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This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness and European Regional Development Fund (DEP2016- 75598-R, MINECO/FEDER, UE) and Spanish Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (FPU17/03934). Additionally, this study was supported by funding from the University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigación 2016– Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)–and the Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de ConoIMiento, Investigación y Universidades, European Regional Development Fund (ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR). This study was also supported by the Ministry of Education of Chile CONICYT PAIMEC programme 2015 (MEC 80150030) and Postdoctoral programme “Becas Chile” 2019 (Project No 74200025) from Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID). In addition, the R&D research staff contract, within the framework of the Spanish National Youth Guarantee funded by the Junta de Andalucía and the European Social Fund., To Chilean and Spanish schoolchildren and their parents who agreed to participate in the study. To Own Research Plan, University of Granada and Junta de Andalucía, Ministry of Knowledge, Research and Universities. Finally, the Postdoctorado 2020, “Becas Chile”, from ANID, Chile., This study was reviewed and accepted by both the Ethical Committee of the University of Granada, Spain (code: 162/CEIH/2016) and the Ethical Committee of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile (code: CCF02052017)., Background: Independent mobility (IM) provides young people with many opportunities to increase their autonomy and physical activity (PA). This study aimed to analyse whether the parent’s PA, active commuting to work and sociodemographic factors serve as predictors of IM to school in children and adolescents. Methods: A total of 684 parents (52.8% mothers) and their offspring (56.4% girls) were included in this study, which was performed in Granada (Spain) and Valparaíso (Chile). The parents self-reported their sociodemographic characteristics, PA and mode of commuting to work. The mode of commuting to and from school and the offspring accompaniment mode were reported. T-test and chi-square test were used to study quantitative and qualitative differences by parental gender, respectively. Binary logistic regression models (odds ratio = OR) and stepwise analysis were performed to study the association between the parents’ sociodemographic variables and IM to school. Results: Adolescents showed higher IM to school than children (58.9% vs 40.2%; p < 0.001). No car availability and shorter distance to work were positively associated with higher IM to school in children (OR = 2.22 and 2.29, respectively). Mothers’ lower salary/month (OR = 2.75), no car availability (OR = 3.17), and mother passive commuting to work (OR = 2.61) were positively associated with higher IM to school in adolescents. The main predictor of IM to school in children and adolescents was no car availability (OR = 6.53). Conclusion: Parental sociodemographic factors, such as salary, distance to work and car availability, were associated more strongly with IM than parental PA and active commuting to work., ANID, Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Chile, Ministry of Education of Chile CONICYT 74200025,MEC 80150030, Ministry of Knowledge, Research and Universities, Spanish Ministry of Education and Vocational Training FPU17/03934, University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigación, University of Granada and Junta de Andalucía, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad MINECO, European Social Fund ESF, European Regional Development Fund DEP2016-75598-R ERDF, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España MINECO, Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidad, Junta de Andalucía SOMM17/6107/UGR

(1) To analyze the effectiveness of a school-based sleep education program on sleep duration, latency, and efficiency, as well as separated by weekdays and weekend days and by sex. (2) To analyze children's sleep patterns (duration, latency, and efficiency) on weekdays and weekend days and by sex. A total of 110 children (average age of 8.4 (0.3) years, 62% girls) (experimental group (60 children, girls 52%) and control group (50 children, girls 74%) from 5 schools in Granada (Spain) participated in the study. The sleep patterns were measured by accelerometers attached to the non-dominant wrist 7 days/24 h, and by sleep log. The program lasted 8 weeks with a total of eight activities (one activity per week). Regarding our first objective, sleep duration decreased significantly in both groups on weekdays (p = 0.004) and weekend days (p

The PACO Study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (DEP2016-75598-R, MINECO/FEDER, UE), and Spanish Ministry of Education and Vocational Training (FPU17/03934). This study has been partially funded by the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), and by the Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR. This study is part of a PhD thesis conducted in the Official Doctoral Program in Biomedicine of the University of Granada, Spain, The team would like to acknowledge the support of the following Spanish research centres and local/regional public institutions in providing data used in this study: Auguria, Agenda 21, University of Cádiz, University of Valencia, Autonomous University of Barcelona, University of Zaragoza, La Biciclante, La Ciclería, City Council of Zaragoza, University Carlos III and University of Granada., Aim: To describe and to analyse the associations between independent mobility to school (IM) with gender and age in Spanish youth aged 6–18 years old from 2010 to 2017. Moreover, to study the changes in the rates of IM from 2010 to 2017 by gender and age. Methods: Cross-sectional data were obtained from 11 Spanish studies. The study sample comprised 3460 children and 1523 adolescents. Logistic regressions models (IM with gender and age) and multilevel logistic regressions (IM with time period) were used. Results: Boys had higher odds ratio (OR) of IM than girls in children (OR = 1.86; CI: 1.50–2.28, p < 0.01). Adolescents showed higher IM than children: 12–14 years old (OR: 6.30; CI: 1.65–23.97) and 14–16 years old (OR: 7.33; CI: 1.18–45.39) had higher IM than 6–8 years old for boys (all, p < 0.05). Moreover, 12–14 years old (OR: 4.23; CI: 1.01–17.81) had higher IM than 6–8 years old for girls (p < 0.001). IM was not associ- ated with the time period. Conclusion: The IM is higher in boys and in adolescents, highlighting the relevance to promote IM strategies targeting girls and children. In these strategies is essential the support of researchers, public health practitioners and families to achieve positive results., Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund, Grant/Award Number: DEP2016-75598-R, Spanish Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, Grant/Award Number: FPU17/03934, Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada / CBUA

The low rates of active commuting to/from school in Spain, especially by bike, and the wide range of cycling interventions in the literature show that this is a necessary research subject. The aims of this study were: (1) to assess the feasibility of a school-based cycling intervention program for adolescents, (2) to analyse the effectiveness of a school-based cycling intervention program on the rates of cycling and other forms of active commuting to/from school (ACS), and perceived barriers to active commuting in adolescents. A total of 122 adolescents from Granada, Jaén and Valencia (Spain) participated in the study. The cycling intervention group participated in a school-based intervention program to promote cycling to school during Physical Education (PE) sessions in order to analyse the changes in the dependent variables at baseline and follow up of the intervention. Wilcoxon, Signs and McNemar tests were undertaken. The association of the intervention program with commuting behaviour, and perceived barriers to commuting, were analysed by binary logistic regression. There were improvements in knowledge at follow-up and the cycling skill scores were medium-low. The rates of cycling to school and active commuting to/from school did not change, and only the “built environment (walk)” barrier increased in the cycling group at follow-up. School-based interventions may be feasibly effective tools to increase ACS behaviour, but it is necessary to implement a longer period and continue testing further school-based cycling interventions., Spanish Government, European Commission DEP2016-75598-R, University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), Junta de Andalucia, European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), "R&D research staff contract, within the framework of the Spanish National Youth Guarantee" - Junta de Andalucia, European Social Fund (ESF), Spanish Government FPU18/04251 FPU17/03934

Background The active commuting to school behaviour is an opportunity to increase the physical activity levels. The most frequent used tool to assess the mode of commuting to school is self-reporting by children or by their parents. However, there is a lack of information about the validity between both, children and parents. So, the purpose is to validate the questions of mode of commuting to go and come back from school of children according to their parents'. Method A total of 611 parents (mean age: 43.28±6.25 years old) and their children (mean age: 11.44±2.77 years old) from Granada (Spain) completed a family (mode of commuting of children reported by parents as part of the Family PACO questionnaire) and a student questionnaire validated (Chillon et al., 2017) (mode and frequency of commuting to and from school questionnaire), respectively, in two measurement points. The questions from the ‘Family PACO questionnaire' are: “How does your child usually go to school?” and “How does your child usually come back?”; and the questions from the ‘mode and frequency of commuting to and from school questionnaire' are: “How do you usually go to school?” and “How do you usually go from school?”. The validation between parents and childreńs questions was analysed using Kappa and Spearman correlation coefficients. The results of the kappa are considered as: poor agreement (0-0.20), acceptable agreement (0.21-0.40), moderate agreement (0.41-0.60), substantial agreement / good (0.61-0.80) and almost perfect / very good agreement (0.81-1.00) (Landis & Koch, 1977). The Spearman correlations coefficients were interpreted as low (> 0.30), moderate (0.30-0.50), and high (> 0.50) (Van Dyck, Cardon, Deforche, & De Bourdeaudhuij, 2015). Results The validity of questions from both questionnaires about mode of commuting presented high coefficients of validation (Kappa coefficient; 0.865 to school and 0.839 from school and Spearman correlation; rho=0.882 to school and rho=0.860 from school). Conclusion The questions about the mode of commuting to/from school from the ‘Family PACO questionnaire’ are valid method. Therefore, the use of the questions would be recommended to assess children's mode of commuting.

Objective:The goals of this study were to (1) describe physical activity levels during school recess in 8-year-old children, (2) analyse the percentage of children who achieved physical activity recommendation at recess, and (3) examine if recess physical activity levels varied by gender, weight status, and parental educational level.Methods:In all, 291 children (mean age ± SD = 8.3 ± 0.3 years, 156 boys) from 7 schools of Granada (Spain) were recruited by convenience. To analyse sedentary time and physical activity levels during recess, children wore a tri-axial accelerometer attached to the wrist over five consecutive school days.Results:Sedentary time (29.6% vs 40%) and light physical activity (33.2% vs 35.5%) were lower in boys than in girls (all p Conclusions:Levels of moderate-vigorous physical activity during school recess are very low in children, being lower in girls than in boys, a very low percentage of children achieve moderate-vigorous physical activity recommendations during school recess, and girls and overweight/obese children show lower values in moderate-vigorous and vigorous physical activity.

The aims of the present study were to analyse the gender differences in balance, catching, aiming and change of direction ability (CODA) in elementary education students and to determine th...

Introduction Parental barriers are a key factor to determine physical activity behaviors, such as active commuting to school in young people. The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of a questionnaire which addresses parental barriers towards active commuting to school. Methods This paper describes the development, following the Delphi method, and the validation of a Likert-scale questionnaire of 23 items (Parental Perception of Barriers towards Active Commuting to School (PABACS)) designed to determine the main parental barriers. These barriers are categorized into 3 scales (general, walking, and cycling barriers) and the overall questionnaire. A total of 207 parents of children and adolescents in Granada (Spain) in 2016 completed the survey on two occasions. The internal consistency was examined using Cronbach's alpha tests and Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) and Kappa index were used to assess the reliability of the different questions. To examine the predictive validity, spearman's rho tests were conducted. Results The questionnaire showed a good internal consistency for the overall questionnaire and for the three scales. The Intra-Class Correlation values were moderate. The overall questionnaire and the general and walking barriers scales showed a moderate validity to predict active modes of commuting, as well as the items ‘distance’ and ‘walking convenience’. Conclusions This study provides a reliable tool to assess parental barriers towards active commuting to school, which will help future studies to identify the most important barriers on which institutions have to focus to increase active commuting to school rates.

Active commuting to school (ACS) provides children and adolescents an opportunity to increase their physical activity levels. Perceived parental barriers are important factors that can influence in...

Aim: The aims of this study were (1) to examine the associations between self-reported health-related quality of life (HRQoL), health-related physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and speed-agility), and mode of commuting to and from school in Spanish children, and separately by gender and (2) to analyse the difference in cardiorespiratory fitness by mode of commuting to and from school by gender. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis that included 415 children aged 8.47 ± 0.36 years from 14 schools in Granada, Spain. The HRQoL outcome was assessed using the valid and reliable KINDL-R questionnaire, which covers six life dimensions, children’s physical fitness was assessed using the ALPHA fitness test battery, and while commuting to and from school was assessed using the valid, reliable, and feasible ‘Mode and Frequency of Commuting To and From School Questionnaire’. Results: Cardiorespiratory fitness was positively correlated with all dimensions of HRQoL in boys, whereas higher muscular strength (standing long jump) was positively correlated with the emotional wellbeing dimension in girls. In addition, boys who actively commute to school (walking) presented better cardiorespiratory fitness. Moreover, children who actively commuted to school (walking) presented better scores for the emotional wellbeing, family, and school dimensions, as well as total scores (both, p Conclusion: In our study, HRQoL was positively correlated with cardiorespiratory fitness in boys (all dimensions), whereas muscular strength (standing long jump) was positively correlated with the emotional wellbeing dimension only in girls. Active commuting to and from school was associated with higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, school dimension, and KINDL-R total score. Improving cardiorespiratory fitness might be especially useful to improve HRQoL in children, and vice versa.

This manuscript describes the rationale and protocol of a school-based randomized controlled trial called “Cycling and Walk to School” (PACO, by its Spanish acronym) that aims to promote cycling to and from school and physical activity (PA) in adolescents. This study will examine the effects of this intervention in cycling and active commuting to and from school (ACS), PA and several ACS-related factors based on self-determination theory (SDT) and a social-ecological model (SEM). A total of 360 adolescents attending six high schools (three experimental and three control) from three Spanish cities will participate in this randomized controlled trial. The intervention (four cycling sessions; 1–2 h per session, one session per week) will be conducted by the research staff; the control group will continue their usual activities. PA levels will be measured by accelerometers, whereas ACS and the other study variables will be self-reported using questionnaires at baseline and post-intervention. The primary outcomes will be: rates of cycling to school, ACS and PA levels. In addition, SDT-related variables and individual, interpersonal, community, and environment variables relevant to ACS will be based on SEM. The findings will provide a comprehensive understanding of the short-term effects of this school-based intervention on cycling to school behaviour, ACS and PA levels in Spanish adolescents., Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, European Regional Development Fund (MINECO/FEDER, UE) DEP2016-75598-R, Spanish Ministry of Education and Vocational Training FPU17/03934 FPU18/04521, University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), Junta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades, European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) SOMM17/6107/UGR, Junta de Andalucia, European Social Fund (ESF), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) 410668

This study examines trends in the rates of active commuting to school (ACS) in Spanish children (n = 18 343; 8.93 ± 1.68) and adolescents (n = 18 438; 14.11 ± 1.58) aged 6‐18 years from 2010 to 2017. Given the study period included the economic crisis in Spain (2008‐2013), the second aim of this study was to compare ACS rates during and after the economic crisis. Data were obtained from 28 studies conducted across Spain. The overall trends in ACS were evaluated using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Among Spanish children and adolescents, the rates of ACS to school ranged around 60% between 2010 and 2017. The rates of ACS in Spanish youth did not change significantly during the 2010‐2017 period, except a sporadic increase in the rate of ACS in adolescents in 2012‐2013. No significant association between the ACS and the economic crisis time period in youth was found. As conclusion, the ACS remains stable in Spain during the last decade, which is a promising result regarding the evidenced decreasing trend in many countries. Further educational and policy strategies are important to continue promoting this behavior in children and adolescents in the long term.

Introduction: Physical education (PE) can contribute to total daily physical activity (PA) among children. In consequence, the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport has developed 16 teaching units focused on increasing PA levels during PE lessons, called Unidades Didacticas Activas (UDA; Active Teaching Units). Objectives: The goal of this study was to compare whether children participating in UDA lessons spent more time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) than children participating in traditional lessons. Design: Quasi-experimental design. Methods: A total of 355 children (8-9 years old, 53.9% boys) from 7 schools in Granada participated in the study. Students were divided into two groups: a traditional PE group (n = 204) and a UDA group (n = 151). Time spent in MVPA was assessed using tri-axial accelerometers. Results: Time spent in MVPA was higher in the group engaged in the UDA lessons compared to the group that received traditional lessons (13.6 vs 15.2 minutes, p = .021, Standard Error = 0.27). The percentage of children who met international MVPA recommendations was similar for both groups (UDAs: 12.7% and traditional: 13.2%, p = .504). Conclusions: UDA lessons and their methodology favoured greater participation in MVPA compared to a traditional PE approach. It will be important to change PE methodology (including duration, frequency and focus) to achieve MVPA goals., The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [DEP2015-63988-R] and FJHD was supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport [CAST17/00072].

Higher sedentary time and lower physical activity (PA) are associated with a poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children. The aims of this study were: (1) to analyze the sedentary time, objectively measured PA levels (light, moderate, vigorous, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)), and HRQoL dimensions (physical well-being, emotional well-being, self-esteem, family, friends, school, and total score) in children, and (2) to examine the association between sedentary time, PA levels, and HRQoL in children separately by sex. A total of 459 children (8.4 ± 0.4 years old, 50.54% males) from 15 schools in Granada (Spain) participated in the study. A tri-axial accelerometer was used to measure PA levels in the children for 7 consecutive days. The Revidierter KINDer Lebensqualitätsfragebogen (KINDL-R) questionnaire was used to determine the children’s HRQoL dimensions. The results showed that males presented more minutes engaged in MVPA than females. Both sedentary time and PA levels were associated with self-esteem and total score (all p &lt, 0.05). In males, moderate and vigorous PA levels were associated with higher HRQoL, whereas light PA was associated with higher HRQoL in females. Future studies should take into account the use of activities with difference intensities in order to increase HRQoL in males and females.

The main objectives of this study were: to compare the barriers to active commuting to and from school (ACS) between children and their parents separately for children and adolescents; and to analyze the association between ACS and the children’s and parents’ barriers. A total of 401 child–parent pairs, from Granada, Jaén, Toledo and Valencia, self-reported, separately, their mode of commuting to school and work, respectively, and the children’s barriers to ACS. T-tests and chi-square tests were used to analyze the differences by age for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Binary logistic regressions were performed to study the association between ACS barriers of children and parents and ACS. Both children and adolescents perceived higher physical and motivational barriers and social support barriers towards ACS than their parents (all p < 0.05). Additionally, the parents perceived higher distance, traffic safety, convenience, built environment, crime-related safety and weather as barriers towards ACS, than their children (all p < 0.05). Moreover, a higher perception of barriers was related to lower ACS. The results of our study showed the necessity of attenuating the perceptions of children and their parents in order to increase ACS. This is relevant to develop interventions in the specific contexts of each barrier and involving both populations., Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, European Commission DEP2016-75598-R, University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence, Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), Junta de Andalucía, European Commission, European Social Fund (ESF)

The authors thank the study participants and collaborators on the individual studies that provided data for this pooled IPD analysis., Objectives To determine if subpopulations of students benefit equally from school-based physical activity interventions in terms of cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity. To examine if physical activity intensity mediates improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness. Design Pooled analysis of individual participant data from controlled trials that assessed the impact of school-based physical activity interventions on cardiorespiratory fitness and device-measured physical activity. Participants Data for 6621 children and adolescents aged 4-18 years from 20 trials were included. Main outcome measures Peak oxygen consumption (VO2Peak mL/kg/min) and minutes of moderate and vigorous physical activity. Results Interventions modestly improved students’ cardiorespiratory fitness by 0.47 mL/kg/min (95% confidence interval 0.33 to 0.61), but the effects were not distributed equally across subpopulations. Girls and older students benefited less than boys and younger students, respectively. Students with lower levels of initial fitness, and those with higher levels of baseline physical activity benefitted more than those who were initially fitter and less active, respectively. Interventions had a modest positive effect on physical activity with approximately one additional minute per day of both moderate and vigorous physical activity. Changes in vigorous, but not moderate intensity, physical activity explained a small amount (~5%) of the intervention effect on cardiorespiratory fitness. Conclusions Future interventions should include targeted strategies to address the needs of girls and older students. Interventions may also be improved by promoting more vigorous intensity physical activity. Interventions could mitigate declining youth cardiorespiratory fitness, increase physical activity, and promote cardiovascular health if they can be delivered equitably and their effects sustained at the population level.

La evaluacion de la condicion fisica tradicionalmente ha estado vinculada al paradigma de rendimiento, que ha orientado la calificacion hacia la eficacia del estudiante. El presente estudio tiene como objeto analizar la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria en adolescentes de Cadiz (Espana). Ademas, este trabajo aporta una calculadora de rendimiento y esfuerzo para guiar la evaluacion formativa de la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y aportar orientaciones metodologicas para su aplicacion en el ambito escolar. Participaron 323 estudiantes de entre 12 y 19 anos (Medad=14.68; ±1.75), 168 chicos (52%) y 155 chicas (48%). Se valoro la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria a traves del test de 20 metros de ida y vuelta al que se le incorporo pistas de audio. Los participantes fueron monitorizados con un pulsometro (ONrhythm 500) y respondieron a una escala de percepcion de esfuerzo (Borg, escala 1-10). Los valores medios para las variables analizadas fueron: ultimo estadio completado, 5.92 (±2.47); frecuencia cardiaca (FC) maxima, 198.02 (±0.71); diferencia entre la FC maxima teorica y real, -0.33 (±11.05); percepcion de esfuerzo, 7.87 (±2.03). A partir de los resultados obtenidos se elaboro una calculadora para estimar el esfuerzo y orientar el analisis del rendimiento. Se espera que sea una herramienta util para los profesores de Educacion Fisica e investigadores para calcular el nivel de condicion cardiorrespiratoria, estimar el esfuerzo y analizar el nivel de riesgo de padecer una enfermedad cardiovascular.===Physical fitness assessment has traditionally been linked to a performance paradigm, which has oriented the grades towards student effectiveness. The present study aims to analyze the cardiorespiratory capacity in adolescents from Cadiz (Spain). In addition this work provides a performance and effort tool to guide formative and shared assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness and to provide methodological guidance for its application in the school setting. Students. A total of 323 students between 12 and 19 years (mean age 14.68; ±1.75), 168 boys (52%) and 155 girls (48%). Cardiorespiratory capacity was assessed by an adaptation of the original 20-meter shuttle run test, which consisted on including music. Participants were monitored with a heart rate monitor (ONrhythm 500) and registered the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale (1-10). Mean values for the variables analyzed were: last completed stage, 5.92 (±2.47); maximum heart rate, 198.02 (±0.71); difference between theoretical and real maximum HR, -0.33 (±11.05); perception of effort, 7.87 (±2.03). Based on the results obtained, a calculator was developed to estimate effort and provide guidance in performance analysis. It is elaborated to be a useful tool for Physical Education teachers and researchers to assess cardiorespiratory fitness, estimate the effort and to analyze the risk of future cardiovascular disease.

Background: Some studies have reported a positive parent&ndash, child association between physical activity (PA), but few have examined the difference in these associations concerning both genders. The objective of this study was to establish the association between moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and mode of commuting (MC) of the parents with their children by gender and age group. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 686 mothers and fathers (43.4 &plusmn, 6.5 years old) and their children (children 9.7 &plusmn, 1.7 y. and adolescents 14.0 &plusmn, 1.7 y.). Each participant completed a questionnaire on PA and MC. Chi-square test, odds ratio for categorical variables, and lineal regressions for continuous variables were used to examine the parent&ndash, child associations. Results: An inverse association was found between fathers&ndash, children in the weekend MVPA in children and between mothers&ndash, adolescents in out-of-school and weekend MVPA. An inverse association was found in MVPA between mothers-girls, and the different parents&rsquo, MC to work was positively associated with the MC to school in children and adolescents except for the association AC parents&ndash, adolescents. The AC was mainly associated between mothers and girls and boys. Conclusions: A weak association in parent&ndash, child MVPA but a strong association in MC between parent&ndash, child was found.

The purpose was to examine the feasibility of the 20m shuttle run test with music and to test its concurrent validity with the original 20m shuttle run test. A total of 386 adolescents (14.5±1.6 years old, 48.9% boys) participated in our study. A self-reported questionnaire was used to assess student's perception about the 20m shuttle run test with music and the original and to assess perceived exertion. Participants performed randomly the 20m shuttle run test with music and original two weeks apart. Average and maximum heart rate were monitored with heart rate monitors. The 20m shuttle run with music was a feasible test for measuring cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents. The concurrent validity showed mean differences of 5.1±14.6 for shuttles, 0.3±0.8 km/h for speed, 0.5±4.1 for stages, and 1.5±4.1 for VO2max (all p0.001) in favour of the 20m shuttle run with music vs. the original 20m shuttle run test. Mean difference for the rating of perceived exertion was 0.4±2.5 points (p=0.003). No significant difference was found between boys and girls. In conclusion, the 20mSRT-music is feasible and presents a good concurrent validity in adolescents, independently of the sex and it will be an alternative and good approach to assess cardiorespiratory fitness.

Background Active commuting to school (ACS) is an important source to increase the total daily physical activity in youth and improve their health. How the ACS rates change along the time is of interest. The objective of this study was to examine trends in the rates of ACS in a large sample of Spanish children and adolescents aged 6–18 years from 2010 to 2017. The study period included the economic crisis in Spain (2008 to 2013) and secondary analysis was conducted to compare ACS rates during and after the economic crisis. Methods To investigate trends in ACS among Spanish children and adolescents, data were obtained from 28 studies conducted across Spain. The study sample comprised 18,343 children (6 to 11.9 years old; 50.5% girls) and 18,438 adolescents (12 to 18 years old; 49.5% girls). The overall trends in ACS were evaluated using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Results The rates of ACS in Spanish children and adolescents did not change significantly during the 2010–2017 period, except a sporadic increase in the rate of ACS in adolescents in 2012–2013. No significant association between the ACS and the economic crisis time period in either children or adolescents were found. These findings are in contrast to recently reported declines in ACS rates in other countries. Conclusions Strong partnerships between researchers, public health practitioners, policy-makers and communities, as well as long-term commitment and evaluations of interventions aiming to increase ACS are necessary to ensure positive results in the long term.

User engagement in digital (serious) games may be important to increase their effectiveness. Insights into how to create engaging games for healthy lifestyle promotion are needed, as despite their potential, not all digital (serious) games are highly engaging. This study systematically reviewed game features that were associated with higher user engagement among youth. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and PsycARTICLES databases. Qualitative and quantitative studies were included, if they documented game features associated with youth engagement. Coding of game features was performed using the mechanics-dynamics-aesthetics (MDA) framework. A total of 60 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the registered systematic review (No. CRD42018099487). Results showed that various game features were associated with user engagement in digital (serious) games: an attractive storyline, adaptable to gender and age, including diverse (antagonist) characters the user may identify with, high-end realistic graphics, well-defined instructions, which can be skipped, in combination with clear feedback and a balance of educational and fun content. This review underpinned the relevance of investigating engaging game features specifically for youth, as deviations were found with characteristics that are engaging for other populations.

The purposes of this study were: (a) to describe the patterns of modes of commuting to school (children) and to work (parents) separated by gender and age, (b) to validate the questions on children&rsquo, s mode of commuting to and from school according to their parents, and (c) to analyse the reliability of a family questionnaire focused on commuting to school behaviours. A total of 611 parents (mean age: 43.28 &plusmn, 6.25 years old) from Granada (Spain) completed &ldquo, Family commuting-to-school behaviour&rdquo, questionnaire in two sessions separated by 14 days, (2016 and 2018). The validation between family and children&rsquo, s questions was assessed using the Kappa and Spearman correlation coefficients, and the test&ndash, retest reliability within the family questions was assessed using the Kappa and the weighted Kappa. The children&rsquo, s modes of commuting to school (mean age: 11.44 &plusmn, 2.77 years old) were mainly passive (57.7% to school) while parents&rsquo, modes of commuting to work were mainly active (71.6%). The validity of the mode of commuting was significant with high Kappa and Spearman coefficients. The test&ndash, retest reliability presented a good agreement for the mode of commuting to school in children, distance and time to school, and the mode of commuting to work in parents, while the questions on acceptable distance to walk or cycle to school showed a moderate to good agreement. The &ldquo, questionnaire could be a useful tool to assess the mode of commuting of children, distance and time to school for researchers and practitioners.

Daily behaviours such as active commuting to school (ACS) could be a source of physical activity, contributing to the improvement of youth cardiovascular health, however, the relationship between ACS and other aspects of a youth’s health, such as sleep duration and breakfast consumption, require further clarification. The aims of this study were therefore: 1) to analyse the prevalence of modes of commuting to school, sleep duration, and breakfast consumption by age groups and gender, and 2) to analyse the association between ACS, sleep duration recommendations, and breakfast consumption by age groups and gender. The percentage of students meeting sleep duration and daily breakfast recommendations was lowest in older adolescents, and highest in children (6.3% versus 50.8% p < 0.001, and 62.1%, versus 76.8%, p = 0.001, respectively). Young adolescents and girls who met the sleep duration recommendations were more likely to be active commuters than their counterparts (OR = 4.25; 95% CI = 1.81 to 9.92, p = 0.001 and OR = 2.89; 95%CI = 1.01 to 8.27, p = 0.04, respectively). Young adolescents (13-15 yr) and girls who met the sleep duration recommendations during school days displayed a positive association with ACS. There was no association between ACS and breakfast consumption for any of the age groups or gender. Children (10-12 yr) were those that best meet with the adequate sleep duration and breakfast consumption recommendations., This study was supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport [CAST17/00072]. Moreover, the study was partially supported by the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES).

We are grateful to Ana Yara Postigo Fuentes for her assistance with the English language. Also, we would like to express our gratitude to the children, parents, teachers and schools for allowing us to carry out this school program, as well as for their involvement and support during the process., The relationship between physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and academic achievement in young people is unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between PA, CRF and academic achievement in 152 children according to sex (average age of 8.6 ± 0.3 years) in southern Spain. A tri-axial accelerometer was used to measure PA; the 20-m Shuttle Run Test was performed to assess the CRF; and to know the academic achievement, the official school records were considered. The results showed a weak correlation between moderate PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) with CRF in boys (all, 0.2 > r < 0.4; p < 0.05), whereas the vigorous PA showed a moderate and weak correlation with CRF (all, p < 0.05), in both boys (r = 0.537) and girls (r = 0.382), respectively. In addition, a weak inverse correlation between moderate PA and MVPA with academic achievement showed in girls (all, 0.2 > r < 0.4; p < 0.05). Finally, the CRF weakly correlated with academic achievement only in boys (all, 0.2 > r < 0.4; p < 0.05). Our study showed a relationship between PA and CRF in both sexes. Nonetheless, the PA was inversely related to academic achievement in girls, whereas the CRF was related to academic achievement in boys., This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [DEP2015-63988-R].

Objectives We aimed to systematically review parental barriers towards children and adolescents' active transport to school (ATS) in the scientific literature and to provide a categorization of the barriers identified in the studies. Methods A search was conducted through seven online databases, from the beginning of the database to March 2018. Results A total of 27 of the identified studies met the inclusion criteria. The main parental barriers reported by parents of children (21 studies) were built environment, traffic safety, distance, crime-related safety and social support. The main parental barriers reported by parents of adolescents (6 studies) were built environment (street connectivity), distance, traffic safety and physical and motivation barriers. The parental barriers associated with ATS were mainly related to the built environment and traffic safety. Conclusions It is crucial to involve parents through interventions to reduce the perception of safety and to increase awareness of the importance of ATS. In addition, these strategies should be complemented by environmental changes performed by local governments.

A pesar de que en los últimos años han proliferado programas para el desarrollo de la deportividad, existen evidencias empíricas que corroboran la necesidad que demanda actualmente el fútbol base de un tratamiento ético. Por esta razón el objetivo del presente estudio fue elaborar un programa de intervención específicamente diseñado para jugadores de fútbol alevín centrado en la mejora de los aspectos personales de la deportividad y analizar el cambio que pudiera generar. La muestra la compusieron ciento veintiséis ( n = 126) futbolistas fe - derados con una media de edad de 10.9 años. Al grupo experimental se le aplicó un programa de educación en valores de cinco semanas de duración. Para valorar la eficacia del programa se realizó un análisis intra-grupo en el que se empleó la prueba de Wilcoxon y una inter- grupo, para el que se utilizó el test exacto de Fisher’s. Los participantes en el programa, en comparación con los que no recibieron tratamiento educativo, mejoraron su actitud ante el fracaso ( p < 0.05 ). Los integrantes del grupo control empeoraron en un 70% de los aspectos analizados. Los participantes del control y experimental mejoraron la asistencia a los entrenamientos . El pro - grama no fue efectivo en dos casos: la modificación del tipo de motivación (diversión o resultado) y el respeto al entrenador. Justificamos la necesidad de la implemen - tación de programas formativos en el fútbol de cantera de cara a la mejora de la actitud frente al error y como medida preventiva frente a la pérdida de valores.

The lack of physical activity and increasing time spent in sedentary behaviours during childhood place importance on developing low cost, easy-toimplement school-based interventions to increase physical activity among children. The PREVIENE Project will evaluate the effectiveness of five innovative, simple, and feasible interventions (active commuting to/from school, active Physical Education lessons, active school recess, sleep health promotion, and an integrated program incorporating all 4 interventions) to improve physical activity, fitness, anthropometry, sleep health, academic achievement, and health-related quality of life in primary school children. The PREVIENE Project will provide the information about the effectiveness and implementation of different school-based interventions for physical activity promotion in primary school children., The PREVIENE Project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (DEP2015-63988-R, MINECO-FEDER). MAG is supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness

Physical activity (PA) and sleep contribute to better children&rsquo, s health. Nonetheless, the bidirectional relationship between both of these health-related factors is unclear when using objective measures. The aims of this study were (1) to describe the PA (light PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and sleep (duration, latency, and efficiency) patterns of children and compare them with recommendations, and (2) to analyze the bidirectional association between PA levels and sleep patterns in 470 Spanish children according to sex (average age of 8.4 (0.4) years, 51.9% boys). A tri-axial accelerometer and sleep logs were used to measure PA (light PA and MVPA) and sleep patterns (duration, latency, and efficiency) in the children for seven consecutive days. Linear mixed models were conducted to analyze the bidirectional association (PA &rArr, sleep and sleep &rArr, PA) adjusted for the child, the sex, the school, and the day of observation. The results showed that, overall, the children did not meet the sleep duration recommendations per day. Regarding the bidirectional association, increased light PA and MVPA during the day was related to decreased sleep duration but an improvement in sleep efficiency that night. However, sleep duration and sleep efficiency were only related negatively and positively to light PA the following day, respectively. Regarding sex, light PA was associated with decreased sleep duration in both sexes, although the average value was lower in boys. In addition, light PA was also related only to an improvement in sleep efficiency the same night in both sexes, with girls generally having more efficient sleep. More studies in a representative sample of children that use objective measures to corroborate these results are needed.

Aim Physical activity has numerous benefits for children when it comes to academic achievements. This study determined whether active commuting – walking or cycling – to school, as a way of increasing total physical activity levels, was associated with academic achievements in students aged seven to 18 years. Methods A total of 2138 students participated in the study, which took place in the 2012/2013 academic year in three Spanish cities. We used a self-reported questionnaire to assess how the students travelled to and from school and their final school grades. Results We enrolled 489 primary schoolchildren and 1649 secondary schoolchildren, with similar numbers of boys and girls. The primary schoolchildren who travelled to school by motorbike, car or bus had better grades for all the selected school subjects (p ≤ 0.009) than those who walked or cycled. No significant associations were found for secondary schoolchildren, except for mathematics and their grade point averages. All models were adjusted for sex, age and school. Conclusion Active commuting to school was inversely associated with academic achievement in primary school students but not those at secondary school. Longitudinal and intervention studies are needed to further understand our findings.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the associations of personal and environmental factors with mode of commuting to school in children. A total of 745 schoolchildren (363 girls) aged 6-12 years from the province of Granada (Spain) participated in the study. Participants completed a questionnaire about mode of commuting to school, personal factors (i.e. barriers to walking to school, enjoyment on the way to school, who they go to school with) and environmental factors (i.e. time from house to school, distance to school, and safety on the way). A total of 57.2% children walked to school, 40.3% used the car, 1.2% motorcycled, .7% used the bus and .6% bicycled. Travelling alone to school [Odds ratio (OR), 10.049; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.950 - 25.567], living close to the school (OR, 16.439; 95%CI, 5.717- 47.271) and perceiving a safe way to school (OR, 2.365; 95%CI, 1.665- 3.360) were associated with active commuting to school.

Background Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in most countries of Latin America and physical inactivity is an important risk factor. Daily behaviors such as active commuting to school can provide a significant source of physical activity for children to improve the cardiovascular health. Parental perceptions of the environment such as distance to school or neighborhood safety are important to determine active commuting to school. The aim of this study was two-fold: to determine parental barriers to active commuting to school in Ecuadorian children and adolescents and to examine the association between the parental barriers and mode of commuting to school. Methods Parents of children (n=172, aged 9-12) and parents of adolescents (n=209, aged 13-18) completed a self-reported questionnaire about perceived parental barriers to active commuting to school. Differences of the parental perceived barriers between parents of children and parents of adolescents were analyzed using Chi-square test for every single barrier and Student T-test for independent samples to analyze the number of parental perceived barriers. The association between children's mode of commuting and parental barriers for each group of parents was examined using logistic regression analysis. Results The most common barriers reported by Ecuadorian parents of children were traffic volume (51.7%), traffic speed (50.0%) and crime (50.0%), whereas the most common barriers reported by Ecuadorian parents of adolescents were traffic speed (44.5%), distance to school (44.0%) and crime (44.0%). Parents of children reported absence of adults to walk with as the most important barrier compared to parents of adolescents (36.6% and 21.5% respectively, p=0.001). Parents of children who perceived as barriers distance to school (OR: 11.022; p Conclusions The most frequent perceived barriers for Ecuadorian parents were traffic volume, traffic speed, crime and distance, whereas barriers for parents of children were higher than parents of adolescents. Parents of children were more concern about presence of adults to walk with than parents of adolescents. It is important to improve the parental perceptions of distance and safety in dangerous intersections to promote active commuting to school in Ecuador.

PURPOSE: Active commuting has been associated to longer sleep duration in adolescents, however, the literature is still limited. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between the mode of commuting to and from school and sleep duration in Ecuadorian youth.METHODS: A total of

Background : Understanding parental barriers is crucial to promote active commuting to school since the parental perceptions influence how young people commute. This study examined parental barriers to active commuting to school among Spanish children and adolescents, and their association with their gender and the usual mode of commuting. Parents of children ( n = 628) and parents of adolescents ( n = 151) from Granada (Spain) completed a paper-based questionnaire about perceived parental barriers to active commuting to school and mode of commuting. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Among Spanish parents, the most common barriers reported by parents of children were traffic volume and dangerous intersections, whereas the most frequent barriers reported by parents of adolescents were distance to school and dangerous intersections. Compared to parents of children, a greater proportion of parents of adolescents reported distance to school and crime and smaller proportion reported traffic volume as barriers to active commuting to school. Among parents of children, crime was a more commonly reported as a barrier by parents of girls. Although some barriers reported by parents of passive commuters were similar for children and adolescents (such as distance to school and absence of a policeman at crosswalks), other barriers were specific to parents of children. The main parental barriers to active commuting in children were traffic volume and dangerous intersections whereas for adolescents were distance and dangerous intersections. Among Spanish parents, parental barriers to active commuting are influenced by children's age, gender and mode of commuting to school.