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One of the most effective ways to encourage the use of new approaches like BIM consists on applying Project Based Learning (PBL). According to this methodology, teams might gain knowledge and skills by solving a realistic challenge, that is to say, they learn by doing. In this way, team members can experiment and investigate by themselves. BIM contests stands as one of the most encouraging PBL activities. This format has the additional advantage that all teamOne of the most effective ways to encourage the use of new approaches like BIM consists on applying Project Based Learning (PBL). According to this methodology, teams might gain knowledge and skills by solving a realistic challenge, that is to say, they learn by doing. In this way, team members can experiment and investigate by themselves. BIM contests stands as one of the most encouraging PBL activities. This format has the additional advantage that all teams work on the same problem, what eases the comparison of the results. In this sense, the analysis of the proposed Building Execution Plan (BEPs) provides useful insights about the know-how of the different designs. Despite the interest and usefullness of these results, no comparisons of similar BIM work flows have been carried out. To solve this gap, this paper analyzes, for the first time, the BEPs of the BIM projects presented in the different calls of the international contest BIM Valladolid. This analysis provides a useful insight about the most common software in each discipline. The evolution of the software of teams throughout time, as well as the information flows between the modeling and the structural analysis software of the proposals are also presenteds work on the same problem, what eases the comparison of the results. In this sense, the analysis of the proposed Building Execution Plan (BEPs) provides useful insights about the know-how of the different designs. Despite the interest and usefullness of these results, no comparisons of similar BIM work flows have been carried out. To solve this gap, this paper analyzes, for the first time, the BEPs of the BIM projects presented in the different calls of the international contest BIM Valladolid. This analysis provides a useful insight about the most common software in each discipline. The evolution of the software of teams throughout time, as well as the information flows between the modeling and the structural analysis software of the proposals are also presented

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo el estudio del comportamiento higrotérmico y el análisis de la demanda energética de viviendas construidas con muros de gran espesor en el clima Seco-Mediterráneo. Esta fase se acomete tras una campaña anual de monitorización in situ, con el fin de obtener valores reales de las condiciones climáticas locales, el comportamiento de los usuarios y los valores de transmitancia térmica de los muros de tapia de tierra característicos de la arquitectura vernácula de La Mancha. Para conseguirlo, se han ejecutado simulaciones energéticas sobre dos edificios representativos, con tres objetivos: 1) Evaluación de los sistemas constructivos que incluyen muros con alta inercia térmica, en comparación con sistemas más contemporáneos. 2) Comparativa entre el uso de datos teóricos acerca de propiedades de muros y actividad de los usuarios (Catálogo de Elementos Constructivos y perfiles de uso del CTE), y el uso de datos recogidos a través de ensayos de caracterización de los muros y encuestas a los usuarios. 3) Comparativa entre el uso de datos climatológicos estándar (archivos climáticos de zona tipo del CTE), valores medios de datos recogidos por estaciones en pueblos cercanos, y el uso de datos recogidos durante un año a través de una estación meteorológica situada en el mismo pueblo donde se encuentran los edificios estudiados. Los resultados demuestran que: 1) Las simulaciones donde se han usado datos teóricos de transmitancia térmica (U) han provocado un incremento entre 36-55% en la demanda energética de invierno y un incremento entre 9-14% en verano. 2) El uso de información teórica frente al uso de encuestas realizadas a los usuarios puede generar una diferencia de hasta un 80% en las demandas energéticas. 3) Por el contrario, el uso de datos climáticos estándar produce demandas energéticas menores que usando datos recogidos en el mismo pueblo, hasta 74% menor en los meses de invierno y 100% menor en meses de verano., —This work has as its objective the study of the hygrothermal behavior and the analysis of the energy demand of houses built with thick walls in the Dry-Mediterranean climate. This phase is undertaken after an annual on-site monitoring campaign, in order to obtain real values of the local climatic conditions, the behavior of the users and the values of thermal transmittance of the earth wall walls characteristic of the vernacular architecture of La Mancha. To achieve this, energy simulations have been carried out on two representative buildings, with three objectives: 1) Evaluation of construction systems that include walls with high thermal inertia, compared to more contemporary systems. 2) Comparison between the use of theoretical data about wall properties and user activity (Constructive Elements Catalog and CTE usage profiles), and the use of data collected through wall characterization tests and surveys to the users. 3) Comparison between the use of standard weather data (climate files of the CTE type zone), average values of data collected by stations in nearby villages, and the use of data collected during a year through a weather station located therein town where the buildings studied are located. The results show that: 1) Simulations where theoretical data of thermal transmittance (U) have been used have caused an increase between 36-55% in winter energy demand and an increase between 9-14% in summer. 2) The use of theoretical information against the use of user surveys can generate a difference of up to 80% in energy demands. 3) On the contrary, the use of standard climatic data produces lower energy demands than using data collected in the same town, up to 74% lower in the winter months and 100% lower in the summer months.

El presente estudio de investigación pretende documentar una serie de edificaciones singulares en el medio rural, que han sido el sustento de una actividad característica en casi todas las aldeas durante muchos años: la cría de palomas. Esta actividad tenía por objetos, entre otros, la aportación de un complemento habitual en la dieta alimentaria y su explotación para actividades cinegéticas; además permitía el aprovechamiento de excrementos como abono. Por desgracia este tipo de edificaciones, como tantas otras en el medio rural, están abocadas a su ruina una vez que han perdido su función y carecen de mantenimiento. Lo que hasta finales del siglo XX fue una actividad complementaria a la agricultura para la economía doméstica, hoy en día no se practica en casi ningún lugar de España.

[EN] This communication carries out an analysis of the teaching of construction history and historical constructions in the undergraduate studies of the 23 existing degrees in our country. For this purpose, a comparative study of the teaching guides of the subjects related to the topic has been made. A statistical analysis of aspects related to the objectives, methodology and documentary sources are carried out. As conclusions, the need to establish guidelines and a consensual documentary corpus according to the consideration of this academic discipline of growing interest and development during this century is detected. Some proposals are made to achieve this goal., [ES] Esta comunicación realiza un análisis de la enseñanza de la historia de la construcción y las construcciones históricas en los estudios de grado de las 23 titulaciones existentes en nuestro país. Para ello se realiza un estudio comparativo de las guías docentes de las asignaturas relacionadas con la materia y se realizan análisis estadísticos de aspectos relacionados con los objetivos, metodología y fuentes documentales. Como conclusiones se detecta la necesidad de establecer unas directrices y un corpus documental consensuado acorde a la consideración de esta disciplina académica de creciente interés y desarrollo durante este siglo. Se realizan algunas propuestas para su consecución.

El palomar es un espacio presente en toda casa de labor de la región, dedicado a la cría de pichones e integrado, de forma más o menos evidente, en las cámaras de los edificios residenciales y/o sus dependencias anexas. Existen también ejemplos de palomares aislados y de carácter singular, que ponen de manifiesto la enorme relevancia de esta actividad en el pasado, así como su importancia en la configuración de la imagen de las aldeas en el medio rural. Por desgracia este tipo de edificaciones están abocadas a su ruina una vez que han perdido su función y carecen de mantenimiento. Con ello se están perdiendo los últimos vestigios y testimonios de esta actividad complementaria a la agricultura. El presente artículo expone los resultados del análisis de más de 50 edificaciones de este tipo, y describe su estado actual y sus diversos tipos, que están relacionados con la influencia de las costumbres locales y el aprovechamiento de los recursos locales en su construcción., The dovecote is a space present in every farmhouse in this region, dedicated to the breeding of pigeons and integrated, more or less clearly, in the garrets of residential buildings and/or their annexes. There are also examples of isolated dovecotes of a singular character, that show the enormous relevance of this activity in the past, as well as its importance in shaping the image of villages in rural areas. Unfortunately, this type of building inevitably falls into disrepair, once it has lost its function and lacks maintenance. This way, the last vestiges and testimonies of this complementary activity to agriculture are being lost. This article is aimed at presenting the results of the analysis of more than 50 buildings of this kind, and describing their current situation and their diverse types, which are linked to the influence of local customs and the use of local resources in their construction.

In recent years, many scholars have dedicated their research to the development of low-cost sensors for monitoring of various parameters. Despite their high number of applications, the state of the art related to low-cost sensors in building monitoring has not been addressed. To fill this gap, this article presents a systematic review, following well-established methodology, to analyze the state of the art in two aspects of structural and indoor parameters of buildings, in the SCOPUS database. This analysis allows to illustrate the potential uses of low-cost sensors in the building sector and addresses the scholars the preferred communication protocols and the most common microcontrollers for installation of low-cost monitoring systems. In addition, special attention is paid to describe different areas of the two mentioned fields of building monitoring and the most crucial parameters to be monitored in buildings. Finally, the deficiencies in line with limited number of studies carried out in various fields of building monitoring are overviewed and a series of parameters that ought to be studied in the future are proposed.

Temperature and humidity measurements provide useful information on multiple areas of civil engineering application such as Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), Structural System Identification (SSI) and structures rehabilitation. Majority of the existing commercial systems are so costly and also these measurement paradigms need many reference spots for a full-scale structure. The aforesaid paradigms are based on collecting data through smart devices, transferring information to each other and in the final stage processing the obtained information collaboratively through cloud computing or the others technologies. Taking into account the above information and obstacles, utilizing the Open Source Platforms (OSP) microcontrollers like Arduino as well as low cost sensors are attracting more and more attention. This paper gives a comprehensive information about the most determinant aspects of the aforementioned kits in terms of their pros and cons, installation procedure, communication protocol, number of the required connections and specific characteristics of the data acquisition system, Las mediciones de temperatura y humedad proporcionan información útil en múltiples áreas de aplicación de la ingeniería civil, como la monitorización de la salud estructural (SHM), la identificación de sistemas estructurales (SSI) y la rehabilitación de estructuras. La mayoría de los sistemas comerciales existentes son muy costosos y además estos paradigmas de medición necesitan muchos puntos de referencia para una estructura a escala real. Dichos paradigmas se basan en la recogida de datos a través de dispositivos inteligentes, la transferencia de información entre ellos y, en la etapa final, el procesamiento de la información obtenida de forma colaborativa a través de la computación en la nube u otras tecnologías. Teniendo en cuenta la información y los obstáculos anteriores, la utilización de microcontroladores de plataformas de código abierto (OSP) como Arduino, así como de sensores de bajo coste, está atrayendo cada vez más atención. Este artículo ofrece una información exhaustiva sobre los aspectos más determinantes de los kits mencionados en términos de sus pros y sus contras, el procedimiento de instalación, el protocolo de comunicación, el número de conexiones necesarias y las características específicas del sistema de adquisición de datos.

The use of plain rammed earth, lime-enriched rammed earth or limecrete, is a constant in medieval fortifications of the Iberian Peninsula. Its use was common throughout this period and spread through both the Islamic and Christian ages. Within the La Mancha region, there is an extensive list of fortifications where the use of formworks can be found. However, no catalogue or database for global study has been made to date. Our proposal aims to present an interdisciplinary project born at the University of Castilla-La Mancha in the framework of a collaboration of architects, engineers, historians, conservators and archaeologists. Three case studies are presented, paying special attention to the metrics, materials and formwork assembly. In addition, we analysed in detail the stratigraphic relationship of this technique with other constructions in order to be able to classify them chronologically and culturally.

El uso de la tierra como material de construcción ha sido habitual en muchas regiones de la geografía española hasta mediados del siglo pasado, y la utilización del barro como revestimiento exterior o interior de las construcciones de adobe o tapia era una práctica frecuente, especialmente en la submeseta norte. Desgraciadamente, hoy en día, esta práctica ha perdido popularidad, tan sólo una pequeña parte de la población conserva la tradición y se preocupa por mantener estos embarrados renovándolos periódicamente. A pesar de ello son muchos los ejemplos de construcciones de tierra que perviven desde hace siglos, caracterizando la arquitectura y el paisaje urbano en los núcleos rurales de algunas comarcas. Los modos de vida han cambiado, éxodo rural ha ocasionado el abandono de numerosos edificos y la gente ya no dedica el mismo tiempo al cuidado y mantenimiento de las construcciones. La continuidad de estas técnicas y su aplicación se ve cada vez más amenazada por la escasez de conocimiento por parte de los distintos profesiones sobre los que hoy en día recaen las labores de construcción y mantenimiento de los edificios. Este desconocimiento la aparición de nuevos problemas y procesos patológicos. Con este trabajo se pretende dar un soporte técnico para la utilización de embarrados (constituidos por barro y paja básicamente), estudiando el uso de aditivos (estabilizantes) de latex sintético y sus ventajas o inconvenientes al aplicarlos sobre fábricas de distinta naturaleza como muros de adobe, tierra apisonada o ladrillos cerámicos. El objetivo es mejorar la durabilidad de los morteros de barro y paja tradicionales, teniendo siempre presente que, aun incrementando los plazos, siempre serán un elemento constructivo de renovación periódica

This study synthetically sets forth the results of a research financed as a Special Action by the R+D National Plan; said research had as a main objective the scientific test of the advantages of building with earth in its improved present applications, starting from the sustainable bioclimatic qualities which were already traditionally known. The research process was divided between the constructive analysis of the traditional homes of the North-east Area of Segovia and the proofs obtained in laboratory at the Eduardo Torroja Institute, the School of Architecture of Madrid and the facilities of the Traditional Architecture Research Center (CIAT) in Boceguillas (Segovia). Este artículo expone sintéticamente los resultados de una investigación financiada como Acción Especial por el Plan Nacional de I+D; dicha investigación tenía como objeto la demostración científica de las ventajas de la construcción con tierra en sus aplicaciones actuales mejoradas, partiendo de las cualidades bioclimáticas y sostenibles que ya eran conocidas tradicionalmente. El proceso investigador se repartió entre el análisis constructivo de las viviendas tradicionales de la Comarca Nordeste de Segovia y las pruebas de laboratorio en el Instituto Eduardo Torroja, la Escuela de Arquitectura de Madrid, y las instalaciones del Centro de Investigación de Arquitectura Tradicional (C.I.A.T.), en Boceguillas (Segovia).

Acarbose, a complex oligosaccharide produced by fermentation of Actinoplanes utahensis, has been available in Europe for several years, and has recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Oral acarbose competitively and reversibly inhibits the small intestine brush-border alpha-glucosidases, which results in delayed carbohydrate breakdown and thus a dose-dependent reduction in postprandial hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. Since systemic absorption of acarbose itself is limited to about 1% of the dose, gastrointestinal disturbances are the most frequently observed adverse effects. In addition, mild symptomless increase in aminotransferase activity has only occasionally been reported without associated changes in other hepatic function tests. As far as we are aware only one suspected case of clinically significant acarbose-induced hepatotoxicity has been reported in English-language publications. We describe a patient who developed severe liver injury while on acarbose. A 40-year-old woman was admitted in January, 1995, because of vomiting, abdominal pain, and jaundice. 5 years earlier she had started 25 mg intramuscular fluphenazine decanoate (once monthly) for schizophrenia, with good control of the disease. Although she was a mild wine drinker, her liver function tests, prothrombin time, and abdominal ultrasonography done in July, 1994, were normal. The patient had NIDDM and had been receiving glibenclamide 10 mg day for the past year, without adequate glycaemic control. 2 months before admission, acarbose (100 mg every 8 h) had been added to the treatment, which improved her metabolic condition. Physical examination was unremarkable apart from jaundice, hepatomegaly, and abdominal tenderness. Her aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentration was 1938 IU/L, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 2350 IU/L, alkaline phosphatase 325 IU/L, and total bilirubin 188 μmol/L (conjugated bilirubin, 171 μmol/L). Prothrombin time was mildly decreased. Abdominal ultrasonography showed only hepatomegaly. Results of serological tests for viral and non-viral infectious hepatitis, iron and copper studies, and tests for autoantibodies were normal or negative. Acarbose was discontinued, but fluphenazine and glibenclamide were maintained. 2·5 months later AST had fallen to 50 IU/L, and ALT to 69 IU/L. 10 months after admission all laboratory values had returned to normal (AST 20 IU/L; ALT 25 IU/L). Acarbose was reinstituted (50 mg thrice daily) with the patient’s informed consent and under intensive clinical surveillance. Her serum liver enzyme concentrations rose again after a week, reaching a peak 1 month later (AST 37 IU/L; ALT 87 IU/L). Acarbose was stopped, and her liver enzyme values were within the normal range 1 month and 4 months later. Various factors, such as the temporal relation between the initiation of acarbose and the onset of the liver injury, in addition to the effects of the discontinuation and resumption of the drug, are highly suggestive of acarbose-induced acute hepatotoxicity (probably of idiosyncratic type). Monitoring of serum aminotransferase activity during acarbose treatment may be warranted to avert this unpredictable but potentially severe complication.