6,17%). As concentrações de nutrientes digestíveis totais estimadas (NDTe) dos fenos diferiram significativamente, com o maior valor para o sorgo sudanense (53,35%). Os fenos triturados das gramíneas tropicais avaliadas apresentaram rendimentos elevados e composição químico-bromatológica dentro dos padrões mínimos recomendáveis para nutrição de ruminantes.The research was carried out to evaluate yield, chemical composition and losses of chopped tropical grass hays with the following forages: pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum), sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense), elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum) and two cultivars of forage sorghum (SF-25 and IPA-467-4-2) (Sorghum bicolor). The materials were harvested at 30% flowering, except for elephantgrass (60 days). The experiment was conducted according to a complete randomized block design, with five treatments and four replications. There were significant differences among hay productions with sorghum cultivars IPA-467-4-2 and SF-25 reaching the highest yields (10.85 and 10.65 t/ha/cut). Production of elephantgrass, sudangrass and pearl millet hays were respectively of 6.94, 6.69, and 4.93 t/ha/cut. Percentage of hay losses were not different among all treatments and varied from 17.33 to 20.17%. Pearl millet and sudangrass hays had the highest CP concentrations (10.56 and 8.80%), which were superior to elephantgrass (6.76%) and sorghum cultivars (5.62 and 5.50%). Most of the NDF values were superior to 70.0%. Sorghum cultivars exhibited the lowest NDIN concentration (0.42 and 0.40% of DM). The ADIN concentration ranged from 0.06 to 0.30% of DM. The highest lignin (%DM) concentration was observed for pearl millet (6.52%) and sorghum IPA-467-4-2 (6.17%) hays. Estimated TDN of the hays showed significant differences and sudangrass reached the highest value (53.35%). Production of chopped tropical grass hays showed high yields and chemical composition according to the minimum standards for ruminant nutrition.

Foram utilizados 22 cabritos não-castrados (10 Moxotó e 12 Canindé com peso médio inicial de 15 kg) confinados em baias individuais. Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (duas raças e dois níveis de alimentação: AV = à vontade e AR = 30% de restrição). Foram avaliados os rendimentos de carcaça quente (RCQ), verdadeiro (RV) e comercial (RC), os cortes da carcaça e o rendimento dos componentes não-carcaça em relação ao peso do corpo vazio (PCV). Cabritos alimentados à vontade apresentaram maiores RCQ e RC e porções comestíveis da carcaça. O rendimento verdadeiro não foi influenciado pelo maior nível de alimentação. Após o abate e resfriamento da carcaça, foram feitos os seguintes cortes: pescoço, paleta, costelas (1ª-5ª), costelas (6ª-13ª), lombo, perna e baixo. Apesar do maior peso (kg) dos cortes dos animais alimentados AV, não foi observada diferença entre seus rendimentos em relação ao peso da carcaça fria. O rendimento da perna foi afetado pelo nível de alimentação, sendo menor para os grupos com nível de alimentação AV. Os rendimentos do fígado, da cabeça e do trato gastrintestinal foram influenciados pelo nível de alimentação. A raça não foi determinante de diferenças nas características de carcaça e dos componentes não-carcaça, assim como no rendimento dos cortes quando o peso e o tamanho à maturidade foram semelhantes. A restrição alimentar afetou o desenvolvimento e a deposição de tecidos nos animais, resultando em menores rendimentos e quilogramas de carcaça fria a ser comercializada.Twenty-two non-castrated male kids (10 Moxotó and 12 Canindé) averaging 15 kg of initial body weight and housed in individual pens were used in this trial. Animals were assigned to a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments [two breeds and two feeding levels: ad libitum (AL) or 30% of feed restriction (FR). Animals fed AL had greater yields of hot carcass, cold carcass, and carcass edible parts compared to those fed FR. It was not observed a significant feeding level effect on true carcass yield. After slaughter and cooling of the carcasses the following cuts were done: neck, shoulder clod, ribs (1st-5th and 6th-13th), loin, leg and breast. Although animals fed AL had greater body weights than FR kids, no significant differences were found between treatments for the different carcass cuts when expressed as percentage of cold carcass weight. Hind leg yield was affected by feeding level being lower in animals fed AL. Yields of liver, head, and gut, as percentage of empty body weight, were also affected by feeding level. Feed restriction had a negative effect on development and tissue deposition leading to lower cold carcass yield and weight. It can be concluded that when size and mature weight were similar, breed was not responsible for the differences on carcass characteristics, non-carcass components, and commercial cuts.

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição do feno de coastcross (Cynodon dactylon) pelo resíduo agroindustrial de abacaxi desidratado sobre o desempenho, a digestibilidade aparente e o consumo de nutrientes digestíveis em caprinos em crescimento. Foram utilizadas 24 fêmeas mestiças Saanen x Crioula com peso vivo médio inicial de 19,2 kg, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos, representados pelos níveis de 0, 33, 66 e 100% de inclusão de resíduo agroindustrial de abacaxi desidratado (RAD) em substituição ao feno de coastcross. Não houve efeito dos níveis de substituição sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, PB e FDN. A digestibilidade da MO e celulose (CEL) aumentaram linearmente, enquanto a da FDA apresentou efeito quadrático. Os consumos médios de nutrientes digestíveis, em g/kgPV0,75, para os níveis de substituição de 0, 33, 66 e 100% foram, respectivamente, de 62,35; 63,58; 59,53 e 54,47 (MS), 60,40; 61,51; 57,94 e 51,83 (MO), 7,91; 7,86; 7,27 e 6,44 (PB), 24,85; 22,94; 21,61 e 18,75 (FDN), 7,62; 5,30; 5,96 e 7,11 (FDA) e 37,62; 27,83; 32,91 e 31,98 (CEL), resultando em ganhos de peso de 204, 215, 198 e 196 g/dia. A utilização de resíduo agroindustrial de abacaxi desidratado em rações para caprinos melhora os coeficientes de digestibilidade de MO, CEL e FDA e proporciona ganhos de peso satisfatórios em fêmeas em crescimento.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing coastcross (Cynodon dactylon) hay with a dehydrated pineapple by-product (DPB) on performance, apparent digestibility, and intake of digestible nutrients in growing goats. Twenty-four crossbred Saanen x Criola female goats averaging 19.2 kg of body weight (BW) at the beginning of the trial were used in a completely randomized design. Animals were assigned to one of the following four treatments: 0, 33, 66, or 100% of DPB in the diet. Replacing coastcross hay with DPB did not significantly affect the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). However, the apparent digestibility of both organic matter (OM) and cellulose (CEL) increased linearly while that of acid detergent fiber (ADF) showed a quadratic effect with the increasing levels of DPB in the diet. The average intake of digestible nutrients, expressed in g/kg BW0.75, for treatments with 0, 33, 66, or 100% of dietary DPB were in this order: 62.35, 63.58, 59.53 and 54.47 for DM; 60.40, 61.51, 57.94 and 51.83 for OM; 7.91, 7.86, 7.27 and 6.44 for CP; 24.85, 22.94, 21.61 and 18.75 for NDF; 7.62, 5.30, 5.96 and 7.11 for ADF; and 37.62, 27.83, 32.91 and 31.98 for CEL. Replacing coastcross hay by DPB in the diet improved the apparent digestibility of OM, CEL, and ADF and resulted in BW that was considered satisfactory for growing female goats.