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This paper presents a new charge coupled device (CCD) based on capacitive deep trench isolation (CDTI), developed in CMOS technology. The 2 phase device features collection, storage and transfer in the silicon volume. Full Well Charge (FWC) of about 2.6ke-/ $\mu \text{m}^{2}$ and Charge Transfer Inefficiency (CTI) below $1\times 10^{-4}$ have been measured via electrical charge injection on pixels with pitches ranging from 12 to $48~\mu \text{m}$ .

International audience

Quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) models can be used to predict the chromatographic retention time of chemicals and facilitate the identification of unknown compounds, notably with non-targeted analysis. In this study, QSRR models were developed from the data obtained for 178 pure chemical standards and four types of analytical columns (C18, phenylhexyl, pentafluorophenyl, cyano) in liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS). First, different data partitioning ratios and feature selection methods [random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM)] were tested to build models to predict chromatographic retention times based on 2D molecular descriptors. The internal and external performances of the non-linear (RF) and corresponding linear predictive models were systematically compared, and RF models resulted in better predictive capacities [p 0.05, with an average PVE (proportion of variance explained) value of 0.89 ± 0.02] than linear models (0.79 ± 0.03). For each column, the resulting model was applied to identify leachables from actual plastic packaging samples. An in-depth investigation of the top 20 most intense molecular features revealed that all false-positives could be identified as outliers in the QSRR models (outside of the 95% prediction bands). Furthermore, analyzing a sample on multiple chromatographic columns and applying the associated QSRR models increased the capacity to filter false positives. Such an approach will contribute to a more effective identification of unknown or unexpected leachables in plastics (e.g. non-intended added substances), therefore refining our understanding of the chemical risks associated with food contact materials.

This paper describes a 4.3e- RMS low noise 4.6µm Time-of-Flight pixel based on charge domain with kTC noise removal designed to enhance depth camera image quality. The pixel takes advantage of 6µm gradually doped epitaxial layer for 88.5% demodulation contrast at 200MHz and 18.5% QE at 940nm. Buried channel transfer gates are used to enable low capacitive switching and allowing best-in-class 1.4µW/pixel power consumption at 200MHz. The pixel is fully isolated due to deep trench isolation and the pixel bulk is biased at several hundreds of mV for low power Time-of-Flight sensor and system operation. The paper describes the design of 0.54Mpix camera (672 x 804 pixels) implementing demodulation circuits robust against EMI and multi-devices interferences. The performance of an indirect Time-of-Flight system is demonstrated with 1.0% depth noise under 40kLux at 30fps.

In this letter, we present global shutter (GS) pixel using active deep trench isolation gate to transfer and store photodiode charge signal into a fully depleted pinned MOS capacitance. This architecture is compatible with conventional correlated double sampling. GS readout noise lower than 2e- is demonstrated. The fully depleted pinned capacitance is able to store 12ke- with dark current lower than 25e-/s at 60 °C. The GS efficiency, better than 99.96% at 550nm, is reported.

Mangroves are found throughout the tropics, providing critical ecosystem goods and services to coastal communities and supporting rich biodiversity. Globally, mangroves are being rapidly degraded and deforested at rates exceeding loss in many tropical inland forests. Madagascar contains around 2% of the global distribution, &gt, 20% of which has been deforested since 1990, primarily from over-harvest for forest products and conversion for agriculture and aquaculture. While historically not prominent, mangrove loss in Madagascar’s Mahajamba Bay is increasing. Here, we focus on Mahajamba Bay, presenting long-term dynamics calculated using United States Geological Survey (USGS) national-level mangrove maps contextualized with socio-economic research and ground observations, and the results of contemporary (circa 2011) mapping of dominant mangrove types. The analysis of the USGS data indicated 1050 hectares (3.8%) lost from 2000 to 2010, which socio-economic research suggests is increasingly driven by commercial timber extraction. Contemporary mapping results permitted stratified sampling based on spectrally distinct and ecologically meaningful mangrove types, allowing for the first-ever vegetation carbon stock estimates for Mahajamba Bay. The overall mean carbon stock across all mangrove classes was estimated to be 100.97 ± 10.49 Mg C ha−1. High stature closed-canopy mangroves had the highest average carbon stock estimate (i.e., 166.82 ± 15.28 Mg C ha−1). These estimates are comparable to other published values in Madagascar and elsewhere in the Western Indian Ocean and demonstrate the ecological variability of Mahajamba Bay’s mangroves and their value towards climate change mitigation.

Processing-In-Memory (PIM) is an increasingly popular architecture aimed at addressing the 'memory wall' crisis by prioritizing the integration of processors within DRAM. It promotes low data access latency, high bandwidth, massive parallelism, and low power consumption. The skyline operator is a known primitive used to identify those multi-dimensional points offering optimal trade-offs within a given dataset. For large multidimensional dataset, calculating the skyline is extensively compute and data intensive. Although, PIM systems present opportunities to mitigate this cost, their execution model relies on all processors operating in isolation with minimal data exchange. This prohibits direct application of known skyline optimizations which are inherently sequential, creating dependencies and large intermediate results that limit the maximum parallelism, throughput, and require an expensive merging phase. In this work, we address these challenges by introducing the first skyline algorithm for PIM architectures, called DSky. It is designed to be massively parallel and throughput efficient by leveraging a novel work assignment strategy that emphasizes load balancing. Our experiments demonstrate that it outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithms for CPUs and GPUs, in most cases. DSky achieves 2× to 14× higher throughput compared to the state-of-the-art solutions on competing CPU and GPU architectures. Furthermore, we showcase DSky's good scaling properties which are intertwined with PIM's ability to allocate resources with minimal added cost. In addition, we showcase an order of magnitude better energy consumption compared to CPUs and GPUs.

We have investigated Total Ionizing Dose (TID) effects on a 1.4μm-pitch, Deep-Trench Isolation (DTI) CMOS image sensor for its use in radiation environment. Our investigation includes characterization and TCAD simulations (with parametric modeling) of the image sensor before and after irradiation with 60Co gamma rays source for TID from 3 to 100 Krad. We have obtained agreements between measured results and simulated ones on degradations of the characteristics Quantum Efficiency (QE) and dark current (Idark). The agreements validate our modeling and simulation approach to evaluating these characteristics. It has been shown that TID causes evolution of interface states of different parts of the pixel, which are responsible for QE and Idark degradations. TID effects on different parts of the pixel can be identified and quantified.

We report the structural and microstructural features of Bi 2 Te 3 films deposited by close space vapor transport (CSVT) technique on soda-lime glass substrates. Different phases are obtained depending on the substrate temperature, as well as changes in the thermoelectric properties of the CSVT-Bi 2 Te 3 films. The relationship between the structural and electrical properties of the films is present.

We present a single-transistor pixel for CMOS image sensors (CIS). It is a floating-body MOSFET structure, which is used as photo-sensing device and source-follower transistor, and can be controlled to store and evacuate charges. Our investigation into this 1T pixel structure includes modeling to obtain analytical description of conversion gain. Model validation has been done by comparing theoretical predictions and experimental results. On the other hand, the 1T pixel structure has been implemented in different configurations, including rectangular-gate and ring-gate designs, and variations of oxidation parameters for the fabrication process. The pixel characteristics are presented and discussed.

MAY 05-07, 2015; International audience; To further improve the characteristics of CMOS image sensors (CIS), we propose a back-side illuminated pixel integrating a vertically pinned and P-type photodiode (which collects holes) and PMOS readout circuitry. It has been designed in a 1.4 mu m-pitch, a two-transistor (2T) shared readout architecture and fabricated in a combined 65nm and 90nm technology. The vertically pinned photodiode takes up almost the entire volume of the pixel, allowing a full well capacity (FWC) exceeding 7000h(+). With a conversion factor around 120 mu V/h(+), the output swing approaching 1V is achieved on the column voltage. The pixel also integrates capacitive deep trench isolation (CDTI) to tackle electrical and optical crosstalk issues. The effective passivation of trench interface by CDTI bias control is demonstrated for a hole-based pixel. As expected, PMOS transistors have much lower trapping noise compared to NMOS counterparts. The PMOS source follower has an average temporal noise of 195 mu V, mainly dominated by thermal noise contribution.

Tactical Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) have a continued growth in bandwidth demand mainly driven by the introduction of new user services and applications. Everything over IP is one of the main requirements of the next generation tactical MANETs. As part of an initial investigation to provide enhanced tactical IP networking capabilities, an adaptive VHF/UHF system that attempts to satisfy the mobility, capacity and adaptability requirements of the new tactical environment was developed. The solution includes a multi-rate Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) VHF/UHF line-of-sight (LOS) radio modem and a fully distributed multi-channel media access protocol that supports integrated voice and data. A description of the two technologies is provided along with the main features and novel functionalities of the system

This session is devoted to imaging technologies and focuses on new materials, sensor architectures trend and new applications. The first paper describes large format CCD for professional applications. The next paper introduces image sensor using CuInGaSe2 for wider spectral range. The third paper presents a 3D architecture back illuminated sensor. The invited paper describes technology trends in order to realize smaller CIS pixel size toward 1.0µm. The next paper present a biosensor capable of wireless operation and low light detection. To conclude, the last one introduces the flexible terahertz material showing a potential and next step to construct a functional THz cloak.

A set of three thin films transmitting in the red, green and blue wavelengths have been demonstrated by the MOCVD aerosol technology. These thin films were elaborated with different organometallic precursors and deposited on glass or fused silica at different temperatures in the range of 350°C-550°C.The physicochemical characteristics enable us to observe the phases responsible for the color. The red one filter consists of a thin film of hematite-Fe 2 O 3 with a transmittance peak of 75% at 630 nm. The green thin film is composed of Cobalt doped ZnO with a transmittance peak of 56% at 540nm. The blue thin film is composed of Cobalt doped Al 2 O 3 with a transmittance peak of 65% at 450nm. Moreover, the absorbance spectra properties are discussed related to the physicochemical characteristics of the deposited films. Then, thanks to the best triplet we can evaluate the color reconstruction. Using a set of spectral files, a "color toolbox" software optimizes by the method of least squares the 3 by 3 color matrix, the white balance and the offset.

To evaluate electrical characteristics of the 1T charge-modulation pixel, we propose two design configurations: one is a 2.2μm-pitch, rectangular-gate pixel, and the other is a 1.4μm-pitch, ring-gate pixel. The former allows the transistor size to be minimized, but requires surrounding STI (Shallow Trench Isolation) to reduce electrical crosstalk. The latter is advantageous in terms of pixel size and fill factor, mainly thanks to STI suppression. The two design configurations are respectively integrated in test chips. Our measured results confirm the scaling law: reducing pixel size improves conversion gain, but degrades full well capacity (FWC). They also show that dark current of the 1.4μm-pitch ring-gate pixel is much lower than the 2.2μm-pitch rectangular-gate counterpart. This low dark current achievement may be explained by: i) suppression of STI-induced surface leakage current component, ii) smooth-shape layout to minimize band-to-band tunneling effect, and iii) smaller pixel size with smaller depletion areas which has, accordingly, lower thermally-generated dark current components. The 1.4μm-pitch ring-gate pixel also has lower noise, especially much lower dark FPN. This seems to confirm that dark FPN may have a large contribution from dark current generation. The dynamic range for the 1.4μm-pitch pixel is larger, meaning that signal-to-noise ratio outweighs FWC degradation. However, the sensitivity, like FWC, is also degraded in the same proportion. There are possibilities of improvements especially by process optimization.

In dairy goats, treatments associating a progestogen and the equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) are the easiest way to induce and synchronize estrus and ovulation and to permit artificial insemination (AI) and/or out of season breeding. From the first treatment, the injection of eCG induces, in some females, the production of anti-eCG antibodies (Abs) that will interfere with the effectiveness of subsequent treatments. These anti-eCG Abs delay the preovulatory LH surge and the ovulation time, leading to poor fertility of the treated females. In this study, by in vitro bioassays, we show that anti-eCG Abs can positively or negatively modulate the LH and/or FSH bioactivities of eCG. Moreover, the modulation level of eCG bioactivity does not depend on the anti-eCG Ab affinity for eCG, as shown by surface plasmon resonance technology. The specificity of anti-eCG Abs tested by competitive ELISA highlighted the importance of a glycan environment in the recognition mechanism, especially the sialic acids specific to eCG. The different effects of anti-eCG Abs on eCG bioactivities could be explained by two hypotheses. First, steric hindrance preventing the interaction of eCG with its receptors would explain the inhibitory effect of some anti-eCG Abs; second, a conformational change in eCG by anti-eCG Abs could induce inhibition or potentiation of eCG bioactivities. It is significant that these modulations of eCG bioactivities by anti-eCG Abs impact mainly on the FSH bioactivity of eCG, which is essential for ovarian stimulation and subsequent fertility after treatment and AI, and to a lesser extent on LH bioactivity.

A 2/3-inch format 768(H) x 576 (V) pixel CCD image sensor has been developed, fabricated and tested. It has a frame transfer organization and is incorporating a lateral built in anti-blooming system. A horizontal resolution of more than 500 TV lines has been obtained and photosensitivity reaches 30 mv/lux. By the possible use of two video outputs, an image mirror function is provided. Thanks to its windowing device, the sensor is well suited for tracking applications.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

A case of malignant arrhenoblastoma of the ovary in a 62 year old white woman is described. The patient had hirsutism of the face, masculine contours, and enlargement of the clitoris. Postoperative urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids was 17.33 mg. in 24 hours. Following removal of the tumor, there was no regression of masculinization. The malignant transformation was obvious.