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1. Spring Water pH in Forest Catchments Is Modified through Fluctuating Discharge under Climate Change

Author

Carl Beierkuhnlein, Bojan Djordjevic, Johannes Höger, Vincent Wilkens, Samip Narayan Shrestha, Timothy Smith, and Frank Weiser

Subjects
acid rain, drought, helocrene springs, catchment acidification, climate change, Frankenwald, Ecology, QH540-549.5, Chemical technology, TP1-1185
Abstract

Over the course of industrialization in the 20th century, vast emissions of air pollutants have occurred. The exhaust gasses contain sulfur and nitrogen oxides, which are converted to sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the atmosphere. This causes acid rain to enter aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, the most serious consequence of which is large-scale forest dieback across Europe and North America. However, through various political measures, the exhaust gasses have been reduced and, thus, acid rain and forest dieback were stopped. Nevertheless, the lingering effects of this pollution are still present today and are reflected in hydrochemistry. More recently, fluctuating precipitation regimes are causing additional stress to ecosystems in Central Europe. Climatic extremes are becoming more pronounced with climate change. Substantial differences between drought years and years with regular precipitation are directly altering the discharge of springs. Now, two overlapping and interacting syndromes of environmental pressures can be studied in these small catchments at a landscape scale: (1) acidification and (2) climate change. In this long-term study, the waters of 102 forest springs, located in two neighboring forest landscapes in north-eastern Bavaria, Germany (Frankenwald and Fichtelgebirge), were investigated over 24 years (1996 to 2020). By linking changes in pH values with changes in precipitation and spring discharge, we found that pH increases with decreasing discharge and decreasing precipitation. This effect was strongest in the Frankenwald compared to the Fichtelgebirge. We hypothesize that this temporal pattern reflects the longer residence time and, in consequence, the increased buffering of acidic interflow in small catchments during periods of drought. However, this should not be misinterpreted as rapid recovery from acidification because this effect fades in times of enhanced precipitation. We recommend that fluctuations in weather regimes be considered when investigating biogeochemical patterns throughout forest landscapes.

Published
2024
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2. Volcanic tephra deposition dataset based on interpolated field measurements following the 2021 Tajogaite Eruption on La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain

Author

Christopher Shatto, Frank Weiser, Anna Walentowitz, Reinhold Stahlmann, Samip Shrestha, María Guerrero-Campos, Félix Manuel Medina, Manuel Nogales, Anke Jentsch, and Carl Beierkuhnlein

Subjects
Disturbance, Interpolation, Oceanic island, Pyroclastic ash, Volcanic eruption, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7, Science (General), Q1-390
Abstract

In 2021, the Tajogaite Volcano erupted along the western slope of the Cumbre Vieja on the island of La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain. Volcanic tephra blanketed a substantial proportion of the island. By our estimations, approximately 23,000,000 m3 of pyroclastic ashes and more coarse-grained particles were deposited unto La Palma's land surface in addition to the lava flow. Five months following the initial eruption, we measured the depth of the new ash layer across the island. We combined this data with drone-based observations to compile a dataset comprising the point distribution of ash depth. A spatial interpolation was then performed using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) to estimate the ash depth across the island at a 2 m spatial resolution. The interpolation performed well, yielding a root mean squared error (RMSE) value of 0.34 and thus, the dataset offers immense reuse potential for spatial inquiries related to evolutionary traits, vegetation patterns, and vegetation response to disturbance on oceanic islands. In addition, the data can be used to test different spatial interpolation techniques in an effort to improve the accuracy achieved using IDW.

Published
2024
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3. The fate of terrestrial biodiversity during an oceanic island volcanic eruption

Author

Manuel Nogales, María Guerrero-Campos, Thomas Boulesteix, Noémie Taquet, Carl Beierkuhnlein, Robin Campion, Silvia Fajardo, Nieves Zurita, Manuel Arechavaleta, Rafael García, Frank Weiser, and Félix M. Medina

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Volcanic activity provides a unique opportunity to study the ecological responses of organisms to catastrophic environmental destruction as an essential driver of biodiversity change on islands. However, despite this great scientific interest, no study of the biodiversity at an erupting volcano has yet been undertaken. On La Palma (Canary archipelago), we quantified the main species affected and their fate during the 85-day eruption (September–December 2021). Our main objective consisted of monitoring the biodiversity subjected to critical stress during this volcanic eruption. We found that all biodiversity within a 2.5 km radius was severely affected after the first two weeks. It is challenging to assess whether volcanism can drive evolutionary traits of insular organisms. Examples are the adaptation of an endemic conifer to high temperatures, selection of functional plant types—secondary woodiness—, effects of the disappearance of invertebrates and their influence in trophic nets and vertebrate trophic plasticity. However, our data suggest that such previous evolutionary changes might continue to favour their resilience during this eruption. Lastly, it is a very good opportunity to assess the extent to which these periodic volcanic catastrophes may constitute temporary windows of repeated opportunities for the evolution and speciation of oceanic island biota.

Published
2022
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4. Assessing the Potential Replacement of Laurel Forest by a Novel Ecosystem in the Steep Terrain of an Oceanic Island

Author

Ram Sharan Devkota, Richard Field, Samuel Hoffmann, Anna Walentowitz, Félix Manuel Medina, Ole Reidar Vetaas, Alessandro Chiarucci, Frank Weiser, Anke Jentsch, and Carl Beierkuhnlein

Subjects
invasive species, island ecology, assisted migration, laurel forest, plant functional type, deciduous trees, Science
Abstract

Biological invasions are a major global threat to biodiversity and often affect ecosystem services negatively. They are particularly problematic on oceanic islands where there are many narrow-ranged endemic species, and the biota may be very susceptible to invasion. Quantifying and mapping invasion processes are important steps for management and control but are challenging with the limited resources typically available and particularly difficult to implement on oceanic islands with very steep terrain. Remote sensing may provide an excellent solution in circumstances where the invading species can be reliably detected from imagery. We here develop a method to map the distribution of the alien chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) on the island of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain), using freely available satellite images. On La Palma, the chestnut invasion threatens the iconic laurel forest, which has survived since the Tertiary period in the favourable climatic conditions of mountainous islands in the trade wind zone. We detect chestnut presence by taking advantage of the distinctive phenology of this alien tree, which retains its deciduousness while the native vegetation is evergreen. Using both Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 (parallel analyses), we obtained images in two seasons (chestnuts leafless and in-leaf, respectively) and performed image regression to detect pixels changing from leafless to in-leaf chestnuts. We then applied supervised classification using Random Forest to map the present-day occurrence of the chestnut. Finally, we performed species distribution modelling to map the habitat suitability for chestnut on La Palma, to estimate which areas are prone to further invasion. Our results indicate that chestnuts occupy 1.2% of the total area of natural ecosystems on La Palma, with a further 12–17% representing suitable habitat that is not yet occupied. This enables targeted control measures with potential to successfully manage the invasion, given the relatively long generation time of the chestnut. Our method also enables research on the spread of the species since the earliest Landsat images.

Published
2020
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6. Impacts of Forest Fire on Understory Species Diversity in Canary Pine Ecosystems on the Island of La Palma

Author

Beierkuhnlein, Frank Weiser, Anna Sauer, Daria Gettueva, Richard Field, Severin D. H. Irl, Ole Vetaas, Alessandro Chiarucci, Samuel Hoffmann, José María Fernández-Palacios, Rüdiger Otto, Anke Jentsch, Antonello Provenzale, and Carl

Subjects
beta diversity, disturbance, ecosystem functioning, fire, island ecology, Lotus campylocladus ssp. hillebrandii, pine forest, Pinus canariensis, Sentinel-2, succession, understory
Abstract

Forest fires are drivers of spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of vegetation and biodiversity. On the Canary Islands, large areas of pine forest exist, dominated by the endemic Canary Island pine, Pinus canariensis C. Sm. These mostly natural forests experience wildfires frequently. P. canariensis is well-adapted to such impacts and has the ability to re-sprout from both stems and branches. In recent decades, however, anthropogenically caused fires have increased, and climate change further enhances the likelihood of large forest fires. Through its dense, long needles, P. canariensis promotes cloud precipitation, which is an important ecosystem service for the freshwater supply of islands such as La Palma. Thus, it is important to understand the regeneration and vegetation dynamics of these ecosystems after fire. Here, we investigated species diversity patterns in the understory vegetation of P. canariensis forests after the large 2016 fire on the southern slopes of La Palma. We analyzed the effect of fire intensity, derived from Sentinel-2 NDVI differences, and of environmental variables, on species richness (alpha diversity) and compositional dissimilarity (beta diversity). We used redundancy analysis (dbRDA), Bray–Curtis dissimilarity, and variance partitioning for this analysis. Fire intensity accounted for a relatively small proportion of variation in alpha and beta diversity, while elevation was the most important predictor. Our results also reveal the important role of the endemic Lotus campylocladus ssp. hillebrandii (Christ) Sandral & D.D.Sokoloff for understory diversity after fire. Its dominance likely reduces the ability of other species to establish by taking up nutrients and water and by shading the ground. The mid- to long-term effects are unclear since Lotus is an important nitrogen fixer in P. canariensis forests and can reduce post-fire soil erosion on steep slopes.

Published
2021
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7. Benchmarking plant diversity of Palaearctic grasslands and other open habitats

Author

Monika Janišová, Georgios Fotiadis, Honor C. Prentice, Farshid Memariani, Ivan I. Moysiyenko, Pavel Lustyk, Zdenka Preislerová, Hristo Pedashenko, Francesco Santi, Atushi Ushimaru, Steffen Boch, Galina Savchenko, Fabrizio Buldrini, Irena Axmanová, Milan Chytrý, Jiri Dolezal, Denys Vynokurov, Marta Czarniecka-Wiera, Zdeňka Lososová, Robert K. Peet, Simon Stifter, Ricarda Pätsch, Koenraad Van Meerbeek, Alba Gutiérrez-Girón, Simona Maccherini, András Kelemen, Thomas Becker, Michal Hájek, Christian Pedersen, Stefan Widmer, Remigiusz Pielech, Vladimir Ronkin, Kai Jensen, Anna Wróbel, Cristina Chocarro, Sebastian Świerszcz, Lei Deng, Arkadiusz Nowak, Luisa Conti, Eulàlia Pladevall-Izard, Swantje Löbel, Jonathan Etzold, Jan Peters, Hans Henrik Bruun, Elisabeth M. Hüllbusch, Anna Kuzemko, Martin Magnes, Rayna Natcheva, Riccardo Guarino, Joaquín Molero Mesa, Vasco Silva, Pavel Dřevojan, Iuliia Vasheniak, Jan Lepš, Péter Török, Timo Conradi, Marcin Nobis, Aaron Pérez-Haase, Yun Wang, María Rosa Fernández Calzado, Ilaria Bonini, Massimo Terzi, Meelis Pärtel, Liqing Zhao, Csaba Tölgyesi, Frank Weiser, Philipp Kirschner, Juan Antonio Campos, Zuzana Plesková, László Demeter, George Fayvush, Asun Berastegi, Behlül Güler, Diego Liendo, Nancy Langer, Manfred Finckh, Martin Diekmann, Florian Jeltsch, Anke Jentsch, Robin J. Pakeman, Tobias Ceulemans, Javier Etayo, Orsolya Valkó, Carly J. Stevens, Kaoru Kakinuma, Michele Aleffi, Jiří Danihelka, Alicia Teresa Rosario Acosta, Balázs Teleki, Laura M. E. Sutcliffe, Solvita Rusina, Rosario G. Gavilán, Pieter De Frenne, Michele Mugnai, Arantzazu L. Luzuriaga, Marc Olivier Büchler, Lubomír Tichý, Soroor Rahmanian, Zsolt Molnár, Itziar García-Mijangos, Jürgen Dengler, Harald Pauli, Asuka Koyama, Anvar Sanaei, Cecilia Dupré, Parvaneh Ashouri, Vladimir G. Onipchenko, Ute Jandt, Zoltán Bátori, François Gillet, Alla Aleksanyan, Ariel Bergamini, Corrado Marcenò, Constantin Mardari, Nadezda Tsarevskaya, José Luis Benito Alonso, Łukasz Kozub, Ottar Michelsen, Felix May, Goffredo Filibeck, Jan Roleček, Jalil Noroozi, Karsten Wesche, Eva Šmerdová, Michael Manthey, Triin Reitalu, Ana M. Sánchez, Eszter Ruprecht, Regina Lindborg, Idoia Biurrun, Risto Virtanen, Gianpietro Giusso del Galdo, Helmut Mayrhofer, Annika K. Jägerbrand, Mansoureh Kargar, Chrisoula B. Pirini, Dariia Shyriaieva, Sabina Burrascano, Esther Baumann, Christian Dolnik, Kristina Merunková, Ching-Feng Li, Eliane S. Meier, Kuber Prasad Bhatta, Mercedes Herrera, Klaus Ecker, Mohammad Farzam, Marta Torca, Nele Ingerpuu, Philippe Jeanneret, Francesco de Bello, Alireza Naqinezhad, Tünde Farkas, Elena Belonovskaya, Josep M. Ninot, Elias Afif, Munemitsu Akasaka, Lorenzo Lazzaro, András Vojtkó, Leonardo Rosati, Jianshuang Wu, Arshad Ali, Sándor Bartha, Zuoqiang Yuan, Wenhong Ma, Patryk Czortek, Marta Carboni, Franz Essl, Hannah J. White, Carmen Van Mechelen, Brigitta Erschbamer, Marek Malicki, Vasyl Budzhak, Jutta Kapfer, Manuela Winkler, Angela Lomba, Hamid Ejtehadi, Judit Sonkoly, Ingrid Turisová, Thomas Vanneste, Laura Cancellieri, Sonja Škornik, David Zelený, Zygmunt Kącki, Alessandro Chiarucci, Salza Palpurina, Sigrid Suchrow, Kathrin Kiehl, Amir Talebi, Beata Cykowska-Marzencka, Borja Jiménez-Alfaro, Nataša Pipenbaher, Frank Yonghong Li, Wendy Fjellstad, Ivana Vitasović-Kosić, Maria Pilar Rodríguez-Rojo, Álvaro Bueno, Daniele Viciani, Juha M. Alatalo, Emelie Waldén, Sahar Ghafari, Grzegorz Swacha, Anna Mária Csergő, Lu Wen, Balázs Deák, Ioannis Tsiripidis, Luis Villar, Maria-Teresa Sebastià, Svetlana Aćić, Halime Moradi, Kiril Vassilev, Daniel García-Magro, Sebastian Wolfrum, Iva Apostolova, Marko Sabovljevic, Giovanna Potenza, Monika Staniaszek-Kik, Iwona Dembicz, Aveliina Helm, Marta Czarnocka-Cieciura, Marta Gaia Sperandii, John-Arvid Grytnes, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Biurrun I., Pielech R., Dembicz I., Gillet F., Kozub L., Marceno C., Reitalu T., Van Meerbeek K., Guarino R., Chytry M., Pakeman R.J., Preislerova Z., Axmanova I., Burrascano S., Bartha S., Boch S., Bruun H.H., Conradi T., De Frenne P., Essl F., Filibeck G., Hajek M., Jimenez-Alfaro B., Kuzemko A., Molnar Z., Partel M., Patsch R., Prentice H.C., Rolecek J., Sutcliffe L.M.E., Terzi M., Winkler M., Wu J., Acic S., Acosta A.T.R., Afif E., Akasaka M., Alatalo J.M., Aleffi M., Aleksanyan A., Ali A., Apostolova I., Ashouri P., Batori Z., Baumann E., Becker T., Belonovskaya E., Benito Alonso J.L., Berastegi A., Bergamini A., Bhatta K.P., Bonini I., Buchler M.-O., Budzhak V., Bueno A., Buldrini F., Campos J.A., Cancellieri L., Carboni M., Ceulemans T., Chiarucci A., Chocarro C., Conti L., Csergo A.M., Cykowska-Marzencka B., Czarniecka-Wiera M., Czarnocka-Cieciura M., Czortek P., Danihelka J., de Bello F., Deak B., Demeter L., Deng L., Diekmann M., Dolezal J., Dolnik C., Drevojan P., Dupre C., Ecker K., Ejtehadi H., Erschbamer B., Etayo J., Etzold J., Farkas T., Farzam M., Fayvush G., Fernandez Calzado M.R., Finckh M., Fjellstad W., Fotiadis G., Garcia-Magro D., Garcia-Mijangos I., Gavilan R.G., Germany M., Ghafari S., Giusso del Galdo G.P., Grytnes J.-A., Guler B., Gutierrez-Giron A., Helm A., Herrera M., Hullbusch E.M., Ingerpuu N., Jagerbrand A.K., Jandt U., Janisova M., Jeanneret P., Jeltsch F., Jensen K., Jentsch A., Kacki Z., Kakinuma K., Kapfer J., Kargar M., Kelemen A., Kiehl K., Kirschner P., Koyama A., Langer N., Lazzaro L., Leps J., Li C.-F., Li F.Y., Liendo D., Lindborg R., Lobel S., Lomba A., Lososova Z., Lustyk P., Luzuriaga A.L., Ma W., Maccherini S., Magnes M., Malicki M., Manthey M., Mardari C., May F., Mayrhofer H., Meier E.S., Memariani F., Merunkova K., Michelsen O., Molero Mesa J., Moradi H., Moysiyenko I., Mugnai M., Naqinezhad A., Natcheva R., Ninot J.M., Nobis M., Noroozi J., Nowak A., Onipchenko V., Palpurina S., Pauli H., Pedashenko H., Pedersen C., Peet R.K., Perez-Haase A., Peters J., Pipenbaher N., Pirini C., Pladevall-Izard E., Pleskova Z., Potenza G., Rahmanian S., Rodriguez-Rojo M.P., Ronkin V., Rosati L., Ruprecht E., Rusina S., Sabovljevic M., Sanaei A., Sanchez A.M., Santi F., Savchenko G., Sebastia M.T., Shyriaieva D., Silva V., Skornik S., Smerdova E., Sonkoly J., Sperandii M.G., Staniaszek-Kik M., Stevens C., Stifter S., Suchrow S., Swacha G., Swierszcz S., Talebi A., Teleki B., Tichy L., Tolgyesi C., Torca M., Torok P., Tsarevskaya N., Tsiripidis I., Turisova I., Ushimaru A., Valko O., Van Mechelen C., Vanneste T., Vasheniak I., Vassilev K., Viciani D., Villar L., Virtanen R., Vitasovic-Kosic I., Vojtko A., Vynokurov D., Walden E., Wang Y., Weiser F., Wen L., Wesche K., White H., Widmer S., Wolfrum S., Wrobel A., Yuan Z., Zeleny D., Zhao L., Dengler J., Biurrun, Idoia, Pielech, Remigiusz, Dembicz, Iwona, Gillet, Françoi, Kozub, Łukasz, Marcenò, Corrado, Reitalu, Triin, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Guarino, Riccardo, Chytrý, Milan, Pakeman, Robin J., Preislerová, Zdenka, Axmanová, Irena, Burrascano, Sabina, Bartha, Sándor, Boch, Steffen, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Conradi, Timo, De Frenne, Pieter, Essl, Franz, Filibeck, Goffredo, Hájek, Michal, Jiménez‐Alfaro, Borja, Kuzemko, Anna, Molnár, Zsolt, Pärtel, Meeli, Pätsch, Ricarda, Prentice, Honor C., Roleček, Jan, Sutcliffe, Laura M.E., Terzi, Massimo, Winkler, Manuela, Wu, Jianshuang, Aćić, Svetlana, Acosta, Alicia T.R., Afif, Elia, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Alatalo, Juha M., Aleffi, Michele, Aleksanyan, Alla, Ali, Arshad, Apostolova, Iva, Ashouri, Parvaneh, Bátori, Zoltán, Baumann, Esther, Becker, Thoma, Belonovskaya, Elena, Benito Alonso, José Lui, Berastegi, Asun, Bergamini, Ariel, Bhatta, Kuber Prasad, Bonini, Ilaria, Büchler, Marc‐Olivier, Budzhak, Vasyl, Bueno, Álvaro, Buldrini, Fabrizio, Campos, Juan Antonio, Cancellieri, Laura, Carboni, Marta, Ceulemans, Tobia, Chiarucci, Alessandro, Chocarro, Cristina, Conti, Luisa, Csergő, Anna Mária, Cykowska‐Marzencka, Beata, Czarniecka‐Wiera, Marta, Czarnocka‐Cieciura, Marta, Czortek, Patryk, Danihelka, Jiří, de Bello, Francesco, Deák, Baláz, Demeter, László, Deng, Lei, Diekmann, Martin, Dolezal, Jiri, Dolnik, Christian, Dřevojan, Pavel, Dupré, Cecilia, Ecker, Klau, Ejtehadi, Hamid, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Etayo, Javier, Etzold, Jonathan, Farkas, Tünde, Farzam, Mohammad, Fayvush, George, Fernández Calzado, María Rosa, Finckh, Manfred, Fjellstad, Wendy, Fotiadis, Georgio, García‐Magro, Daniel, García‐Mijangos, Itziar, Gavilán, Rosario G., Germany, Marku, Ghafari, Sahar, Giusso del Galdo, Gian Pietro, Grytnes, John‐Arvid, Güler, Behlül, Gutiérrez‐Girón, Alba, Helm, Aveliina, Herrera, Mercede, Hüllbusch, Elisabeth M., Ingerpuu, Nele, Jägerbrand, Annika K., Jandt, Ute, Janišová, Monika, Jeanneret, Philippe, Jeltsch, Florian, Jensen, Kai, Jentsch, Anke, Kącki, Zygmunt, Kakinuma, Kaoru, Kapfer, Jutta, Kargar, Mansoureh, Kelemen, Andrá, Kiehl, Kathrin, Kirschner, Philipp, Koyama, Asuka, Langer, Nancy, Lazzaro, Lorenzo, Lepš, Jan, Li, Ching‐Feng, Li, Frank Yonghong, Liendo, Diego, Lindborg, Regina, Löbel, Swantje, Lomba, Angela, Lososová, Zdeňka, Lustyk, Pavel, Luzuriaga, Arantzazu L., Ma, Wenhong, Maccherini, Simona, Magnes, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Manthey, Michael, Mardari, Constantin, May, Felix, Mayrhofer, Helmut, Meier, Eliane Seraina, Memariani, Farshid, Merunková, Kristina, Michelsen, Ottar, Molero Mesa, Joaquín, Moradi, Halime, Moysiyenko, Ivan, Mugnai, Michele, Naqinezhad, Alireza, Natcheva, Rayna, Ninot, Josep M., Nobis, Marcin, Noroozi, Jalil, Nowak, Arkadiusz, Onipchenko, Vladimir, Palpurina, Salza, Pauli, Harald, Pedashenko, Hristo, Pedersen, Christian, Peet, Robert K., Pérez‐Haase, Aaron, Peters, Jan, Pipenbaher, Nataša, Pirini, Chrisoula, Pladevall‐Izard, Eulàlia, Plesková, Zuzana, Potenza, Giovanna, Rahmanian, Soroor, Rodríguez‐Rojo, Maria Pilar, Ronkin, Vladimir, Rosati, Leonardo, Ruprecht, Eszter, Rusina, Solvita, Sabovljević, Marko, Sanaei, Anvar, Sánchez, Ana M., Santi, Francesco, Savchenko, Galina, Sebastià, Maria Teresa, Shyriaieva, Dariia, Silva, Vasco, Škornik, Sonja, Šmerdová, Eva, Sonkoly, Judit, Sperandii, Marta Gaia, Staniaszek‐Kik, Monika, Stevens, Carly, Stifter, Simon, Suchrow, Sigrid, Swacha, Grzegorz, Świerszcz, Sebastian, Talebi, Amir, Teleki, Baláz, Tichý, Lubomír, Tölgyesi, Csaba, Torca, Marta, Török, Péter, Tsarevskaya, Nadezda, Tsiripidis, Ioanni, Turisova, Ingrid, Ushimaru, Atushi, Valkó, Orsolya, Van Mechelen, Carmen, Vanneste, Thoma, Vasheniak, Iuliia, Vassilev, Kiril, Viciani, Daniele, Villar, Lui, Virtanen, Risto, Vitasović‐Kosić, Ivana, Vojtkó, Andrá, Vynokurov, Deny, Waldén, Emelie, Wang, Yun, Weiser, Frank, Wen, Lu, Wesche, Karsten, White, Hannah, Widmer, Stefan, Wolfrum, Sebastian, Wróbel, Anna, Yuan, Zuoqiang, Zelený, David, Zhao, Liqing, Dengler, Jürgen, Bavarian Research Foundation, International Association for Vegetation Science, Eusko Jaurlaritza, Czech Science Foundation, Estonian Research Council, Scottish Government's Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Science and Technology Center in Ukraine, Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning, Swedish Institute, Foundation for Introducing Talent of Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Hebei Province, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tyrolean Science Fund, Austrian Academy of Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Comunidad de Madrid, National Geographic Society, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), National Science Centre (Poland), Russian Science Foundation, University of Latvia Foundation, Slovenian Research Agency, Biurrun, I, Pielech, R, Dembicz, I, Gillet, F, Kozub, L, Marceno, C, Reitalu, T, Van Meerbeek, K, Guarino, R, Chytry, M, Pakeman, RJ, Preislerova, Z, Axmanova, I, Burrascano, S, Bartha, S, Boch, S, Bruun, HH, Conradi, T, De Frenne, P, Essl, F, Filibeck, G, Hajek, M, Jimenez-Alfaro, B, Kuzemko, A, MOLNAR, Zsolt, Partel, M, Patsch, R, Prentice, HC, Rolecek, J, Sutcliffe, LME, Terzi, M, Winkler, M, Wu, JS, Acic, S, Acosta, ATR, Afif, E, Akasaka, M, Alatalo, JM, Aleffi, M, Aleksanyan, A, Ali, A, Apostolova, I, Ashouri, P, Batori, Z, Baumann, E, BECKER, T, Belonovskaya, E, Alonso, JLB, Berastegi, A, Bergamini, A, Bhatta, KP, Bonini, I, Buchler, MO, Budzhak, V, Bueno, A, Buldrini, F, Campos, JA, Cancellieri, L, Carboni, M, Ceulemans, T, Chiarucci, A, Chocarro, C, Conti, L, Csergo, AM, Cykowska-Marzencka, B, Czarniecka-Wiera, M, Czarnocka-Cieciura, M, Czortek, P, Danihelka, J, Bello, F, Deak, B, Demeter, L, Deng, L, Diekmann, M, Dolezal, J, Dolnik, C, Drevojan, P, Dupre, C, Ecker, K, Ejtehadi, H, Erschbamer, B, Etayo, J, Etzold, J, Farkas, T, Farzam, M, Fayvush, G, Calzado, MRF, Finckh, M, Fjellstad, W, Fotiadis, G, Garcia-Magro, D, Garcia-Mijangos, I, Gavilan, RG, Germany, M, Ghafari, S, del Galdo, GPG, Grytnes, JA, Guler, B, Gutierrez-Giron, A, Helm, A, Herrera, M, Hullbusch, EM, Ingerpuu, N, Jagerbrand, AK, Jandt, U, Janisova, M, Jeanneret, P, Jeltsch, F, Jensen, K, Jentsch, A, Kacki, Z, Kakinuma, K, Kapfer, J, Kargar, M, Kelemen, A, Kiehl, K, Kirschner, P, Koyama, A, Langer, N, Lazzaro, L, Leps, J, Li, CF, Li, FY, Liendo, D, Lindborg, R, Lobel, S, Lomba, A, Lososova, Z, Lustyk, P, Luzuriaga, AL, Ma, WH, Maccherini, S, Magnes, M, Malicki, M, Manthey, M, Mardari, C, May, F, Mayrhofer, H, Meier, ES, Memariani, F, Merunkova, K, Michelsen, O, Mesa, JM, Moradi, H, Moysiyenko, I, Mugnai, M, Naqinezhad, A, Natcheva, R, Ninot, JM, Nobis, M, Noroozi, J, Nowak, A, Onipchenko, V, Palpurina, S, Pauli, H, Pedashenko, H, Pedersen, C, Peet, RK, Perez-Haase, A, Peters, J, Pipenbaher, N, Pirini, C, Pladevall-Izard, E, Pleskova, Z, Potenza, G, Rahmanian, S, Rodriguez-Rojo, MP, Ronkin, V, Rosati, L, Ruprecht, E, Rusina, S, Sabovljevic, M, Sanaei, A, Sanchez, AM, Santi, F, Savchenko, G, Sebastia, MT, Shyriaieva, D, Silva, V, Skornik, S, Smerdova, E, Sonkoly, J, Sperandii, MG, Staniaszek-Kik, M, Stevens, C, Stifter, S, Suchrow, S, Swacha, G, Swierszcz, S, Talebi, A, Teleki, B, Tichy, L, Tolgyesi, C, Torca, M, Torok, P, Tsarevskaya, N, Tsiripidis, I, Turisova, I, Ushimaru, A, Valko, O, VAN MECHELEN, Carmen, Vanneste, T, Vasheniak, I, Vassilev, K, Viciani, D, Villar, L, Virtanen, R, Vitasovic-Kosic, I, Vojtko, A, Vynokurov, D, Walden, E, Wang, Y., Weiser, F, Wen, L, Wesche, K, White, H, Widmer, S, Wolfrum, S, Wrobel, A, Yuan, ZQ, Zeleny, D, Zhao, LQ, Dengler, J., Jiménez‐alfaro, Borja, Sutcliffe, Laura M. E., Acosta, Alicia, Büchler, Marc‐olivier, Cykowska‐marzencka, Beata, Czarniecka‐wiera, Marta, Czarnocka‐cieciura, Marta, Bello, Francesco, García‐magro, Daniel, García‐mijangos, Itziar, Grytnes, John‐arvid, Gutiérrez‐girón, Alba, Li, Ching‐feng, Pérez‐haase, Aaron, Pladevall‐izard, Eulàlia, Rodríguez‐rojo, Maria Pilar, Staniaszek‐kik, Monika, Turisová, Ingrid, and Vitasović‐kosić, Ivana

Subjects
Vascular plant, SURROGATE, 333.7: Landflächen, Naturerholungsgebiete, Biome, Lichen, open habitat, Plant Science, DATABASES, Benchmark, Grassland, Scale dependence, benchmark, RICHNESS HOTSPOTS, Vegetation type, Taxonomic rank, SCALE, Macroecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, bryophyte, GLOBAL PATTERNS, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Open habitat, vascular plant, Forestry, ichen, Vegetation, Vegetation plot, Palaearctic, 580: Pflanzen (Botanik), Geography, Habitat, scale dependence, fine-grain biodiversity, grassland, GrassPlot Diversity Explorer, lichen, species–area relationship, vegetation plot, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, CONSERVATION, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, Fine-grain biodiversity, benchmark, bryophyte, fine-grain biodiversity, grassland, GrassPlot Diversity Explorer, lichen, open habitat, Palaearctic, scale dependence, species–area relationship, vascular plant, vegetation plot, species-area relationship, benchmark, bryophyte, fine-grain biodiversity, grassland, GrassPlot Diversity Explorer, lichen, open habitat, Palaearctic, scale dependence, species-area relationship, vascular plant, vegetation plot, Species–area relationship, Science & Technology, Plant Sciences, Biology and Life Sciences, 15. Life on land, plant diversity, 13. Climate action, Bryophyte, SPECIES-AREA RELATIONSHIPS, VASCULAR PLANTS, BIODIVERSITY, Species richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, BRYOPHYTES
Abstract

© 2021 The Authors., Aims: Understanding fine-grain diversity patterns across large spatial extents is fundamental for macroecological research and biodiversity conservation. Using the GrassPlot database, we provide benchmarks of fine-grain richness values of Palaearctic open habitats for vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens and complete vegetation (i.e., the sum of the former three groups). Location: Palaearctic biogeographic realm. Methods: We used 126,524 plots of eight standard grain sizes from the GrassPlot database: 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1,000 m and calculated the mean richness and standard deviations, as well as maximum, minimum, median, and first and third quartiles for each combination of grain size, taxonomic group, biome, region, vegetation type and phytosociological class. Results: Patterns of plant diversity in vegetation types and biomes differ across grain sizes and taxonomic groups. Overall, secondary (mostly semi-natural) grasslands and natural grasslands are the richest vegetation type. The open-access file ”GrassPlot Diversity Benchmarks” and the web tool “GrassPlot Diversity Explorer” are now available online (https://edgg.org/databases/GrasslandDiversityExplorer) and provide more insights into species richness patterns in the Palaearctic open habitats. Conclusions: The GrassPlot Diversity Benchmarks provide high-quality data on species richness in open habitat types across the Palaearctic. These benchmark data can be used in vegetation ecology, macroecology, biodiversity conservation and data quality checking. While the amount of data in the underlying GrassPlot database and their spatial coverage are smaller than in other extensive vegetation-plot databases, species recordings in GrassPlot are on average more complete, making it a valuable complementary data source in macroecology., GrassPlot development has been supported by the Bavarian Research Alliance (BayIntAn_UBT_2017_58), the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) and the International Association for Vegetation Science (IAVS); IB, CorM, JAC, IGM, DGM, MHe, DL and MTo were supported by the Basque Government (IT936‐16); CorM, IAx, MCh, JDa, PD, MHá, ZL, ZPr, EŠ and LT were supported by the Czech Science Foundation (19‐28491X); TR was supported by the Estonian Research Council (PUT1173); RJP was funded by the Strategic Research Programme of the Scottish Government’s Rural and Environmental Science and Analytical Services Division”; SBa was supported by the GINOP‐2.3.2‐15‐2016‐00019 project; GFi was partially supported by the MIUR initiative “Department of excellence” (Law 232/2016)"; BJA was funded by the Spanish Research Agency (grant AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033); AK, VB, IM, DS, IV and DV were supported by the National Research Foundation of Ukraine (2020.01/0140); MP and AH were supported by the Estonian Research Council (PRG874, PRG609), and the European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence EcolChange); Data collection of HCP was funded by FORMAS (Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Science and Spatial Planning) and The Swedish Institute; JR was supported by the Czech Science Foundation (grant No. 20‐09895S) and the long‐term developmental project of the Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO 67985939); ATRA was funded by the Grant of Excellence Departments, MIUR‐Italy (ARTICOLO 1, COMMI 314 – 337 LEGGE 232/2016); JMA was supported by Carl Tryggers stiftelse för vetenskaplig forskning and Qatar Petroleum; AAli was supported by the Jiangsu Science and Technology Special Project (Grant No. BX2019084), and Metasequoia Faculty Research Startup Funding at Nanjing Forestry University (Grant No. 163010230), and he is currently supported by Hebei University through Faculty Research Startup Funding Program; ZB was supported by the NKFI K 124796 grant; The GLORIA‐ Aragón project of JLBA was funded by the Dirección General de Cambio Climático del Gobierno de Aragón (Spain); MCs and LDem were supported by DG Environment through the European Forum on Nature Conservation and Pastoralism and Barbara Knowles Fund, in collaboration with Pogány‐havas Association, Romania; JDa was partially supported by long‐term research development project no. RVO 67985939 of the Czech Academy of Sciences; BD and OV were supported by the NKFI KH 126476, NKFI KH 130338, NKFI FK 124404 and NKFI FK 135329 grants; BD, OV and AKe were supported by the Bolyai János Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; BE was funded by the Environmental Department of the Tyrolean Federal State Government, the MAB Programme of the Austrian Academy of Science, the Mountain Agriculture Research Unit and the Alpine Research Centre Obergurgl of Innsbruck University. The GLORIA projects of BE were funded by the EU project no. EVK2‐CT‐2000‐00056, the Earth System Sciences Program of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (project MEDIALPS), the Amt für Naturparke, Autonome Provinz Bozen‐Südtirol, the Südtiroler Wissenschaftsfonds and the Tiroler Wissenschaftsfonds; RGG was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Research to sample GLORIA sites in central Spain (CGL 2008‐00901/BOS) and present works by the Autonomous Region of Madrid (REMEDINAL TE‐CM, S2018/EMT‐4338); MJ was supporteLatviaed by Latvia Grant No. 194051; NP and SŠ were partly supported by the Slovenian Research Agency, core fundings P1‐0403 and J7‐1822.

Published
2021
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8. A first assessment of the impact of the extreme 2018 summer drought on Central European forests

Author

Andreas Rigling, Nadine K. Ruehr, Thomas Wohlgemuth, Peter Hajek, Frank Weiser, Laura Rose, Christian Zang, Thorsten E. E. Grams, Carl Beierkuhnlein, Christiane Werner, Bernhard Schuldt, Allan Buras, Markus Hauck, Matthias Arend, Meisha Holloway-Phillips, Daniel B. Nelson, Katja Schumann, Günter Hoch, Anja Rammig, Torben Lübbe, Christian Körner, Alexander Damm, Mana Gharun, Yann Vitasse, Ansgar Kahmen, Erika Hiltbrunner, Elena Larysch, and Henrik Hartmann

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Drought stress, Vapour Pressure Deficit, Water potential, Climate change, Growing season, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Tree mortality, Recovery, Temperate forests, Forest ecology, Vapour pressure deficit, Temperate climate, ddc:550, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Hydraulic failure, Impact assessment, Ecology, 15. Life on land, ddc, Earth sciences, Geography, 13. Climate action, Hotter drought, Temperate rainforest, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

In 2018, Central Europe experienced one of the most severe and long-lasting summer drought and heat wave ever recorded. Before 2018, the 2003 millennial drought was often invoked as the example of a “hotter drought”, and was classified as the most severe event in Europe for the last 500 years. First insights now confirm that the 2018 drought event was climatically more extreme and had a greater impact on forest ecosystems of Austria, Germany and Switzerland than the 2003 drought. Across this region, mean growing season air temperature from April to October was more than 3.3°C above the long-term average, and 1.2 °C warmer than in 2003. Here, we present a first impact assessment of the severe 2018 summer drought and heatwave on Central European forests. In response to the 2018 event, most ecologically and economically important tree species in temperate forests of Austria, Germany and Switzerland showed severe signs of drought stress. These symptoms included exceptionally low foliar water potentials crossing the threshold for xylem hydraulic failure in many species and observations of widespread leaf discoloration and premature leaf shedding. As a result of the extreme drought stress, the 2018 event caused unprecedented drought-induced tree mortality in many species throughout the region. Moreover, unexpectedly strong drought-legacy effects were detected in 2019. This implies that the physiological recovery of trees was impaired after the 2018 drought event, leaving them highly vulnerable to secondary drought impacts such as insect or fungal pathogen attacks. As a consequence, mortality of trees triggered by the 2018 events is likely to continue for several years. Our assessment indicates that many common temperate European forest tree species are more vulnerable to extreme summer drought and heat waves than previously thought. As drought and heat events are likely to occur more frequently with the progression of climate change, temperate European forests might approach the point for a substantial ecological and economic transition. Our assessment also highlights the urgent need for a pan-European ground-based monitoring network suited to track individual tree mortality, supported by remote sensing products with high spatial and temporal resolution to track, analyse and forecast these transitions. ISSN:1439-1791 ISSN:1618-0089

Published
2020

9. Remote sensing of glacier and ice sheet grounding lines: A review

Author

Frank Weiser, Matthias Braun, Anke Fluhrer, and Peter Friedl

Subjects
Synthetic aperture radar, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Glacier, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Ice shelf, Glacier mass balance, Remote sensing (archaeology), Temporal resolution, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Ice sheet, Scale (map), Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract

The precise positioning and long-term monitoring of the grounding line, forming the boundary between grounded and floating ice of marine ice sheets and tidewater glaciers, is critical for assessing ice sheet/glacier stability, ice sheet/glacier mass balance calculations and numerical ice modelling. However, mapping of the grounding line is a challenging task, since it is a subglacial and transient feature. Remote sensing techniques do not map the grounding line directly but locate surface features in the grounding zone that serve as proxies for the true grounding line position. The large variety of methods, products and publications, as well as an inconsistent use of terminology additionally complicate the topic. We present the first detailed review of existing remote sensing techniques and data for grounding line mapping. Benefits and limitations of the different techniques and data sources are discussed and illustrated with examples. We identify a present tradeoff between accuracy and both spatial coverage and temporal resolution of the derived grounding line products. Rather new methods like Sentinel-1-SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) Differential Range Offset Tracking (DROT) and Pseudo Crossover Radar Altimetry (PCRA) offer the potential for recent measurements and to fill gaps in some areas. Nevertheless, there is a high demand of new spaceborne radar sensors that provide time series of very short repeat pass data to enable regular grounding line monitoring with most accurate Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) on a continental scale.

Published
2020
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10. GrassPlot – a database of multi-scale plant diversity in Palaearctic grasslands

Author

Jürgen, Dengler, Viktoria, Wagner, Iwona, Dembicz, Itziar, García-Mijangos, Alireza, Naqinezhad, Steffen, Boch, Alessandro, Chiarucci, Timo, Conradi, Goffredo, Filibeck, Riccardo, Guarino, Monika, Janišová, Steinbauer, Manuel J., Svetlana, Aćić, Acosta, Alicia T. R., Munemitsu, Akasaka, Marc-Andre, Allers, Iva, Apostolova, Irena, Axmanová, Branko, Bakan, Alina, Baranova, Manfred, Bardy-Durchhalter, Sándor, Bartha, Esther, Baumann, Thomas, Becker, Ute, Becker, Elena, Belonovskaya, Karin, Bengtsson, José Luis Benito Alonso, Asun, Berastegi, Ariel, Bergamini, Ilaria, Bonini, Hans Henrik Bruun, Vasyl, Budzhak, Alvaro, Bueno, Juan Antonio Campos, Laura, Cancellieri, Marta, Carboni, Cristina, Chocarro, Luisa, Conti, Marta, Czarniecka-Wiera, Pieter De Frenne, Balázs, Deák, Didukh, Yakiv P., Martin, Diekmann, Christian, Dolnik, Cecilia, Dupré, Klaus, Ecker, Nikolai, Ermakov, Brigitta, Erschbamer, Adrián, Escudero, Javier, Etayo, Zuzana, Fajmonová, Felde, Vivian A., Maria Rosa Fernández Calzado, Manfred, Finckh, Georgios, Fotiadis, Mariano, Fracchiolla, Anna, Ganeva, Daniel, García-Magro, Gavilán, Rosario G., Markus, Germany, Itamar, Giladi, François, Gillet, GIUSSO DEL GALDO, Gianpietro, González, Jose M., John-Arvid, Grytnes, Michal, Hájek, Petra, Hájková, Aveliina, Helm, Mercedes, Herrera, Eva, Hettenbergerová, Carsten, Hobohm, Hüllbusch, Elisabeth M., Nele, Ingerpuu, Ute, Jandt, Florian, Jeltsch, Kai, Jensen, Anke, Jentsch, Michael, Jeschke, Borja, Jiménez-Alfaro, Zygmunt, Kącki, Kaoru, Kakinuma, Jutta, Kapfer, Ali, Kavgacı, András, Kelemen, Kathrin, Kiehl, Asuka, Koyama, Koyanagi, Tomoyo F., Łukasz, Kozub, Anna, Kuzemko, Magni Olsen Kyrkjeeide, Sara, Landi, Nancy, Langer, Lorenzo, Lastrucci, Lorenzo, Lazzaro, Chiara, Lelli, Jan, Lepš, Swantje, Löbel, Luzuriaga, Arantzazu L., Simona, Maccherini, Martin, Magnes, Marek, Malicki, Marceno', Corrado, Constantin, Mardari, Leslie, Mauchamp, Felix, May, Ottar, Michelsen, Joaquín Molero Mesa, Zsolt, Molnár, Moysiyenko, Ivan Y., Nakaga, Yuko K., Rayna, Natcheva, Jalil, Noroozi, Pakeman, Robin J., Salza, Palpurina, Meelis, Pärtel, Ricarda, Pätsch, Harald, Pauli, Hristo, Pedashenko, Peet, Robert K., Remigiusz, Pielech, Nataša, Pipenbaher, Chrisoula, Pirini, Zuzana, Plesková, Polyakova, Mariya A., Prentice, Honor C., Jennifer, Reinecke, Triin, Reitalu, Maria Pilar Rodríguez-Rojo, Jan, Roleček, Vladimir, Ronkin, Leonardo, Rosati, Ejvind, Rosén, Eszter, Ruprecht, Solvita, Rusina, Marko, Sabovljević, Ana María Sánchez, Galina, Savchenko, Oliver, Schuhmacher, Sonja, Škornik, Marta Gaia Sperandii, Monika, Staniaszek-Kik, Zora, Stevanović-Dajić, Marin, Stock, Sigrid, Suchrow, Sutcliffe, Laura M. E., Grzegorz, Swacha, Martin, Sykes, Anna, Szabó, Amir, Talebi, Cătălin, Tănase, Massimo, Terzi, Csaba, Tölgyesi, Marta, Torca, Péter, Török, Béla, Tóthmérész, Nadezda, Tsarevskaya, Ioannis, Tsiripidis, Rossen, Tzonev, Atushi, Ushimaru, Orsolya, Valkó, Eddy van der Maarel, Thomas, Vanneste, Iuliia, Vashenyak, Kiril, Vassilev, Daniele, Viciani, Luis, Villar, Risto, Virtanen, Ivana Vitasović Kosić, Yun, Wang, Frank, Weiser, Julia, Went, Karsten, Wesche, Hannah, White, Manuela, Winkler, Zaniewski, Piotr T., Hui, Zhang, Yaron, Ziv, Sergey Znamenskiy &amp, Idoia Biurrun, Dengler, Jürgen, Wagner, Viktoria, Dembicz, Iwona, García-Mijangos, Itziar, Naqinezhad, Alireza, Boch, Steffen, Chiarucci, Alessandro, Conradi, Timo, Filibeck, Goffredo, Guarino, Riccardo, Janišová, Monika, Steinbauer, Manuel J., Acic, Svetlana, Acosta, Alicia T.R., Akasaka, Munemitsu, Allers, Marc-Andre, Apostolova, Iva, Axmanová, Irena, Bakan, Branko, Baranova, Alina, Bardy-Durchhalter, Manfred, Bartha, Sándor, Baumann, Esther, Becker, Thoma, Becker, Ute, Belonovskaya, Elena, Bengtsson, Karin, Alonso, José Luis Benito, Berastegi, Asun, Bergamini, Ariel, Bonini, Ilaria, Bruun, Hans Henrik, Budzhak, Vasyl, Bueno, Alvaro, Campos, Juan Antonio, Cancellieri, Laura, Carboni, Marta, Chocarro, Cristina, Conti, Luisa, Czarniecka-Wiera, Marta, De Frenne, Pieter, Deák, Baláz, Didukh, Yakiv P., Diekmann, Martin, Dolnik, Christian, Dupré, Cecilia, Ecker, Klau, Ermakov, Nikolai, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Escudero, Adrián, Etayo, Javier, Fajmonová, Zuzana, Felde, Vivian A., Calzado, Maria Rosa Fernández, Finckh, Manfred, Fotiadis, Georgio, Fracchiolla, Mariano, Ganeva, Anna, García-Magro, Daniel, Gavilán, Rosario G., Germany, Marku, Giladi, Itamar, Gillet, Françoi, del Galdo, Gian Pietro Giusso, González, Jose M., Grytnes, John-Arvid, Hájek, Michal, Hájková, Petra, Helm, Aveliina, Herrera, Mercede, Hettenbergerová, Eva, Hobohm, Carsten, Hüllbusch, Elisabeth M., Ingerpuu, Nele, Jandt, Ute, Jeltsch, Florian, Jensen, Kai, Jentsch, Anke, Jeschke, Michael, Jiménez-Alfaro, Borja, Kacki, Zygmunt, Kakinuma, Kaoru, Kapfer, Jutta, Kavgaci, Ali, Kelemen, Andrá, Kiehl, Kathrin, Koyama, Asuka, Koyanagi, Tomoyo F., Kozub, Lukasz, Kuzemko, Anna, Kyrkjeeide, Magni Olsen, Landi, Sara, Langer, Nancy, Lastrucci, Lorenzo, Lazzaro, Lorenzo, Lelli, Chiara, Lepš, Jan, Löbel, Swantje, Luzuriaga, Arantzazu L., Maccherini, Simona, Magnes, Martin, Malicki, Marek, Marcenò, Corrado, Mardari, Constantin, Mauchamp, Leslie, May, Felix, Michelsen, Ottar, Mesa, Joaquín Molero, Molnár, Zsolt, Moysiyenko, Ivan Y., Nakaga, Yuko K., Natcheva, Rayna, Noroozi, Jalil, Pakeman, Robin J., Palpurina, Salza, Pärtel, Meeli, Pätsch, Ricarda, Pauli, Harald, Pedashenko, Hristo, Peet, Robert K., Pielech, Remigiusz, Pipenbaher, Nataša, Pirini, Chrisoula, Plesková, Zuzana, Polyakova, Mariya A., Prentice, Honor C., Reinecke, Jennifer, Reitalu, Triin, Rodríguez-Rojo, Maria Pilar, Rolecek, Jan, Ronkin, Vladimir, Rosati, Leonardo, Rosén, Ejvind, Ruprecht, Eszter, Rusina, Solvita, Sabovljevic, Marko, Sánchez, Ana María, Savchenko, Galina, Schuhmacher, Oliver, Škornik, Sonja, Sperandii, Marta Gaia, Staniaszek-Kik, Monika, Stevanovic-Dajic, Zora, Stock, Marin, Suchrow, Sigrid, Sutcliffe, Laura M.E., Swacha, Grzegorz, Sykes, Martin, Szabó, Anna, Talebi, Amir, Tanase, Catalin, Terzi, Massimo, Tölgyesi, Csaba, Torca, Marta, Török, Péter, Tóthmérész, Béla, Tsarevskaya, Nadezda, Tsiripidis, Ioanni, Tzonev, Rossen, Ushimaru, Atushi, Valkó, Orsolya, van der Maarel, Eddy, Vanneste, Thoma, Vashenyak, Iuliia, Vassilev, Kiril, Viciani, Daniele, Villar, Lui, Virtanen, Risto, Kosic, Ivana Vitasovic, Wang, Yun, Weiser, Frank, Went, Julia, Wesche, Karsten, White, Hannah, Winkler, Manuela, Zaniewski, Piotr T., Zhang, Hui, Ziv, Yaron, Znamenskiy, Sergey, Biurrun, Idoia, Aćić, Svetlana, Acosta, Alicia T. R., Luis Benito Alonso, José, Henrik Bruun, Han, Antonio Campos, Juan, Rosa Fernández Calzado, Maria, Pietro Giusso del Galdo, Gian, Kącki, Zygmunt, Kavgacı, Ali, Kozub, Łukasz, Olsen Kyrkjeeide, Magni, Molero Mesa, Joaquín, Pilar Rodríguez-Rojo, Maria, Roleček, Jan, Sabovljević, Marko, María Sánchez, Ana, Sperandii, MARTA GAIA, Stevanović-Dajić, Zora, Sutcliffe, Laura M. E., Tănase, Cătălin, Vitasović Kosić, Ivana, Znamenskiy &amp, Sergey, Goffredo, Filibeck, and Benito Alonso, José Lui

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Biodiversity, Plant Science, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Grassland, SAMPLING-DESIGN, RICHNESS, Ecoinformatics, ddc:550, biodiversity, European Vegetation Archive (EVA), Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG), grassland vegetation, GrassPlot, macroecology, multi-taxon, nested plot, scale-dependence, species-area relationship (SAR), sPlot, vegetation-plot database, Macroecology, 2. Zero hunger, SCALE DEPENDENCE, geography.geographical_feature_category, Database, Vegetation, Geography, Institut für Geowissenschaften, EUROPE, nested plot, scale-dependence, 010603 evolutionary biology, 577: Ökologie, METAANALYSIS, ENVIRONMENT, Data collection, grass- land vegetation, DRY GRASSLANDS, 15. Life on land, biodiversity • European Vegetation Archive (EVA) • Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) • grassland vegetation • GrassPlot • macroecology • multi-taxon • nested plot • scale-dependence • species-area relationship (SAR) • sPlot • vegetation-plot database, Metadata, PATTERNS, SPECIES-AREA RELATIONSHIPS, Nested plot, scale-dependence, VEGETATION, Species richness, computer, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

GrassPlot is a collaborative vegetation-plot database organised by the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group (EDGG) and listed in the Global Index of Vegetation-Plot Databases (GIVD ID EU-00-003). GrassPlot collects plot records (relevés) from grasslands and other open habitats of the Palaearctic biogeographic realm. It focuses on precisely delimited plots of eight standard grain sizes (0.0001; 0.001; ... 1,000 m²) and on nested-plot series with at least four different grain sizes. The usage of GrassPlot is regulated through Bylaws that intend to balance the interests of data contributors and data users. The current version (v. 1.00) contains data for approximately 170,000 plots of different sizes and 2,800 nested-plot series. The key components are richness data and metadata. However, most included datasets also encompass compositional data. About 14,000 plots have near-complete records of terricolous bryophytes and lichens in addition to vascular plants. At present, GrassPlot contains data from 36 countries throughout the Palaearctic, spread across elevational gradients and major grassland types. GrassPlot with its multi-scale and multi-taxon focus complements the larger international vegetation-plot databases, such as the European Vegetation Archive (EVA) and the global database “sPlot”. Its main aim is to facilitate studies on the scale- and taxon-dependency of biodiversity patterns and drivers along macroecological gradients. GrassPlot is a dynamic database and will expand through new data collection coordinated by the elected Governing Board. We invite researchers with suitable data to join GrassPlot. Researchers with project ideas addressable with GrassPlot data are welcome to submit proposals to the Governing Board. Abbreviations: EDGG = Eurasian Dry Grassland Group; EVA = European Vegetation Archive; GrassPlot = Database of Scale-Dependent Phytodiversity Patterns in Palaearctic Grasslands; SAR = species-area relationship.

Published
2018
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11. Two-Lane Rural Highways

Author

Werner Brilon and Frank Weiser

Subjects
Mechanical Engineering, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

A series of investigations was performed in Germany to understand traffic operations on two-lane highways and to make the experiences accessible for traffic performance analysis in practice. As an initial step, traffic flow on several sections of rural two-lane highways was observed. The observations led to a set of empirical speed–flow relationships for highways of different characteristics. On the basis of these results, a microscopic simulation model was calibrated. The model was able to produce a comprehensive set of speed–flow diagrams for all kinds of rural two-lane highways. The diagrams revealed several unexpected properties: a concave shape and nonlinear influences of the external geometric parameters such as curvature or gradients. The simulated results were then approximated by a simple quadratic equation with the parameters depending on geometric conditions and the percentage of heavy vehicles. Thus, the speed–flow diagrams were obtained for the German Highway Capacity Manual. In this case density was used as a measure of effectiveness for the definition of levels of service. This guideline has been used successfully for 3 years.

Published
2006
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12. Near-Millimeter-Wave Polarizing Wire Grid Fabrication and Evaluation

Author

Frank Weiser, Gary L. Wood, and George J. Simonis

Subjects
Waveguide (electromagnetism), Wavelength, Fabrication, Optics, Quality (physics), Materials science, Planar, business.industry, Extremely high frequency, Machine shop, business, Microwave
Abstract

The wavelengths in the near-millimeter wavelength region (NMMW — roughly 0.3 to 3 mm) are sufficiently small that the conventional microwave fundamental-mode waveguide techniques are difficult to implement and are often of limited effectiveness. Quasi-optical components are frequently employed to overcome these difficulties. Free-standing planar one-dimensional wire grids show promise, based on their strong polarizing properties, in the fabrication of many such components. In this paper we discuss a straight-forward method of fabrication of one-dimensional wire grids that has been employed on a normal machine shop lathe to produce grids of sufficient quality for many NMMW applications. Examination of their mechanical quality and NMMW performance is also presented.

Published
1979
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13. Impact of Volcanic Sulfur Emissions on the Pine Forest of La Palma, Spain

Author

Frank Weiser, Esther Baumann, Anke Jentsch, Félix Manuel Medina, Meng Lu, Manuel Nogales, Carl Beierkuhnlein, European Commission, German Research Foundation, University of Bayreuth, Cabildo de Tenerife, Nogales, Manuel [0000-0002-5327-3104], and Nogales, Manuel

Subjects
volcanism, chlorosis, natural disturbances, Forestry, Volcanic eruption, 15. Life on land, pine forest, volcanic eruption, Natural disturbances, oceanic island, Chlorosis, Volcanism, 13. Climate action, Pinus canariensis, Sentinel-2, natural pollution, sulfur, Cumbre Vieja, Pine forest, Oceanic island, Natural pollution, Sulfur
Abstract

In autumn 2021, the largest volcanic eruption on the island of La Palma in historic records took place. The Canary Islands are of volcanic origin and eruptions have always constituted part of their natural disturbance regime. Until recently, their impacts could not be directly observed and studied. Influence of the emission of phytotoxic gases on biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics was hitherto unknown. The recent eruption is still being intensely monitored. We used Sentinel-2 remote sensing data to analyze the spatial extent and intensity of the impact related to sulfuric emissions, aiming to understand the damage patterns in Canary pine forest. The emissions damaged 10% of that forest and affected 5.3% of the Natura 2000 protected areas. We concluded that this is largely due to the toxic effects of the enormous emissions of SO2. We found a clear correlation between the change in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and distance from the eruption. This pattern was weakly anisotropic, with stronger damage in southern directions. Counteracting effects, such as ash deposition, were largely excluded by combining NDVI change detection with tree cover density. We expect that vegetation damage will be transient. P. canariensis can resprout after forest fires, where most leaves are lost. Consequently, our assessment can serve as a reference for future ecosystem regeneration., This research was funded by the EU Horizon 2020 project e-shape under the grant agreement 820852. Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)–491183248. Funded by the Open Access Publishing Fund of the University of Bayreuth. The manuscript was proof-read by G. Jones, under project OTR02900 (SOLAUT_00026129) funded by the Cabildo de Tenerife TFinnova Program, supported by MEDI and FDCAN.

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