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Growing concerns about the quality of aggregated biodiversity data are lowering trust in large-scale data networks. Aggregators frequently respond to quality concerns by recommending that biologists work with original data providers to correct errors ‘at the source.’ We show that this strategy falls systematically short of a full diagnosis of the underlying causes of distrust. In particular, trust in an aggregator is not just a feature of the data signal quality provided by the sources to the aggregator, but also a consequence of the social design of the aggregation process and the resulting power balance between individual data contributors and aggregators. The latter have created an accountability gap by downplaying the authorship and significance of the taxonomic hierarchies—frequently called ‘backbones’—they generate, and which are in effect novel classification theories that operate at the core of data-structuring process. The Darwin Core standard for sharing occurrence records plays an under-appreciated role in maintaining the accountability gap, because this standard lacks the syntactic structure needed to preserve the taxonomic coherence of data packages submitted for aggregation, potentially leading to inferences that no individual source would support. Since high-quality data packages can mirror competing and conflicting classifications, i.e. unsettled systematic research, this plurality must be accommodated in the design of biodiversity data integration. Looking forward, a key directive is to develop new technical pathways and social incentives for experts to contribute directly to the validation of taxonomically coherent data packages as part of a greater, trustworthy aggregation process.

Eleodes (Caverneleodes) wynnei Aalbu, Smith, and Triplehorn, 2012 (Fig. 13D) Diagnosis. Body elongate. Pronotum with disc convex, moderately punctured, lateral margins arcuate, narrowing posteriorly, widest at or just before middle, anterior angles strongly projected, acute. Elytral disc fairly flat, covered with small, scabrous tubercles, each bearing a single light-colored short seta. Profemora lacking spines in both sexes, but crenulate on anterior dorsal surface. All tarsi with strong golden spicules lining plantar surface. Distribution. Mohave County, Arizona. Utah. Remarks. This cave–dwelling species is most similar to Neobaphion planipennis (LeConte), but can be distinguished by the shape of the pronotum and narrow body. This species is known only from caves in the Arizona Strip, north of the Grand Canyon as well as caves in southwestern Utah., Published as part of Johnston, M. Andrew, Fleming, David, Franz, Nico M. & Smith, Aaron D., 2015, Amphidorini Leconte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Arizona: Keys and Species Accounts, pp. 27-54 in The Coleopterists Bulletin (mo 14) (mo 14) 69 on page 51, DOI: 0.1649/0010-065X-69.mo4.27

Eleodes (Omegeleodes) debilis LeConte, 1858 (Fig. 9D) Diagnosis. Body elongate-ovate. Pronotum subquadrate, widest just anterior of middle, lateral margins moderately arcuate, anterior angles very slightly projected. Elytra fairly densely punctate, punctures moderately large, more or less arranged in striae, posterior region tapering evenly to apex. Profemora unarmed in both sexes, probasitarsus with pencil brush of dark spicules interrupting apex of plantar surface in both sexes. Prosternum widest near posterior margin of procoxae, prosternal process rapidly narrowing just behind procoxae, forming large triangular projection. Male parameres narrow and more or less parallel laterally in apical 2/3, apex not deflexed ventrally. Female genitalia with coxites subrectangular, gonostyle large, transverse, positioned posteriorly on coxite. Distribution. Pinal and Cochise Counties, Arizona. New Mexico, Texas; Chihuahua, Mexico. Remarks. This species strongly resembles both E. arcuatus and E. extricatus. It can be separated from the latter externally by the moderately large punctures of the elytra and lack of muricate sculpturing, or most decisively by the apically narrowed male genitalia., Published as part of Johnston, M. Andrew, Fleming, David, Franz, Nico M. & Smith, Aaron D., 2015, Amphidorini Leconte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Arizona: Keys and Species Accounts, pp. 27-54 in The Coleopterists Bulletin (mo 14) (mo 14) 69 on page 45, DOI: 0.1649/0010-065X-69.mo4.27

Eleodes (Eleodes) sponsus LeConte, 1858 (Fig. 8B) Diagnosis. Body elongate. Pronotum minutely punctured, lateral margins moderately arcuate, narrowing and sinuate posteriorly, anterior angles acute, anterolaterally projected. Elytra fairly evently scabrous throughout. Profemora spined in both sexes. All tarsi without tomentose pads. Prosternum flat, faintly if at all projected posteriorly of procoxae. Distribution. Coconino, Apache, and Cochise Counties, Arizona. Colorado, New Mexico, Texas. Remarks. This species most closely resembles E. gracilis and E. hispilabris and can be readily separated from them by the scabrous elytra. The pronotum is less constricted posteriorly than in E. hispilabris and generally more constricted than in E. gracilis., Published as part of Johnston, M. Andrew, Fleming, David, Franz, Nico M. & Smith, Aaron D., 2015, Amphidorini Leconte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Arizona: Keys and Species Accounts, pp. 27-54 in The Coleopterists Bulletin (mo 14) (mo 14) 69 on page 50, DOI: 0.1649/0010-065X-69.mo4.27

Eleodes (Promus) subnitens LeConte, 1851 (Fig. 7B) Diagnosis. Body elongate-ovate. Pronotum subquadrate, minutely punctured, lateral margins feebly arcuate, not noticeably constricted posteriorly, anterior angles acute, more or less deflexed posterolaterally. Elytra generally dull in luster, faintly and minutely punctate-striate. Profemur spined in males, strongly sinuate in females. Probasitarsis in male with pad of tomentose setae covering plantar surface. Prosternum porrect, wedge-shaped, extending well posterior of procoxae. Distribution. Yavapai, Gila, Graham, Pinal, Pima, Santa Cruz, and Cochise Counties, Arizona. New Mexico; Sonora, Mexico. Remarks. This species is very similar to E. madrensis and can be readily separated by the pronotum, which is not constricted or sinuate posteriorly, and by the shape of the prosternum., Published as part of Johnston, M. Andrew, Fleming, David, Franz, Nico M. & Smith, Aaron D., 2015, Amphidorini Leconte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Arizona: Keys and Species Accounts, pp. 27-54 in The Coleopterists Bulletin (mo 14) (mo 14) 69 on page 50, DOI: 0.1649/0010-065X-69.mo4.27

Eleodes tribulus Thomas, 2005 (Fig. 5C–D) Amphidora caudata Horn, 1870 Eleodes caudatus (Horn, 1870) Trichoderulus longipilosus Blaisdell, 1923 Eleodes blaisdelli Doyen, 1979 Diagnosis. Body elongate-ovate, covered in long, pilose setae. Pronotum subquadrate, lateral margins arcuate, narrowing posteriorly, anterior angles rounded, not produced, disc moderately punctate. Elytra with moderate punctures arranged in more or less confused striae, males often with caudal extension of elytra. Profemora unarmed, sometimes moderately sinuate distally. Protarsi lined with dark spicules, plantar surface uninterrupted. Distribution. Maricopa and Pinal Counties, Arizona. Sonora, Mexico. Remarks. When synonymizing Trichoderulus with Eleodes, Doyen and Lawrence (1979) refrained from subgeneric placement. Triplehorn and Aalbu (1987) suggested affinities with the subgenus Eleodes based upon the caudal extension of the elytra, but again refrained from placing the species. We also refrain from subgeneric placement, though believe it likely to be allied to E. pilosus, and several other species of Tricheleodes Blaisdell, based on molecular studies (Smith and Johnston, unpublished data) and female genitalia., Published as part of Johnston, M. Andrew, Fleming, David, Franz, Nico M. & Smith, Aaron D., 2015, Amphidorini Leconte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Arizona: Keys and Species Accounts, pp. 27-54 in The Coleopterists Bulletin (mo 14) (mo 14) 69 on pages 50-51, DOI: 0.1649/0010-065X-69.mo4.27, {"references":["Horn, G. H. 1870. Revision of the Tenebrionidae of America, north of Mexico. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 14 (2): 253 - 404.","Doyen, J. T., and J. F. Lawrence. 1979. Relationships and higher classification of some Tenebrionidae and Zopheridae (Coleoptera). Systematic Entomology 4: 333 - 377."]}

Embaphion contusum LeConte, 1858 (Fig. 1D) Diagnosis. Body elongate, lateral margins of pronotum and elytra explanate and foliaceous (laminar and curled upward). Elytra asperately punctured, clothed with conspicuous short, dark setae. Elytral carina clearly reaching posterior apex, apex tending to be somewhat caudate in males. Distribution. Gila, Pinal, Pima, and Cochise Counties, Arizona. New Mexico to Wyoming and east to Kansas. Remarks. The elytral vestiture and asperate punctures serve well to separate this species from E. glabrum, though in dirty or worn specimens the elytral margins are the best way to diagnose the species., Published as part of Johnston, M. Andrew, Fleming, David, Franz, Nico M. & Smith, Aaron D., 2015, Amphidorini Leconte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Arizona: Keys and Species Accounts, pp. 27-54 in The Coleopterists Bulletin (mo 14) (mo 14) 69 on page 51, DOI: 0.1649/0010-065X-69.mo4.27

Eleodes (Metablapylis) dissimilis Blaisdell, 1909 (Fig. 12A) Diagnosis. Body ovate to elongate. Pronotum narrowing in posterior half, anterior angles rounded and more or less produced forward. Elytra punctatestriate, with moderately large punctures, with intervals 2–5 times the width of the punctures. Terminal antennomere wider than long to as long as wide. Female genitalia with inner lobe of coxite moderately long, gonostyle fairly large, length of coxite from tip of gonostyle to posterior margin about the same length as gonostyle. Distribution. Coconino, Yavapai, Gila, Maricopa, Pima, Santa Cruz, and Cochise Counties, Arizona. New Mexico, southern Utah; Sonora, Mexico. Remarks. This somewhat variable species is most similar to E. wheeleri and may be separated by the shorter antennae and distribution. It is also quite similar to E. delicatus and may be separated by the pronotal shape, elytral punctures, and generally more robust size. The taxon E. nevadensis, originally described as a subspecies of E. dissimilis from Arizona, is here unrecognized between E. dissimilis and E. delicatus. See the discussion on that species., Published as part of Johnston, M. Andrew, Fleming, David, Franz, Nico M. & Smith, Aaron D., 2015, Amphidorini Leconte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Arizona: Keys and Species Accounts, pp. 27-54 in The Coleopterists Bulletin (mo 14) (mo 14) 69 on page 46, DOI: 0.1649/0010-065X-69.mo4.27, {"references":["Blaisdell, F. E. 1909. A monographic revision of the Coleoptera belonging to the Tenebrionidae tribe Eleodiini inhabiting the United States, Lower California, and adjacent islands. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 63: 1 - 524."]}

Embaphion glabrum Blaisdell, 1909 (Fig. 2A) Diagnosis. Broadly elongate- oval, lateral margins of pronotum and lateral elytral carina acute and foliaceous (laminar and curled upward). Elytra glabrous, smooth without asperate punctures. Lateral elytral carina ends just before posterior elytral apex, although sometimes faintly traceable, never distinct as in E. contusum. Elytral apex acute, though males not tending towards caudate, as in E. contusum. Distribution. Mohave, Coconino, Navajo, and Apache Counties, Arizona. New Mexico, Utah. Remarks. This species strongly resembles E. contusum and can be separated from it by the elytral sculpturing and elytral margins. Embaphion glabrum can be found reliably in aeolian sand formations of the Arizona Strip, north of the Grand Canyon., Published as part of Johnston, M. Andrew, Fleming, David, Franz, Nico M. & Smith, Aaron D., 2015, Amphidorini Leconte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Arizona: Keys and Species Accounts, pp. 27-54 in The Coleopterists Bulletin (mo 14) (mo 14) 69 on page 52, DOI: 0.1649/0010-065X-69.mo4.27, {"references":["Blaisdell, F. E. 1909. A monographic revision of the Coleoptera belonging to the Tenebrionidae tribe Eleodiini inhabiting the United States, Lower California, and adjacent islands. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 63: 1 - 524."]}

Eleodes (Eleodes) armatus LeConte, 1851 (Fig. 4A) Diagnosis. Body elongate, robust. All femora spined in both sexes. Pronotum widest just before middle, arcuate laterally, anterior angles projected and acute. Elytra parallel-sided (males) to moderately inflated (females), smooth and faintly punctatestriate. Prosternum projected posterior of procoxae, deflexed ventrally at apex. Distribution. Mohave, Coconino, La Paz, Yavapai, Yuma, Maricopa, Pinal, and Pima Counties, Arizona. California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon. Sonora and Baja California, Mexico. Remarks. This species is commonly encountered and at once recognizable by having all femora spined, a character only shared with several other species from Baja California. Eleodes armatus is abundant and often the only species of Eleodes found in the lower Sonoran and Mojave Deserts of southern and western Arizona., Published as part of Johnston, M. Andrew, Fleming, David, Franz, Nico M. & Smith, Aaron D., 2015, Amphidorini Leconte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Arizona: Keys and Species Accounts, pp. 27-54 in The Coleopterists Bulletin (mo 14) (mo 14) 69 on page 44, DOI: 0.1649/0010-065X-69.mo4.27

Eleodes (Blapylis) orophilus Somerby, 1977 (Fig. 13A) Diagnosis. Body ovate, with dull luster. Pronotum strongly arcuate laterally, narrowing posteriorly, anterior angles slightly produced, obtusely rounded, disc moderately punctured mesally, becoming tuberculate near lateral margins. Prosternum flat behind, not extending beyond procoxae. Proepimeron with scattered tubercles anteriorly, few or no tubercles posteriorly. Profemora unspined in both sexes. Elytra covered in eroded tubercles, having a wrinkled appearance. Distribution. Coconino, Apache, Gila, Graham, and Greenlee Counties, Arizona. New Mexico. Remarks. This species is quite similar to E. snowi and can be separated most easily by the sculpturing of the elytra and proepimeron. Most Arizona specimens determined as E. snowi that we have examined belong to E. orophilus., Published as part of Johnston, M. Andrew, Fleming, David, Franz, Nico M. & Smith, Aaron D., 2015, Amphidorini Leconte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Arizona: Keys and Species Accounts, pp. 27-54 in The Coleopterists Bulletin (mo 14) (mo 14) 69 on page 49, DOI: 0.1649/0010-065X-69.mo4.27

Eleodes (Metablapylis) nigrinus LeConte, 1858 (Fig. 12B) Diagnosis. Body elongate to elongate–ovate. Pronotum with fairly dense, large punctures, widest anterior of middle, narrowing evenly posteriorly, anterior angles produced, rounded. Elytra faintly punctate-striate, punctures muricate to strongly tuberculate, especially laterally and on apical declivity. Profemora strongly sinuate apically. Tarsi never with tomentose pads. Prosternum slightly projected beyond procoxae, sometimes with spine-like process, sometimes with no noticeable process. Distribution. Mohave,Coconino,Navajo, Yavapai, Gila, Maricopa, Pima, Santa Cruz, and Cochise Counties, Arizona. Broadly distributed from New Mexico north to South Dakota and west to Washington. Remarks. This species is found at higher elevations of eastern and northern Arizona. The roughly sculptured elytra in conjunction with the pronotal shape serve to separate specimens of this species., Published as part of Johnston, M. Andrew, Fleming, David, Franz, Nico M. & Smith, Aaron D., 2015, Amphidorini Leconte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Arizona: Keys and Species Accounts, pp. 27-54 in The Coleopterists Bulletin (mo 14) (mo 14) 69 on page 48, DOI: 0.1649/0010-065X-69.mo4.27

Eleodes (Caverneleodes) leptoscelis Triplehorn, 1975 (Fig. 9B) Diagnosis. Body elongate. Clypeus dark red, noticeably different in color from rest of head capsule, mentum quite transverse, raised to a keel mesally. Pronotum longer than wide, feebly arcuate laterally, anterior angles right-angled, not produced. Elytra punctate-striate, punctures moderately large. Profemora unarmed. All tarsi lined with strong, golden spicules, plantar surface never interrupted with setae. Prosternum with robust posteroventrally oriented spine-like process. Known only from caves in the Grand Canyon. Distribution. Cave of the Domes, Coconino County, Arizona. Remarks. While this species shares many key characters with E. longicollis, the only species it might be confused with belong to the subgenus Metablapylis Blaisdell. Eleodes leptoscelis can be readily separated by the shape of the pronotum, red clypeus, and restricted distribution., Published as part of Johnston, M. Andrew, Fleming, David, Franz, Nico M. & Smith, Aaron D., 2015, Amphidorini Leconte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Arizona: Keys and Species Accounts, pp. 27-54 in The Coleopterists Bulletin (mo 14) (mo 14) 69 on page 48, DOI: 0.1649/0010-065X-69.mo4.27

Eleodes (Blapylis) pimelioides Mannerheim, 1843 (Fig. 13B) Diagnosis. Body ovate-elongate. Pronotum covered with large punctures, lateral margins strongly arcuate, constricted and parallel-sided posteriorly. Elytra covered in fairly large, rounded tubercles, each bearing a single seta, interspersed with smaller tubercles in between. Propleura weakly rugose, without distinct tubercles. Prosternum declivous, not projected posteriorly of procoxae. Distribution. CoconinoCounty,Arizona.Wyoming south to Colorado, west to California and north to British Columbia, Canada. Remarks. After examining Blaisdell types at the California Academy of Sciences, we have decided to apply the name E. pimelioides to the taxon represented in Arizona. The type of E. pimelioides patruelis Blaisdell, 1933 is externally very similar and likely conspecific with the current species. Boddy (1957) synonymized E. pimelioides patruelis with E. verrucula Blaisdell, which he simultaneously sank as a subspecies of the then resurrected species E. rotundipennis LeConte, which itself had been treated by Blaisdell (1909) as a subspecies of E. cordatus Eschscholtz. This complex of species, with some 16 synonyms and subspecies, is in great need of revision before any taxonomic changes can justifiably be made., Published as part of Johnston, M. Andrew, Fleming, David, Franz, Nico M. & Smith, Aaron D., 2015, Amphidorini Leconte (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Arizona: Keys and Species Accounts, pp. 27-54 in The Coleopterists Bulletin (mo 14) (mo 14) 69 on page 49, DOI: 0.1649/0010-065X-69.mo4.27, {"references":["Boddy, D. W. 1957. New species and subspecies of Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 33 (4): 187 - 199.","Blaisdell, F. E. 1909. A monographic revision of the Coleoptera belonging to the Tenebrionidae tribe Eleodiini inhabiting the United States, Lower California, and adjacent islands. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 63: 1 - 524."]}