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Cet article étudie le travail des bailes et des alcaides, représentants du roi dans les villes royales et les cités du royaume de Valence, et leurs relations avec les autorités municipales. Plus précisément, les valeurs et les attitudes avec lesquelles ces fonctionnaires royaux comprenaient leurs devoirs, liés à l’éthique aristocratique, sont analysées et comparées à celles du gouvernement municipal, aux racines républicaines. This article studies the bailes and alcaides, who were the king’s representatives in the royal towns and cities of the kingdom of Valencia. The author also investigates their relations with the municipal authorities. The values and attitudes of these royal officials, linked to aristocratic ethics, are analysed and compared with those of the municipal government, with its republican roots.

To explore whether schools’ causal impacts on test scores measure their overall impact on students, we exploit plausibly exogenous school assignments and data from Trinidad and Tobago to estimate the causal impacts of individual schools on several outcomes. Schools’ impacts on high-stakes tests are weakly related to impacts on important outcomes such as arrests, dropout, teen motherhood, and formal labour market participation. To examine if parents’ school preferences are related to these causal impacts, we link them to parents’ ranked lists of schools and employ discrete-choice models to infer preferences for schools. Parents choose schools that improve high-stakes tests even conditional on peer quality and average outcomes. Parents also choose schools that reduce criminality and teen motherhood and increase labour market participation. School choices among parents of low-achieving students are relatively more strongly related to schools’ impacts on non-test-score outcomes, while the opposite is true for parents of high-achieving students. These results suggest that evaluations based solely on test scores may be misleading about the benefits of school choice (particularly for low-achieving students), and education interventions more broadly.

En el siglo XVI la difusión de innovaciones militares alteró la administración la defensa de los reinos mediterráneos de la Monarquía Hispánica, en particular del reino de Valencia. Pero la adopción de novedades no fue solo consecuencia automática del peligro militar sufrido por los reinos, sino producto de negociaciones que intentaron integrar esas novedades dentro del orden social y político del reino, visto como parte del orden natural y universal. Fue mediante el uso de la razón natural, considerada de inspiración divina, y no mediante la moderna razón de estado, como se canalizaron y asumieron las innovaciones defensivas.

The substitution of standard clays to residues, in this case copper smelter slag and fly ashes coming from the incineration process of MSW in traditional ceramics manufacturing, could suppose cost savings due to the use of recycling by-products as raw materials and reduce firing temperatures. However, these residues are considered a factor of air, soil and water contamination when its stabilization is not viable. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of adding this residue in manufacturing of ceramic bricks, as well as tested the immobilization of Pb and As in ceramic tile bodies obtained. Water absorption, linear contraction, and bending strength have been accomplished. The decrease in water absorption with the increase of waste added was tested. The incorporation of these wastes gives rise to an increase in strength. The results showed the viability of replacing up to 40% of clay with these residues, with an improvement in the resistance of pieces compared to ceramics made without adding residues. The immobilization of As and Pb was also observed in the ceramic bodies obtained. Leaching tests show that immobilization of both elements (As and Pb) improves with increasing firing temperature.

The precipitation of sparingly soluble calcium phosphate in calcareous soils decreases the bioavailability of macronutrients, which makes their addition by way of fertilisers necessary. Sludge resulting from treating urban wastewater does not only provide significant amounts of phosphorus, but also helps lower the pH, thus increasing its bioavailability. The loss of part of soil nutrients due to irrigation or rain can contaminate groundwater. In order to assess the movement of phosphorus, a experiment was conducted on percolation columns, to which different doses of wastes were applied. The pH decreased by as much as 0.89 units, as well as the assimilable and soluble P, in intervals of 20 cm of depth, obtaining maximum values of 254 mg P kg−1 and 1455 μg P kg−1 respectively, and the P present in the leached water collected, which did not surpass 95 μg PL−1. The intent was to learn which was the majoritarian inorganic formed crystalline phase that immobilised the movement of phosphorus through the percolation column. The results obtained by the diffraction of X-rays are not conclusive, although they point to the formation of octacalcium phosphate. The diffractograms of the studied samples have similar diffraction lines to those of apatites.

Tras el análisis del derecho internacional humanitario (DIH) convencional y consuetudinario, este artículo establece que la insuficiencia de este régimen en la protección del ambiente en los conflictosarmados puede ser superado mediante el uso de las exigencias de la conciencia pública de la cláusula Martens y el derecho blando ambiental. Para tal fin, el artículo inicia con el origen, el alcance y las interpretaciones de dicha cláusula y la forma en que esta se erige como una fuente de derecho internacional independiente de las del artículo 38 del Estatuto de la Corte Internacional de Justicia. Acto seguido, se revisan los instrumentos del DIH y la suficiencia para proteger el ambiente. Por último, expone que con la cláusula Martens y las exigencias de la conciencia pública se podría exigir el cumplimiento de las disposiciones del derecho blando ambiental para guiar las conductas de las partes en conflicto. Through the analysis of conventional and customary International Humanitarian Law (IHL), this article shows how its inability to protect the environment in armed conflicts can be overcome by applying the requirements of public conscience included in the Martens Clause and environmental soft law. To this end, the article begins by examining the origin, scope, and interpretations of the Martens Clause and the way in which it stands as a source of international law independent of those of Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. IHL instruments and their adequacy in protecting the environment are subsequently analyzed. The paper concludes that the Martens Clause and especially the requirements of public conscience could be used to enforce compliance with the provisions of environmental soft law to guide the conduct of the parties in conflict.

A high-quality, low-cost ventilator, dubbed HEV, has been developed by the particle physics community working together with biomedical engineers and physicians around the world. The HEV design is suitable for use both in and out of hospital intensive care units, provides a variety of modes and is capable of supporting spontaneous breathing and supplying oxygen-enriched air. An external air supply can be combined with the unit for use in situations where compressed air is not readily available. HEV supports remote training and post market surveillance via a Web interface and data logging to complement standard touch screen operation, making it suitable for a wide range of geographical deployment. The HEV design places emphasis on the ventilation performance, especially the quality and accuracy of the pressure curves, reactivity of the trigger, measurement of delivered volume and control of oxygen mixing, delivering a global performance which will be applicable to ventilator needs beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. This article describes the conceptual design and presents the prototype units together with a performance evaluation.

The erector spinae plane block is a novel ultrasound-guided technique that has recently been described for the management of acute and chronic thoracic pain. Currently an increasingly number of indications for the ESP block have been published. Nevertheless, the anatomy, mechanism of action, doses and volume of local anesthetic needed are still unclear. The aim of this narrative review is study this new block with base on the updated medical literature.

Nowadays lacks in environmental education were detected even living in times of global change. In this research, the acquisition of knowledge related to environmental consciousness in secondary school students in northeast Spain is examined. A questionnaire for each secondary course was made with different kind of questions: specific of the course and of the previous knowledge. After a statistical analysis, with R programming language, a unilateral hypothesis contrast where the mean responses of the students answered correctly at the beginning and the end of the different courses of secondary education, were contrasted. After analysis, the results shows that the mean responses answered correctly at the end of the course is greater than the mean at the beginning of course in most cases studied, except two groups. The findings of this study indicate that the education of our students conclude with a meaningful learning as indicated but we should not neglect the non-formal education received by students in order to have people environmentally conscious.RESUMENActualmente se han detectado carencias en la educación ambiental aun estando viviendo momentos de cambio global. En el presente estudio de investigación, se examina la adquisición de los conocimientos relacionados con la concienciación ecológica en los alumnos de educación secundaria en el nordeste de España. Se realizó un cuestionario para cada curso con diferentes tipos de preguntas: específicas de curso y conocimientos previos. Tras un análisis estadístico, con el lenguaje y entorno de programación para análisis estadístico R, se realizó un contraste de medias unilateral donde se contrastó la media de respuestas respondidas correctamente de los alumnos de los diferentes cursos de educación secundaria, a final y a inicio de curso, de dicho cuestionario. Tras el análisis de los resultados se observa que la media de respuestas respondidas correctamente a final de curso es mayor que la media al inicio de curso en la mayoría de casos estudiados a excepción de dos grupos. Las conclusiones de este estudio indican que la educación que reciben nuestros alumnos concluye en un aprendizaje significativo tal y como se indica aunque no debemos descuidar la formación no formal que reciben los alumnos para así tener ciudadanos concienciados con el medio ambiente. Contacto principal: meritxell.notari@alu.umh.es

El propósito de este estudio es analizar las creencias, opiniones, experiencias y actitudes de las mujeres españolas en cursos de formación ocupacional respecto a la educación formal inicial, la formación ocupacional y permanente, con la intención de reflejar la concepción de la realidad social de la mujer en los ámbitos educativo y laboral. Para ello se ha aplicado una metodología cualitativa de entrevistas en profundidad, semiestructuradas, individuales y en grupo, a mujeres en cursos de formación ocupacional. También se han realizado entrevistas a personas expertas en igualdad de género. Los resultados indican que la socialización de género tiene un papel determinante en las elecciones académicas y laborales de las mujeres entrevistadas, cuyo desarrollo se ve condicionado por las responsabilidades familiares y de cuidado que tradicionalmente se han asignado a la mujer. Los factores familiares, económicos e individuales son los que más influyen en el abandono de la educación formal. La principal motivación para la formación permanente es el enriquecimiento personal, aunque una vez que se ha formado la familia, la mujer encuentra dificultad de conciliar la vida familiar y el desarrollo profesional. No obstante, las mujeres dejan entrever la posibilidad de un cambio que sería deseable por alcanzar la igualdad de género en los ámbitos de la formación y laboral. Previamente habría que estudiar las necesidades de las mujeres y los factores de éxito de la formación desde una perspectiva de género, considerando factores internos (motivaciones, intereses, etc.) y externos (contextos laboral, familiar, económico, etc.).

The validation of a HPLC-PDA-MS/MS chromatographic method for the quali/quantitative characterization of histaminol, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, and tryptophol in wine has been described and discussed. Four standards showed a good linearity with high correlation coefficient values (over 0.9989) and LOD and LOQ were 0.001-0.015 mg/L and 0.004-0.045 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, this study reported how factors such as temperature, alcoholic degree, and amino acids concentration are able to influence the formation of these four alcohols in Monastrell wines. The quantification values of these alcohols has been detected both at the half and end of alcoholic fermentation, and at the end of malolactic fermentation. In relation to interactions between factors, several significant variations emerged (p ≤ 0.001). The impact of amino acids supplementation in Monastrell must it has been demonstrated, mainly in regards to histaminol and tryptophol., Many thanks for the financial support given by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of the Spanish Government to the Project AGL2012-33132. T.G.-C. also wishes to thank the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA)-Gobierno de La Rioja and FEDER of the European Community for her doctoral contract. This research has been also funded by the Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro” (Fondi di Ateneo per la Ricerca 2014).

Since the early sixties, national and international organizations have increased their efforts to provide better environmental education and ecological consciousness, although despite these efforts, a lack of attitudes and concepts was detected among students from secondary education of Spain. This lack of attitudes among students may be due to deficient concepts passed on from their teachers. Within this framework, the objective of this study is to evaluate the ecological consciousness level possessed by the teachers. The results of this study show that over 97% of the teachers possess enough knowledge on ecological consciousness concepts related to the syllabus from secondary education. It is essential to facilitate the evolution of society and its future generations, those on which the future and the development of nature and the world depend.

Knowledge is transferred between firms explicitly or tacitly. While non-embedded knowledge can be transferred explicitly through patent citations, embedded knowledge is essentially transferred tacitly through knowledgeable workers’ movements. Given the higher prevalence of the latter, improved matching and allocation efficiency gains due to workers’ displacement can exert relevant impact on a firm’s performance and on economic growth. This paper explores knowledge spill overs across firms occurring due to displacement of workers who transit from better to less performing firms. Allegedly, workers who move from more successful firms carry with them some knowledge of the technology that induces improvements of performance in the recipient firms. Different measures of firms’ performance are studied (proxies for firms’ productivity such as average quality of labor workforce and estimated TFP per firm). Discrimination according to sector of sending and recipient firms (R&D intensive or not) and type of moving worker (scientific or not) is taken into consideration to differentiate results. Matched employer-employee administrative records of the Peruvian formal sector allow to control for several time varying observables and time invariant non-observables on both ends (firms and workers). Preliminary findings of this paper suggest that spillovers exist, that is, recipient firms improve performance after receiving workers from better performing firms. This happens with more intensity for workers transiting across firms of more than 50 workers, with higher educational levels, with occupations related to sciences, technology and engineering and in firms operating in more R&D oriented sectors.

Resumen Introduccion La pandemia de gripe de 2009 tuvo una gran repercusion social. Se dedicaron muchos recursos sanitarios a la atencion medica, la prevencion y la vigilancia epidemiologica. La vigilancia epidemiologica se sustenta en la notificacion de casos de sindrome gripal y de casos confirmados de gripe. El objetivo fue la estimacion de la incidencia real de sindrome gripal durante la pandemia de gripe de 2009. Metodos Sistema de captura-recaptura durante el mes de mayor incidencia en Castellon. Se utilizaron 2 sistemas de informacion: a) sistema electronico de notificacion de enfermedades de declaracion obligatoria (EDO), y b) datos de laboratorio (LAB). Las estimaciones se han realizado estratificando por grupo de edad y semana. Se calculo el coeficiente de independencia en estos estratos. Resultados En total se identificaron 7.181 casos EDO y 524 LAB, de los que 211 coincidian en ambos sistemas. La estimacion total fue de 17.785 casos en un mes. Ello significa que en el periodo estudiado casi el 4% de las personas del area sufrieron un cuadro gripal (incidencia acumulada), y aproximadamente una de cada 100 personas estuvo diariamente afectada (prevalencia diaria). Acudieron a consulta de atencion primaria (EDO) un 40% de los afectados (sensibilidad del sistema EDO). Conclusiones Para obtener una estimacion de la incidencia real en la poblacion durante la pandemia habria que multiplicar la cifra de consultas medicas por un factor de 2,5. Este factor es inferior al estimado en periodos sin alerta pandemica.

Introduction The influenza pandemic of 2009 had a great social impact. Many health resources were devoted to the care, prevention and surveillance of this disease. Epidemiological surveillance is based on the reporting of cases of influenza-like illness (ILI) and confirmed influenza cases. The objective was to estimate the true incidence of ILI during the influenza pandemic of 2009. Methods The capture–recapture method was applied during the month of highest influenza incidence in Castellon. Two notification systems were used: (i) electronic reporting of Notifiable Diseases (ND), and (ii) laboratory-based (LAB) data collection. Estimates were made by stratifying by age group and week. Independence coefficients were calculated for those strata. Results No dependence was found between stratification variables and the reporting system. A total of 7181 ND cases and 524 LAB cases were identified, of which 211 were recorded in both systems. The estimated total of cases was 17 785 in a single month. In the study period, almost 4% of people in the area suffered flu symptoms (cumulative incidence), with 1% being affected each day (daily prevalence). The sensitivity of the ND system was 40%, i.e., the percentage of patients seeking primary care. Conclusions To obtain an estimate of the actual incidence of influenza-like illness in the population during a pandemic period, the number of medical consultations should be multiplied by a factor of 2.5. This factor is lower than that estimated for periods without pandemic alert.

[EN] Almost all the facades of rural vernacular constructions were rendered in order to protect and decorate the masonry walls. Therefore, this study has been carried out in order to identify and classify the different vernacular techniques for producing mortar over history in a given geographical region through the combination of petrophysic, chemical and organoleptic analysis, going on to classify and date constructions for which there were no recorded data. The results show that mortars do indeed contain a wealth of information, which situates these constructions in a specific period of history and allows relationships to be established between construction stages and techniques. The results have also demonstrated that mortars are mainly composed of lime rather than gypsum as was erroneously assumed before the study. So, the determination of components and techniques has been considered a crucial aspect to be taken into account when working on the conservation, of contemporary aesthetic interventions for which the combination of petrophysical, chemical and organoleptic analysis is necessary to guarantee compatibility between existing mortars and new ones., This work was supported by the Regional Government of Castellon and developed by the team of the Chair of Historic Centres and Cultural Routes at Universitat Jaume I. It was also supported with funding from the project "World Heritage Cultural Landscapes List. Keys for their identification and criteria for their management" from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness in Spain, MINECO. CSO2015.65787-C6-6-P. Finally, the authors would also like to thank the reviewers for their invaluable comments.

Au moment où se crée un espace européen sans frontières intérieures, au sein d'un monde globalisé, il est temps de renouveler l'histoire des conflits en les considérant comme des espaces vécus et non plus seulement comme des lieux de construction des États. Cet ouvrage aborde la question des sociétés de frontière à l'âge moderne dans la complexité des mécanismes sociaux et politiques liés à la force des connexions transfrontalières. Portant une attention particulière aux tensions qui s'exercent dans les sociétés en contact, il remet en cause l'idée selon laquelle la cohésion sociale découlerait essentiellement d'une opposition à un ennemi extérieur. Véritables fabriques de lien social, les sociétés de frontière donnent ici lieu à une réflexion sur le rapport entre conflits intérieurs, violences exogènes et dynamiques sociales, ce qui permet de mieux comprendre les formes de voisinage hostile dans les sociétés d'Ancien Régime.

Desde fines del siglo xx, los historiadores de lo político llevaron adelante una crítica de fondo de la aplicación a la época moderna de conceptos heredados del siglo xix, tales como los de nación o Estado moderno. Así, se ha considerado hasta ahora que existían dos modelos políticos opuestos, sobre todo porque ciertos actores diferenciaban los caracteres y los usos «franceses» y «españoles». ¿En qué medida las monarquías española y francesa pueden seguir concebiéndose como contrapuestas? A partir de la constatación de la naturaleza problemática del concepto de modelo político, en su formulación por la comunidad política, en su recepción exterior y en sus procesos de adaptación, modificación, fusión, etc., esta obra ofrece una visión mucho más compleja, al mostrar que la circulación de las prácticas administrativas y las teorías de gobierno entre ambas monarquías sólo se puede entender en el marco y como expresión de una cultura común.

This note is a preliminary study from mineralogical and chemical points of view about the possibility of using local clays from Ecuador in industrial ceramics. The chemical and mineralogical composition of clays was determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Also, the plasticity index (PI) was measured for each sample. Test samples were prepared by pressing and firing at different temperatures. Linear contraction (LC), water absorption capacity (WAC), and bending strength were performed to characterise the fired clays. The clay deposits studied were plastic raw materials with very high contents of quartz. The raw material in traditional ceramics in Ecuador is clay with approximate levels of silica at 60%, alumina 15%, low alkalis and carbonates, and high iron levels. The sample mineralogy indicates quartz as a primary mineral, followed by plagioclases, with hematite to a lesser extent in all the samples. Kaolinite, illite, and chlorite are the main clay minerals in the raw material samples. All the studied clays seem to be easily adaptable to a correct dry pressing ceramic process. The studied clays are an excellent raw material for the formulation of low porosity ceramic stoneware.

The restoration technologies in areas degraded by extractive activities are more efficient under the use of their own spoils. Reducing deficiencies in physical properties, organic matter, and nutrients with a contribution of treated sewage sludge is proposed. This experiment was based on a controlled study using columns. The work was done with two limestone quarry spoils, both very rich in calcite. Two biosolid doses were undertaken (30,000 and 90,000 kg/ha of sewage sludge) in addition to different quarry spoils used as substrates. The water contribution was provided by a device simulating short duration rain. The leached water was collected 24 h after the last application. Nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, sulfate, and chloride ions were determined, as well as Ca, Mg, Na and K, the pH and electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity limit value is < 1000 μS/cm. These values will be met from the fourth irrigation application onward, while the values up to that point were far superior. Significant nitrate concentrations appeared that may pose an environmental contamination risk. A comparison between the concentrations of the chemical elements obtained in the leachates from our experiment and the established limit values for water of the third quality group has been performed. The electrical conductivity correlated well with the cations, with the exception of potassium. For sulfates, significant correlations were obtained with the Mg2 +, Ca2 +, and K+ cations. The chlorides showed excellent correlation with the sodium. The good correlations obtained for some physical–chemical parameters can help to establish indicators of environmental quality of leachates over time.