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1. Planetary protection: an international concern and responsibility

Author

Athena Coustenis, Niklas Hedman, Peter T. Doran, Omar Al Shehhi, Eleonora Ammannito, Masaki Fujimoto, Olivier Grasset, Frank Groen, Alexander G. Hayes, Vyacheslav Ilyin, K. Praveen Kumar, Caroline-Emmanuelle Morisset, Christian Mustin, Karen Olsson-Francis, Jing Peng, Olga Prieto-Ballesteros, Francois Raulin, Petra Rettberg, Silvio Sinibaldi, Yohey Suzuki, Kanyan Xu, and Maxim Zaitsev

Subjects
Planetary protection, COSPAR, space exploration, contamination control, sterilization, space mission, Astronomy, QB1-991, Geophysics. Cosmic physics, QC801-809
Abstract

Planetary protection is a set of measures agreed upon at an international level to ensure the protection of scientific investigation during space exploration. As space becomes more accessible with traditional and new actors launching complex and innovative projects that involve robotics (including sample return) and human exploration, we have the responsibility to protect the pristine environments that we explore and our own biosphere. In this sense, the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) provides the international standard for planetary protection as well as a forum for international consultation. COSPAR has formulated a Planetary Protection Policy with associated requirements for responsible space exploration. Although not legally binding under international law, the standard offered by the Policy with its associated requirements is internationally endorsed along with implementation guidelines supplied for reference in support States’ compliance with Article IX of the United Nations Outer Space Treaty of 1967. Indeed, States parties to the Outer Space Treaty (under Article VI) are responsible for any space activities in their countries, governmental and non-governmental. The main goal of this Policy is to avoid compromising the search for any lifeforms on other celestial bodies and to protect the Earth from a potential threat posed by extraterrestrial samples returned by an interplanetary mission. The COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy has defined five categories, depending on the target and objective of the specific space mission. Associated to these categories are requirements are various degrees of rigor in the contamination control applied. The Policy is assessed regularly and updated with input from new scientific findings and in conjunction with the fast-evolving space exploration milieu. The COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection (PPP) is a designated international committee composed of scientists, agency representatives and space experts. Its role is to support and revise the COSPAR Policy and its related requirements (https://cosparhq.cnes.fr/scientific-structure/panels/panel-on-planetary-protection-ppp/). The Panel’s activities deal with the individual needs of a space mission while exercising swift care and expertise to ensure sustainable exploration of the Solar System.

Published
2023
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2. The COSPAR planetary protection requirements for space missions to Venus

Author

María Paz Zorzano, Karen Olsson-Francis, Peter T. Doran, Petra Rettberg, Athena Coustenis, Vyacheslav Ilyin, Francois Raulin, Omar Al Shehhi, Frank Groen, Olivier Grasset, Akiko Nakamura, Olga Prieto Ballesteros, Silvio Sinibaldi, Yohey Suzuki, Praveen Kumar, Gerhard Kminek, Niklas Hedman, Masaki Fujimoto, Maxim Zaitsev, Alex Hayes, Jing Peng, Eleonora Ammannito, Christian Mustin, and Kanyan Xu

Subjects
Committee on Space Research’s (COSPAR), Radiation, Planetary Protection, Ecology, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Astronomy and Astrophysics, space missions, Venus, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous)
Published
2023
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3. Planetary protection: Updates and challenges for a sustainable space exploration

Author

Athena Coustenis, Niklas Hedman, Peter T. Doran, Omar Al Shehhi, Eleonora Ammannito, Masaki Fujimoto, Olivier Grasset, Frank Groen, Alex Hayes, Vyacheslav Ilyin, Praveen Kumar K, Caroline-Emmanuelle Morisset, Christian Mustin, Karen Olsson-Francis, Jing Peng, Olga Prieto Ballesteros, Francois Raulin, Petra Rettberg, Silvio Sinibaldi, Yohey Suzuki, Kanyan Xu, and Maxim Zaitsev

Subjects
Planetary protection policy, Space mission categories Contamination control, Aerospace Engineering, COSPAR Panel on planetary protection, Bioburden (reduction), Planetary protection
Published
2023
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4. The COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy for robotic missions to Mars: A review of current scientific knowledge and future perspectives

Author

Karen Olsson-Francis, Peter T. Doran, Vyacheslav Ilyin, Francois Raulin, Petra Rettberg, Gerhard Kminek, María-Paz Zorzano Mier, Athena Coustenis, Niklas Hedman, Omar Al Shehhi, Eleonora Ammannito, James Bernardini, Masaki Fujimoto, Olivier Grasset, Frank Groen, Alex Hayes, Sarah Gallagher, Praveen Kumar K, Christian Mustin, Akiko Nakamura, Elaine Seasly, Yohey Suzuki, Jing Peng, Olga Prieto-Ballesteros, Silvio Sinibaldi, Kanyan Xu, and Maxim Zaitsev

Subjects
Astrophysics and Astronomy, Radiation, Ecology, COSPAR Panel on Planetary Protection, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Physics, Mars, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Planetatry Protection, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract

Planetary protection guidance for martian exploration has become a notable point of discussion over the last decade. This is due to increased scientific interest in the habitability of the red planet with updated techniques, missions becoming more attainable by smaller space agencies, and both the private sector and governments engaging in activities to facilitate commercial opportunities and human-crewed missions. The international standards for planetary protection have been developed through consultation with the scientific community and the space agencies by the Committee on Space Research's (COSPAR) Panel on Planetary Protection, which provides guidance for compliance with the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. In 2021, the Panel evaluated recent scientific data and literature regarding the planetary protection requirements for Mars and the implications of this on the guidelines. In this paper, we discuss the COSPAR Planetary Protection Policy for Mars, review the new scientific findings and discuss the next steps required to enable the next generation of robotic missions to Mars.

Published
2023

5. COMETARY SCIENCE. Organic compounds on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko revealed by COSAC mass spectrometry

Author

Fred, Goesmann, Helmut, Rosenbauer, Jan Hendrik, Bredehöft, Michel, Cabane, Pascale, Ehrenfreund, Thomas, Gautier, Chaitanya, Giri, Harald, Krüger, Léna, Le Roy, Alexandra J, MacDermott, Susan, McKenna-Lawlor, Uwe J, Meierhenrich, Guillermo M, Muñoz Caro, Francois, Raulin, Reinhard, Roll, Andrew, Steele, Harald, Steininger, Robert, Sternberg, Cyril, Szopa, Wolfram, Thiemann, and Stephan, Ulamec

Abstract

Comets harbor the most pristine material in our solar system in the form of ice, dust, silicates, and refractory organic material with some interstellar heritage. The evolved gas analyzer Cometary Sampling and Composition (COSAC) experiment aboard Rosetta's Philae lander was designed for in situ analysis of organic molecules on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Twenty-five minutes after Philae's initial comet touchdown, the COSAC mass spectrometer took a spectrum in sniffing mode, which displayed a suite of 16 organic compounds, including many nitrogen-bearing species but no sulfur-bearing species, and four compounds—methyl isocyanate, acetone, propionaldehyde, and acetamide—that had not previously been reported in comets.

Published
2015

6. The Early Evolution of the Atmospheres of Terrestrial Planets

Author

J.M. Trigo-Rodriguez, François Raulin, Christian Muller, Conor Nixon, J.M. Trigo-Rodriguez, François Raulin, Christian Muller, and Conor Nixon

Subjects
Astrophysics, Planets--Atmospheres
Abstract

“The Early Evolution of the Atmospheres of Terrestrial Planets” presents the main processes participating in the atmospheric evolution of terrestrial planets. A group of experts in the different fields provide an update of our current knowledge on this topic. Several papers in this book discuss the key role of nitrogen in the atmospheric evolution of terrestrial planets. The earliest setting and evolution of planetary atmospheres of terrestrial planets is directly associated with accretion, chemical differentiation, outgassing, stochastic impacts, and extremely high energy fluxes from their host stars. This book provides an overview of the present knowledge of the initial atmospheric composition of the terrestrial planets. Additionally it includes some papers about the current exoplanet discoveries and provides additional clues to our understanding of Earth's transition from a hot accretionary phase into a habitable world. All papers included were reviewed by experts in their respective fields.We are living in an epoch of important exoplanet discoveries, but current properties of these exoplanets do not match our scientific predictions using standard terrestrial planet models. This book deals with the main physio-chemical signatures and processes that could be useful to better understand the formation of rocky planets.

Published
2013

7. Exobiology: Matter, Energy, and Information in the Origin and Evolution of Life in the Universe : Proceedings of the Fifth Trieste Conference on Chemical Evolution: An Abdus Salam Memorial Trieste, Italy, 22–26 September 1997

Author

Julian Chela-Flores, François Raulin, Julian Chela-Flores, and François Raulin

Subjects
Biochemistry, Physical chemistry, Evolution (Biology), System theory, Planetary science, Biomathematics
Abstract

Leading researchers in the area of the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the universe contributed to Exobiology: Matter, Energy, and Information in the Origin and Evolution of Life in the Universe. This volume provides a review of this interdisciplinary field. In 50 chapters many aspects that contribute to exobiology are reviewed by 90 authors. These include: historical perspective of biological evolution; cultural aspects of exobiology, cosmic, chemical and biological evolution, molecular biology, geochronology, biogeochemistry, biogeology, and planetology. Some of the current missions are discussed. Other subjects in the frontier of exobiology are reviewed, such as the search for planets outside the solar system, and the possible manifestation of intelligence in those new potential environments. The SETI research effort is well represented in this general overview of exobiology. This book is the proceedings of the Fifth Trieste Conference on Chemical Evolution that took place in September 1997. The volume is dedicated to the memory of Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam who suggested the initiation of the Trieste conferences on chemical evolution and the origin of life. Audience: Graduate students and researchers in the many areas of basic, earth, and life sciences that contribute to the study of chemical evolution and the origin, evolution and distribution of life in the universe.

Published
2012

9. Chemical Evolution: Physics of the Origin and Evolution of Life : Proceedings of the Fourth Trieste Conference on Chemical Evolution, Trieste, Italy, 4–8 September 1995

Author

Julian Chela-Flores, François Raulin, Julian Chela-Flores, and François Raulin

Subjects
Molecular evolution--Congresses, Life--Origin--Congresses, Evolution (Biology)--Congresses, Exobiology--Congresses
Abstract

Leading researchers in the area of the origin and evolution of life in the universe contributed to Chemical Evolution: Physics of the Origin and Evolution of Life. This volume provides a review of this interdisciplinary field. In 35 chapters many aspects of the origin of life are discussed by 90 authors, with particular emphasis on the early paleontological record: physical, chemical, biological, and informational aspects of life's origin, instrumentation in exobiology and system exploration; the search for habitable planets and extraterrestrial intelligent radio signals. This book contains the proceedings of the Fourth Trieste Conference on Chemical Evolution that took place in September 1995, in which scientists from a wide geographical distribution joined in a Memorial to Cyril Ponnamperuma, who was a pioneer in the field of chemical evolution, the origin of life, and exobiology, and also initiated the Trieste Conferences on Chemical Evolution and the Origin of Life. This fourth Conference was therefore dedicated to his memory. Audience: Graduate students and researchers in the many areas of basic, earth, and life sciences that contribute to the study of chemical evolution and the origin of life.

Published
2012

10. First Steps in the Origin of Life in the Universe : Proceedings of the Sixth Trieste Conference on Chemical Evolution Trieste, Italy 18–22 September, 2000

Author

Julian Chela-Flores, Tobias Owen, François Raulin, Julian Chela-Flores, Tobias Owen, and François Raulin

Subjects
Astronomy, Evolution (Biology), Astronomy—Observations, Biochemistry, Earth sciences, Chemistry, Organic
Abstract

Proceedings of the Sixth Trieste Conference on Chemical Evolution, Trieste, Italy, 18-22 September 2000

Published
2011

11. The Sample Analysis at Mars Investigation and Instrument Suite

Author

Paul R. Mahaffy, Christopher R. Webster, Michel Cabane, Pamela G. Conrad, Patrice Coll, Sushil K. Atreya, Robert Arvey, Michael Barciniak, Mehdi Benna, Lora Bleacher, William B. Brinckerhoff, Jennifer L. Eigenbrode, Daniel Carignan, Mark Cascia, Robert A. Chalmers, Jason P. Dworkin, Therese Errigo, Paula Everson, Heather Franz, Rodger Farley, Steven Feng, Gregory Frazier, Caroline Freissinet, Daniel P. Glavin, Daniel N. Harpold, Douglas Hawk, Vincent Holmes, Christopher S. Johnson, Andrea Jones, Patrick Jordan, James Kellogg, Jesse Lewis, Eric Lyness, Charles A. Malespin, David K. Martin, John Maurer, Amy C. McAdam, Douglas McLennan, Thomas J. Nolan, Marvin Noriega, Alexander A. Pavlov, Benito Prats, Eric Raaen, Oren Sheinman, David Sheppard, James Smith, Jennifer C. Stern, Florence Tan, Melissa Trainer, Douglas W. Ming, Richard V. Morris, John Jones, Cindy Gundersen, Andrew Steele, James Wray, Oliver Botta, Laurie A. Leshin, Tobias Owen, Steve Battel, Bruce M. Jakosky, Heidi Manning, Steven Squyres, Rafael Navarro-González, Christopher P. McKay, Francois Raulin, Robert Sternberg, Arnaud Buch, Paul Sorensen, Robert Kline-Schoder, David Coscia, Cyril Szopa, Samuel Teinturier, Curt Baffes, Jason Feldman, Greg Flesch, Siamak Forouhar, Ray Garcia, Didier Keymeulen, Steve Woodward, Bruce P. Block, Ken Arnett, Ryan Miller, Charles Edmonson, Stephen Gorevan, and Erik Mumm

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Published
2012
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12. Rosetta Lander ('Philae') Investigations

Author

J.-P. Bibring, H. Rosenbauer, H. Boehnhardt, S. Ulamec, J. Biele, S. Espinasse, B. Feuerbacher, P. Gaudon, P. Hemmerich, P. Kletzkine, D. Moura, R. Mugnuolo, G. Nietner, B. Pätz, R. Roll, H. Scheuerle, K. Szegö, K. Wittmann, Philae team, G. Klingelhöfer, J. Brückner, C. d’Uston, R. Gellert, R. Rieder, J. Gironés López, P. Lamy, Y. Langevin, A. Soufflot, M. Berthé, J. Borg, F. Poulet, S. Mottola, Fred Goesmann, Helmut Rosenbauer, Reinhard Roll, Cyril Szopa, Francois Raulin, Robert Sternberg, Guy Israel, Uwe Meierhenrich, Wolfram Thiemann, Guillermo Munoz-Caro, Tilman Spohn, Karsten Seiferlin, Axel Hagermann, Jörg Knollenberg, Andrew J. Ball, Doris Breuer, Marek Banaszkiewicz, Johannes Benkhoff, Stanislaw Gadomski, Wojciech Gregorczyk, Jerzy Grygorczuk, Marek Hlond, Günter Kargl, Ekkehard Kührt, Norbert Kömle, Konrad Kossacki, Jacek Krasowski, Wojciech Marczewski, John C. Zarnecki, A. D. Morse, G. H. Morgan, D. J. Andrews, S. J. Barber, M. R. Leese, S. Sheridan, I. P. Wright, C. T. Pillinger, Stefano Mottola, Gabriele Arnold, Hans-Georg Grothues, Ralf Jaumann, Harald Michaelis, Gerhard Neukum, Jean-Pierre Bibring, H.U. Auster, I. Apathy, G. Berghofer, A. Remizov, K.H. Fornacon, K.H. Glassmeier, G. Haerendel, I. Hejja, E. Kührt, W. Magnes, D. Moehlmann, U. Motschmann, I. Richter, C.T. Russell, J. Rustenbach, K. Sauer, K. Schwingenschuh, I. Szemerey, R. Waesch, F. Bernelli Zazzera, P. Bologna, C. Dainese, A. Ercoli Finzi, P.G. Magnani, F. Malnati, A. Olivieri, E. Re, K. J. Seidensticker, D. Möhlmann, W. Schmidt, K. Thiel, W. Arnold, H.-H. Fischer, M. Kretschmer, A. Péter, R. Trautner, and S. Schieke

Published
2009
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13. Prebiotic processes in planetary atmospheres

Author

Francois Raulin and Christian Frere

Subjects
Atmosphere, symbols.namesake, Prebiotic chemistry, Atmosphere of Earth, Meteorite, Chemistry, Planet, symbols, Plant Science, Titan (rocket family), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Astrobiology
Abstract

Within 40 years of experimental studies in prebiotic chemistry, most of the building blocks of the living systems have been synthesized in plausible conditions of the primitive Earth. The starting ingredients correspond to two complementary classes: volatile organics, and their non volatile oligomers. They may have been formed in the atmosphere on the primitive Earth and/or imported by extra-terrestrial sources. Organic chemistry is involved in meteorites, comets, in the giant planets and several of their satellites. Again this chemistry presents the two complementary aspects. In particular, with a dense reduced atmosphere rich in organic compounds in gas and aerosol phases, Titan appears as a natural laboratory for studying prebiotic chemistry at a planetary scale.

Published
1991
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16. Search for past life on Mars: Physical and chemical characterization of minerals of biotic and abiotic origin: part 1 - Calcite

Author

Fabien Stalport, Patrice Coll, Michel Cabane, Alain Person, Rafael Navarro González, Francois Raulin, Marie Jo Vaulay, Patrick Ausset, Chris P. McKay, Cyril Szopa, John Zarnecki, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UPMC - Département de Géologie Sédimentaire, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Laboratorio de Química de Plasmas y Estudios Planetarios [Mexico], Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes (ITODYS (UMR_7086)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute [Milton Keynes] (PSSRI), Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research [Milton Keynes] (CEPSAR), The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU)-The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), and Laboratoire de Géologie des Bassins Sédimentaires

Subjects
Geophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Abstract

International audience; Several lines of evidence suggest that early Mars once had liquid water on its surface, a denser atmosphere and a mild climate. Similar environmental conditions led to the origin of life on the Earth more than 3.5 billion years ago; consequently, life might also have originated on Mars. The Viking landers searched for evidence of organic molecules on the surface of Mars, and found that the Martian soil is depleted in organics at ppb levels at the landing sites. We contend that inorganic compounds could give us interesting clues as to the existence of possible biological activity in future astrobiological missions to Mars. Consequently, we have investigated the physical and chemical properties of calcite, which could be expected on Mars because liquid water was certainly present on the surface of early Mars and carbon dioxide was abundant in its atmosphere. Calcite is interesting because on Earth this mineral is produced by abiotic processes as well as by biological activity. One may suppose that crystalline defects and trace element in the crystal lattice and the growth speed of biotic calcites must indicate a difference between them and pure abiotic calcites. We investigated twelve different terrestrial calcite samples from various origins: biotic, diagenetic and abiotic. The minerals were studied by X-ray diffraction and electron scanning microscopy to determine their mineralogical and chemical composition, and differential thermal analysis coupled to thermogravimetric analysis (DTA-TG) to determine their thermal behavior. Our results show that the thermal degradation of abiotic calcite starts at a temperature at least 40°C higher than the degradation temperature of any biotic calcite investigated. Consequently, in the case of a Martian in-situ study or in a sample return mission, the analysis of Martian minerals by DTA-TG represents a promising approach to detect evidence of past biological activity on Mars.

Published
2005
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17. Geology and Habitability of Terrestrial Planets

Author

Kathryn E. Fishbaugh, Phillipe Lognonné, François Raulin, David J. Des Marais, Oleg Korablev, Kathryn E. Fishbaugh, Phillipe Lognonné, François Raulin, David J. Des Marais, and Oleg Korablev

Subjects
Astrophysics, Exobiology, Physics, Planetary science
Abstract

Given the fundamental importance of and universal interest in whether extraterrestrial life has developed or could eventually develop in our solar system and beyond, it is vital that an examination of planetary habitability go beyond simple assumptions such as,'Where there is water, there is life'. This book has resulted from a workshop at the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland which brought together planetary geologists, geophysicists, atmospheric scientists and biologists to discuss the multi-faceted problem of how the habitability of a planet co-evolves with the geology of the surface and interior, the atmosphere, and the magnetosphere. Each of the six chapters have been written by authors with a range of expertise so that each chapter is itself multi-disciplinary, comprehensive, and accessible to scientists in all disciplines. These chapters delve into what life needs to exist and ultimately to thrive, the early environments of the young terrestrial planets, the role of volatiles in habitability, currently habitable (but possibly not inhabited) geologic environments, the connection between a planet's inner workings and the habitability of its surface, and the effects on planetary atmospheres of solar evolution and the presence or absence of a magnetosphere. This book serves as an ideal reference for those planning missions that will hunt for biomarkers (especially on Mars), for biologists and geoscientists seeking the other side of the story, and for researchers and upper level students interested in an in-depth review of the geologic evolution of terrestrial planets, from their cores to their magnetospheres, and how that evolution shapes the habitability of the planetary surface.

Published
2007

18. Évaluation de la marchabilité de trois environnements urbains de la région métropolitaine montréalaise à partir de l’outil MAPPA

Author

François Raulin, Sébastien Lord, and Paula Negron-Poblete

Subjects
Montreal, urban, environmental assessment, planification, city, urbanism, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

The walk became a public health priority in urban planning. In addition, walking need to be included in combination with almost all types of transport. However, walking is not always possible or enjoyable or even feasible within different urban environments. Some areas can be described as not “walkable” like the suburbs, while others correspond to the assumption that the central neighbourhoods are more favourable to pedestrians. By exploring the concept of walkability and using the MAPPA tool, we evaluate in the study three residential neighbourhoods in the greater Montréal. To compare neighbourhoods, we constructed a typology that classifies street segments from their low to more walkability potential. These three urban areas were chosen in terms of various economic phases that succeeded historically in the province of Québec: 1) Old Rosemont - former working class neighbourhood; 2) Duvernay - Laval - postwar suburbs; 3) Bois-Franc - Saint-Laurent District - new urbanism. In a working class neighbourhood built before automobile standards, walkability is high and there are many proximity destinations. In the suburbs, walkability is not as low as what we assumed. Urban form developed around the car offers good walkability, which is essentially local and leisure related. In the New Urbanism neighbourhood, the vast majority of streets offer excellent walkability. The least favourable street segments are those leading to amenities. Although, a good walkability planned on paper is not enough without the planning of mixed and functional diversity.

Published
2016
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19. Festival Détours de Babel 2018 - Grenoble - Kikulu - Les Tambours de Brazza.

Author

Le Trio Raulin, Les Tambours de Brazza, La Chaîne normande, TL7, Télévision loire 7, TéléGrenoble Isère, Festival Détours de Babel, Centre International des Musiques Nomades, CLC Productions, Qwest TV publisher, (1962), Laurent Préyale, director, (1956), François Raulin, performer, (1957), Majid Bekkas, performer, Kikonda, Bertrand, performer, Mbizi, Vivien, performer, Rakotonanahary, Julio, performer, Banoma, Gabriel, performer, Makoumbou, Ghislain, performer, N'ganga, Rostant, performer, Parant, Philippe, performer, Nzoungani, Pierrick, performer, Matsimba, Soliac, performer, and Émile Biayenda, performer

Published
2018

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