255 results on '"Fraser, Paul J."'
Search Results
2. Top-down and bottom-up estimates of anthropogenic methyl bromide emissions from eastern China
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Choi, Haklim, Park, Mi-Kyung, Fraser, Paul J, Park, Hyeri, Geum, Sohyeon, Mühle, Jens, Kim, Jooil, Porter, Ian, Salameh, Peter K, Harth, Christina M, Dunse, Bronwyn L, Krummel, Paul B, Weiss, Ray F, O'Doherty, Simon, Young, Dickon, and Park, Sunyoung
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Climate Action ,Astronomical and Space Sciences ,Atmospheric Sciences ,Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences - Abstract
Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a potent ozone-depleting substance (ODS) that has both natural and anthropogenic sources. CH3Br has been used mainly for preplant soil fumigation, post-harvest grain and timber fumigation, and structural fumigation. Most non-quarantine and pre-shipment (non-QPS) uses were phased out by 2005 for non-Article 5 (developed) countries and by 2015 for Article 5 (developing) countries under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer; some uses have continued under critical-use exemptions (CUEs). Under the protocol, individual nations are required to report annual data on CH3Br production and consumption for quarantine-pre-shipment (QPS) uses, non-QPS uses, and CUEs to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). In this study, we analyzed high-precision, in situ measurements of atmospheric mole fractions of CH3Br obtained at the Gosan station on Jeju Island, South Korea, from 2008 to 2019. The background mole fractions of CH3Br in the atmosphere at Gosan declined from 8.5±0.8gppt (parts per trillion) in 2008 to 7.4±0.6gppt in 2019 at a rate of -0.13±0.02gpptgyr-1. At Gosan, we also observed periods of persistent mole fractions (pollution events) elevated above the decreasing background in continental air masses from China. Statistical back-trajectory analyses showed that these pollution events are predominantly traced back to CH3Br emissions from eastern China. Using an interspecies correlation (ISC) method with the reference trace species CFC-11 (CCl3F), we estimate anthropogenic CH3Br emissions from eastern China at an average of 4.1±1.3gGggyr-1 in 2008-2019, approximately 2.9±1.3gGggyr-1 higher than the bottom-up emission estimates reported to UNEP. Possible non-fumigation CH3Br sources - rapeseed production and biomass burning - were assessed, and it was found that the discrepancy is most likely due to unreported or incorrectly reported QPS and non-QPS fumigation uses. These unreported anthropogenic emissions of CH3Br are confined to eastern China and account for 30g%-40g% of anthropogenic global CH3Br emissions. They are likely due to delays in the introduction of CH3Br alternatives, such as sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2), heat, and irradiation, and a possible lack of industry awareness of the need for regulation of CH3Br production and use.
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- 2022
3. Modelling the growth of atmospheric nitrous oxide using a global hierarchical inversion
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Stell, Angharad C, Bertolacci, Michael, Zammit-Mangion, Andrew, Rigby, Matthew, Fraser, Paul J, Harth, Christina M, Krummel, Paul B, Lan, Xin, Manizza, Manfredi, Mühle, Jens, O'Doherty, Simon, Prinn, Ronald G, Weiss, Ray F, Young, Dickon, and Ganesan, Anita L
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Climate Action ,Astronomical and Space Sciences ,Atmospheric Sciences ,Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences - Abstract
Abstract. Nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas (GHG) and ozone-depleting substance, whose atmospheric abundance has risen throughout the contemporary record. In this work, we carry out the first global hierarchical Bayesian inversion to solve for nitrous oxide emissions, which includes prior emissions with truncated Gaussian distributions and Gaussian model errors, in order to examine the drivers of the atmospheric surface growth rate. We show that both emissions and climatic variability are key drivers of variations in the surface nitrous oxide growth rate between 2011 and 2020. We derive increasing global nitrous oxide emissions, which are mainly driven by emissions between 0 and 30∘ N, with the highest emissions recorded in 2020. Our mean global total emissions for 2011–2020 of 17.2 (16.7–17.7 at the 95 % credible intervals) Tg N yr−1, comprising of 12.0 (11.2–12.8) Tg N yr−1 from land and 5.2 (4.5–5.9) Tg N yr−1 from ocean, agrees well with previous studies, but we find that emissions are poorly constrained for some regions of the world, particularly for the oceans. The prior emissions used in this and other previous work exhibit a seasonal cycle in the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere that is out of phase with the posterior solution, and there is a substantial zonal redistribution of emissions from the prior to the posterior. Correctly characterizing the uncertainties in the system, for example in the prior emission fields, is crucial for deriving posterior fluxes that are consistent with observations. In this hierarchical inversion, the model-measurement discrepancy and the prior flux uncertainty are informed by the data, rather than solely through “expert judgement”. We show cases where this framework provides different plausible adjustments to the prior fluxes compared to inversions using widely adopted, fixed uncertainty constraints.
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- 2022
4. Global emissions of perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C4F8) resulting from the use of hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22) feedstock to produce polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and related fluorochemicals
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Mühle, Jens, Kuijpers, Lambert JM, Stanley, Kieran M, Rigby, Matthew, Western, Luke M, Kim, Jooil, Park, Sunyoung, Harth, Christina M, Krummel, Paul B, Fraser, Paul J, O'Doherty, Simon, Salameh, Peter K, Schmidt, Roland, Young, Dickon, Prinn, Ronald G, Wang, Ray HJ, and Weiss, Ray F
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Climate Action ,Astronomical and Space Sciences ,Atmospheric Sciences ,Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences - Abstract
Abstract. Emissions of the potent greenhouse gas perfluorocyclobutane(c-C4F8, PFC-318, octafluorocyclobutane) into the global atmosphereinferred from atmospheric measurements have been increasing sharply sincethe early 2000s. We find that these inferred emissions are highly correlatedwith the production of hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22, CHClF2) forfeedstock (FS) uses, because almost all HCFC-22 FS is pyrolyzed to produce(poly)tetrafluoroethylene ((P)TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP), a processin which c-C4F8 is a known by-product, causing a significantfraction of global c-C4F8 emissions. We find a global emissionfactor of ∼0.003 kg c-C4F8 per kilogram of HCFC-22 FSpyrolyzed. Mitigation of these c-C4F8 emissions, e.g., throughprocess optimization, abatement, or different manufacturing processes, suchas refined methods of electrochemical fluorination and waste recycling,could reduce the climate impact of this industry. While it has been shownthat c-C4F8 emissions from developing countries dominate globalemissions, more atmospheric measurements and/or detailed process statisticsare needed to quantify c-C4F8 emissions at country to facilitylevels.
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- 2022
5. Global increase of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons from 2010 to 2020
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Western, Luke M., Vollmer, Martin K., Krummel, Paul B., Adcock, Karina E., Crotwell, Molly, Fraser, Paul J., Harth, Christina M., Langenfelds, Ray L., Montzka, Stephen A., Mühle, Jens, O’Doherty, Simon, Oram, David E., Reimann, Stefan, Rigby, Matt, Vimont, Isaac, Weiss, Ray F., Young, Dickon, and Laube, Johannes C.
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- 2023
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6. Unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons
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Vollmer, Martin K, Mühle, Jens, Henne, Stephan, Young, Dickon, Rigby, Matthew, Mitrevski, Blagoj, Park, Sunyoung, Lunder, Chris R, Rhee, Tae Siek, Harth, Christina M, Hill, Matthias, Langenfelds, Ray L, Guillevic, Myriam, Schlauri, Paul M, Hermansen, Ove, Arduini, Jgor, Wang, Ray HJ, Salameh, Peter K, Maione, Michela, Krummel, Paul B, Reimann, Stefan, O’Doherty, Simon, Simmonds, Peter G, Fraser, Paul J, Prinn, Ronald G, Weiss, Ray F, and Steele, L Paul
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Montreal Protocol ,atmospheric composition ,ozone depletion - Abstract
Global and regional atmospheric measurements and modeling can play key roles in discovering and quantifying unexpected nascent emissions of environmentally important substances. We focus here on three hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that are restricted by the Montreal Protocol because of their roles in stratospheric ozone depletion. Based on measurements of archived air samples and on in situ measurements at stations of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network, we report global abundances, trends, and regional enhancements for HCFC-132b ([Formula: see text]), which is newly discovered in the atmosphere, and updated results for HCFC-133a ([Formula: see text]) and HCFC-31 ([Formula: see text]ClF). No purposeful end-use is known for any of these compounds. We find that HCFC-132b appeared in the atmosphere 20 y ago and that its global emissions increased to 1.1 Gg⋅y-1 by 2019. Regional top-down emission estimates for East Asia, based on high-frequency measurements for 2016-2019, account for ∼95% of the global HCFC-132b emissions and for ∼80% of the global HCFC-133a emissions of 2.3 Gg⋅y-1 during this period. Global emissions of HCFC-31 for the same period are 0.71 Gg⋅y-1 Small European emissions of HCFC-132b and HCFC-133a, found in southeastern France, ceased in early 2017 when a fluorocarbon production facility in that area closed. Although unreported emissive end-uses cannot be ruled out, all three compounds are most likely emitted as intermediate by-products in chemical production pathways. Identification of harmful emissions to the atmosphere at an early stage can guide the effective development of global and regional environmental policy.
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- 2021
7. Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C4F8) in the global atmosphere
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Muhle, Jens, Trudinger, Cathy M, Western, Luke M, Rigby, Matthew, Vollmer, Martin K, Park, Sunyoung, Manning, Alistair J, Say, Daniel, Ganesan, Anita, Steele, L Paul, Ivy, Diane J, Arnold, Tim, Li, Shanlan, Stohl, Andreas, Harth, Christina M, Salameh, Peter K, McCulloch, Archie, O'Doherty, Simon, Park, Mi-Kyung, Jo, Chun Ok, Young, Dickon, Stanley, Kieran M, Krummel, Paul B, Mitrevski, Blagoj, Hermansen, Ove, Lunder, Chris, Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Yao, Bo, Kim, Jooil, Hmiel, Benjamin, Buizert, Christo, Petrenko, Vasilii V, Arduini, Jgor, Maione, Michela, Etheridge, David M, Michalopoulou, Eleni, Czerniak, Mike, Severinghaus, Jeffrey P, Reimann, Stefan, Simmonds, Peter G, Fraser, Paul J, Prinn, Ronald G, and Weiss, Ray F
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Astronomical and Space Sciences ,Atmospheric Sciences ,Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences - Abstract
Abstract. We reconstruct atmospheric abundances of the potentgreenhouse gas c-C4F8 (perfluorocyclobutane, perfluorocarbonPFC-318) from measurements of in situ, archived, firn, and aircraft airsamples with precisions of ∼1 %–2 % reported on the SIO-14gravimetric calibration scale. Combined with inverse methods, we found near-zero atmospheric abundances from the early 1900s to the early 1960s, afterwhich they rose sharply, reaching 1.66 ppt (parts per trillion dry-air molefraction) in 2017. Global c-C4F8 emissions rose from near zero inthe 1960s to 1.2±0.1 (1σ) Gg yr−1 in the late 1970s tolate 1980s, then declined to 0.77±0.03 Gg yr−1 in the mid-1990sto early 2000s, followed by a rise since the early 2000s to 2.20±0.05 Gg yr−1 in 2017. These emissions are significantly larger thaninventory-based emission estimates. Estimated emissions from eastern Asiarose from 0.36 Gg yr−1 in 2010 to 0.73 Gg yr−1 in 2016 and 2017,31 % of global emissions, mostly from eastern China. We estimateemissions of 0.14 Gg yr−1 from northern and central India in 2016 andfind evidence for significant emissions from Russia. In contrast, recentemissions from northwestern Europe and Australia are estimated to be small(≤1 % each). We suggest that emissions from China, India, and Russiaare likely related to production of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE,“Teflon”) and other fluoropolymers and fluorochemicals that are based onthe pyrolysis of hydrochlorofluorocarbon HCFC-22 (CHClF2) in whichc-C4F8 is a known by-product. The semiconductor sector, wherec-C4F8 is used, is estimated to be a small source, at least inSouth Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Europe. Without an obvious correlation withpopulation density, incineration of waste-containing fluoropolymers isprobably a minor source, and we find no evidence of emissions fromelectrolytic production of aluminum in Australia. While many possibleemissive uses of c-C4F8 are known and though we cannotcategorically exclude unknown sources, the start of significant emissionsmay well be related to the advent of commercial PTFE production in 1947.Process controls or abatement to reduce the c-C4F8 by-product wereprobably not in place in the early decades, explaining the increase inemissions in the 1960s and 1970s. With the advent of by-product reportingrequirements to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) in the 1990s, concern about climate change and product stewardship,abatement, and perhaps the collection of c-C4F8 by-product for usein the semiconductor industry where it can be easily abated, it isconceivable that emissions in developed countries were stabilized and thenreduced, explaining the observed emission reduction in the 1980s and 1990s.Concurrently, production of PTFE in China began to increase rapidly. Withoutemission reduction requirements, it is plausible that global emissions todayare dominated by China and other developing countries. We predict thatc-C4F8 emissions will continue to rise and that c-C4F8will become the second most important emitted PFC in terms ofCO2-equivalent emissions within a year or two. The 2017 radiativeforcing of c-C4F8 (0.52 mW m−2) is small but emissions ofc-C4F8 and other PFCs, due to their very long atmosphericlifetimes, essentially permanently alter Earth's radiative budget and shouldbe reduced. Significant emissions inferred outside of the investigatedregions clearly show that observational capabilities and reportingrequirements need to be improved to understand global and country-scaleemissions of PFCs and other synthetic greenhouse gases and ozone-depletingsubstances.
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- 2019
8. Role of atmospheric oxidation in recent methane growth
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Rigby, Matthew, Montzka, Stephen A, Prinn, Ronald G, White, James WC, Young, Dickon, O’Doherty, Simon, Lunt, Mark F, Ganesan, Anita L, Manning, Alistair J, Simmonds, Peter G, Salameh, Peter K, Harth, Christina M, Mühle, Jens, Weiss, Ray F, Fraser, Paul J, Steele, L Paul, Krummel, Paul B, McCulloch, Archie, and Park, Sunyoung
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methane ,hydroxyl ,inversion ,methyl chloroform ,1 ,1 ,1-trichloroethane - Abstract
The growth in global methane (CH4) concentration, which had been ongoing since the industrial revolution, stalled around the year 2000 before resuming globally in 2007. We evaluate the role of the hydroxyl radical (OH), the major CH4 sink, in the recent CH4 growth. We also examine the influence of systematic uncertainties in OH concentrations on CH4 emissions inferred from atmospheric observations. We use observations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (CH3CCl3), which is lost primarily through reaction with OH, to estimate OH levels as well as CH3CC3 emissions, which have uncertainty that previously limited the accuracy of OH estimates. We find a 64-70% probability that a decline in OH has contributed to the post-2007 methane rise. Our median solution suggests that CH4 emissions increased relatively steadily during the late 1990s and early 2000s, after which growth was more modest. This solution obviates the need for a sudden statistically significant change in total CH4 emissions around the year 2007 to explain the atmospheric observations and can explain some of the decline in the atmospheric 13CH4/12CH4 ratio and the recent growth in C2H6 Our approach indicates that significant OH-related uncertainties in the CH4 budget remain, and we find that it is not possible to implicate, with a high degree of confidence, rapid global CH4 emissions changes as the primary driver of recent trends when our inferred OH trends and these uncertainties are considered.
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- 2017
9. A decline in emissions of CFC-11 and related chemicals from eastern China
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Park, Sunyoung, Western, Luke M., Saito, Takuya, Redington, Alison L., Henne, Stephan, Fang, Xuekun, Prinn, Ronald G., Manning, Alistair J., Montzka, Stephen A., Fraser, Paul J., Ganesan, Anita L., Harth, Christina M., Kim, Jooil, Krummel, Paul B., Liang, Qing, Mühle, Jens, O’Doherty, Simon, Park, Hyeri, Park, Mi-Kyung, Reimann, Stefan, Salameh, Peter K., Weiss, Ray F., and Rigby, Matthew
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- 2021
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10. Reconciling reported and unreported HFC emissions with atmospheric observations
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Lunt, Mark F, Rigby, Matthew, Ganesan, Anita L, Manning, Alistair J, Prinn, Ronald G, O’Doherty, Simon, Mühle, Jens, Harth, Christina M, Salameh, Peter K, Arnold, Tim, Weiss, Ray F, Saito, Takuya, Yokouchi, Yoko, Krummel, Paul B, Steele, L Paul, Fraser, Paul J, Li, Shanlan, Park, Sunyoung, Reimann, Stefan, Vollmer, Martin K, Lunder, Chris, Hermansen, Ove, Schmidbauer, Norbert, Maione, Michela, Arduini, Jgor, Young, Dickon, and Simmonds, Peter G
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Climate Action ,halocarbons ,radiative forcing ,climate change - Abstract
We infer global and regional emissions of five of the most abundant hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) using atmospheric measurements from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment and the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan, networks. We find that the total CO2-equivalent emissions of the five HFCs from countries that are required to provide detailed, annual reports to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) increased from 198 (175-221) Tg-CO2-eq ⋅ y(-1) in 2007 to 275 (246-304) Tg-CO2-eq ⋅ y(-1) in 2012. These global warming potential-weighted aggregated emissions agree well with those reported to the UNFCCC throughout this period and indicate that the gap between reported emissions and global HFC emissions derived from atmospheric trends is almost entirely due to emissions from nonreporting countries. However, our measurement-based estimates of individual HFC species suggest that emissions, from reporting countries, of the most abundant HFC, HFC-134a, were only 79% (63-95%) of the UNFCCC inventory total, while other HFC emissions were significantly greater than the reported values. These results suggest that there are inaccuracies in the reporting methods for individual HFCs, which appear to cancel when aggregated together.
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- 2015
11. Observing the atmospheric evolution of ozone-depleting substances
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Reimann, Stefan, Elkins, James W., Fraser, Paul J., Hall, Bradley D., Kurylo, Michael J., Mahieu, Emmanuel, Montzka, Stephen A., Prinn, Ronald G., Rigby, Matthew, Simmonds, Peter G., and Weiss, Ray F.
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- 2018
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12. A rise in HFC-23 emissions from eastern Asia since 2015
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Park, Hyeri, primary, Kim, Jooil, additional, Choi, Haklim, additional, Geum, Sohyeon, additional, Kim, Yeaseul, additional, Thompson, Rona L., additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Salameh, Peter K., additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Stanley, Kieran M., additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Simmonds, Peter G., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Prinn, Ronald G., additional, and Park, Sunyoung, additional
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- 2023
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13. Projected increases in emissions of high global warming potential fluorinated gases in China
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Guo, Liya, primary, Yang, Yang, additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Velders, Guus J. M., additional, Liu, Zhu, additional, Cui, Duo, additional, Quan, Jiayu, additional, Cai, Zhouxiang, additional, Yao, Bo, additional, Hu, Jianxin, additional, and Fang, Xuekun, additional
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- 2023
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14. Three decades of global methane sources and sinks
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Kirschke, Stefanie, Bousquet, Philippe, Ciais, Philippe, Saunois, Marielle, Canadell, Josep G, Dlugokencky, Edward J, Bergamaschi, Peter, Bergmann, Daniel, Blake, Donald R, Bruhwiler, Lori, Cameron-Smith, Philip, Castaldi, Simona, Chevallier, Frédéric, Feng, Liang, Fraser, Annemarie, Heimann, Martin, Hodson, Elke L, Houweling, Sander, Josse, Béatrice, Fraser, Paul J, Krummel, Paul B, Lamarque, Jean-François, Langenfelds, Ray L, Le Quéré, Corinne, Naik, Vaishali, O'Doherty, Simon, Palmer, Paul I, Pison, Isabelle, Plummer, David, Poulter, Benjamin, Prinn, Ronald G, Rigby, Matt, Ringeval, Bruno, Santini, Monia, Schmidt, Martina, Shindell, Drew T, Simpson, Isobel J, Spahni, Renato, Steele, L Paul, Strode, Sarah A, Sudo, Kengo, Szopa, Sophie, van der Werf, Guido R, Voulgarakis, Apostolos, van Weele, Michiel, Weiss, Ray F, Williams, Jason E, and Zeng, Guang
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Climate Action ,Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences - Abstract
Methane is an important greenhouse gas, responsible for about 20% of the warming induced by long-lived greenhouse gases since pre-industrial times. By reacting with hydroxyl radicals, methane reduces the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere and generates ozone in the troposphere. Although most sources and sinks of methane have been identified, their relative contributions to atmospheric methane levels are highly uncertain. As such, the factors responsible for the observed stabilization of atmospheric methane levels in the early 2000s, and the renewed rise after 2006, remain unclear. Here, we construct decadal budgets for methane sources and sinks between 1980 and 2010, using a combination of atmospheric measurements and results from chemical transport models, ecosystem models, climate chemistry models and inventories of anthropogenic emissions. The resultant budgets suggest that data-driven approaches and ecosystem models overestimate total natural emissions. We build three contrasting emission scenarios-which differ in fossil fuel and microbial emissions-to explain the decadal variability in atmospheric methane levels detected, here and in previous studies, since 1985. Although uncertainties in emission trends do not allow definitive conclusions to be drawn, we show that the observed stabilization of methane levels between 1999 and 2006 can potentially be explained by decreasing-to-stable fossil fuel emissions, combined with stable-to-increasing microbial emissions. We show that a rise in natural wetland emissions and fossil fuel emissions probably accounts for the renewed increase in global methane levels after 2006, although the relative contribution of these two sources remains uncertain. © 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited.
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- 2013
15. Rapid increase in ozone-depleting chloroform emissions from China
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Fang, Xuekun, Park, Sunyoung, Saito, Takuya, Tunnicliffe, Rachel, Ganesan, Anita L., Rigby, Matthew, Li, Shanlan, Yokouchi, Yoko, Fraser, Paul J., Harth, Christina M., Krummel, Paul B., Mühle, Jens, O’Doherty, Simon, Salameh, Peter K., Simmonds, Peter G., Weiss, Ray F., Young, Dickon, Lunt, Mark F., Manning, Alistair J., Gressent, Alicia, and Prinn, Ronald G.
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- 2019
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16. Author Correction: Global increase of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons from 2010 to 2020
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Western, Luke M., primary, Vollmer, Martin K., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Adcock, Karina E., additional, Crotwell, Molly, additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Langenfelds, Ray L., additional, Montzka, Stephen A., additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, O’Doherty, Simon, additional, Oram, David E., additional, Reimann, Stefan, additional, Rigby, Matt, additional, Vimont, Isaac, additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Young, Dickon, additional, and Laube, Johannes C., additional
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- 2023
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17. Supporting Methane Mitigation Efforts by Improving Urban-scale Methane Emission Estimates in Melbourne, Australia. Part 1: Modelling
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Shahrokhi, Nasimeh, primary, Trudinger, Cathy M., additional, Rayner, Peter J., additional, Loh, Zoe M., additional, Stavert, Ann R., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Etheridge, David M., additional, Dunse, Bronwyn L., additional, Luhar, Ashok, additional, and Thomas, Steven, additional
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- 2023
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18. Continuous increase in East Asia HFC-23 emissions inferred from high-frequency atmospheric observations from 2008 to 2019
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Park, Hyeri, primary, Kim, Jooil, additional, Choi, Haklim, additional, Geum, Sohyeon, additional, Kim, Yeaseul, additional, Thompson, Rona L., additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Salameh, Peter K., additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Stanley, Keran M., additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Simmonds, Peter G., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Prinn, Ronald G., additional, and Park, Sunyoung, additional
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- 2023
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19. Supplementary material to "Continuous increase in East Asia HFC-23 emissions inferred from high-frequency atmospheric observations from 2008 to 2019"
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Park, Hyeri, primary, Kim, Jooil, additional, Choi, Haklim, additional, Geum, Sohyeon, additional, Kim, Yeaseul, additional, Thompson, Rona L., additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Salameh, Peter K., additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Stanley, Keran M., additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Simmonds, Peter G., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Prinn, Ronald G., additional, and Park, Sunyoung, additional
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- 2023
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20. Uncertain road to ozone recovery
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Fraser, Paul J and Prather, Michael J
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General Science & Technology - Published
- 1999
21. A renewed rise in global HCFC-141b emissions between 2017–2021
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Western, Luke M., primary, Redington, Alison L., additional, Manning, Alistair J., additional, Trudinger, Cathy M., additional, Hu, Lei, additional, Henne, Stephan, additional, Fang, Xuekun, additional, Kuijpers, Lambert J. M., additional, Theodoridi, Christina, additional, Godwin, David S., additional, Arduini, Jgor, additional, Dunse, Bronwyn, additional, Engel, Andreas, additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Maione, Michela, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Park, Hyeri, additional, Park, Sunyoung, additional, Reimann, Stefan, additional, Salameh, Peter K., additional, Say, Daniel, additional, Schmidt, Roland, additional, Schuck, Tanja, additional, Siso, Carolina, additional, Stanley, Kieran M., additional, Vimont, Isaac, additional, Vollmer, Martin K., additional, Young, Dickon, additional, Prinn, Ronald G., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Montzka, Stephen A., additional, and Rigby, Matthew, additional
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- 2022
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22. Supplementary material to "Modelling the growth of atmospheric nitrous oxide using a global hierarchical inversion"
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Stell, Angharad C., primary, Bertolacci, Michael, additional, Zammit-Mangion, Andrew, additional, Rigby, Matthew, additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Manizza, Manfredi, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Prinn, Ronald G., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Young, Dickon, additional, and Ganesan, Anita L., additional
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- 2022
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23. Modelling the growth of atmospheric nitrous oxide using a global hierarchical inversion
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Stell, Angharad C., primary, Bertolacci, Michael, additional, Zammit-Mangion, Andrew, additional, Rigby, Matthew, additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Manizza, Manfredi, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Prinn, Ronald G., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Young, Dickon, additional, and Ganesan, Anita L., additional
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- 2022
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24. Deriving Global OH Abundance and Atmospheric Lifetimes for Long-Lived Gases: A Search for CH3CCl3 Alternatives
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Liang, Qing, Chipperfield, Martyn P, Fleming, Eric L, Abraham, N. Luke, Braesicke, Peter, Burkholder, James B, Daniel, John S, Dhomse, Sandip, Fraser, Paul J, Hardiman, Steven C, Jackman, Charles H, Kinnison, Douglas E, Krummel, Paul B, Montzka, Stephen A, Morgenstern, Olaf, McCulloch, Archie, Mühle, Jens, Newman, Paul A, Orkin, Vladimir L, Pitari, Giovanni, Prinn, Ronald G, Rigby, Matthew, Rozanov, Eugene, Stenke, Andrea, Tummon, Fiona, Velders, Guus J. M, Visioni, Daniele, and Weiss, Ray F
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Meteorology And Climatology - Abstract
An accurate estimate of global hydroxyl radical (OH) abundance is important for projections of air quality, climate, and stratospheric ozone recovery. As the atmospheric mixing ratios of methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) (MCF), the commonly used OH reference gas, approaches zero, it is important to find alternative approaches to infer atmospheric OH abundance and variability. The lack of global bottom-up emission inventories is the primary obstacle in choosing a MCF alternative. We illustrate that global emissions of long-lived trace gases can be inferred from their observed mixing ratio differences between the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH), given realistic estimates of their NH-SH exchange time, the emission partitioning between the two hemispheres, and the NH versus SH OH abundance ratio. Using the observed long-term trend and emissions derived from the measured hemispheric gradient, the combination of HFC-32 (CH2F2), HFC-134a (CH2FCF3, HFC-152a (CH3CHF2), and HCFC-22 (CHClF2), instead of a single gas, will be useful as a MCF alternative to infer global and hemispheric OH abundance and trace gas lifetimes. The primary assumption on which this multispecies approach relies is that the OH lifetimes can be estimated by scaling the thermal reaction rates of a reference gas at 272 K on global and hemispheric scales. Thus, the derived hemispheric and global OH estimates are forced to reconcile the observed trends and gradient for all four compounds simultaneously. However, currently, observations of these gases from the surface networks do not provide more accurate OH abundance estimate than that from MCF.
- Published
- 2017
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25. Supplementary material to "A renewed rise in global HCFC-141b emissions between 2017–2021"
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Western, Luke M., primary, Redington, Alison L., additional, Manning, Alistair J., additional, Trudinger, Cathy M., additional, Hu, Lei, additional, Henne, Stephan, additional, Fang, Xuekun, additional, Kuijpers, Lambert J. M., additional, Theodoridi, Christina, additional, Godwin, David S., additional, Arduini, Jgor, additional, Dunse, Bronwyn, additional, Engel, Andreas, additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Maione, Michela, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Park, Hyeri, additional, Park, Sunyoung, additional, Reimann, Stefan, additional, Salameh, Peter K., additional, Say, Daniel, additional, Schmidt, Roland, additional, Schuck, Tanja, additional, Siso, Carolina, additional, Stanley, Kieran M., additional, Vimont, Isaac, additional, Vollmer, Martin K., additional, Young, Dickon, additional, Prinn, Ronald G., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Montzka, Stephen A., additional, and Rigby, Matthew, additional
- Published
- 2022
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26. Global emissions of perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, <i>c</i>-C<sub>4</sub>F<sub>8</sub>) resulting from the use of hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22) feedstock to produce polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and related fluorochemicals
- Author
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Mühle, Jens, primary, Kuijpers, Lambert J. M., additional, Stanley, Kieran M., additional, Rigby, Matthew, additional, Western, Luke M., additional, Kim, Jooil, additional, Park, Sunyoung, additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Salameh, Peter K., additional, Schmidt, Roland, additional, Young, Dickon, additional, Prinn, Ronald G., additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, and Weiss, Ray F., additional
- Published
- 2022
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27. The Antarctic ozone hole during 2020
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Klekociuk, Andrew R., primary, Tully, Matthew B., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Henderson, Stuart I., additional, Smale, Dan, additional, Querel, Richard, additional, Nichol, Sylvia, additional, Alexander, Simon P., additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, and Nedoluha, Gerald, additional
- Published
- 2022
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28. Continuous increase in East Asia HFC-23 emissions inferred from high-frequency atmospheric observations from 2008 to 2019.
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Park, Hyeri, Kim, Jooil, Choi, Haklim, Geum, Sohyeon, Kim, Yeaseul, Thompson, Rona L., Mühle, Jens, Salameh, Peter K., Harth, Christina M., Stanley, Keran M., O'Doherty, Simon, Fraser, Paul J., Simmonds, Peter G., Krummel, Paul B., Weiss, Ray F., Prinn, Ronald G., and Park, Sunyoung
- Subjects
FLUOROFORM ,ATMOSPHERE ,HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBONS ,EMISSIONS (Air pollution) ,EMISSIONS trading - Abstract
Trifluoromethane (CHF
3 , HFC-23), one of the most potent greenhouse gases among HFCs, is mainly emitted to the atmosphere as a by-product in the production of the ozone depleting legacy refrigerant and chemical feedstock chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2 , HCFC-22). A recent study on global HFC-23 emissions (Stanley et al., 2020) showed significant discrepancies over 2014–2017 between the increase in the observation-derived (top-down) emissions and the 87 % emission reduction expected from capture and destruction processes of HFC-23 at HCFC-22 production facilities mandated by national phase-out plans (bottom-up). However, the actual sources of the increased emissions were not identified. Here, we estimate the regional top-down emissions of HFC-23 for East Asia based on in situ measurements at Gosan, South Korea, and show that the HFC-23 emissions from eastern China have increased from 5.0 ± 0.4 Gg yr-1 in 2008 to 9.5 ± 1.0 Gg yr-1 in 2019. The continuous rise was contrary to the large emissions reduction reported since 2015 under the Chinese hydrochlorofluorocarbons production phase-out management plan (HPPMP). The magnitude of the mismatch between top-down and bottom-up estimates for 2015–2019 in eastern China was ~23.7 ± 3.6 Gg, which accounts for 47 ± 11 % of the global mismatch. Given the location of HCFC-22 production plants in eastern China and the fraction of regional to global HCFC-22 production capacities, the HFC-23 emissions rise in eastern China is most likely associated with known HCFC-22 production facilities and thus, observed discrepancies between top-down and bottom-up emissions could be attributed to unsuccessful factory level HFC-23 abatement and inaccurate quantification of emission reductions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
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29. Comment on acp-2021-800
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Fraser, Paul J., primary
- Published
- 2022
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30. Model Sensitivity Studies of the Decrease in Atmospheric Carbon Tetrachloride
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Chipperfield, Martyn P, Liang, Qing, Rigby, Matt, Hossaini, Ryan, Montzka, Stephen A, Dhomse, Sandip, Feng, Wuhu, Prinn, Ronald G, Weiss, Ray F, Harth, Christina M, Salameh, Peter K, Muehle, Jens, O’Doherty, Simon, Young, Dickon, Simmonds, Peter G, Krummel, Paul B, Fraser, Paul J, Steele, L. Paul, Happell, James D, Rhew, Robert C, Butler, James, Yvon-Lewis, Shari A, Hall, Bradley, Nance, David, Moore, Fred, Miller, Ben R, Elkins, James W, Harrison, Jeremy J, Boone, Chris D, Atlas, Elliot L, and Mahieu, Emmanuel
- Subjects
Environment Pollution - Abstract
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is an ozone-depleting substance, which is controlled by the Montreal Protocol and for which the atmospheric abundance is decreasing. However, the current observed rate of this decrease is known to be slower than expected based on reported CCl4 emissions and its estimated overall atmospheric lifetime. Here we use a three-dimensional (3-D) chemical transport model to investigate the impact on its predicted decay of uncertainties in the rates at which CCl4 is removed from the atmosphere by photolysis, by ocean uptake and by degradation in soils. The largest sink is atmospheric photolysis (74% of total), but a reported 10% uncertainty in its combined photolysis cross section and quantum yield has only a modest impact on the modelled rate of CCl4 decay. This is partly due to the limiting effect of the rate of transport of CCl4 from the main tropospheric reservoir to the stratosphere, where photolytic loss occurs. The model suggests large interannual variability in the magnitude of this stratospheric photolysis sink caused by variations in transport. The impact of uncertainty in the minor soil sink (9%of total) is also relatively small. In contrast, the model shows that uncertainty in ocean loss (17%of total) has the largest impact on modelled CCl4 decay due to its sizeable contribution to CCl4 loss and large lifetime uncertainty range (147 to 241 years). With an assumed CCl4 emission rate of 39 Gg year(exp -1), the reference simulation with the best estimate of loss processes still underestimates the observed CCl4 (overestimates the decay) over the past 2 decades but to a smaller extent than previous studies. Changes to the rate of CCl4 loss processes, in line with known uncertainties, could bring the model into agreement with in situ surface and remote-sensing measurements, as could an increase in emissions to around 47 Gg year(exp -1). Further progress in constraining the CCl4 budget is partly limited by systematic biases between observational datasets. For example, surface observations from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) network are larger than from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network but have shown a steeper decreasing trend over the past 2 decades. These differences imply a difference in emissions which is significant relative to uncertainties in the magnitudes of the CCl4 sinks.
- Published
- 2016
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31. Global Emissions of Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C4F8) Resulting from the Use of Hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22) Feedstock to Produce Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and related Fluorochemicals
- Author
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Mühle, Jens, Kuijpers, L. J. M., Stanley, Kieran M, Rigby, Matthew L, Western, Luke M, Kim, Jooil, Park, Sunyoung, Harth, Christina M., Krummel, Paul B, Fraser, Paul J., O'Doherty, Simon, Salameh, Peter K., Schmidt, Roland, Young, T D S, Prinn, Ronald G., Wang, Ray H. J., and Weiss, Ray F
- Abstract
Emissions of the potent greenhouse gas perfluorocyclobutane (c-C4F8, PFC-318, octafluorocyclobutane) into the global atmosphere inferred from atmospheric measurements have been increasing sharply since the early 2000s. We find that these inferred emissions are highly correlated with the production of hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22, CHClF2) for feedstock (FS) uses, because almost all HCFC-22 FS is pyrolyzed to produce (poly)tetrafluoroethylene ((P)TFE, Teflon) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP), a process in which c-C4F8 is a known by-product, causing a significant fraction of global c-C4F8 emissions. We find a global emission factor of ~0.003 kg c-C4F8 per kg of HCFC-22 FS pyrolyzed. Mitigation of these c-C4F8 emissions, e.g., through process optimization, abatement, or different manufacturing processes, such as electrochemical fluorination, could reduce the climate impact of this industry. While it has been shown that c-C4F8 emissions from developing countries dominate global emissions, more atmospheric measurements and/or detailed process statistics are needed to quantify country to facility level c-C4F8 emissions.
- Published
- 2021
32. Global Emissions of Perfluorocyclobutane (PFC-318, c-C4F8) Resulting from the Use of Hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22) Feedstock to Produce Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and related Fluorochemicals
- Author
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Mühle, Jens, primary, Kuijpers, Lambert J. M., additional, Stanley, Kieran M., additional, Rigby, Matthew, additional, Western, Luke M., additional, Kim, Jooil, additional, Park, Sunyoung, additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, O’Doherty, Simon, additional, Salameh, Peter K., additional, Schmidt, Roland, additional, Young, Dickon, additional, Prinn, Ronald G., additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, and Weiss, Ray F., additional
- Published
- 2021
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33. Top-down and bottom-up estimates of anthropogenic methyl bromide emissions from eastern China
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Choi, Haklim, primary, Park, Mi-Kyung, additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Park, Hyeri, additional, Geum, Sohyeon, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Kim, Jooil, additional, Porter, Ian, additional, Salameh, Peter K., additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Dunse, Bronwyn L., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Young, Dickon, additional, and Park, Sunyoung, additional
- Published
- 2021
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34. Supplementary material to "Top-down and bottom-up estimates of anthropogenic methyl bromide emissions from eastern China"
- Author
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Choi, Haklim, primary, Park, Mi-Kyung, additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Park, Hyeri, additional, Geum, Sohyeon, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Kim, Jooil, additional, Porter, Ian, additional, Salameh, Peter K., additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Dunse, Bronwyn L., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Young, Dickon, additional, and Park, Sunyoung, additional
- Published
- 2021
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35. First ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer observations of HFC-23 at Rikubetsu, Japan, and Syowa Station, Antarctica
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Takeda, Masanori, primary, Nakajima, Hideaki, additional, Murata, Isao, additional, Nagahama, Tomoo, additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Toon, Geoffrey C., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, and Wang, Hsiang-Jui, additional
- Published
- 2021
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36. SPARC Report on the Mystery of Carbon Tetrachloride
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Ahmadzai, Husamuddin, Bock, Ronald P, Burkholder, James B, Butler, James H, Chatterjee, Abhijit, Chipperfield, Martyn, Daniel, John S, Derek, Nada, Fleming, Eric L, Fraser, Paul J, Graziosi, Francesco, Hall, Bradley, Hannigan, James W, Happell, Jim, Harrison, Jeremy J, Lu, Jianxin, Hu, Lei, Jucks, Kenneth W, Kinnison, Douglas E, Kuijpers, Lambert, Kurylo, Michael J, Lezeaux, Olivier, Liang, Qing, Lupo, Frederick, Mahieu, Emmanuel, Maione, Michela, McCulloch, Archie, Montzka, Stephen A, Newman, Paul A, Odabasi, Mustafa, Ohnishi, Keiichi, Park, Sunyoung, Reimann, Stefan, Rhew, Robert C, Rigby, Matthew, Sherry, David, Simpson, Isobel J, Singh, Hanwant B, Suntharalingam, Parvadha, Tummon, Fiona, Tellaetxe, Iratxe Uria, von Clarmann, Thomas, Weiss, Ray F, Yao, Bo, Yvon-Lewis, Shari A, and Zhou, Lingxi
- Subjects
Meteorology And Climatology - Abstract
The Montreal Protocol (MP) controls the production and consumption of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 or CTC) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) for emissive uses. CCl4 is a major ODS, accounting for about 12% of the globally averaged inorganic chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere, compared to 14% for CFC-12 in 2012. In spite of the MP controls, there are large ongoing emissions of CCl4 into the atmosphere. Estimates of emissions from various techniques ought to yield similar numbers. However, the recent WMO/UNEP Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion estimated a 2007-2012 CCl4 bottom-up emission of 1-4 Gg/year (1-4 kilotonnes/year), based on country-by-country reports to UNEP, and a global top-down emissions estimate of 57 Gg/ year, based on atmospheric measurements. This 54 Gg/year difference has not been explained. In order to assess the current knowledge on global CCl4 sources and sinks, stakeholders from industrial, governmental, and the scientific communities came together at the “Solving the Mystery of Carbon Tetrachloride” workshop, which was held from 4-6 October 2015 at Empa in Dübendorf, Switzerland. During this workshop, several new findings were brought forward by the participants on CCl4 emissions and related science.
- Published
- 2016
37. Evidence of a recent decline in UK emissions of hydrofluorocarbons determined by the InTEM inverse model and atmospheric measurements
- Author
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Manning, Alistair J., primary, Redington, Alison L., additional, Say, Daniel, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Young, Dickon, additional, Simmonds, Peter G., additional, Vollmer, Martin K., additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Arduini, Jgor, additional, Spain, Gerard, additional, Wisher, Adam, additional, Maione, Michela, additional, Schuck, Tanja J., additional, Stanley, Kieran, additional, Reimann, Stefan, additional, Engel, Andreas, additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Salameh, Peter K., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Gluckman, Ray, additional, Brown, Peter N., additional, Watterson, John D., additional, and Arnold, Tim, additional
- Published
- 2021
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38. Unexpected nascent atmospheric emissions of three ozone-depleting hydrochlorofluorocarbons:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Author
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Vollmer, Martin K., Mühle, Jens, Henne, Stephan, Young, Dickon, Rigby, Matthew, Mitrevski, Blagoj, Park, Sunyoung, Lunder, Chris R., Rhee, Tae Siek, Harth, Christina M., Hill, Matthias, Langenfelds, Ray L., Guillevic, Myriam, Schlauri, Paul M., Hermansen, Ove, Arduini, Jgor, Wang, Ray H. J., Salameh, Peter K., Maione, Michela, Krummel, Paul B., Reimann, Stefan, O'Doherty, Simon, Simmonds, Peter G., Fraser, Paul J., Prinn, Ronald G., Weiss, Ray F., and Steele, L. Paul
- Abstract
Global and regional atmospheric measurements and modeling can play key roles in discovering and quantifying unexpected nascent emissions of environmentally important substances. We focus here on three hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that are restricted by the Montreal Protocol because of their roles in stratospheric ozone depletion. Based on measurements of archived air samples and on in situ measurements at stations of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network, we report global abundances, trends, and regional enhancements for HCFC-132b ( C H 2 C l C C l F 2 ), which is newly discovered in the atmosphere, and updated results for HCFC-133a ( C H 2 C l C F 3 ) and HCFC-31 ( C H 2 ClF). No purposeful end-use is known for any of these compounds. We find that HCFC-132b appeared in the atmosphere 20 y ago and that its global emissions increased to 1.1 Gg⋅y −1 by 2019. Regional top-down emission estimates for East Asia, based on high-frequency measurements for 2016–2019, account for ∼95% of the global HCFC-132b emissions and for ∼80% of the global HCFC-133a emissions of 2.3 Gg⋅y −1 during this period. Global emissions of HCFC-31 for the same period are 0.71 Gg⋅y −1 . Small European emissions of HCFC-132b and HCFC-133a, found in southeastern France, ceased in early 2017 when a fluorocarbon production facility in that area closed. Although unreported emissive end-uses cannot be ruled out, all three compounds are most likely emitted as intermediate by-products in chemical production pathways. Identification of harmful emissions to the atmosphere at an early stage can guide the effective development of global and regional environmental policy.
- Published
- 2021
39. Supplementary material to "Evidence of a recent decline in UK emissions of HFCs determined by the InTEM inverse model and atmospheric measurements"
- Author
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Manning, Alistair J., primary, Redington, Alison L., additional, Say, Daniel, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Young, Dickon, additional, Simmonds, Peter G., additional, Vollmer, Martin K., additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Arduini, Jgor, additional, Spain, Gerry, additional, Wisher, Adam, additional, Maione, Michela, additional, Schuck, Tanja J., additional, Stanley, Kieran, additional, Reimann, Stefan, additional, Engel, Andreas, additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Salameh, Peter K., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Gluckman, Ray, additional, Brown, Peter N., additional, Watterson, John D., additional, and Arnold, Tim, additional
- Published
- 2021
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40. The Antarctic ozone hole during 2018 and 2019
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Klekociuk, Andrew R., primary, Tully, Matthew B., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Henderson, Stuart I., additional, Smale, Dan, additional, Querel, Richard, additional, Nichol, Sylvia, additional, Alexander, Simon P., additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, and Nedoluha, Gerald, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. First ground-based FTIR observations of HFC-23 at Rikubetsu, Japan, and Syowa Station, Antarctica
- Author
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Takeda, Masanori, primary, Nakajima, Hideaki, additional, Murata, Isao, additional, Nagahama, Tomoo, additional, Morino, Isamu, additional, Toon, Geoffrey C., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, and Wang, Hsiang-Jui, additional
- Published
- 2021
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- View/download PDF
42. Aircraft‐Based Observations of Ozone‐Depleting Substances in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere in and Above the Asian Summer Monsoon
- Author
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Adcock, Karina E., primary, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Hall, Brad D., additional, Langenfelds, Ray L., additional, Lee, Geoffrey, additional, Montzka, Stephen A., additional, Oram, David E., additional, Röckmann, Thomas, additional, Stroh, Fred, additional, Sturges, William T., additional, Vogel, Bärbel, additional, and Laube, Johannes C., additional
- Published
- 2021
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43. The increasing atmospheric burden of the greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
- Author
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Simmonds, Peter G., Matthew, Rigby, Manning, Alistair J., Sunyoung, Park, Stanley, Kieran M., Archie, Mcculloch, Stephan, Henne, Graziosi, Francesco, Maione, Michela, Arduini, Jgor, Stefan, Reimann, Vollmer, Martin K., Jens, Mühle, Simon, O'Doherty, Dickon, Young, Krummel, Paul B., Fraser, Paul J., Weiss, Ray F., Salameh, Peter K., Harth, Christina M., Mi-Kyung, Park, Hyeri, Park, Tim, Arnold, Chris, Rennick, Paul Steele, L., Blagoj, Mitrevski, Wang, Ray H. J., and Prinn, Ronald G.
- Subjects
atmospheric chemistry, concentration, (composition), emission control, emission inventory, greenhouse gas, analysis source apportionment, sulfur compound ,atmospheric chemistry ,concentration ,sulfur compound ,emission control ,greenhouse gas ,analysis source apportionment ,emission inventory ,(composition) - Published
- 2020
44. Recent increases in the atmospheric growth rate and emissions of HFC-23 (CHF3) and the link to HCFC-22 (CHClF2) production
- Author
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Simmonds, Peter G., Rigby, Matthew, McCulloch, Archie, Vollmer, Martin K., Henne, Stephan, Mühle, Jens, O'Doherty, Simon, Manning, Alistair J., Krummel, Paul B., Fraser, Paul J., Young, Dickon, Weiss, Ray F., Salameh, Peter K., Harth, Christina M., Reimann, Stefan, Trudinger, Cathy M., Paul Steele, L., Wang, Ray H.J., Ivy, Diane J., Prinn, Ronald G., Mitrevski, Blagoj, and Etheridge, David M.
- Subjects
lcsh:Chemistry ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,lcsh:Physics ,lcsh:QC1-999 - Abstract
High frequency measurements of trifluoromethane (HFC-23, CHF3), a potent hydrofluorocarbon greenhouse gas, largely emitted to the atmosphere as a by-product of the production of the hydrochlorofluorocarbon HCFC-22 (CHClF2), at five core stations of the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network, combined with measurements on firn air, old Northern Hemisphere air samples and Cape Grim Air Archive (CGAA) air samples, are used to explore the current and historic changes in the atmospheric abundance of HFC-23. These measurements are used in combination with the AGAGE 2-D atmospheric 12-box model and a Bayesian inversion methodology to determine model atmospheric mole fractions and the history of global HFC-23 emissions. The global modelled annual mole fraction of HFC-23 in the background atmosphere was 28.9 ± 0.6 pmol mol−1 at the end of 2016, representing a 28 % increase from 22.6 ± 0.4 pmol mol−1 in 2009. Over the same time frame, the modelled mole fraction of HCFC-22 increased by 19 % from 199 ± 2 to 237 ± 2 pmol mol−1. However, unlike HFC-23, the annual average HCFC-22 growth rate slowed from 2009 to 2016 at an annual average rate of −0.5 pmol mol−1 yr−2. This slowing atmospheric growth is consistent with HCFC-22 moving from dispersive (high fractional emissions) to feedstock (low fractional emissions) uses, with HFC-23 emissions remaining as a consequence of incomplete mitigation from all HCFC-22 production.Our results demonstrate that, following a minimum in HFC-23 global emissions in 2009 of 9.6 ± 0.6, emissions increased to a maximum in 2014 of 14.5 ± 0.6 Gg yr−1 and then declined to 12.7 ± 0.6 Gg yr−1 (157 Mt CO2 eq. yr−1) in 2016. The 2009 emissions minimum is consistent with estimates based on national reports and is likely a response to the implementation of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to mitigate HFC-23 emissions by incineration in developing (non-Annex 1) countries under the Kyoto Protocol. Our derived cumulative emissions of HFC-23 during 2010–2016 were 89 ± 2 Gg (1.1 ± 0.2 Gt CO2 eq.), which led to an increase in radiative forcing of 1.0 ± 0.1 mW m−2 over the same period. Although the CDM had reduced global HFC-23 emissions, it cannot now offset the higher emissions from increasing HCFC-22 production in non-Annex 1 countries, as the CDM was closed to new entrants in 2009. We also find that the cumulative European HFC-23 emissions from 2010 to 2016 were ∼ 1.3 Gg, corresponding to just 1.5 % of cumulative global HFC-23 emissions over this same period. The majority of the increase in global HFC-23 emissions since 2010 is attributed to a delay in the adoption of mitigation technologies, predominantly in China and East Asia. However, a reduction in emissions is anticipated, when the Kigali 2016 amendment to the Montreal Protocol, requiring HCFC and HFC production facilities to introduce destruction of HFC-23, is fully implemented.
- Published
- 2018
45. The increasing atmospheric burden of the greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>)
- Author
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Simmonds, Peter G., primary, Rigby, Matthew, additional, Manning, Alistair J., additional, Park, Sunyoung, additional, Stanley, Kieran M., additional, McCulloch, Archie, additional, Henne, Stephan, additional, Graziosi, Francesco, additional, Maione, Michela, additional, Arduini, Jgor, additional, Reimann, Stefan, additional, Vollmer, Martin K., additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Young, Dickon, additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Salameh, Peter K., additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Park, Mi-Kyung, additional, Park, Hyeri, additional, Arnold, Tim, additional, Rennick, Chris, additional, Steele, L. Paul, additional, Mitrevski, Blagoj, additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, and Prinn, Ronald G., additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Trends and emissions of six perfluorocarbons in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere
- Author
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Droste, Elise S., primary, Adcock, Karina E., additional, Ashfold, Matthew J., additional, Chou, Charles, additional, Fleming, Zoë, additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Gooch, Lauren J., additional, Hind, Andrew J., additional, Langenfelds, Ray L., additional, Leedham Elvidge, Emma, additional, Mohd Hanif, Norfazrin, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Oram, David E., additional, Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng, additional, Panagi, Marios, additional, Reeves, Claire E., additional, Sturges, William T., additional, and Laube, Johannes C., additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Supplementary material to "The increasing atmospheric burden of the greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>)"
- Author
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Simmonds, Peter G., primary, Rigby, Matthew, additional, Manning, Alistair J., additional, Park, Sunyoung, additional, Stanley, Kieran M., additional, McCulloch, Archie, additional, Henne, Stephan, additional, Graziosi, Francesco, additional, Maione, Michela, additional, Arduini, Jgor, additional, Reimann, Stefan, additional, Vollmer, Martin K., additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Young, Dickon, additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Weiss, Ray F., additional, Salameh, Peter K., additional, Harth, Christina M., additional, Park, Mi-Kyung, additional, Park, Hyeri, additional, Arnold, Tim, additional, Rennick, Chris, additional, Steele, L. Paul, additional, Mitrevski, Blagoj, additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, and Prinn, Ronald G., additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Australian chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions: 1960–2017
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Fraser, Paul J., primary, Dunse, Bronwyn L., additional, Krummel, Paul B., additional, Steele, L. Paul, additional, Derek, Nada, additional, Mitrevski, Blagoj, additional, Allison, Colin E., additional, Loh, Zoë, additional, Manning, Alistair J., additional, Redington, Alison, additional, and Rigby, Matthew, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Trends and Emissions of Six Perfluorocarbons in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere
- Author
-
Droste, Elise S., primary, Adcock, Karina E., additional, Ashfold, Matthew J., additional, Chou, Charles, additional, Fleming, Zoë, additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Gooch, Lauren J., additional, Hind, Andrew J., additional, Langenfelds, Ray L., additional, Leedham Elvidge, Emma, additional, Mohd Hanif, Norfazrin, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Oram, David E., additional, Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng, additional, Panagi, Marios, additional, Reeves, Claire E., additional, Sturges, William T., additional, and Laube, Johannes C., additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Supplementary material to "Trends and Emissions of Six Perfluorocarbons in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere"
- Author
-
Droste, Elise S., primary, Adcock, Karina E., additional, Ashfold, Matthew J., additional, Chou, Charles, additional, Fleming, Zoë, additional, Fraser, Paul J., additional, Gooch, Lauren J., additional, Hind, Andrew J., additional, Langenfelds, Ray L., additional, Leedham Elvidge, Emma, additional, Mohd Hanif, Norfazrin, additional, O'Doherty, Simon, additional, Oram, David E., additional, Ou-Yang, Chang-Feng, additional, Panagi, Marios, additional, Reeves, Claire E., additional, Sturges, William T., additional, and Laube, Johannes C., additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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