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This dissertation examines the French horn solo as a lyrical “voice” in non-diegetic Hollywood film music, 1954-2012. Through a series of case studies of longer solos (20+ seconds), I consider the changing use of the horn in film scores to show how horn solos evoke a specific range of emotions including nostalgia, melancholy, and profound loss. I also explore the lyrical horn voice’s function as it extends into shorter, meme-like moments, leitmotif iterations, and horn section work. The research draws on topic theory to place these contemporary emotive associations in historical context (Allanbrook, Hatten, Monelle); recent work on timbral meanings in orchestral music (Fales, van Elferen, Dolan, De Leeuw and De Groot); and a sizeable body of work by film scholars exploring musical narrative and characterization (Gorbman, Chion, Prendergast, Wierzbicki, Sbravatti, Lerner). In this way, my research will help create an innovative, cross-sectional approach, one suitable to analyzing the critical role of all instrumental solos in non-diegetic film music.

Common causes of pelvic pain are primary dysmenorrhoea, Müllerian duct anomalies, outflow obstruction, leiomyoma, endometriosis and adenomyosis. Unicornuate uterus with a rudimentary horn is a rare congenital malformation of the female genital tract, asymptomatic because of lack of functional endometrium. This study presents a rare case of a non-communicating functional rudimentary horn. A 16-year-old unmarried Yemeni female adolescent with a history of irregular painful menstrual period visited Obstetrics and Gynaecology outpatient clinic. Pelvic ultrasound was conducted showing an asymmetrical uterine configuration with the non-communicating rudimentary horn on the right side. Laparoscopic excision of the horn was planned for the patient. Non-communicating rudimentary horn with functional endometrium should be considered as a differential diagnosis in the female adolescent with obstructive uterine symptoms. Early diagnosis is crucial. Using the laparoscopic approach, an expert surgeon prefers definitive management to excise the rudimentary horn.

METALINGUISTIC NEGATION AND PRAGMATIC AMBIGUITY: Some comments on a proposal by Laurence Horn Ad Foolen 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The goal of this paper In this paper I will discuss the notions of 'metalinguistic negation' and 'pragmatic ambiguity' as they are used by Horn (1985) and Horn (1989, ch. 6) in his analysis of the function of negation in natural languages. I will try to show that both notions need some clarification and, in section 5, I will suggest an alternative to Horn's classical Gricean framework.

The Hare Indian Formation (HIF) is a late Eifelian to Givetian organic-rich mudstone constituting the lower portion of the Horn River Group (HRG), which has been minimally scrutinized in the literature. This paper proposes depositional environments and a sequence stratigraphic framework for the HIF. Using composition data collected via energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, geochemical proxies inform detrital input, silica source, and paleoredox conditions. Cross-plots and chemostratigraphic profiles of detritally sourced Al, Ti, and K and redox-sensitive Mo and V inform depositional and stratigraphic constraints. Silica proportions vary, indicating that sediment was derived from detrital and biogenic sources. Al, Ti, and K distributions increase upwards, showing increased continentally sourced minerals. Redox-sensitive metals are highest in the Bluefish Member (BM), suggesting intermittent euxinia. Based on the presence of continental and pelagic sediments, the sedimentary environment is interpreted as proximal- to mid-shelf. These proxies guide systems tract interpretations. Si and redox-sensitive metal concentrations peak higher in the BM, accompanied by lowered concentrations of Al, Ti, and K, suggesting a maximum flooding surface. At the top of the Prohibition and Bell Creek members, redox-sensitive enrichments are lower with higher concentrations of Al, Ti, and K, suggesting a maximum regressive surface. Transgression occurred during the initial deposition of the BM, followed by regression for the remainder of the HIF. The sedimentology of the HIF can be difficult to decipher; the use of chemostratigraphy supports its geological history (including sedimentation trends and a local record of relative sea level) using methods that may be applied to other fine-grained successions.

Objective: This study aimed at investigating the agonistic interactions among goats in food competition based on genotype, horn and dominance rank. Material and Methods: After determining the dominance rank of the Maltese and Turkish Saanen genotypes, a mixed group consisting of horned, polled and both horned and polled animals, 2 to 5 years old, consisting of 54 heads in total, nine heads each and a total of 6 groups with linear social rank were formed. The observations were evaluated on the basis of their agonistic behaviors in competition for roughage (oat hay) placed in the feeders. Results: Genotype significantly affected the frequency of agonistic behaviors except for displacement behavior in feeder (P≤0.05). Aggressive biting and threatening behaviors in Turkish Saanen were 2.36 and 1.78 times higher than in Maltese (P≤0.0001). The rate of absence at through of Turkish Saanen goats, which displayed higher aggression frequency was higher that of Maltese goats (P=0.0159). The frequency of agonistic behaviors except for flank butting differed according to horn groups (P≤0.05). Total mean frequency of total aggressive behaviors in the descending order ranked 27.73 times/h for hornless, 23.47 times/h for mixed and 18.48 times/h for horned groups. The absence at the feeder differed in horned groups and ranked in the descending order 38% for horn, 16% for mixed and 8% for hornless (P

Congenital uterine anomalies are an uncommon type of female genital malformations caused by abnormal development of müllerian ducts during embryogenesis. Patients with an obstructive uterine anomaly have a higher risk of developing gynecological and obstetric complications that may present at menarche or later in life. We present a case of severe dysmenorrhea in a young teenager caused by obstructive hematometra in a noncommunicating horn of the unicornuate uterus. A differential diagnosis of a possible anomaly was made using 2-dimensional pelvic ultrasonography, which was later confirmed using MRI that revealed an anomalous uterine cavity with a single left-sided cornua communicating with the cervix and a distended right-sided rudimentary horn. She underwent a right salpingectomy with rudimentary horn excision, which was successfully managed laparoscopically. This case emphasizes the importance of physicians being cognizant in identifying patients with uterine anomaly to provide appropriate treatment and prevent adverse reproductive outcomes.

Scott Woodcock has levied a number of objections against Aristotelian naturalism which claims that ethical norms are grounded by reason and biology. His most recent “membership objection” is a synthesis of earlier objections and consists in a trilemma. If Aristotelian naturalists answer the first horn of the trilemma by stipulating that determinations of species-membership are grounded non-empirically, and the second horn of the trilemma by stipulating rationality is species-specific, then they are confronted by a moral outsider—someone who claims that they have non-empirically determined their species membership and are thus guided by different norms of rationality than the rest of us. This permits the moral outsider to act heinously without moral sanction from Aristotelian naturalism. Critics have neglected Alasdair MacIntyre’s Aristotelian naturalism. And he has faced moral-outsider-type counterexamples before. I develop a new response to counterexamples MacIntyre’s account has faced and argue that MacIntyre’s Aristotelian naturalism is able to answer Woodcock’s membership objection. I do this by developing an empirical taxonomy-based approach that enables us to justify the moral outsider’s responsibilities while preserving the best of Aristotelian naturalism.

A family of recently investigated Bernstein functions is revisited and those functions for which the derivatives are logarithmically completely monotonic are identified. This leads to the definition of a class of Bernstein functions, which we propose to call Horn-Bernstein functions because of the results of Roger A. Horn., 14 pages references updated

The main problem in this research is the irregular condition of Bantar Gebang traditional market in Bekasi City. This study aims to determine how the implementation of the revitalization policy of Bantar Gebang traditional market in Bekasi city. By referring to the theory of Van Metter Van Horn (Winarno: 142) which has dimensions of indicators of basic measures and policy objectives, policy sources, communication between organizations and implementing activities, characteristics of implementing agencies, economic, social and political conditions, executor tendencies. This research uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques: observation, interviews and literature study. The results of the study reveal that the implementation of policies that have been implemented in Bantar Gebang, Bekasi City has not been optimal, so that it has an impact on chaotic market conditions, both traders selling less, and less buyers who shop so that it has an impact on market retribution income that is not optimal.Keywords: Policy implementation, traditional markets, revitalization.

This article interrogates the formal and expressive roles of the opening horn-call topic in Thomas Adès's Piano Quintet (2001). Although William Caplin describes the relationship of topics to form as ‘rather tenuous’, he notes that some topics have a ‘likely’ formal relation.1Within this, he includes the rising horn call as an initiating function. Drawing upon Charles Jencks’ influential concept of double coding, which describes a sign's ‘attempt to communicate with both the public and a concerned minority’,2I show how the Piano Quintet's horn-call opening satisfies, on one level, the familiar (tonal) initiating formal function that Caplin describes but, understood in the context of two significant reversals of the horn call's characteristic rising contour to descending horn fifths (the openings of Beethoven's ‘Les Adieux’ sonata and Ligeti's Horn Trio), Adès's opening can be understood as transgressive. This Janus-faced interpretation of the opening bars engages both positively and critically with these references to the past, a double-coded understanding which points to Adès's continued popularity in both academic and concert spheres.

This article is devoted to the study of dialectal names of fishing realities relating to the names of other realities of industrial and economic activity, which attract attention not only by the similarity of sound form and their predicted proto basis, but also by the external similarity of these objects, motivated, according to our conclusions, archetypal images of animals: bull, horse (mare), goat, etc. (mare), goat (goat), etc. It is also concluded that in Ukrainian dialect exist changes in the sound structure of the names of fishing gear with a prismatic or pyramidal structure of the frame (similar to the body of an ungulate), related to the partial convergence of different etymologies of the All-Slavic era. For the name regel (regel, rugel, rukel, rogel, drigola, etc.), there was a convergence of the following etymons: Proto-Slavic *rog ˃ horn: a) the motivating factor «the frame of a fishing gear with crossed rods, resembling an animal with horns»; b) the motivating factor «formed by connecting two sticks angles in the design of fishing gear» – a horn in the output meaning; c) motivating factor «a wooden stick (horn) split at the end as an important element of the construction of a pyramidal fishing gear with a handle»; Proto-Slavic *drygati – jerk, pull out: a) the motivational factor is «immediate pulling out» the tackle with fish out of the water; b) the motivational factor «shaking, convulsions of the caught fish and hence the shaking of the tackle». The metaphorical transfer based on the image of a horned animal is most clearly traced in the name of the fishing tool regga, which exists in the area of Ukrainian-Belarusian Polissia and in the aspect of Balto-Slavic linguistic contacts is associated with such a reality as horns, and in the Ukrainian dialect continuum is associated with the name of an ox or a bull. A significant number of phonetic and word-forming variants of this word testify to its antiquity. According to our research, the most resistant to changes in the sound structure were the name of the fishing gear prismatic (sometimes pyramidal) shape of the mare ˂ proto-Slavic *kobyla. The durability and stability of this name should be determined in the development of the symbolism of the horse (mare's head) as a compositional element of the decoration of the roof of a house – a well-known structure that occupies an important place in a number of industrial and economic tools of prismatic shape.

West Nimaris the South Western region of Madhya Pradesh state in West Central India. The region lies south of the Vindhya Ranges and consists of two portions of the Narmada and Tapti river valleys separated by a section of the Satpurarange. Bhil, Bhilala, Gond, Nayika and Tadwi are dominant tribe of the region. They are dependent on plant based medium and other for recovery of their ailment. The purpose of these studies was to gather ethnoveterinary medicinal knowledge from the area's livestock owners. Traditional healers gathered data on ethnoveterinary medicines through verbal and informal interviews, followed by a well-structured questionnaire. The majority of plants are dicotyledons, with monocotyledons accounting for a small percentage of the total. The leaves are used the most, followed by roots, rhizome, stem, gum, whole plant, and fruits. In the treatment, dermal approaches are used. In many circumstances, plant products, such as sindoor (vermillion), and cow urine, are utilised to treat horn cancer or fractured horn

The manufacture of different bone items as well as treatment of bone and horn used to be among the oldest types of crafts. For centuries, people have used bone because of its prevalence and easy processing. In the 16th—18th centuries, bone continued to be used as one of the materials, but it did not receive wide distribution among Cossack crafts. Though the well-known bone powder flasks decorated with complex and intricate carvings were in usage among Cossacks, the article deals with simpler and more common in everyday life things — such as knife handle bone plates, borers, a spindle whorl, and etc. Today we have the opportunity to explore this specific type of craft on the example of archaeological finds from one of the Zaporizhzhia Siches — the Kamianka Sich. Mass osteological material in many cases contains traces of deliberate processing or attempts to give the bone a certain shape, to obtain a product from bone or horn. Analyzing the finds of several archaeological seasons, one can deduce some common features of bone items, get an idea of spreading of this craft and its significance, and discover the everyday life of the Cossacks at the beginning of the 18th century. The article examines bone finds made from the beginning of the 1970-ies, and also contains their general characteristic and common features. A special attention is focused on bone products; the "portion" types of bones and the production waste left during manufacture of the bone items is briefly described. One of the main purpose of this article is to introduce into a scientific circulation a number of objects made of bone, on the same territory in a fairly short period of existence of the Kamianka Sich (1709—1711 and 1728—1734). Nowadays, unfortunately, we cannot derive a comparative analysis of the finds of bone production from other Siches or Cossack handicraft objects, but we can get an idea of the development of this type of craft using as examples the finds from the Kamianka Sich. Further archaeological research may reveal the presence of the bone carving workshop on this territory.

The reported militarization of the Horn of Africa by Middle Eastern states has generated great interest among scholars and analysts alike. Their analyses and articles about the projections of power...

In Africa, Prostephanus truncatus is a destructive pest of economic importance which has assumed a serious pest status on stored maize and dry cassava chips. This study investigates the effect of processing methods of cassava varieties Manihot esculenta on the proximate composition before and after exposure to P. truncatus. The four cassava varieties used for this study were; TMS 0505, TME 419, NR 8082 and TMS 0581 subjected to two processing method parboiling and plain sun-drying at temperature 28-34oC and relative humidity of 65-75%. The experiment was carried out in a Complete Randomized Design. Proximate composition was carried out to determine the Moisture, Ash, Crude fibre, Fat, Crude Protein and Carbohydrate of the different samples. Analysis of Variance was used for the statistical analysis of the data obtained. The result reveals that the proximate composition of the sundried chips are significant at P

This article presents the production of the artist Roni Horn, focusing on the routes and contagions between contemporary art and practices of reading and writing. Avoiding a hierarchical or categorizing approach, the following subjects are treated: texts as margins and / or crossings in her work; titles and footnotes that constitute artistic work inseparably connected with photographic images (You are the weather, Still Water and Another water); and works that give sculptural and / or graphic body to her reading of the oeuvres of Simone Weill, Franz Kafka, Clarice Lispector and Emily Dickinson. Based on the relationship between drawing and breathing, defended by the artist, as a vital, corporal, continuous and anchored in the present practice, it is proposed to extend this conception to Horn's writing-reading.

In 1991 growing political pressure and infighting led to the collapse of the Somalia government. Key institutions of governance disintegrated, and public services could no longer be provided. The Somali National Army was amongst the key institutions that collapsed and, in its place, warlords and clan militias emerged to fill the gap. Henceforth for over two decades, these non-state actors competed over control of both political and economic power while other radical organizations such as Al-Shaabab emerged with an objective to establish an Islamic state. This instability thus led to displacement of populations, insecurity both at the domestic and regional level. This thesis seeks to examine how the collapse of Somali impacted the military and why moving forward in the transitional period, reforming the military is vital to the future of Somalia and geopolitical and economic stability. The thesis adopts state building and realism as it theoretical frameworks and argues for the need of military reforms within the conceptual frameworks of security reforms. Specifically, the thesis reiterated that if the Horn of Africa and the greater Eastern Africa region is to experience geopolitical and economic stability, then the SNA should undertake key reforms in order to reinforce its capacity to resolve domestic instability in Somalia which is the causal factor in geopolitical and economic instability caused by threats such as terrorism, piracy, and bilateral tensions between regional states. The study suggests that reforms in the military such institutional capacity building, coordination of security assistance, and establishing civilian oversight over military is critical in reviving the capacity of SNA and with it, the first step towards restoring regional stability.

Purpose: Lack of capacity on the part of local peace structures has posed a great challenge to the achievement of a lasting peace. These have remained a major constraint to sustainable peace. Peace structures lacked capacity in terms of finance or logistics to effectively monitor conflict situations, identify early warning indicators and make appropriate rapid response interventions. The general objective of the study was to evaluate impact of conflict Management in the Horn of Africa. Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. Findings: From the study findings, the study concluded that with the devolved government, opportunities arise to solve some of the problems which eventually may lead to decreased conflict. Participation of citizens and interest group may be enhanced so as to include their voices in development agenda setting and in formulating programs that target peace building activities such as repairing broken relationships and rebuilding livelihoods, especially the pastoral economies. Recommendations: The study recommended that the need for conflict management to focus on the resource management intervention measures in pastoral areas. Such resource management conflict resolution should be based on the emerging issues of land and culture change .According to the study findings it emerged that politics is one of the study findings that limit the effectiveness of inter-community conflict management. Politicians take advantage of their jostling for position to fuel conflict

Resection of lateral ventricular trigone tumor can lead the development of specific complication like a trapped temporal horn. Secretion of cerebrospinal fluid from the choroid plexus in closed space leads to progressive enlargement of the temporal horn. The enlargement of the temporal horn leads to lateral transtentorial herniation with brain steam compression, which manifested by disorders of consciousness, hemiparesis, memory impairment and loss of visual fields. The proposed stenting technique allows to prevent the development of extended temporal horn and excludes the requirement its treatment in the long-term period. Over the past year, intraoperative stenting have been performed in five cases. In the long-term period none of the patients have had trapped temporal horn. There was no case of stent dysfunction.The article presents a clinical case of ventricular stenting following resection of lateral ventricular trigone tumor.

The Horn of Africa has visibly started to play a more distinctive role in international relations in the past years. Comprising Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea and Djibouti, the region is home to competition between countries of the region and influence of external actors. The region is increasingly a part of Middle East regional politics and is home to competition among regional powers such as Turkey, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Iran. It is critical to articulate how each country formulates an agenda for the region. Therefore, the article seeks to explain how each regional power came to establish policies with each of the Horn of Africa country to set the stage for a strategy that depends on the region. While the study focuses on the motivations and instruments of involvement of these actors in the Horn of Africa politics, it also focuses on the relationship patterns between these external powers and Horn of African countries. The study aims to generate a policy-oriented analysis as well as a framework with regard to the role of external actors in the Horn of Africa politics.

Abiy Ahmed was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2019 for his role in initiating peace talks in the Horn of Africa and his attempts to reform the Ethiopian democracy. Under the slogan medemer, he promised he would do everything possible to unite the multi-ethnic country, reconcile conflicts and bring brotherly peace to the country. This article treats the Welkait question as a litmus test to determine the potential of democratization in Ethiopia. The identity question of the indigenous Welkait Amhara was raised and suppressed since 1991. In April 2018, the then newly elected Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed met with members of the Welkait Amhara Identity Question Committee and promised that this case would be solved within the federal system and in accordance with the constitution. Within the struggle for recognition paradigm, this article asks if government responses follow the medemer approach of reconciliation, cooperation, rule of law and democracy.

La farmacopea novohispana identificaba al cuerno de unicornio como materia lapidosa de difícil acceso. Esta conceptualización se hereda de los postulados médicos medievales, los cuales no hallaban mejor remedio contra el envenenamiento y síntomas terminales afines. Hacia finales del siglo XVI, el boticario Francisco Vélez de Arciniega, en su Libro de los quadrupedes y serpientes terrestres recebidos en el uso de medicina, recogió de manera erudita y ecléctica esta tradición, que en la Nueva España se enriqueció con la materia médica americana y el imaginario que despertó una serie de sustancias sin precedente alguno. En este contexto, veremos que sólo determinados tratados médicos novohispanos recomendarán el cuerno de unicornio: los relacionados con tiempos benignos, con una intención filosófica-política en beneficio de laRepública (Problemas y secretos maravillosos de la Indias, 1591); en una obra cuasi enciclopédica y heredera del galenismo arabizado (Verdadera medicina, cirugía y astrología, 1607); y textos médicos intervenidos y anotados (Tesoro de medicinas, 1674). Finalmente, la posesión del libro de Arciniega en el Convento Grande de San Francisco de la Ciudad de México demuestra que la idea del cuerno de unicornio fue importada y que formaba parte de una filosofía natural aristotélica, que seguirá presente en autores posteriores: en una obra franciscana que destaca el beneficio de otros simples lapidosos oriundos de la Nueva España (Teatro mexicano, 1698); en una obra médica jesuita del XVIII (Florilegio medicinal, 1712) que continuará la leyenda del unicornio. E incluso, formará parte de la lista de medicamentos de las boticas de hospitales novohispanos (1798-1808).

In the framework of an archaeological prospection case study conducted at the Swedish Iron Age site of Uppakra near Lund, a large number of anomalies caused by buried archaeological remains were detected using extensive magnetic surveys. Written sources report that the Swedish army under Field marshal Gustav Horn had established a camp near the village of Uppakra in autumn 1644, awaiting the approaching Danish army. Magnetic anomalies of two large, square structures, numerous pits and several pit alignments have been interpreted as possible traces of buried remains of this army camp. We present archaeological prospection data from Uppakra with regard to the events that took place during Horn's war in 1644.

This article investigates the closing years of East–West Cold War rivalry by focussing on the inconsistent implementation of Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of de-escalating decade-long regional confl...

The growth and yield performance of macropropagated plantlets of the False Horn plantain cultivar ‘Apantu’ was evaluated due to the lack of reliable data on the effectiveness of that planting material under typical farming conditions in West Africa, Ghana. Corms were either mechanically treated by the Plants Issus de Fragments de tige (PIF) technique to destroy the apical meristem or remained intact as untreated controls. Subsequently, PIF-treated corms were vacuum infiltrated with either natural or synthetic plant hormone solutions. Emerging plantlets were harvested, acclimatized for three months and planted in a freshly prepared field. Vegetative growth characteristics of each mother (main) plant were taken at 6 and 9 months after planting and for the main and first sucker crop along with yield parameters at harvest, respectively. The results indicated that treatment induced growth differences at 6 and 9 months after planting and were no longer significant at harvest. Consequently, final growth performance was quite homogenous across all treatments for the main and sucker crop, respectively. In contrast, fruit yield parameters of the main and sucker crops were to some extent affected by treatment; however, hormone infiltration tended to have little additional effect over the PIF-treatment. Nevertheless, treating corms with hormonal solutions enhanced the production of rooted plantlets at the nursery stage and ensured improved field performance.

An on-vineyard approach was used to investigate effects of the biodynamic preparations horn manure and horn silica (BD) on the soil structure in five vineyards on different bedrocks and that had be...

The pattern changes on the 3D rotary braiding machines (maypole principle with horn gears with full and empty slots) require complex planning of the carrier positions and timing and allow for production of bifurcated and other complex braids with variable cross sections for medical and technical applications. Another common application of pattern changes is to make a visually different pattern for marking of the remaining length of rope when used in a climbing context or for generally lengthened pieces for medical sutures. The development of such samples has previously been done using the trial-and-error method. This paper presents one rule for supporting a more systematic and purposeful trial, which significantly speeds up the development process. After a short review of the related literature, the main theoretical background is given and two practical cases for pattern change are demonstrated. The patterns were developed using numerical simulation before being tested on a real braiding machine. With this paper the authors hope to give some motivation for the remaining braiders in the world to continue working on the development of systematic rules for this complex process.

Surveys were conducted under the project entitled “Resource exploration and Inventorisation of Deep Sea ecosystem & Marine ecosystem Dynamics: Sagar Sampada Cruise” by on-board FORV Sagar Sampada Cruise No. 374 from 2 April to 15 April 2018 from Okha to Cochin along the west coast of India. The species Caryophyllia (Caryophyllia) grandis is recorded from a depth of 580m off Karwar, Karnataka and is reported herein as a new distribution record to the Karnataka coast, India.

The Deer Horn deposit, located 150 km south of Smithers in west-central British Columbia, is an Eocene polymetallic system enriched in Au-Ag-Te with lesser amounts of Bi-Pb-W; the Au and Ag are hosted in Te-bearing minerals and Ag-rich gold (Au-Ag alloy). A quartz-sulfide vein system containing the main zones of Au-Ag-Te mineralization and attendant sericite alteration occurs in the hanging wall of a local, spatially related thrust fault and is genetically related to the nearby Eocene Nanika granodiorite intrusive suite. Tellurium-bearing minerals commonly form isolated euhedral to subhedral grains or composite grains (up to 525 μm in size) of Ag-, Bi-, Pb-, and Au-rich tellurium-bearing minerals (e.g., hessite, tellurobismuthite, volynskite, altaite, and petzite). Panchromatic cathodoluminescence imaging revealed four generations of quartz. Within remnant cores of quartz I, local oscillatory zoning occurs in quartz II. Fine-grained veinlets of quartz III and IV crosscut quartz I and II, showing evidence of at least two deformation events; late-forming veinlets of calcite crosscut all generations of quartz. The tellurides and Ag-rich gold occur in stage III quartz. Three types of fluid inclusions were observed in stage III and IV quartz: (1) aqueous liquid and vapor inclusions (L-V); (2) aqueous carbonic inclusions (L-L-V); and (3) carbonic inclusions (vapor-rich). Primary fluid inclusions related to the telluride mineralization within quartz III were tested with microthermometry, along with a few primary inclusions from quartz IV. Homogenization temperatures are 130.0–240.5 °C for L-V inclusions and 268.0–336.4 °C for L-L-V inclusions. Aqueous carbonic inclusions had solid CO2 melting temperatures from –62.1 to –56.8 °C, indicating the presence of ≈1 to 30 mol.% dissolved methane in these inclusions. The Deer Horn Au-Ag-Te-(Bi-Pb-W) deposit is a reduced intrusion-related gold system characterized by sheeted veins, metal zoning, low salinity aqueous-carbonic fluids, and a genetic relationship to an Eocene granodiorite. Values of δ34S of pyrite vary from –1.6 to 1.6 per mil and are compatible with a magmatic source of sulfur.

The paper deals with the foreign policy of Ethiopia toward Somalia and issues connected to the informal relations with Somaliland and its possible international recognition in particular. Somaliland is de facto state which declared its independence unilaterally as a response to the outbreak of the Somali civil war in 1991. Even though it managed to promote peace and stability in its territory, it has not been recognized by any state of international community yet. However, it has developed strategic partnerships and relations with European and African countries. The most important ally or partner of Somaliland in the Horn of Africa is Ethiopia. It cooperates with Somaliland in the field of economy, politics and security. However, due to certain political and geopolitical factors, Ethiopia is not willing to recognize Somaliland de iure and is dedicated to the idea of united Somalia. Therefore, the strategies Ethiopia uses when dealing with this de facto state and also the geopolitical factors why Ethiopia is still not willing to recognize Somaliland de jure will be analysed in this paper. The possibilities of future development of Ethiopia‑Somaliland relations will be evaluated considering geopolitical and political factors.