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Freedom of expression is one of the fundamental human rights guaranteed in various international legal instruments. The development of information and communication technology, especially social media, has opened up new spaces for people to express their opinions. This research aims to analyze the protection of the right to freedom of opinion through social media from a human rights perspective. This research uses normative legal research methods with a qualitative approach. Research data was obtained through literature studies of various statutory regulations, books, scientific journals and other legal sources. The data that has been collected is then analyzed in three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The research results show that the protection of freedom of expression on social media is regulated in various policies including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR). Meanwhile, in Indonesia it is regulated in the 1945 Law, the Human Rights Law, and Law Number 19 of 2016. The right to freedom of opinion through social media is a fundamental human right that needs to be protected. This right is considered a fundamental right that cannot be reduced or limited by anyone or the state, this emphasizes the need for strong fulfillment and protection of this right. However, this right also needs to be balanced with the responsibility to use it wisely and responsibly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of HiSTOReLo: Revista de Historia Regional y Local is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Centro Editorial Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pancasila and Citizenship Education can be considered as a way to improve citizens’ opinions. This research is a critical literature review of 40 articles from 2017 to 2022 and focuses on research progress on freedom of expression. The formulation and findings of this study indicated that the practice of freedom of expression in Indonesia has been regulated by law, but in some aspects, it is subject to restrictions. People are often act uncontrollably and abuse their freedom of speech. The impact of the existence of freedom of expression is that people can express themselves but must remain in the corridor of respecting the rights of others and actively participate in providing constructive suggestions for the state. Thus, this study concludes that freedom of expression must be balanced with good delivery procedures, citizenship and civility in expressing opinions is a cultural challenge that must be resolved to build healthy freedom of speech. Citizens’ civility for opinion and expression is recommended as one of the crucial issues that should be discussed and developed in Pancasila and Citizenship Education and as well as for inclusive education program.

Expressing opinions in demonstration is a right that has been guaranteed in the constitution and law. The arrangement is written in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Article 28E paragraph (3) and Law Number 9 of 1998 concerning the freedom to express opinion in public. A democratic country has a great respect for differences of opinion manifested in the form of demonstration. However, the freedom of demonstration is in the form of responsible freedom regulated in Article 6 of Law No. 9 of 1998. In this demonstration, the actions must respect the rights of others, so that no one is harmed by the demonstration. If someone is harmed, they must prioritize the principles of justice in accordance with applicable law. This study was conducted with a qualitative method approach, namely by using the type of normative research, by conducting a study of legislation (Statute approach). This study resulted that the demonstration arrangements regulated in the law must be respected by all parties, where the principle of legal protection is attached to demonstration participants and security forces to respect each other's democratic values in Indonesia. Furthermore, on the principle of right to freedom of expression in a democratic country, all citizens must have the same rights in any form of expression. If there is a party who is harmed, it must be resolved according to the applicable law, so that the Indonesian guarantee legal certainty from irresponsible parties to uphold democratic values, as well as freedom of opinion.

After the question of the admissibility of teacher evaluation forums has already occupied the German court several times in recent years, the Austrian Supreme Court (OGH) has now also had to comment on this problem for the first time in its decision 6 Ob 129/21w. This decision deals with the admissibility of teacher evaluations in a forum that is (in principle) accessible to the public under aspects of data protection and personality rights. The focus is, on the one hand, on the admissibility of an evaluation per se, but also on the concrete design of the evaluation forum as well as the possibilities of inspection by the public and the rights of appeal available to the persons concerned.

Copyright of Revista Anuario de Historia Regional y de las Fronteras is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Islamic Sciences & Law is the property of Al-Manara Consultancy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction to The Problem: Misinterpretation in the application of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (ITE) can reduce democracy and undermine law enforcement in Indonesia. The complexity of the problems related to the Electronic Information and Transaction Law requires solutions to prevent and prevent problems with the Electronic Information and Transaction Law. Departing from the problems posed by the Electronic Information and Transaction Law, Indonesian still need a lot of work to overcome a degrading freedom of expression. We proposed the renewal by making a conceptual design and prototype, namely the E-Hights (Electronic Human Rights) application to overcome those problems. Purpose/Objective Study: This study is to examine the relationship between the constitution and laws and regulations governing freedom of expression through social media, as well as to examine how the use of a website-based application called E-Hights (Electronic Human Rights) guarantees the implementation of this freedom. expression while minimizing violations of laws governing electronic information and transactions. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research is normative legal research supported by secondary data in the form of primary and secondary legal materials. Findings: There are not a few problems in the implementation of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law, the existence of a rubber article in the Electronic Information and Transaction Law which creates multiple interpretations in law enforcement in Indonesia. This multi-interpretation rubber article has an impact on people's freedom of expression. According to research by the Indonesian Judicial Research Institute, the Electronic Information and Transaction Law is a tool to silence freedom of expression. Thus, this can affect democracy in Indonesia, or it could be said that the Electronic Information and Transaction Law makes people afraid to voice their aspirations to the special government. Therefore, the authors offer a solution that is realized in a web-based application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The freedoms of thought (and opinion) are considered as absolute rights within the human rights law framework. Though found in separate provisions within the human rights instruments, the content and contours of these freedoms are largely interchangeable and overlap. The freedom of thought (and opinion) consists of three elements, namely, that thoughts and opinions can be kept private; thoughts cannot be manipulated with; and that one should not be punished for one's own thoughts. However, artificial intelligence (AI) driven systems increasingly deployed within online platforms facilitate the granular targeting and tailoring of choice architectures to the particularities of each individual, according to what is revealed or inferred by the AI system. This can enable platforms to shape the horizons of possibilities at scale for many individuals at once, enabling the power to modulate thoughts, expressions and actions. Drawing from literature on moral ethics and specifically the nascent field of the ethics of online manipulation, the aim of the article is to theorise the concept of manipulation and punishment in the context of the affordances of AI systems and examine when and how it impacts or breaches the freedoms of thought and opinion. The article argues that manipulation has to be conceived of as an objective concept, without hinging upon the eventuation of subjective effects on individuals, in order for the right to have practical meaning and import in the age of AI. Further, the term punishment has to be re-conceptualised to go beyond state sanctioned actions to include harms to autonomy conditions. This engages the fundamental concept of human dignity that lies as the normative foundation of the human rights framework. As novel material affordances increasingly structure and modulate the conditions for human interaction and communication, the focus of human rights protection has to shift from negative to positive obligations in order to ensure that conditions of possibilities for the freedoms of thought and opinion can take hold and be exercised in the first place. It concludes by proposing three steps that can be taken in order to afford autonomy conditions in line with the respect for these freedoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The freedom of the press –or the freedom of expression –traces its roots in the enlightenment period. Oftenpresented as the "fourth power" – sometimes as "counter-power" –free press is considered a feature of liberal-democracies, and a fundamental human right.This brief article explores the validity of these definitions and the role of the press in democratic societies characterized by governments constrained by checks and balances. Most of this paper draws on my previously published works.

One of the human rights that has been taken into account in most of the moral and legal schools is "the freedom right", according to which one cannot impose a belief on anyone. This right is also emphasized in a number of Quran verses, such as the verse of ‘‘La 'ikraha fi al-din’’. However, some argue that "freedom of opinion" is in conflict with the verdict of "offensive jihad". The present study, based on three points, has criticized the conflict between the freedom of opinion and offensive Jihad, which includes: 1. The incorrectness of considering the Islamic conquests in the analysis of offensive jihad as a touchstone; 2. Paying attention to removing the barriers to religious belief as the primary goal of offensive Jihad; 3. Independency of offensive jihad with compulsion in being religious. The research method is descriptive and analytical, and our findings show that since the goal of Islam from the order of offensive jihad is to eliminate the domination of the rulers of the people for the free admission of religion, and on the other hand, it leaves the audience free to maintain their religion, there is no doubt left for the conflict between "freedom of opinion" and the verdict of "offensive jihad".

The principle of different treatment of statements of fact and value judgments is one of the earliest formulated in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg relating to Art. 10 of the European Convention. Cognitive value: Despite this, the issue of this principle has so far been extremely rarely discussed in the literature on the subject. This publication aims to fill this gap. By following the views of the Court, one can see the evolution of the views of this body as regards the meaning of the principle in question and the way in which it is implemented. The main thesis of this article is a noticeable gradual decrease in the importance of the considered division in favor of an approach emphasizing good faith and diligence of the author of the statement. Research methods: In order to verify this thesis, several dozen judgments of the Court were analyzed, in which the status of disputed statements and the consequences of the adopted qualification were considered most extensively and thoroughly. Results and conclusions: It seems that the reasons for the identified change in the jurisprudence should be seen in the impossibility of formulating a sufficiently precise (and thus devoid of discretion) criterion of the aforementioned classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A person's image is a fundamental value, provided by both the Civil Code and the fundamental law, whose protection is ensured by maintaining a fair balance between the exercise of the right to be informed and the freedom of expression. Thus, from the point of view of the ECHR's practice, freedom of expression is not an absolute, inviolable and uncensored right as the freedom of holding an opinion and the freedom of speaking because it must be exercised like any other human rights, within its natural limits so as not to harm in any way the others' right and legitimate interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulation of the digital space has, so far, focused on the rights to privacy and data protection or the right to freedom of expression. But the increased impact of digital technology and artificial intelligence (AI) on the way we think, feel and behave calls for a new perspective on regulation to protect our rights to freedom of thought and opinion in the "forum internum." These rights are absolute rights and, as such, require a different and radical approach to regulation including the potential to ban the use of technology that interferes with our minds in any sphere. International and regional organisations like the Council of Europe and UN Special Rapporteurs are increasingly recognising the risks posed by technology for human agency and autonomy. There is an opportunity for Europe to take the lead in regulating digital technology to protect freedom of thought and the potential for innovation in the future. This requires a new approach that must embed the Precautionary Principle in technological research and development as well as the definition of practices that may never be permissible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this paper are 1) to quickly describe and analyze the criticims of rationalism in The Affective Sciences and above all, to formulate the hypothesis of an indirect but undeniable link with populist and neoconservative movements. 2) To clarify the status of republican rationalism. 3) To make a philosophical offer that goes beyond the emotion/reason dualism in the political field. Thus, attention will be paid to define a “reasoned feeling”. Passion towards certain political ideals can, in our opinion, be coupled with the coldness of rationalism, the informed consideration of legal needs or institutional complexities.

Cyber technologies have changed all spheres of contemporary life at both the national and international levels. At the same time, legal regulation in the sphere stays far beyond technical developments. As a result, an enormous number of new terms and concepts have been invented in the area. It is maintained sometimes that the changes are so drastic that the very notion of sovereignty is outdated and the individual becomes a key actor of international relations. Consequently, there is a clear need to assess the impact of cyber technologies on the enjoyment of human rights. Due to the absence of proper legal regulation, the necessity or possibility to state the emergence of the new 'fourth' generation of human rights on the Internet is already discussed. The present article focuses on the status of different categories of human rights in the digitalized world. It concludes that the development of cyber technologies may hardly cause the emergence of a new generation of human rights but rather results in the need to adapt the whole system of the existing human rights to the emerging reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author in this discussion opens a great theme from the spiritual creation of the Belgrade, Montenegro, ex-Yugoslav and European philosophers of culture, prof. dr. Ratko Bozovic (1934). It is a reception of sociological, philosophical and literary points of view, this excellent reader, critical intellectual and writer, or emeritus professor at the Faculty of Political Sciences, University of Belgrade. The life path of R. Božović went from his native Banja Luka through Montenegro (he finished high school in Nikšić), and then he was educated in Belgrade, where he studied and graduated in sociology and literature, master's and master's degree at the Belgrade University. He worked for a short time in several institutions, the culture of the federal administration, and then devoted himself to a professorial career at several universities. His opus is very impersonal and diverse, content and moves in several philosophical and sociological disciplines. He is the author of over fifty works and more than 300 debates and studies, published in the country and abroad. Translated into several world languages. In many democratic environments, a guest and a lecturer are very pleased. Prof. R. Bozovic is a participant in many tribunes and gatherings, which he gave the impression of an extraordinary critical reader, and many call him a modern Demonstration of Belgrade. In this paper, we intend to present a critical review of Božović's work, and on the occasion of the 83rd year of life and six decades of scientific and research work. The aim and task of this paper is to make a modest contribution to reflecting Božović's philosophical literary.

Copyright of Dirassat in Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Heresy and orthodoxy are immanent to all regimes, totalitarian and democratic. Denying of critical thinking manifests itself in so far as the regime feels threatened by opponents, and censorship, systematic control of freedom of thought is an integral part of running the state. Control increases in times of crisis. With the development of society, methods become less transparent. In developed democracies, the most effective control is thought control, and big monitoring systems, together with the systems of indoctrination (media, education, religion), are involved in it. Systems of indoctrination teach us what to think and what values to represent. Refusal withdraws sanctions. What is not in accordance, is placed in the domain of the ban. In developed democracies, censorship is prohibited by law, but is carried out in other ways. Self-censorship, the reaction of authors to the repression, and the so-called.”silent censorship”, is ignoring and thus removing undesirable contents, instead of the previous prohibition and criminal prosecution. Today all aspects of human creativity are regulated by the market, the intention is total control. The public space is filled with trivia and entertainment, for research and creative contents a “demand” is absent, and thus the space in the media.

Increasing use of Internet all over the world has made world’s communication borderless. While such condition might benefited most people, however, it invites greater risks of misinformation and opportunities for detrimental self-expression. State’s control has various degree of manners in controlling a massive flow of information. This paper will examine the current methods of internet control utilized by the governments of China and Korea, and analyze the extent to which these respective regimes impinge on the human right to freedom of opinion and expression. It begins with an overview on the international standards for freedom of expression, and the limited permissible restrictions upon the right. Furthermore, the examination of the existing legislation and regimes implemented in China and Korea, respectively, and a comparison of features such as legal grounds and practical effectiveness will be undertaken. Finally, it will discuss whether the censorship regimes implemented in China and Korea constitute legitimate restrictions upon, or impermissibly violate, the right to freedom of expression.