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PURPOSE To determine the effect of chronic topical use of prostaglandin analogs for glaucoma on lower eyelid tension. METHODS A prospective case-control study was performed. Lower eyelid tension was measured in a group of glaucoma patients (73 eyelids) using prostaglandin analogs and a paired control group (87 eyelids). Seven glaucoma patients with unilateral use of prostaglandin analogs had the lower eyelid tension of the exposed side compared with the contralateral eyelid. Eyelid tension was digitally measured in photographs in neutral position and after manual downward traction in the center of the eyelid (modified distraction test). Duration of drug exposition, age, use of other topical medication and other prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy signs as long eyelashes, eyelid hyperemia, eyelid pigmentation, and deepening of upper eyelid sulcus were recorded for analysis. RESULTS Mean lower eyelid tension in prostaglandin group was significantly higher than in control group: distraction 5.26 mm (SD 1.52) versus 6.80 mm (SD 1.29) (p < 0.001). On the unilateral prostaglandin use intragroup comparison, mean lower eyelid distraction in prostaglandin side was 4.24 mm (SD 1.80) and in control side was 6.79 mm (SD 1.63) (p < 0.012). Beta blocker and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor concomitant use was associated with lower eyelid tension measures in prostaglandin users. Presence of long eyelashes was associated with higher eyelid tension. All other measured variables did not demonstrate interaction with eyelid tension. CONCLUSIONS Chronic topical use of prostaglandin analogs for glaucoma is associated with lower eyelid tightening.

Purpose: Inferior eyelid laxity is classically evaluated using “snap-back” and “distraction” tests. This study aimed to assess the reproducibility of the technique used to indirectly quantify the horizontal tension in the lower eyelids using digital image processing. Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted to assess the reproducibility of a new technique that quantifies the horizontal tension in the lower eyelid. The study was conducted at the Hospital das Clínicas of Porto Alegre. The protocol was established by two trained ophthalmologist examiners, allowing intra- and interobserver agreement analyses. Image acquisition was done in two stages: the first image was captured with the eyelid in primary gaze position and the second with the eyelid in traction position. All images and measurements were processed using Image J 1.33m software from the National Institute of Health. The Bland-Altman method, intraclass correlation coefficients, concordance correlation coefficients, and technical measurement error were used to evaluate reproducibility. Results: The study participants comprised healthy individuals with no ophthalmologic pathologies. The measurements obtained in the neutral position showed a slightly higher agreement than those obtained in the traction position. The mean difference between the measurements performed in the traction position was 0.028 ± 0.7 mm and 0.014 ± 0.9 mm in the intra- and interobserver analyses, respectively. The Bland-Altman method demonstrated adequate confidence limits for both measurements. Correlation coefficients for measurements varied between 0.87 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.68-0.95] and 0.91 (95% CI 0.77-0.97) in the neutral position and between 0.72 (95% CI 0.37-0.89) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.4-0.91) in the traction position. Conclusion: A high intra- and interobserver concordance was observed in the studied method to quantify lower eyelid tension. The proposed method is simple and easily reproducible, and to the best our knowledge, this is the first method that quantifies lower eyelid horizontal tension on the basis of digital image processing. This modified distraction test might be useful in studies quantifying lower eyelid horizontal tension. RESUMO Objetivo: A frouxidão palpebral inferior é avaliada classicamente por meio de testes de “snap-back” e “distraction test”. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a reprodutibilidade da técnica utilizada para quantificar indiretamente a tensão horizontal nas pálpebras inferiores através do processamento digital de imagens. Métodos: Este estudo longitudinal foi realizado para avaliar a reprodutibilidade de uma nova técnica que quantifica a tensão horizontal na pálpebra inferior. O estudo foi realizado no Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre. O protocolo foi estabelecido por dois examinadores oftalmologistas treinados, permitindo análises de concordância intra e interavaliador. A aquisição de imagens foi feita em duas etapas: a primeira imagem foi capturada com a pálpebra na posição primária do olhar e a segunda com pálpebra tracionada. Todas as imagens e medições foram processadas usando o software Image J 1.33m do National Institute of Health. O método de Bland-Altman, os coeficientes de correlação intraclasses, os coeficientes de correlação de concordância e o erro técnico da medida foram utilizados para avaliar a reprodutibilidade. Resultados: Os participantes do estudo foram indivíduos saudáveis e sem patologias oftalmológicas. As medidas obtidas na posição neutra mostraram concordância levemente maior do que as obtidas na posição tracionada. A diferença média entre as medidas realizadas na posição tracionada foi de 0,028 ± 0,7mm e 0,014 ± 0,9mm nas análises intra e interobservadores, respectivamente. O método de Bland-Altman demonstrou limites de confiança adequados para ambas as medidas. Os coeficientes de correlação para as medidas variaram entre 0,87 [intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC) 0,68-0,95) e 0,91 (IC 95% 0,77-0,97) na posição neutra e entre 0,72 (IC 95% 0,37-0,89) e 0,76 (IC 95% 0,46-0,91) na posição tracionada. Conclusão: Observou-se elevada concordância intra e interobservador no método estudado para quantificar a tensão palpebral inferior. O método proposto é simples e facilmente reproduzível, e, do melhor modo possível, este é o primeiro método que quantifica a tensão horizontal da pálpebra inferior com base no processamento digital de imagens. Este teste de distração modificado pode ser útil em estudos que quantifiquem a tensão horizontal da pálpebra inferior.

BACKGROUND Ptosis after botulinum toxin injection is a disturbing complication. Decongestant and antiglaucoma eyedrops are frequently prescribed for temporary improvement of eyelid ptosis. Although frequently cited on informal communications, the effect of these drugs on eyelid position has never been compared in a formal study. OBJECTIVE To measure the effect of low-concentration, nonmydriatic selective alpha agonist eyedrops on upper eyelid position. METHODS AND MATERIALS This nonrandomized clinical trial enrolled 20 healthy subjects aged 18 to 50 years. The upper margin-reflex distance (MRD1) was measured before, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after administration of 1 drop of brimonidine 0.2%, phenylephrine 0.12%, or naphazoline 0.05% to the left eye. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in mean MRD1 between the brimonidine and phenylephrine groups when comparing baseline to all other study time points. After administration of naphazoline 0.05%, MRD1 had a mean increase of 0.56 ± 0.11 mm (p < 0.001) after 30 minutes, 0.47 ± 0.12 mm (p = 0.001) after 60 minutes, and 0.26 ± 0.09 mm (p = 0.028) after 120 minutes when compared with baseline. CONCLUSION Brimonidine 0.2% and phenylephrine 0.12% have no effect on eyelid aperture, but naphazoline 0.05% eyedrops could be useful for temporary relief of upper eyelid ptosis in selected patients.

Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados em longo prazo do transplante alogênico inter vivo de limbo conjuntival para doenças bilaterais da superfície ocular com compatibilidade HLA doador-receptor. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, não comparativo e intervencionista de 39 olhos de 32 pacientes submetidos a transplante alogênico de limbo com compatibilidade HLA e diagnóstico de deficiência límbica. Foram analisados como desfechos principais acuidade visual, visão ambulatorial (≥ 20/200) e estabilidade da superfície ocular. Limbo doador foi obtido de parentes do paciente após estudo de compatibilidade HLA classe I e II. Resultados: Com um ano de pós-operatório, a acuidade visual melhorou em 46,2%, visão ambulatorial foi atingida em 48,7% e estabilidade da superfície corneana em 84,6% dos pacientes. Ao final do seguimento (média, 48,7 ± 30,6 meses), 66,6% dos olhos que haviam ganho acuidade visual um ano após a cirurgia mantiveram esta melhora (p=0,28), 94,7% dos olhos que haviam alcançado visão ambulatorial um ano após a cirurgia mantiveram visão de 20/200 ou melhor (p

Paciente do sexo feminino de 19 anos com pioderma gangrenoso foi encaminhada ao setor de Plástica Ocular para avaliação de ectrópio cicatricial grave da pálpebra inferior direita. O exame evidenciou cicatrização importante na pálpebra inferior e região malar com um ectrópio secundário. Foi realizado liberação do tecido cicatricial e um enxerto de pele total associado a “tarsal strip”. A dose de corticóide da paciente foi aumentada para a realização do procedimento e não houve problemas de cicatrização ou formação de úlceras na pálpebra ou no sítio doador após a cirurgia. Como o pioderma gangrenoso é associado ao fenômeno de patergia em até 25% dos casos, o surgimento de novas lesões é uma preocupação relevante ao indicar cirurgia nestes pacientes. Neste caso, a cirurgia foi realizada com segurança sob imunossupressão com corticóide. A 19 year old female with pyoderma gangrenosum was referred to the oculoplastic clinic for evaluation of severe cicatricial ectropion of the right lower eyelid. Examination evidenced important scarring of lower eyelid and malar region with secondary ectropion. A full-thickness skin graft associated with a lateral tarsal strip procedure and scar tissue release was performed. The patient’s corticosteroid dose was raised for the procedure, and after surgery there was no healing problem or ulcer formation in the eyelid or in the graft donor site. As pyoderma gangrenosum is associated with a pathergy phenomenon in up to 25% of the cases, the onset of new lesions is a relevant concern when performing surgery in these patients. In this case, the surgery was safely performed under corticosteroid immunosuppression.

Objetivo: Estudar a acuidade visual dos candidatos a condutores de veículos da cidade de Pelotas e sua associação com as características sociodemográficas dos candidatos. Métodos: Foram examinados 1.010 candidatos a condutores em um serviço médico autorizado pelo Detran. Avaliou-se a acuidade visual, com e sem correção, bem como a sua relação com a visão de cores, sexo, idade e profissão dos entrevistados, por meio da análise de freqüências e de teste para associação. Resultados: Deste contingente 73,0% eram do sexo masculino, 65,0% tinham idade entre 18 e 45 anos, 51,4% ocupavam o setor de serviços e 25,0% utilizavam meio de correção visual. Sob o ponto de vista oftalmológico, 0,5% dos entrevistados não poderiam dirigir veículos automotores e 4,7% só poderiam obter habilitação para condução veicular, nas categorias A e B. Mostrou-se associada à acuidade visual baixa a maior longevidade. Conclusão: Baseado nos resultados, sugere-se menor intervalo de tempo para reavaliação visual dos motoristas das categorias C, D e E. Purpose: To study visual acuity of the candidates for driving licences in the city of Pelotas and its relationship with sociodemographic characteristics of the candidates. Methods: One thousand and ten candidates for driving license were examined in a Detran approved medical service. To check the social, demographic and visual characteristics of candidates, visual acuity, with or without correction, as well as its relation to color, gender, age and profession of the interviewed persons was evaluated, through analysis of frequencies and association. Results: In this study 72.5% were males, 33.8% were between 18 and 45 years old, 52.0% were in the service sector and 25.4% used some instrument of visual correction, 0.5% of the interviewed from the ophthalmological viewpoint, would not be able to drive automotor vehicles and 4.7% should only would get a driving license in the A and B categories. A low visual acuity has been associated with a higher longevity. Conclusion: Based on the results, a shorter time period for visual reavaluation of the C, D and E categories drivers is suggest.

A 68-year-old woman presented with a nodular pretarsal tumor on her right upper eyelid that had slowly grown over 6 months. Excisional biopsy was performed through an eyelid crease approach, and histopathology evidenced the lesion to be steatocystoma simplex. Steatocystoma simplex is an uncommon benign cutaneous lesion thought to be a circumscribed malformation arising from the pilosebaceous duct junction, rarely reported to occur in the periorbital region.

RESUMO Os autores relatam os tres primeiros casos comprovados de ceratite por Acanthamoeba sp no Rio Grande do Sul. Todos os pacientes eram usuarios de lentes rigidas gas-permeaveis, usando agua corrente para higiene das mesmas. Um paciente teve resolucao do quadro clinico apos 4 meses de tratamento intensivo com neomicina, biguanida, metronidazol e dexametasona topicos. Os outros pacientes necessitaram de ceratoplastia penetrante, um apos 2 meses e o outro apos 14 meses de tratamento clinico intensivo (neomicina, biguanida, propamidine e dexametasona topicos) sem sucesso. Nao houve recidiva da infestacao por Acanthamoeba em nenhum dos casos durante o periodo de seguimento (16, 5 e 22 meses). O diagnostico etiologico foi realizado pela identificacao de cistos e trofozoitos de Acanthamoeba no exame direto do raspado da ulcera de cornea em dois pacientes e no exame anatomo-patologico dos botoes corneanos dos que se submeteram ao transplante de cornea.

The authors report a case of typical corneal epithelial rejection two months after allogenic limbal-conjunctival graft for a recurrent limbal-conjunctival papilloma in a 62- year-old female patient. The HLA donor-recipient pair was haploidentical (50% identity). This observation suggests a clear conjunctival epithelial transdifferentiation onto corneal epithelium. This is the first report, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, of allograft conjunctival transplantation for this disease and of corneal epithelial rejection after such a procedure. In this case, there was no rejection of the conjunctival graft, and corneal rejection was successfully treated with oral prednisone and topical 1% prednisolone.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of allogenic conjunctival transplantation in bilateral surface disorders and to correlate with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing and cross-matching. Methods: A prospective study of allogenic conjunctival transplantation was undertaken in 12 eyes of 10 patients with bilateral surface disorders. Five eyes had StevensJohnson syndrome, three had Lyell syndrome, three had bilateral alkali burns, and one had a bilateral thermal burn. Human leukocyte antigen typing and cross-matching were retrospectively performed in eight patients and their respective donors. Stabilization of corneal epithelia, visual acuity, and rejection episodes were examined after the procedure. Results: Eleven (91.6%) of 12 eyes had improved visual acuity, corneal transparency and surface lubrication, stabilization of corneal epithelia, and decreased corneal neovascularization and photophobia after an average follow-up of 17.2 months. Three patients (25%) had rejection episodes, with no disturbance in corneal surface in two. Two of these three patients had 100% incompatible HLA donor—recipient pairs; HLA of the third patient was not available. Patients with favorable evolution were either HLA identical or haplo-identical (50% identity) with their donors. Donor eyes did not present any epithelial problems during the follow-up period. Conclusions: Human leukocyte antigen-matched allogenic conjunctival transplantation proved to be an adequate method of treating severe bilateral surface disorders, with minimal complications.

RESUMO A ictiose lamelar é uma doença caracterizada por hiperceratose e descamação da pele, ectrópio palpebral, conjuntivite e ceratite. Apresentamos um caso de úlcera corneana por exposição, com infecção bacteriana e micótica secundária, em um paciente portador desta patologia. São descritas alternativas para terapêutica ocular bem como para correção do ectrópio.