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Las creencias que rodean la práctica de comer animales son ampliamente aceptadas y constituyen una ideología llamada carnismo. El objetivo de este estudio es validar el Inventario de carnismo, que mide dos componentes de dichas creencias: la defensa carnística y la dominación carnística. La defensa carnística legitimaría la práctica de comer animales basándose en argumentos que apuntan a la tradición, el gusto o la necesidad; mientras que la dominación carnística apoyaría la matanza de animales fundamentando en la noción de una jerarquía natural y del derecho que nos asiste de dominar a los animales y utilizarlos para nuestros fines. Se confirmó la estructura bidimensional y se logró buena consistencia interna para la escala completa (α=.735). Las dimensiones se correlacionaron positivamente (r=.407). La escala obtiene buenos índices de ajuste y podemos soportar la invariancia de tipo configuracional y métrica del Inventario de carnismo para hombres y mujeres.

Objective: The aim of this work was to evaluate the diversity and abundance of bark beetles and ambrosial beetles and their relationship with temperature and relative humidity. Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out in a pine-oak forest of the northeastern Sierra of the state of Puebla, where a monitoring system was established using Lindgren traps baited with frontalin, brevicomine, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. Results: The presence of 23 species of bark beetles and ambrosial beetles was recorded. Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) and Pseudips mexicanus (Hopkins) were the most abundant species and their presence was significantly associated with places having high relative humidity. Limitations on study/implications: The results obtained are limited to the studied ecosystem. Findings/conclusions: It was concluded that the abundance of the species observed was closely related with climatic factors.

Coffee is one of the most economically important agricultural commodities in the world. Labeling accuracy and conservation efficiency are essential for coffee germplasm management and for the exchange and utilization in breeding new varieties. However, due to its homogenous genetic background, accurate identification of Coffea arabica germplasm has not been fully achieved. Specifically, data comparison across different laboratories and genotyping platforms has not been available. Here, we report the screening of 672 candidate SNPs using Nano-Fluidic Array genotyping. Based on call rate, Minor Allele Frequency and Linkage Disequilibrium, a set of 96 SNPs were selected for genotyping C. arabica. This validated panel is suitable for use in coffee germplasm conservation and crop improvement, including varietal identification, seeds and nursery accreditation, and coffee bean authentication.

Dissertação de mestrado em Geociências (especialização em Valorização de Recursos Geológicos), O NW de Portugal apresenta inúmeros vestígios da história mineira do país. No século XX, a atividade mineira da região foi bastante ativa, elevando exponencialmente o número de trabalhos minérios. Sendo que, grande parte destas explorações encontra-se de momento abandonadas. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo o estudo do passivo mineiro e contribuição para o estudo de uma possível reabilitação do espaço mineiro devoluto de Vale de Corzes. Este passivo divide-se em três grupos, património, recursos remanescentes e impacto ambiental remanescente. Relativamente ao primeiro grupo concluiu-se que a lavaria de Corzes é um vestígio único na região mineira da Serra de Arga. Apresenta ainda vestígios imóveis, onde é possível encontrar a vivência mineira. Para tal, recorreu-se à análise documental e implementações em croquis dedutivos. Na avaliação dos recursos remanescentes utilizaram-se técnicas analíticas, como por exemplo o Microscópio Eletrónico de Varrimento (MEV). Sendo possível com base nos resultados obtidos, a realização de quadros paragenéticos e identificação das fases minerais tipomórficos dos locais estudados. Evidenciou-se a elevada percentagem de Tântalo procedendo-se ao cálculo do seu teor. Em relação ao impacto ambiental remanescente não foram evidenciados impactos significativos, comprovados pelas análises dedutivas e pelos parâmetros físico-químicos das águas. Para além das análises dos resíduos associados à exploração mineira, evidenciam-se, com recurso a análises em depósitos aluvionares, a deslocação das escombreiras. Em suma, o objetivo da dissertação foi alcançado com sucesso., The NW of Portugal presents numerous traces of the country's mining history. In the 20th century, the mining activity in the region was quite active, exponentially increasing the number of mineral works. Since, most of these explorations are currently abandoned. This dissertation aims to study the mining liability and contribute to the study of a possible rehabilitation of the surrounding mining space in Vale de Corzes. This liability is divided into three groups, heritage, remaining resources and remaining environmental impact. Regarding the first group, it was concluded that the Corzes whashing plant is unique in the Serra de Arga mining region. It still has static traces, where it is possible to expirience the PLQHUV· URXWLQH. For this, we resorted to document analysis and implementations in deductive sketches. In evaluating the remaining resources, analytical techniques were used, such as the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Based on the results obtained, it is possible to carry out paragenetic pictures and identify the typmorphic mineral phases of the studied sites. The high percentage of Tantalum was evidenced, proceeding to the calculation of its content. Regarding the remaining environmental impact, no significant impacts were evidenced, as evidenced by deductive analyzes and by the physical-chemical parameters of the waters. In addition to the analysis of waste associated with mining, the displacement of heaps is evidenced, using analyzes in alluvial deposits. In short, the objective of the thesis was successfully achieved.

Green (unroasted) coffee is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world. The Arabica (Coffea arabica L.) and Robusta (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) species are the two main types of coffees for commercial production. In general, Arabica coffee is known to have better quality in terms of sensory characteristics; thus, it has a higher market value than Robusta coffee. Accurate differentiation of green beans of the two species is, therefore, of commercial interest in the coffee industry. Using the newly developed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, we analyzed a total of 80 single green bean samples, representing 20 Arabica cultivars and four Robusta accessions. Reliable SNP fingerprints were generated for all tested samples. Unambiguous differentiation between Robusta and Arabica coffees was achieved using multivariate analysis and assignment test. The SNP marker panel and the genotyping protocol are sufficiently robust to detect admixture of green coffee in a high-throughput fashion. Moreover, the multilocus SNP approach can differentiate every single bean within Robusta and 55% of Arabica samples. This advantage, together with the single-bean sensitivity, suggests a significant potential for practical application of this technology in the coffee industry.

Para el control y prevención del cólera humano se han llevado a cabo diferentes estrategias, entre las cuales, la vacunación es una de las medidas más eficaces. La evaluación preclínica de candidatos vacunales requiere de la demostración de la seguridad de los mismos, para lo cual los estudios toxicológicos son determinantes, al ser obligatorios y altamente regulados. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo demostrar la relevancia de las ratas Sprague Dawley como biomodelo a través de su respuesta inmunológica al candidato vacunal contra el cólera, vax-COLER®, utilizando la técnica de determinación de anticuerpos vibriocidas. Además, evaluar los efectos toxicológicos locales y sistémicos por la administración de una dosis de vax-COLER® a través de la evaluación de síntomas, del consumo de agua y alimentos, el peso corporal y estudios anatomopatológicos. La vacuna vax-COLER® resultó inmunogénica y no evidenció síntomas ni muertes, no hubo cambios en el peso corporal y los consumos de agua y alimentos se comportaron de forma similar entre todos los grupos. Los estudios anatomopatológicos solo mostraron cambios a nivel histológico en los ganglios linfáticos mesentéricos y placas de Peyer de los animales vacunados, con presencia de hiperplasia de los folículos secundarios subcapsulares, hallazgo que difirió significativamente con el resto de los grupos. Se concluye que la vacuna vax-COLER® es inmunogénica en ratas Sprague Dawley, demostrando la relevancia del biomodelo para la evaluación de la seguridad preclínica y que la aplicación de una dosis no produjo efectos tóxicos agudos generales ni locales.

Thrips (Thysanoptera) are opportunistic organisms that exhibit a wide range of life histories. Although easily overlooked because of their small size, they have been recorded from many types of ecosystems worldwide (Mound 2005). The thysanopteran fauna comprises~6,000 species and is more abundant and diverse in thetropics than in temperate regions (Mound and Marullo1996).

International audience; New adjuvant formulations, based on proteoliposomes b40 nm and cochleates b100 nm, without Al(OH)3 adjuvant, were evaluated regarding their ability to generate Th1 immune response through a Delayed -Type Hypersensitivity Test, at the mouse model, by using a Neisseria meningitidis B protein complex as antigen. The formulations were administered by intramuscular (IM) (2 inoculations - at baseline and after 14 days) and intranasal (IN) (3 inoculations at 7 days) immunization pathways. All IM immunized groups were able to induce similar response to these formulations as well as to VA-MENGOC-BC® vaccine - containing Al(OH)3 adjuvant (used as positive control of the trial). In all groups, the induced inflammation (IP) rate was statistically higher than in the negative control group (CN) (p b 0.05). Immunogenicity, measured by HSR and CD4+ lymphocyte increase was equivalent to the control vaccine and most important, granuloma reactogenicity at the site of injection was eliminated, fact demonstrated by histological study. All groups of animals immunized by IN route showed HSR reactions and statistically significant differences with respect to the CN group. However, IP values were lower, with statistical differences (p b 0.05) for the same adjuvant formulation IM administered, except the AIF2-nCh formulation that generated statistically similar induction (p N 0.05) by both immunization pathways, suggesting it to be the best candidate for the next IN trial. Proteoliposome and cochleate formulations tested were able to mount potent Th-1 immune response, equivalent to the original vaccine formulation, with the advantage of less reactogenicity in the site of the injection, caused by the toxicity of Al(OH)3 adjuvant gel.

We studied the interaction of Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi with the exotic parasitoid Phymastichus coffea, when both natural enemies, co-ocurred inside the coffee berry borer adult. The nematode...

The minute pirate bug Orius insidiosus (Say) is an important predator in mango agroecosystems. It attacks several species of thrips, particularly Frankliniella invasor Sakimura, which is considered a species of economic importance in mango. We investigated the effect of six diets on the development, survival, and reproduction of O. insidiosus: 1) first instars of F. invasor, 2) second instars, 3) adults, 4) pollen, 5) pollen plus thrips larvae, and 6) water. Individuals fed on thrips larvae, with or without pollen, completed their immature development significantly faster. Nymphs of O. insidiosus were able to complete their development feeding on pollen only, while individuals that received water as a diet were unable to reach the adult stage. The highest intrinsic growth rate was obtained when O. insidiosus were fed on pollen plus thrips larvae, and the lowest when individuals were fed on thrips adults. Our studies show that a diet of pollen plus F. invasor larvae is optimal for O. insidiosus development and population growth.

The coffee berry borer, the most economically important insect pest of coffee worldwide, is the only insect capable of feeding and reproducing solely on the coffee seed, a food source containing the purine alkaloid caffeine. Twenty-one bacterial species associated with coffee berry borers from Hawai’i, Mexico, or a laboratory colony in Maryland (Acinetobacter sp. S40, S54, S55, Bacillus aryabhattai, Delftia lacustris, Erwinia sp. S38, S43, S63, Klebsiella oxytoca, Ochrobactrum sp. S45, S46, Pantoea sp. S61, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. parafulva, and Pseudomonas sp. S30, S31, S32, S37, S44, S60, S75) were found to have at least one of five caffeine N-demethylation genes (ndmA, ndmB, ndmC, ndmD, ndmE), with Pseudomonas spp. S31, S32, S37, S60 and P. parafulva having the full complement of these genes. Some of the bacteria carrying the ndm genes were detected in eggs, suggesting possible vertical transmission, while presence of caffeine-degrading bacteria in frass, e.g., P. parafulva (ndmABCDE) and Bacillus aryabhattai (ndmA) could result in horizontal transmission to all insect life stages. Thirty-five bacterial species associated with the insect (Acinetobacter sp. S40, S54, S55, B. aryabhattai, B. cereus group, Bacillus sp. S29, S70, S71, S72, S73, D. lacustris, Erwinia sp. S38, S43, S59, S63, K. oxytoca, Kosakonia cowanii, Ochrobactrum sp. S45, S46, Paenibacillus sp. S28, Pantoea sp. S61, S62, P. aeruginosa, P. parafulva, Pseudomonas sp. S30, S31, S32, S37, S44, S60, S75, Stenotrophomonas sp. S39, S41, S48, S49) might contribute to caffeine breakdown using the C-8 oxidation pathway, based on presence of genes required for this pathway. It is possible that caffeine-degrading bacteria associated with the coffee berry borer originated as epiphytes and endophytes in the coffee plant microbiota.

El estudio de la vulnerabilidad socioeconómica (VSE) territorial, constituye un imperativo para la conformación de la agenda pública de los gobiernos locales. Identificar los factores que generan VSE se convierte en punto de partida de la acción pública con el objetivo de minimizar o neutralizarlos. En consecuencia, se ofrece una secuencia estructurada de análisis para identificar las dimensiones y factores que influyen en la vulnerabilidad socioeconómica en un territorio. Se parte de determinar las interrelaciones existentes entre los factores como vía para modelar la incertidumbre y la indeterminación de los factores que influyen en los niveles de VSE. Se complementa el análisis, con la aplicación de los Mapas Cognitivos Neotrosóficos (MCN). La propuesta desarrollada se aplicó en el municipio de Calixto García, lo que permitió revelar los factores que inciden en la VSE del municipio, así como las interdependencias, la incertidumbre y la indeterminación entre ellos.

In this project, the rough milling mechanized process was carried out without cutting fluid to analyze their performance. It compared conventional and adaptive strategies in high-speed machining (HSM). The material tested was a 7075-76 aluminum alloy (Prodax aluminum) because of the excellent mechanical properties and the high scope to use in molds and dies. Machining time and tool temperature were measured by varying cutting parameters, such as cutting speed (Vc) and feed per tooth (fz). The conventional strategy was performed with a constant cutting depth of 2,188 mm and a cutting width of 64% in diameter. Similarly, the adaptive strategy was done with a constant cutting depth of 14 mm and a cutting width of 10% in diameter. The milling tool was an HSS straight with 4 flutes and with 25 mm in diameter. A Taguchi experimental methodology L32 (2 ^ 1 4 ^ 2) was applied to combine parameters and levels; therefore, 16 tests were carried out for each strategy. Furthermore, an ANOVA statistical analysis determined that the adaptive strategy has the lowest machining time in comparison with the conventional strategy. As a maximum success, a machining time reduction of 82.3% was reached.

Blueberries are a group of several species of shrubs in the genus Vaccinium. It is an important crop worldwide, and its production has been expanded in Mexico in recent yr. Preliminary samplings of thrips in blueberry plots in Michoacan, Mexico, have uncovered an important global pest that was not known to be present in this country, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). This invasive pest is well known to be highly polyphagous and represents a serious threat to blueberries and many other crops in Mexico.

Resumen El presente artículo pretende abordar uno de los aspectos mayormente discutidos en la historiografía constitucional chilena, a saber, la naturaleza o inspiración de la Constitución de 1833, en cuanto al régimen político pretendido por parte de sus redactores, y la presencia de elementos que puedan justificar una lectura autoritaria o liberal sobre el texto en cuestión.

Salmonella typhi is a Gram-negative bacterium that produce a systemic infection known as typhoid fever...

Coffee ( Coffea arabica and C. canephora) is one of the most widely traded agricultural commodities and the main cash crop in ∼80 tropical countries. Among the factors that limit coffee production, the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) has been considered the main insect pest, causing losses of over U.S. $500 million dollars annually. Control of this pest has been hindered by two main factors: the cryptic nature of the insect (i.e., protected inside the coffee berry) and the availability of coffee berries in the field allowing the survival of the pest from one generation to the next. Coffee berry borer control has primarily been based on the use of synthetic insecticides. Management strategies have focused on the use of African parasitoids ( Cephalonomia stephanoderis, Prorops nasuta, and Phymastichus coffea), fungal entomopathogens ( Beauveria bassiana), and insect traps. These approaches have had mixed results. Recent work on the basic biology of the insect has provided novel insights that might be useful in developing novel pest management strategies. For example, the discovery of symbiotic bacteria responsible for caffeine breakdown as part of the coffee berry borer microbiome opens new possibilities for pest management via the disruption of these bacteria. Some chemicals with repellent propieties have been identified, and these have a high potential for field implementation. Finally, the publication of the CBB genome has provided insights on the biology of the insect that will help us to understand why it has been so successful at exploiting the coffee plant. Here I discuss the tools we now have against the CBB and likely control strategies that may be useful in the near future.

Over 1000 species of arthropods have been recorded from cadavers worldwide. While conducting a study on the diversity and abundance of insects associated with pig (Sus scrofa Linnaeus; Mammalia: Suidae) carrion in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico, we noticed the presence of thrips (Thysanoptera) in the collecting containers of traps. The thrips collected comprised the following species: Aeolothrips species (Aeolothripidae), Frankliniella brunnea Priesner (Thripidae), Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), Frankliniella trinidadensis Hood, Neohydatothrips portoricensis (Morgan) (Thripidae), Thrips simplex (Morison) (Thripidae), Wegenerithrips admirabilis Johansen (Thripidae), and Stephanothrips bradleyi Hood (Phlaeothripidae). These species were taken in Schoenly traps, a device designed to catch sarcosaprophagous insects. The thrips species reported in the present study have not previously been recovered from decomposing cadavers, and their occurrence suggests an attraction to one or more components of the trap, rather than an incidental presence. Albeit thrips are not considered forensically important, more studies are needed to elucidate their role in carrion ecology.

The various parts of the mouth in the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), have been visualized and identified using scanning electron microscopy. The labial and maxillary palpi are three jointed and connected by a membrane that allows for telescoping. The maxillary palpi contain two types of sensilla (basiconic and campaniform) within an apical cuticular depression in the third segment of the palpus. The sides of the third segment of the maxillary palpus exhibits rod-shaped depressions, known as sensilla digitiformia. Several cuticular elements were detected in the mandibles, including Al, C, Ca, Cl, Mg, Na, O, P, and Zn. Zinc, a heavy metal, was only detected in the incisors and could provide abrasion resistance.

Thrips (Thysanoptera) are opportunistic insects that exhibit a wide range of life histories. Most species are either fungivorous or phytophagous, while a few are predators. In coffee agroecosystems, the presence of these insects is noticeable, especially when coffee is flowering. The identity of thrips and the role they might be playing on coffee flowers is unknown. We conducted a survey of thrips in 30 commercial coffee plantations of Chiapas, Mexico, with the aim to investigate the species composition of thrips associated with coffee flowers and to determine whether they were carrying coffee pollen on their bodies. Thrips were collected at random in ~1 ha. Coffee branches were shaken against a plastic tray to separate insects from flowers. A total of 42 thrips species in 24 genera and five families were identified. The most common species were Karnyothrips merrilli Watson, Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin), Frankliniella difficilis Hood, Frankliniella gardeniae Moulton, Frankliniella insularis (Franklin), Frankliniella invasor Sakimura, Frankliniella parvula Hood, and Frankliniella varipes Moulton. Of these species, Karnyothrips merrilli is considered a predator of thrips and other small arthropods, while the other species are phytophagous. We assumed these thrips might be living on other plants and shift to coffee due to the abundance of pollen and nectar during the flowering season. Using microscopy, we examined the bodies of thrips caught in sticky traps. We found coffee pollen on the bodies of seven thrips species, and discuss the possibility of these thrips serving as coffee pollinators.

RESUMEN: El Derecho de la Propiedad Intelectual, en su sentido amplio, fue objeto de interés por parte del legislador desde los comienzos de la vida política independiente. El fomento a las artes, la cultura, la industria y el desarrollo, fue de la mano de una protección certera sobre la propiedad que autores e inventores tenían respecto a sus creaciones. El presente artículo aborda el desarrollo, planteamiento, discusión y fuentes de aquellos primeros cuerpos legislativos, que hicieron de Chile uno de los primeros países iberoamericanos en regular detalladamente la materia.

International audience; The proteoliposomes and cochleates are used as adjuvants for vaccines since they are potent immune stimulators. However, the hyper stimulation of the immune system provoked by adjuvants can cause immunetoxicological side effects. The present study was carried out to evaluate the toxic and immuno-toxicological effects of new adjuvants for anti-meningococci vaccines based on neo-proteoliposomes (nPL) and neocochleates (nCh), in Balb/c mice that were administered doses of 15 µg each, over periods of 14 days through intramuscular route and three inoculations with the same doses through intranasal route, every 7 days. The Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy showed that the nPL and nCh had nanometric dimensions and their normal peculiar forms. The experimental formulations did not provoke general toxiceffects in the tested animals, which tended to the progressive normal growing of this species, that did not statistically differ from the control ones. The studies of pathologic anatomy in inoculation organs and sites did not reveal modifications that can indicate toxicity and there was no sign of hepatic damage. The structural observations found in the spleen and lymphatic nodes showed the physiological development ofthe immune response, which was normal in all cases showing the restitution of the stimulation signs. The relative weight values of the spleen were within the standard range. These results showed that the nPL and nCh elaborated as adjuvants for vaccines did not show any evident induction of general toxic or particular immune-toxicologicl effects.

An artificial diet sandwich, consisting of coffee berry borer artificial diet within two glass plates, has been developed to elucidate the behaviour of the coffee berry borer, an insect that in nature spends most of its life cycle inside the coffee berry. Various types of behaviour have been observed for the first time, including gallery construction, oviposition, gallery blocking, mating and most remarkably, subsocial tasks such as maternal sanitation and tending of eggs and larvae. This observational technique is a breakthrough for studies and manipulations of the coffee berry borer's social behaviour and could be applicable to other bark beetles, consequently yielding important insights into the origin of parental care in scolytine beetles.

Rambutan is an important cash crop in the Mexican State of Chiapas. In the last few years this crop has been expanded to other agricultural areas of Mexico, and mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) represent a potential phytosanitary risk for this crop. The present study was performed with the objectives to identify the mealybug species associated with rambutan, and determine their altitudinal distribution in the Soconusco region of Chiapas. A total of six orchards were sampled for mealybugs, two at each altitudinal level: the low zone, i.e., 60–70 meters above sea level (masl); middle zone, 240–315 masl; and high zone, 475–590 masl. In each orchard, we randomly selected 28 trees that were sampled for fruits infested with mealybugs three times between May and August of 2015. Results showed that the abundance of immature stages and adults was higher in orchards located at the low zone. A total of 1236 adult female mealybugs were identified, namely, Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) (57%), Dysmicoccus...

Este artigo se propõe apresentar os aspectos da teoria crítica de direitos humanos de Joaquín Herrera Flores, sua relação com a psicanálise, bem como os seus objetivos transformadores. Parece-nos claro relacionar uma teoria de direitos humanos a uma teoria terapêutica como a psicanálise, quando se considera que estas duas áreas são libertadoras de conflitos internos ou externos. Abordam-se os princípios da teoria crítica de direitos humanos, com sua metodologia relacional do diamante ético, o “visibilizar”, desestabilizar e proposição frente às violações de direitos humanos, estabelecendo-se comparações com a técnica da psicanálise freudiana, com o inconsciente freudiano; método para a associação-livre e teoria do recalque. As duas teorias apresentam uma confluência na sua estrutura e objetivo transformador libertador. A compreensão e o entendimento destes conceitos apresentam uma grande complexidade, considerando que embasam duas teorias aparentemente distintas, mas com uma intensa conexão entre si, uma vez que possibilitam vir à tona violações de direitos humanos e vivências psíquicas traumáticas. O individual e o coletivo precisam ser integrados para a possibilidade da vivência de uma vida digna na sua amplitude e totalidade.

Caliothrips chiapas sp.n. is described from Mexico, breeding on the leaves but not in the flowers of Tithonia tubiformis [Asteraceae]. Patterns of tergal sculpture and wing colour exhibited by the 23 species now recognised in this genus are discussed and illustrated.

A comparative study of Diptera communities associated with pig carcasses was carried out in urban and natural settings in tropical mountain habitats of Southern Mexico. Schoenly-type traps were used to set out pig carcasses during 68 d of sampling effort. In total, 1,703 adult Diptera specimens were collected in both localities combined, and recording a total of 30 (morpho) species and 19 families. Compared to natural habitats, a significantly greater diversity in urban habitats, as well as a faster decomposition process of carcasses, was detected. Significant differences were also detected for the composition and structure of Dipteran communities between urban and natural sites. Dominant species of Calliphoridae for natural and urban habitats were represented by Compsomyiops spp. and Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius; Diptera: Calliphoridae), respectively. The properties of indicator species for urban and natural sites are discussed. Twenty Dipteran species were significantly associated to different decomposition stages. Such affinity would allow for estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI) in comparable situations.