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1. Represas puntanas: Acceso, gestión y gobernanza del agua en las tierras áridas de San Luis

Author

Patricio N. Magliano, Marcos J. Niborski, Francisco Murray, Guillermo Heider, María V. Petit, Aldana Calderón Archina, Silvina I. Ballesteros, Ricardo A. Páez, Luis Jobbágy, and Tomás Milani

Subjects
aguadas, desierto, escorrentía, monte, pastoreo continuo, población rural, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Los pobladores de la llanura árida del noroeste de San Luis cosechan agua de lluvia en pequeñas represas (tajamares) para producir ganado bovino y caprino en bosques nativos. Esta es una tecnología antigua que en las últimas dos décadas se complementó con acueductos que transportan agua desde la Sierra Central de San Luis (dique de Nogolí). En este trabajo 1) presentamos una aproximación a las percepciones sociales y conocimientos locales sobre las represas; 2) aplicamos mejoras tecnológicas en seis de ellas para aumentar la eficiencia de cosecha y almacenamiento de agua, y 3) caracterizamos la dinámica temporal del recurso hídrico regional (represas y dique). Para ello, realizamos encuestas a usuarios de represas, instalamos sensores de nivel de agua, contratamos maquinaria vial para realizar mejoras y analizamos bases de datos existentes. Los resultados de las encuestas mostraron que las represas, lejos de ser un simple reservorio de agua, conforman el patrimonio cultural de las familias rurales. Por otra parte, la aplicación de mejoras tecnológicas aumentó el nivel de agua máximo promedio de las represas, de 144 a 220 cm (P

Published
2024
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2. Modeling Rainwater Harvesting and Storage Dynamics of Rural Impoundments in Dry Chaco Rangelands

Author

Marcos Javier Niborski, Osvaldo Antonio Martin, Francisco Murray, Esteban Gabriel Jobbágy, Marcelo Daniel Nosetto, Ricardo Andrés Paez, and Patricio Nicolás Magliano

Subjects
atmospheric demand, arid, dams, saturated overland flow, precipitation, water balance, Hydraulic engineering, TC1-978, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, TD201-500
Abstract

Transporting water to supply livestock is one of the great challenges of the drylands. Ranchers usually make impoundments, filled by runoff, to access freshwater for cattle supply in flat rangelands. The aim of this study was to understand rainfall-runoff generation and water storage temporal dynamics of impoundments in the Dry Chaco rangelands (Argentina). Thus, we instrumented six impoundments over three consecutive years and analyzed water storage data by developing a probabilistic model. For all impoundments, the rainfall event size thresholds to generate runoff presented values between 15 and 33 mm. Once they reached this threshold, the water gain response slopes presented values between 19 and 99 m3 mm−1. Loss patterns of water storage were described by exponential or linear functions. The predicted water storage dynamics presented high accuracy with the observed time series for all impoundments (RMSD between 380 and 1320 m3). The model only needs daily rainfall and air temperature to be run, making it easy to be used by scientists, ranchers, or local decision makers. It may be used to explore the hydrological functioning of small and seasonal water bodies of different sites of the world exposed to drought episodes caused by high climate variability and/or climate change.

Published
2023
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3. Distribución espacial y controles ambientales de las represas (tajamares) en el Chaco Árido

Author

Marcos J. Niborski, Francisco Murray, Esteban G. Jobbágy, Marcelo D. Nosetto, Pedro D. Fernández, George Castellanos, and Patricio N. Magliano

Subjects
tajamar, ecohidrología, escurrimiento superficial, semiárido, bosque seco, bebida animal, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Las regiones áridas tienen déficit hídrico a lo largo de todo el año, lo cual limita el crecimiento de la vegetación y la provisión de agua para bebida animal. El Chaco Árido (~10 Mha) sostiene una producción ganadera extensiva de baja inversión, basada en cosechar agua de lluvia en represas (tajamares) como principal fuente de abastecimiento de agua. En este trabajo se determinó la distribución espacial de las represas y su relación con el entorno biofísico (precipitación, vegetación, caminos) en el Chaco Árido. Para ello analizamos imágenes satelitales, información vectorial y análisis multivariados sobre una grilla de 135 celdas de 0.25°x0.25° cada una. En total identificamos 7920 represas (1 cada 1230 ha) y observamos densidades máximas de 1 represa cada 185 ha, pero también celdas sin represas, asociadas a la presencia de sierras, salinas y dunas. La densidad de represas fue mayor en celdas con mayor densidad de establecimientos ganaderos, caminos y carga animal (r=0.63, r=0.56 y r=0.51, respectivamente; P

Published
2022
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4. Vegetation Productivity in Natural vs. Cultivated Systems along Water Availability Gradients in the Dry Subtropics.

Author

Germán Baldi, Marcos Texeira, Francisco Murray, and Esteban G Jobbágy

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The dry subtropics are subject to a rapid expansion of crops and pastures over vast areas of natural woodlands and savannas. In this paper, we explored the effect of this transformation on vegetation productivity (magnitude, and seasonal and long-term variability) along aridity gradients which span from semiarid to subhumid conditions, considering exclusively those areas with summer rains (>66%). Vegetation productivity was characterized with the proxy metric "Enhanced Vegetation Index" (EVI) (2000 to 2012 period), on 6186 natural and cultivated sampling points on five continents, and combined with a global climatology database by means of additive models for quantile regressions. Globally and regionally, cultivation amplified the seasonal and inter-annual variability of EVI without affecting its magnitude. Natural and cultivated systems maintained a similar and continuous increase of EVI with increasing water availability, yet achieved through contrasting ways. In natural systems, the productivity peak and the growing season length displayed concurrent steady increases with water availability, while in cultivated systems the productivity peak increased from semiarid to dry-subhumid conditions, and stabilized thereafter giving place to an increase in the growing season length towards wetter conditions. Our results help to understand and predict the ecological impacts of deforestation on vegetation productivity, a key ecosystem process linked to a broad range of services.

Published
2016
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5. Efecto de la severidad de quemado sobre la concentración de carbono orgánico en montículos e intermontículos en el monte austral Effect of burn severity on the soil organic carbon concentration mounds and intermounds in the monte austral

Author

Juan José Gaitán, Donaldo Eduardo Bran, and Francisco Murray

Subjects
Incendio, Materia orgánica, Montículos, Intermontículos, Burn, Organic matter, Mounds, Intermounds, Agriculture (General), S1-972, Plant culture, SB1-1110
Abstract

El efecto de la severidad de quemado sobre la concentración de carbono orgánico (COS) en los montículos vegetados y en los intermontículos de suelo desnudo fue evaluado 4 años luego de la ocurrencia de un incendio natural en un área del Monte Austral (provincia de Río Negro). Los montículos actúan como "islas de fertilidad" dado que la concentración de COS fue mayor que en los intermontículos. La concentración de COS en los intermontículos no fue afectada por el incendio. En cambio en los montículos se halló una disminución en la concentración de COS al incrementarse la severidad de quemado. La pérdida de COS podría inducir una degradación de los pastizales, por lo tanto las prácticas de manejo del fuego deberían tender a la realización de quemas de baja severidad.The effect of burn severity on soil organic carbon concentration (COS) in vegetated mounds and in bare soil intermounds was evaluated 4 years after the occurrence of a natural fire in an area of the Monte Austral (Río Negro province). The mounds act as "fertility islands" since COS concentration was higher than in the intermounds. The COS concentration in the intermounds was not affected by fire. On the other hand, in the mounds a decrease in the COS concentration was found when the burn severity increased. The COS loss could induce rangelands degradation, therefore fire management practices should tend to the realization of low severity burns.

Published
2007

6. Phase II Trial of IL-12 Plasmid Transfection and PD-1 Blockade in Immunologically Quiescent Melanoma

Author

Algazi, Alain P, Twitty, Christopher G, Tsai, Katy K, Le, Mai, Pierce, Robert, Browning, Erica, Hermiz, Reneta, Canton, David A, Bannavong, Donna, Oglesby, Arielle, Francisco, Murray, Fong, Lawrence, Pittet, Mikael J, Arlauckas, Sean P, Garris, Christopher, Levine, Lauren P, Bifulco, Carlos, Ballesteros-Merino, Carmen, Bhatia, Shailender, Gargosky, Sharron, Andtbacka, Robert HI, Fox, Bernard A, Rosenblum, Michael D, and Daud, Adil I

Subjects
Clinical Research, Cancer, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Adult, Aged, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols, Case-Control Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Interleukin-12, Male, Melanoma, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor, Prospective Studies, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis
Abstract

PurposeTumors with low frequencies of checkpoint positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (cpTIL) have a low likelihood of response to PD-1 blockade. We conducted a prospective multicenter phase II trial of intratumoral plasmid IL-12 (tavokinogene telseplasmid; "tavo") electroporation combined with pembrolizumab in patients with advanced melanoma with low frequencies of checkpoint positive cytotoxic lymphocytes (cpCTL).Patients and methodsTavo was administered intratumorally days 1, 5, and 8 every 6 weeks while pembrolizumab (200 mg, i.v.) was administered every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) by RECIST, secondary endpoints included duration of response, overall survival and progression-free survival. Toxicity was evaluated by the CTCAE v4. Extensive correlative analysis was done.ResultsThe combination of tavo and pembrolizumab was well tolerated with adverse events similar to those previously reported with pembrolizumab alone. Patients had a 41% ORR (n = 22, RECIST 1.1) with 36% complete responses. Correlative analysis showed that the combination enhanced immune infiltration and sustained the IL-12/IFNγ feed-forward cycle, driving intratumoral cross-presenting dendritic cell subsets with increased TILs, emerging T cell receptor clones and, ultimately, systemic cellular immune responses.ConclusionsThe combination of tavo and pembrolizumab was associated with a higher than expected response rate in this poorly immunogenic population. No new or unexpected toxicities were observed. Correlative analysis showed T cell infiltration with enhanced immunity paralleling the clinical activity in low cpCTL tumors.

Published
2020

7. Modeling Rainwater Harvesting and Storage Dynamics of Rural Impoundments in Dry Chaco Rangelands

Author

Magliano, Marcos Javier Niborski, Osvaldo Antonio Martin, Francisco Murray, Esteban Gabriel Jobbágy, Marcelo Daniel Nosetto, Ricardo Andrés Paez, and Patricio Nicolás

Subjects
atmospheric demand, arid, dams, saturated overland flow, precipitation, water balance, Bayes
Abstract

Transporting water to supply livestock is one of the great challenges of the drylands. Ranchers usually make impoundments, filled by runoff, to access freshwater for cattle supply in flat rangelands. The aim of this study was to understand rainfall-runoff generation and water storage temporal dynamics of impoundments in the Dry Chaco rangelands (Argentina). Thus, we instrumented six impoundments over three consecutive years and analyzed water storage data by developing a probabilistic model. For all impoundments, the rainfall event size thresholds to generate runoff presented values between 15 and 33 mm. Once they reached this threshold, the water gain response slopes presented values between 19 and 99 m3 mm−1. Loss patterns of water storage were described by exponential or linear functions. The predicted water storage dynamics presented high accuracy with the observed time series for all impoundments (RMSD between 380 and 1320 m3). The model only needs daily rainfall and air temperature to be run, making it easy to be used by scientists, ranchers, or local decision makers. It may be used to explore the hydrological functioning of small and seasonal water bodies of different sites of the world exposed to drought episodes caused by high climate variability and/or climate change.

Published
2023
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8. Supplementary Figure Legends from Phase II Trial of IL-12 Plasmid Transfection and PD-1 Blockade in Immunologically Quiescent Melanoma

Author

Algazi, Alain P., primary, Twitty, Christopher G., primary, Tsai, Katy K., primary, Le, Mai, primary, Pierce, Robert, primary, Browning, Erica, primary, Hermiz, Reneta, primary, Canton, David A., primary, Bannavong, Donna, primary, Oglesby, Arielle, primary, Francisco, Murray, primary, Fong, Lawrence, primary, Pittet, Mikael J., primary, Arlauckas, Sean P., primary, Garris, Christopher, primary, Levine, Lauren P., primary, Bifulco, Carlos, primary, Ballesteros-Merino, Carmen, primary, Bhatia, Shailender, primary, Gargosky, Sharron, primary, Andtbacka, Robert H.I., primary, Fox, Bernard A., primary, Rosenblum, Michael D., primary, and Daud, Adil I., primary

Published
2023
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9. Table S1 from Phase II Trial of IL-12 Plasmid Transfection and PD-1 Blockade in Immunologically Quiescent Melanoma

Author

Algazi, Alain P., primary, Twitty, Christopher G., primary, Tsai, Katy K., primary, Le, Mai, primary, Pierce, Robert, primary, Browning, Erica, primary, Hermiz, Reneta, primary, Canton, David A., primary, Bannavong, Donna, primary, Oglesby, Arielle, primary, Francisco, Murray, primary, Fong, Lawrence, primary, Pittet, Mikael J., primary, Arlauckas, Sean P., primary, Garris, Christopher, primary, Levine, Lauren P., primary, Bifulco, Carlos, primary, Ballesteros-Merino, Carmen, primary, Bhatia, Shailender, primary, Gargosky, Sharron, primary, Andtbacka, Robert H.I., primary, Fox, Bernard A., primary, Rosenblum, Michael D., primary, and Daud, Adil I., primary

Published
2023
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10. Figure S2 from Phase II Trial of IL-12 Plasmid Transfection and PD-1 Blockade in Immunologically Quiescent Melanoma

Author

Algazi, Alain P., primary, Twitty, Christopher G., primary, Tsai, Katy K., primary, Le, Mai, primary, Pierce, Robert, primary, Browning, Erica, primary, Hermiz, Reneta, primary, Canton, David A., primary, Bannavong, Donna, primary, Oglesby, Arielle, primary, Francisco, Murray, primary, Fong, Lawrence, primary, Pittet, Mikael J., primary, Arlauckas, Sean P., primary, Garris, Christopher, primary, Levine, Lauren P., primary, Bifulco, Carlos, primary, Ballesteros-Merino, Carmen, primary, Bhatia, Shailender, primary, Gargosky, Sharron, primary, Andtbacka, Robert H.I., primary, Fox, Bernard A., primary, Rosenblum, Michael D., primary, and Daud, Adil I., primary

Published
2023
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11. South American Dry Chaco rangelands: Positive effects of cattle trampling and transit on ecohydrological functioning

Author

Patricio N. Magliano, David D. Breshears, Francisco Murray, Marcos J. Niborski, Marcelo D. Nosetto, Chris B. Zou, and Esteban G. Jobbágy

Subjects
Ecology
Abstract

Livestock production in drylands requires consideration of the ecological applications of ecohydrological redistribution of water. Intensive cattle trampling and the associated increase of surface runoff are common concerns for rangeland productivity and sustainability. Here, we highlight a regional livestock production system in which cattle trails and trampling surrounding an artificial impoundment are purposely managed to enhance redistribution and availability of water for cattle drinking. Based on literature synthesis and field measurements, we first describe cattle production systems and surface water redistribution in the Dry Chaco rangelands of South America, and then develop a conceptual framework to synthesize the ecohydrological impacts of livestock production on these ecosystems. Critical to this framework is the pioshere-an degraded overgrazed and overtrampled area where vegetation has difficulties to grow, usually close to the water points. The Dry Chaco rangelands have three key distinctive characteristics associated with the flat sedimentary environment lacking fresh groundwater and the very extensive ranching conditions: (i) cattle drinking water is provided by artificial impoundments filled by runoff, (ii) heavy trampling around the impoundment and its adjacent areas generates a piosphere that favors runoff towards the impoundment, and (iii) the impoundment, piosphere, and extensive forage areas are hydrologically connected with a network of cattle trails. We propose an ecohydrological framework where cattle transit and trampling alter the natural water circulation of these ecosystems, affecting small fractions of the landscape through increased runoff (compaction in piosphere and trails), surface connectivity (convergence of trails to piosphere to impoundment) and ponding (compaction of the impoundment floor) that operate together making water harvesting and storage possible. These effects have likely generated a positive water feedback on the expansion of livestock in the region with a relatively low impact on forage production. We highlight the role of livestock transit as a geomorphological agent capable of reshaping the hydrology of flat sedimentary rangelands in ways that can be managed positively for sustainable ranching systems. We suggest that the Dry Chaco offers an alternative paradigm for rangelands in which cattle trampling may contribute to sustainable seminatural production systems with implications for other dry and flat rangelands of the world.

Published
2022

12. Hydrological functioning of cattle ranching impoundments in the Dry Chaco rangelands of Argentina

Author

Marcelo D. Nosetto, Esteban G. Jobbágy, Marcos J. Niborski, Francisco Murray, David Mindham, Nick A. Chappell, Patricio N. Magliano, Wlodek Tych, and Mariana C. Rufino

Subjects
Hydrology, GRAZING, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ARID, 0208 environmental biotechnology, LIVESTOCK, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, ECOHYDROLOGY, 020801 environmental engineering, Rainwater harvesting, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5 [https], Environmental science, RUNOFF, RAINWATER HARVESTING, Rangeland, Trampling, Surface runoff, Cattle ranching, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

Rainwater harvesting and associated storage is essential for cattle ranching in the drylands of Argentina and elsewhere. This is the first study to attempt to quantify the hydrological inflows and losses from rainwater harvesting impoundments. To address the direct effect of cattle within impoundments, a typical cattle-affected impoundment was instrumented and compared with that of a similar impoundment but without cattle access. Analysis of the storage dynamics with reference to the controlling variables demonstrated the highly episodic nature of the generation of infiltrationexcess overland flow that recharged the impoundments. The impoundments experienced 43 and 35% of storage loss to open-water-evaporation for the cattle-affected and control impoundments, respectively. Critically, the cattle-effected impoundment lost only 15% of storage to leakage (after cattle consumption was taken into account), while the control lost 65% of its water to basal leakage. Indeed systems modelling of the rainfall-storage dynamics showed that the cattle-affected impoundment, despite consumption by 300 cows, maintained water in the impoundment (per a unit input of rainfall) for longer than the control (a 65- versus 25-day residence time). These results highlight the unintended beneficial effect of cattle trampling on the floor of the impoundment reducing leakage losses. Fil: Magliano, Patricio Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina Fil: Mindham, David. Lancaster University. ; Reino Unido Fil: Tych, Wlodek. Lancaster University. ; Reino Unido Fil: Murray, Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina Fil: Nosetto, Marcelo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos; Argentina Fil: Jobbagy Gampel, Esteban Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina Fil: Niborski, Marcos Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Rufino, Mariana C.. Lancaster University. ; Reino Unido Fil: Chappell, Nick A.. Lancaster University. ; Reino Unido

Published
2019

13. Fading opportunities for mitigating agriculture-environment trade-offs in a South American deforestation hotspot

Author

Christian Levers, Tobias Kuemmerle, Daniel Müller, Ricardo Torres, Matías E. Mastrangelo, Francisco Murray, Elizabeth A. Law, Gregorio I. Gavier-Pizarro, Matthias Baumann, Julieta Decarre, Leandro Macchi, Kerrie A. Wilson, María Piquer-Rodríguez, and Environmental Geography

Subjects
600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften::630 Landwirtschaft::630 Landwirtschaft und verwandte Bereiche, Natural resource economics, Zoology and botany: 480 [VDP], América del Sur, Biodiversity, Pareto frontier, bepress|Life Sciences|Biodiversity, Environment, Profit (economics), Tropical dry forests, bepress|Life Sciences, Deforestation, ddc:630, Conservation planning, Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480 [VDP], Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation, SDG 15 - Life on Land, Intensification, business.industry, Agricultural intensification, Agricultura, Agriculture, Environmental impact of agriculture, South America, Agricultural expansion, Medio Ambiente, Deforestación, Intensificación, Sustainability, Spatial prioritization, Business, Zoning, Futures contract
Abstract

Strong trade-offs between agriculture and the environment occur in deforestation frontiers, particularly in the world's rapidly disappearing tropical and subtropical dry forests. Pathways to mitigate these trade-offs are often unclear, as well as how deforestation or different policies alter the option space of available pathways. Using a spatial optimization framework based on linear programming, we develop a landscape-scale possibility frontier describing trade-offs between agricultural profit, biodiversity, and carbon stock for the Argentinean Dry Chaco, a global deforestation hotspot. We use this framework to assess how current land-use zoning, as well as past and future land-use-trajectories, alter the option space to minimize trade-offs between biodiversity, carbon, and agriculture. Our analyses yield four major insights. First, we found substantial co-benefits between biodiversity and carbon, yet strong trade-offs of both with agriculture. Second, development according to the current zoning could lead to highly suboptimal socio-ecological outcomes; our analysis pinpoints how this zoning could be improved. Third, high landscape-scale multifunctionality can be achieved using different land-use strategies, but maintaining >40% of forest is essential in all of them, and silvopasture systems appear to be central for achieving high overall multifunctionality. Finally, our results suggest the window of opportunity is closing rapidly: recent land-use changes since 2000 have rapidly moved the Chaco within the option space, with forest extent declining towards critical thresholds for maintaining balanced, multifunctional landscapes. Our results emphasize that the time for sustainability planning in the Chaco is now. More broadly, we show how multi-criteria optimization can describe dynamic trade-offs between agriculture and the environment at landscape and regional scales. This can help to identify land-system tipping points that, once crossed, would inhibit more sustainable futures, and policies to avoid such potential traps. Instituto de Recursos Biológicos Fil: Law, Elizabeth A. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Geography Department; Alemania Fil: Law, Elizabeth A. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; Noruega Fil: Macchi, Leandro. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Geography Department; Alemania Fil: Macchi, Leandro. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina Fil: Macchi, Leandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina Fil: Baumann, Mathias. Humboldt-University. Geography Department; Alemania. Fil: Decarre, Julieta. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina Fil: Gavier Pizarro, Gregorio Ignacio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina Fil: Levers, Christian. Humboldt-University. Geography Department; Alemania. Fil: Levers, Christian. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Department of Environmental Geography. Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM); Países Bajos Fil: Mastrangelo, Matias Enrique. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Grupo de Estudio de Agroecosistemas y Paisajes Rurales; Argentina. Fil: Mastrangelo, Matias Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Grupo de Estudio de Agroecosistemas y Paisajes Rurales; Argentina. Fil: Murray, Francisco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis. Agencia de Extensión Rural San Luis; Argentina Fil: Murray, Francisco. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Grupo de Estudios Ambientales; Argentina Fil: Murray, Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Grupo de Estudios Ambientales; Argentina Fil: Müller, Daniel. Humboldt-University Berlin. Geography Department; Alemania. Fil: Müller, Daniel. Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies; Alemania Fil: Müller, Daniel. Humboldt-University Berlin. Integrative Research Institute for Transformations in Human Environment Systems; Alemania Fil: Piquer Rodriguez, María. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. Geography Department; Alemania Fil: Piquer Rodriguez, María. Freie Universität Berlin. Lateinamerika-Institut; Alemania Fil: Torres, Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal ; Argentina. Fil: Torres, Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal ; Argentina. Fil: Wilson, Kerrie A. Queensland University of Technology; Australia Fil: Kuemmerle, Tobias. Humboldt-University Berlin. Geography Department; Alemania. Fil: Kuemmerle, Tobias. Humboldt-University Berlin. Integrative Research Institute for Transformations in Human Environment Systems; Alemania

Published
2021

14. Trade‐offs between biodiversity and agriculture are moving targets in dynamic landscapes

Author

Andrea Paula Goijman, Leandro Macchi, Asunción Semper-Pascual, Francisco Murray, Gregorio I. Gavier-Pizarro, Matías E. Mastrangelo, Tobias Kuemmerle, María Piquer-Rodríguez, Pedro G. Blendinger, and Julieta Decarre

Subjects
Biodiversity, Biodiversidad, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Deforestation, Land Use, Región Chaqueña, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], Ecology, Land use, business.industry, Agroforestry, Agricultura, Trade offs, DEFORESTATION FRONTIERS, LAND-USE INTENSITY, Agriculture, GRAN CHACO, Adaptive management, Geography, TROPICAL DRY FORESTS AND SAVANNAS, MULTI-SPECIES OCCUPANCY, Deforestación, BIRD ASSEMBLAGES, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT, BIODIVERSITY LOSS, business, Utilización de la Tierra
Abstract

Understanding how biodiversity responds to intensifying agriculture is critical to mitigating the trade‐offs between them. These trade‐offs are particularly strong in tropical and subtropical deforestation frontiers, yet it remains unclear how changing landscape context in such frontiers alters agriculture–biodiversity trade–offs. We focus on the Argentinean Chaco, a global deforestation hotspot, to explore how landscape context shapes trade‐off curves between agricultural intensity and avian biodiversity. We use a space‐for‐time approach and integrate a large field dataset of bird communities (197 species, 234 survey plots), three agricultural intensity metrics (meat yield, energy yield and profit) and a range of environmental covariates in a hierarchical Bayesian occupancy framework. Woodland extent in the landscape consistently determines how individual bird species, and the bird community as a whole, respond to agricultural intensity. Many species switch in their fundamental response, from decreasing occupancy with increased agricultural intensity when woodland extent in the landscape is low (loser species), to increasing occupancy with increased agricultural intensity when woodland extent is high (winner species). This suggests that landscape context strongly mediates who wins and loses along agricultural intensity gradients. Likewise, where landscapes change, such as in deforestation frontiers, the very nature of the agriculture–biodiversity trade–offs can change as landscapes transformation progresses. Synthesis and applications . Schemes to mitigate agriculture–biodiversity trade–offs, such as land sparing or sharing, must consider landscape context. Strategies that are identified based on a snapshot of data risk failure in dynamic landscapes, particularly where agricultural expansion continues to reduce natural habitats. Rather than a single, fixed strategy, adaptive management of agriculture–biodiversity trade–offs is needed in such situations. Here we provide a toolset for considering changing landscape contexts when exploring such trade‐offs. This can help to better align agriculture and biodiversity in tropical and subtropical deforestation frontiers. Instituto de Recursos Biológicos Fil: Macchi, Leandro. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán; Argentina Fil: Decarre, Julieta. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina Fil: Goijman, Andrea Paula. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina Fil: Mastrangelo, Matias Enrique. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Grupo de Estudio de Agroecosistemas y Paisajes Rurales; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina Fil: Blendinger, Pedro G. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán; Argentina. Fil: Gavier Pizarro, Gregorio Ignacio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina Fil: Murray, Francisco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Luis. Agencia de Extensión Rural San Luis; Argentina Fil: Piquer Rodriguez, María. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Instituto de Ecología Regional; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Tucumán; Argentina Fil: Semper-Pascal, Asunción. Humboldt-University Berlin. Geography Department; Alemania Fil: Kuemmerle, Tobias. Humboldt-University Berlin. Geography Department; Alemania. Humboldt-University Berlin. Integrative Research Institute for Transformations in Human Environment Systems; Alemania

Published
2020

15. Soil Physical Changes After Conversion of Woodlands to Pastures in Dry Chaco Rangelands (Argentina)

Author

Esteban G. Jobbágy, Roberto Fernández, Eva L. Florio, Patricio N. Magliano, and Francisco Murray

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Water circulation, Soil science, ARID CHACO, Woodland, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Ciencias de la Tierra y relacionadas con el Medio Ambiente, Field capacity, Animal science, Transect, Water content, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Topsoil, Ecology, LAND USE/LAND COVER CHANGE, Oceanografía, Hidrología, Recursos Hídricos, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Bulk density, ECOHYDROLOGY, Ciencias Medioambientales, WATER BALANCE, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Animal Science and Zoology, DEFORESTATION, Rangeland, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract

The conversion of dry woody rangelands into pastures can alter key soil physical properties that regulate ecosystem water circulation and storage. Based on three paired stands of native woodlands and pastures established 20 years ago in the southern Dry Chaco (San Luis, Argentina), we described contrasts in five soil physical properties using a systematic sampling of soil patches (9-18 patches along a single transect within each of the three paired 1-ha stands). Compared with woodlands, pastures displayed flatter microtopography (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 3.7 ± 0.34 vs. 5.0 ± 0.67% slope; P < 0.05), lower infiltration rate (mean ± SD: 71.6 ± 9.0 vs. 139.9 ± 37.2 mm h-1; P < 0.05), and higher penetration resistance (mean ± SD: 4.2 ± 0.10 vs. 1.9 ± 0.17 kg cm-2; P < 0.01) and bulk density (mean ± SD: 1.39 ± 0.05 vs. 1.16 ± 0.04 g cm-3; P < 0.0001). On average, topsoil water content at field capacity was similar for both types of cover (mean ± SD: 16.3 ± 0.21 vs. 17.1 ± 1.12%, pastures and woodlands, respectively; P = 0.29). However, at similar bulk density values, pastures presented a ∼20% reduction in volumetric water content at field capacity (16.3%) compared with woodlands (19.7%). The establishment of pastures led to more homogenous soils, with most variables having reduced spatial variability in comparison with woodlands. Our observations showed how the conversion of native woodlands to pastures produced strong physical changes in the soils of Dry Chaco and help to understand the mechanisms that are most likely influencing the surface-soil water dynamics of these, and perhaps other, dry rangelands. Fil: Magliano, Patricio Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis ; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Fernandez Alduncin, Roberto Javier. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Florio, Eva Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis ; Argentina Fil: Murray, Francisco. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis ; Argentina Fil: Jobbagy Gampel, Esteban Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis ; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina

Published
2017

16. Productive performance of alternative land covers along aridity gradients: Ecological, agronomic and economic perspectives

Author

Francisco Murray, Germán Baldi, Tamara von Bernard, E.F. Viglizzo, and Esteban G. Jobbágy

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, ESPINAL, Yield (finance), FARMING COSTS, PASTURES, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ciencias de la Tierra y relacionadas con el Medio Ambiente, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5 [https], NATURAL VEGETATION, Deforestation, Return on investment, Hectare, CROPS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Land use, Agroforestry, Ecology, Primary production, Vegetation, Arid, Agronomy, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, Meteorología y Ciencias Atmosféricas, Agronomy and Crop Science, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, CHACO
Abstract

The replacement of natural vegetation by pastures and extensive crops is generally driven by economic incentives and supported by technology improvements and multiple subsidies. However, towards areas of increasing aridity the productive performance of these replacements may decline from all perspectives – ecological to agronomic to economic – due to intrinsic differences in the structural and physiological adjustment of natural and cultivated vegetation to reduced and fluctuating water availability. We compare natural woody vegetation, perennial C4 pastures and annual crops (maize, soybean and wheat) along a gradient of decreasing precipitation (900–400 mm of annual mean) encompassing the current agricultural frontier of the Dry Chaco and Western Espinal ecoregions of South America. We assess (i) aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) (ii) yields of product dry mass, edible energy and protein outputs and, (iii) economic gross profits and return of investment. We linked climatic with yield data from national statistics, field trials and empiric models, together with productive parameters and market prices obtained from local consultants and economic bulletins. Maize achieved the highest ANPP of all vegetation covers (+ 42% in average compared to the rest) along the entire precipitation gradient, while the rest of the crops were very similar to natural vegetation. Pastures approached the ANPP of natural vegetation in the humid range, but had the lowest performance below 700 mm (− 15%). Along the entire precipitation gradient, maize was outstanding in mass and edible energy yield while soybean was so in protein production. Soybean had the highest gross profit per hectare (+ 50%) and total capital return of investment (+ 70%). Pastures offered the highest functional capital return of investment (+ 98%; without fixed capital, infrastructure and land value costs), explaining their relevance at the onset of the deforestation process and the gradual prevalence of crops afterwards. While agronomic and economic incentives for natural vegetation replacement remain strong along the whole aridity gradient, crop choice rather than land use system seem to shape the key ecological process of net primary productivity. Fil: Murray, Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional La Pampa-San Luis; Argentina Fil: Baldi, Germán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina Fil: von Bernard, Tamara. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina Fil: Viglizzo, Ernesto Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial. Centro Regional La Pampa; Argentina Fil: Jobbagy Gampel, Esteban Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina

Published
2016

17. Cultivating the dry forests of South America: Diversity of land users and imprints on ecosystem functioning

Author

Carla V. Rueda, Javier Houspanossian, Germán Baldi, Adriel A. Rosales, Esteban G. Jobbágy, and Francisco Murray

Subjects
Ecology, Land use, rural typology, Agroforestry, business.industry, Land management, Vegetation, Seasonality, medicine.disease, Ciencias de la Tierra y relacionadas con el Medio Ambiente, Geography, cultivation, Deforestation, Agriculture, medicine, Ecosystem, Chiquitania, Meteorología y Ciencias Atmosféricas, business, Agroecology, Dry Chaco, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

In the South American dry forest of the Dry Chaco and Chiquitania, the area under cultivation rose from 10% to 19% over the last ten years, and little biophysical, economical, or political constrains seem to prevent further expansion. Although typically associated to a homogeneous agribusiness system, agriculture and its expansion in this territory involve a diverse array of land users. Here we (i) identified and mapped the most conspicuous groups of land users based on existing scientific literature and technical reports, and (ii) described their associated landscape pattern and (iii) vegetation functioning based on different remote sensing tools applied to a set of 218 sample points. We recognized 14 groups of land users of local or foreign origin, composed by individuals or corporative organizations, and dedicated to farming, ranching or both. These groups displayed a wide variation in the scale of their operations as suggested by a 60-fold difference in paddock sizes. Twelve years of MODIS-NDVI data showed small and non- significant differences in the magnitude of primary productivity (1.2 fold-difference) but strong contrasts in its seasonality and long-term variability, including shifts in the rates of vegetation greening and browning (up to 4 fold-differences), growing period length (193 to 278 days y-1)number of cultivation seasons per year (1 to 1.75), and inter-annual coefficient of variation (up to 0.13). Agriculture under capitalized groups was characterized by very large paddocks, less stable productivity patterns, and more divergent seasonality. Instead, all smallholders showed more stable productivities both seasonally and inter-annually. Deforestation and cultivation in these dry regions does not have a single imprint on landscapes configuration and primary production dynamics, but one that shifts depending on the human and productive context under which they take place. Fil: Baldi, Germán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis ; Argentina Fil: Houspanossian, Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis ; Argentina Fil: Murray, Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis ; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina Fil: Rosales, Adriel A.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis ; Argentina. Universidad de La Punta; Argentina Fil: Rueda, Carla Vanezza. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis ; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Instituto de Silvicultura y Manejo de Bosques; Argentina Fil: Jobbagy Gampel, Esteban Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis ; Argentina

Published
2015

18. Vegetation productivity in natural vs.cultivated systems along water availability gradients in the dry subtropics

Author

Esteban G. Jobbágy, Francisco Murray, Germán Baldi, and Marcos Texeira

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, DATA BASE DEFORESTATION, CLIMATE CHANGE, lcsh:Medicine, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, Geographical Locations, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Disponibilidad del Agua, remote sensing, primary productivity, Dry Farming, SUMMER VEGETATION, Tropical climate, HUMAN CELL, WATER, Photosynthesis, lcsh:Science, 2. Zero hunger, Climatology, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, Plant Biochemistry, Physics, Electromagnetic Radiation, PLANT DEVELOPMENT, WATER AVAILABILITY, HUMAN, Vegetación, Agriculture, Productivity (ecology), ecosystem functioning, Physical Sciences, Solar Radiation, Seasons, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, Research Article, Crops, Agricultural, Climate Change, Summer, Oceania, Climate change, Growing season, Plant Development, Subtropics, Horticulture, METABOLISM, 010603 evolutionary biology, Ecosystems, Ciencias Biológicas, TROPIC CLIMATE, COMPARATIVE STUDY CROP, deforestation, Ecosystem, MODEL PRODUCTIVITY, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], Ciencias de las Plantas, Botánica, Plant Physiological Phenomena, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Tropical Climate, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING, lcsh:R, Australia, SAMPLING, Water, Biology and Life Sciences, Enhanced vegetation index, Cultivo en Tierras Aridas, 15. Life on land, Arid, Agronomy, CLIMATE, PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, People and Places, GROWING SEASON, Earth Sciences, Environmental science, ECOSYSTEM, lcsh:Q, VEGETATION, CROPS AGRICULTURAL
Abstract

The dry subtropics are subject to a rapid expansion of crops and pastures over vast areas of natural woodlands and savannas. In this paper, we explored the effect of this transformation on vegetation productivity (magnitude, and seasonal and long-term variability) along aridity gradients which span from semiarid to subhumid conditions, considering exclusively those areas with summer rains (>66%). Vegetation productivity was characterized with the proxy metric "Enhanced Vegetation Index" (EVI) (2000 to 2012 period), on 6186 natural and cultivated sampling points on five continents, and combined with a global climatology database by means of additive models for quantile regressions. Globally and regionally, cultivation amplified the seasonal and inter-annual variability of EVI without affecting its magnitude. Natural and cultivated systems maintained a similar and continuous increase of EVI with increasing water availability, yet achieved through contrasting ways. In natural systems, the productivity peak and the growing season length displayed concurrent steady increases with water availability, while in cultivated systems the productivity peak increased from semiarid to dry-subhumid conditions, and stabilized thereafter giving place to an increase in the growing season length towards wetter conditions. Our results help to understand and predict the ecological impacts of deforestation on vegetation productivity, a key ecosystem process linked to a broad range of services. Fil: Baldi, Germán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina Fil: Texeira González, Marcos Alexis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Murray, Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina Fil: Jobbagy Gampel, Esteban Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina

Published
2016

19. Rainwater harvesting in the Dry Chaco: Regional distribution and local water balance

Author

Esteban G. Jobbágy, Ricardo Páez, Santiago Aurand, Wilbert Harder, Germán Baldi, Francisco Murray, and Patricio N. Magliano

Subjects
Hydrology, Ecology, Runoff, Evaporation, Oceanografía, Hidrología, Recursos Hídricos, Infiltration, Drylands, Groundwater recharge, Rainwater harvesting, Ciencias de la Tierra y relacionadas con el Medio Ambiente, Catchment hydrology, Water balance, Ecoregion, Evapotranspiration, Environmental science, Catchments, Water quality, Impoundment, Surface runoff, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) has been essential for the establishment of human settlements in many dry regions of the world that lacked suitable surface or groundwater resources. A vast fraction of the South American Dry Chaco ecoregion still relies on RWH to support, not only livestock production, but domestic and industrial uses as well. As a result, water capture and storage infrastructure is widely disseminated throughout the region. In this paper we characterized the most typical RWH systems in two contrastingly developed sub-regions of Dry Chaco, ranging from extensive ranching to intensive beef and dairy production (central Argentina and western Paraguay, respectively). In each sub-region, we quantified RWH systems density, spatial distribution and associations with landscape features; furthermore, we illustrated how the daily dynamic of water stock in a typical RWH system contributes to assess their capture and storage efficiency. We found that randomly distributed low sophisticated RWH systems prevailed in central Argentina, while clustered distributed high sophisticated ones were more common in western Paraguay. RWH systems density was ten times higher in western Paraguay (0.94 vs. 0.098 units/km2), showing an exponential association with land cleared fraction and proximity to villages. The daily dynamic of water stock of the RWH impoundment showed that water harvest events were exponentially associated with precipitation magnitude events (R2 = 0.86), while annual water losses were explained by infiltration and evaporation fluxes (59 vs. 41%, respectively). Across both sub-regions, RWH accounts for less than 1% of the annual precipitation, playing a minor role on the regional water balance; however at a local level, they can affect several hydrological fluxes including the onset of groundwater recharge and the mitigation of extreme runoff events. Fil: Magliano, Patricio Nicolás. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Murray, Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina Fil: Baldi, Germán. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Aurand, Santiago. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Argentina Fil: Paez, Ricardo Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Harder, Wilbert. Servicio Agropecuario Paraguayo; Paraguay Fil: Jobbagy Gampel, Esteban Gabriel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis; Argentina

Published
2015

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