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Background: Hyponatremia in cancer patients is often caused by the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). The aim of this observational multicenter study was to analyze the medical and economic implications of SIADH in this setting., Methods: This study included 90 oncological patients from 28 Italian institutions that developed SIADH between January 2010 and September 2015. Data on clinical-pathological characteristics, anticancer therapies, hyponatremia, and related treatments were statistically analyzed., Results: The majority were lung cancer patients (73%) with metastatic disease at the onset of hyponatremia (83%). A total of 76 patients (84%) were hospitalized because of SIADH and less than half (41%) received tolvaptan for SIADH treatment. The duration of hospitalization was significantly longer in patients who did not receive tolvaptan and in those who do not reach sodium normalization during hospitalization. Patients who experienced a second episode of hyponatremia following tolvaptan dose modification/discontinuation presented a significantly lower serum sodium value at the time of hospitalization and minimum sodium value during hospitalization compared with patients who had not experienced another episode. The severity of hyponatremia, defined as minimum sodium value during hospitalization with a cut-off value of 110 mmol/l, and not obtaining sodium correction during hospitalization significantly correlated with overall survival rate., Conclusions: Hyponatremia due to SIADH could result in longer hospitalization and in a decreased overall survival when not adequately treated, and tolvaptan represents an effective treatment with a potential effect of both improving overall survival and decreasing duration of hospitalization., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement: The author(s) declare that there is no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), 2019.)

The aim of this work is to assess if cumulative dose (CD) and dose intensity (DI) of everolimus may affect survival of advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) patients. One hundred and sixteen patients (62 males and 54 females, median age 55 years) with advanced PNETs were treated with everolimus for ≥3 months. According to a Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis, patients were stratified into two groups, with CD ≤ 3000 mg (Group A; n = 68) and CD > 3000 mg (Group B; n = 48). The response rate and toxicity were comparable in the two groups. However, patients in group A experienced more dose modifications than patients in group B. Median OS was 24 months in Group A while in Group B it was not reached (HR: 26.9; 95% CI: 11.0-76.7; P < 0.0001). Patients who maintained a DI higher than 9 mg/day experienced a significantly longer OS and experienced a trend to higher response rate. Overall, our study results showed that both CD and DI of everolimus play a prognostic role for patients with advanced PNETs treated with everolimus. This should prompt efforts to continue everolimus administration in responsive patients up to at least 3000 mg despite delays or temporary interruptions., (© 2017 The Authors. Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Biliary tract cancer is a quite rare disease; despite recent significant advances in imaging modalities, most of the patients have advanced disease at presentation thus making radical surgery not feasible. Many different chemotherapeutic regimens have been investigated in small uncontrolled studies, with generally disappointing results. We extensively reviewed the literature on this topic trying to give an explanation to chemoresistance in this setting of patients and considering the molecular profiling as a tool for treatment decision. This review is divided in two parts, in the first one we illustrated chemotherapy results and possible mechanisms of resistance. In the second part we analysed the new molecular targets developing an hypothesis about the future therapeutics perspectives.

Modern oncology often obtains good results against earlier neoplasms, whilst it's still in difficulties against the advanced ones. The knowledge of paraneoplastic syndromes is crucial both to cure patients and to do an earlier diagnosis. When we recognize a paraneoplastic syndrome that comes before the clinic beginning of a neoplasm, perhaps we save a life. This review discusses all the main paraneoplastic syndromes, focusing mainly on their clinical aspect and reminding the most commonly associated cancers.

Both the availability of multiple treatment modalities and novel therapeutic targets make the correct prognostic stratification and the identification of truly predictive factors an issue of major debate in gastric cancer. Along with "classic" prognostic factors such as those related to the diffusion of the tumour at diagnosis (i.e., depth of gastric wall infiltration, locoregional lymph nodes or distant metastases) or those concerning the pathologic characteristics of the tumour, other, innovative, factors should be considered if a better definition of the characteristics of the tumour is to be given. These biological factors are often derived from the genetic process, which is thought to represent a crucial step to gastric cancer (DNA copy number changes, microsatellite instability, thymidilate synthase, E-cadherin, beta-catenin, mucin antigen, p53, c-erb B-2, COX-2, matrix metalloproteinases, VEGFR and EGFR). Some of those putative prognostic indicators can also be considered predictive of response to therapy as they are a molecular target either to chemotherapeutics (i.e., thymidilate synthase that is targeted by 5FU) or to a new class of antineoplastic molecules (i.e., c-erb B-2 targeted by trastuzumab, COX-2 by NSAIDs, matrix metalloproteinases, EGFR and VEGFR by specific inhibitors).