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5. Harnessing island–ocean connections to maximize marine benefits of island conservation

Author

Sandin, Stuart A, Becker, Penny A, Becker, Ceiba, Brown, Kate, Erazo, Natalia G, Figuerola, Cielo, Fisher, Robert N, Friedlander, Alan M, Fukami, Tadashi, Graham, Nicholas AJ, Gruner, Daniel S, Holmes, Nick D, Holthuijzen, Wieteke A, Jones, Holly P, Rios, Mariela, Samaniego, Araceli, Sechrest, Wes, Semmens, Brice X, Thornton, Hazel E, Thurber, Rebecca Vega, Wails, Christy N, Wolf, Coral A, and Zgliczynski, Brian J

Subjects
Life on Land, Life Below Water, Animals, Humans, Ecosystem, Conservation of Natural Resources, Biodiversity, Introduced Species, Climate Change, Mammals, invasive mammals, island management, land–sea linkage
Abstract

Islands support unique plants, animals, and human societies found nowhere else on the Earth. Local and global stressors threaten the persistence of island ecosystems, with invasive species being among the most damaging, yet solvable, stressors. While the threat of invasive terrestrial mammals on island flora and fauna is well recognized, recent studies have begun to illustrate their extended and destructive impacts on adjacent marine environments. Eradication of invasive mammals and restoration of native biota are promising tools to address both island and ocean management goals. The magnitude of the marine benefits of island restoration, however, is unlikely to be consistent across the globe. We propose a list of six environmental characteristics most likely to affect the strength of land-sea linkages: precipitation, elevation, vegetation cover, soil hydrology, oceanographic productivity, and wave energy. Global databases allow for the calculation of comparable metrics describing each environmental character across islands. Such metrics can be used today to evaluate relative potential for coupled land-sea conservation efforts and, with sustained investment in monitoring on land and sea, can be used in the future to refine science-based planning tools for integrated land-sea management. As conservation practitioners work to address the effects of climate change, ocean stressors, and biodiversity crises, it is essential that we maximize returns from our management investments. Linking efforts on land, including eradication of island invasive mammals, with marine restoration and protection should offer multiplied benefits to achieve concurrent global conservation goals.

Published
2022

6. Reply to: Global effects of marine protected areas on food security are unknown

Author

Sala, Enric, Mayorga, Juan, Bradley, Darcy, Cabral, Reniel B., Atwood, Trisha B., Auber, Arnaud, Cheung, William, Costello, Christopher, Ferretti, Francesco, Friedlander, Alan M., Gaines, Steven D., Garilao, Cristina, Goodell, Whitney, Halpern, Benjamin S., Hinson, Audra, Kaschner, Kristin, Kesner-Reyes, Kathleen, Leprieur, Fabien, Lubchenco, Jane, McGowan, Jennifer, Morgan, Lance E., Mouillot, David, Palacios-Abrantes, Juliano, Possingham, Hugh P., Rechberger, Kristin D., and Worm, Boris

Published
2023
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7. Sustainable reference points for multispecies coral reef fisheries

Author

Zamborain-Mason, Jessica, Cinner, Joshua E., MacNeil, M. Aaron, Graham, Nicholas A. J., Hoey, Andrew S., Beger, Maria, Brooks, Andrew J., Booth, David J., Edgar, Graham J., Feary, David A., Ferse, Sebastian C. A., Friedlander, Alan M., Gough, Charlotte L. A., Green, Alison L., Mouillot, David, Polunin, Nicholas V. C., Stuart-Smith, Rick D., Wantiez, Laurent, Williams, Ivor D., Wilson, Shaun K., and Connolly, Sean R.

Published
2023
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8. Engaging the tropical majority to make ocean governance and science more equitable and effective

Author

Spalding, Ana K., Grorud-Colvert, Kirsten, Allison, Edward H., Amon, Diva J., Collin, Rachel, de Vos, Asha, Friedlander, Alan M., Johnson, Steven Mana’oakamai, Mayorga, Juan, Paris, Claire B., Scott, Cinda, Suman, Daniel O., Cisneros-Montemayor, Andrés M., Estradivari, Giron-Nava, Alfredo, Gurney, Georgina G., Harris, Jean M., Hicks, Christina, Mangubhai, Sangeeta, Micheli, Fiorenza, Naggea, Josheena, Obura, David, Palacios-Abrantes, Juliano, Pouponneau, Angelique, and Thurber, Rebecca Vega

Published
2023
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9. Island Ocean Connections: Exploring Land-Sea Linkages in the Context of Invasive Mammal Management

Author

Becker, Penny, Sandin, Stuart, Becker, Ceiba, Erazo, Natalia, Fisher, Robert, Friedlander, Alan, Fukami, Tadashi, Graham, Nick, Gruner, Daniel, Holmes, Nick, Holthuizen, Wieteke, Jones, Holly, Rios, Mariela, Sechrest, Wes, Semmens, Brice, Thornton, Hazel, Vega Thurber, Rebecca, and Wails, Christy

Abstract

Island Conservation (IC) and Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), UC San Diego, co-convened a meeting of practitioners and researchers to assess the Global Links for Island Marine Restoration(GLIMR). These global experts in the diverse fields of island restoration, invasive species management, and wildlife conservation, were assembled and worked for eight months to evaluate the state of the knowledge of land-sea linkages in the context of invasive species management and island restoration. The result is this white paper synthesis of the science and research recommendations and a manuscript that will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. The intended audiences for this endeavor include island communities, governments, conservation and sustainable development non-governmental organizations, scientists, and funders. Throughout the report, readers will find that the key takeaways, identified by the authors, are represented in blue italics. This study was made possible by the generous support from the IC Board of Directors, the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at SIO, the Nature Conservancy California Chapter, the Leo Model Foundation, and the Archie Arnold Trust.

Published
2022

11. Reply to: Quantifying the carbon benefits of ending bottom trawling

Author

Atwood, Trisha B., Sala, Enric, Mayorga, Juan, Bradley, Darcy, Cabral, Reniel B., Auber, Arnaud, Cheung, William, Ferretti, Francesco, Friedlander, Alan M., Gaines, Steven D., Garilao, Cristina, Goodell, Whitney, Halpern, Benjamin S., Hinson, Audra, Kaschner, Kristin, Kesner-Reyes, Kathleen, Leprieur, Fabien, McGowan, Jennifer, Morgan, Lance E., Mouillot, David, Palacios-Abrantes, Juliano, Possingham, Hugh P., Rechberger, Kristin D., Worm, Boris, and Lubchenco, Jane

Published
2023
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12. A global network of marine protected areas for food

Author

Cabral, Reniel B, Bradley, Darcy, Mayorga, Juan, Goodell, Whitney, Friedlander, Alan M, Sala, Enric, Costello, Christopher, and Gaines, Steven D

Subjects
Life Below Water, Life on Land, Animals, Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem, Fisheries, Fishes, Food Security, Humans, Seafood, marine protected areas, marine reserves, food security, spillover benefits, sustainable fisheries
Abstract

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are conservation tools that are increasingly implemented, with growing national commitments for MPA expansion. Perhaps the greatest challenge to expanded use of MPAs is the perceived trade-off between protection and food production. Since MPAs can benefit both conservation and fisheries in areas experiencing overfishing and since overfishing is common in many coastal nations, we ask how MPAs can be designed specifically to improve fisheries yields. We assembled distribution, life history, and fisheries exploitation data for 1,338 commercially important stocks to derive an optimized network of MPAs globally. We show that strategically expanding the existing global MPA network to protect an additional 5% of the ocean could increase future catch by at least 20% via spillover, generating 9 to 12 million metric tons more food annually than in a business-as-usual world with no additional protection. Our results demonstrate how food provisioning can be a central driver of MPA design, offering a pathway to strategically conserve ocean areas while securing seafood for the future.

Published
2020

15. Biological trade-offs underpin coral reef ecosystem functioning

Author

Schiettekatte, Nina M. D., Brandl, Simon J., Casey, Jordan M., Graham, Nicholas A. J., Barneche, Diego R., Burkepile, Deron E., Allgeier, Jacob E., Arias-Gonzaléz, Jesús E., Edgar, Graham J., Ferreira, Carlos E. L., Floeter, Sergio R., Friedlander, Alan M., Green, Alison L., Kulbicki, Michel, Letourneur, Yves, Luiz, Osmar J., Mercière, Alexandre, Morat, Fabien, Munsterman, Katrina S., Rezende, Enrico L., Rodríguez‐Zaragoza, Fabian A., Stuart-Smith, Rick D., Vigliola, Laurent, Villéger, Sébastien, and Parravicini, Valeriano

Published
2022
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18. Testing for concordance between predicted species richness, past prioritization, and marine protected area designations in the western Indian Ocean.

Author

McClanahan, Tim R., Friedlander, Alan M., Wickel, Julien, Graham, Nicholas A. J., Bruggemann, J. Henrich, Guillaume, Mireille M. M., Chabanet, P., Porter, Sean, Schleyer, Michael H., Azali, M. Kodia, and Muthiga, N. A.

Subjects
*MARINE parks & reserves, *SPECIES diversity, *CORALS, *ENVIRONMENTAL databases, *OCEAN zoning, WESTERN countries
Abstract

Scientific advances in environmental data coverage and machine learning algorithms have improved the ability to make large‐scale predictions where data are missing. These advances allowed us to develop a spatially resolved proxy for predicting numbers of tropical nearshore marine taxa. A diverse marine environmental spatial database was used to model numbers of taxa from ∼1000 field sites, and the predictions were applied to all 7039 6.25‐km2 reef cells in 9 ecoregions and 11 nations of the western Indian Ocean. Our proxy for total numbers of taxa was based on the positive correlation (r2 = 0.24) of numbers of taxa of hard corals and 5 highly diverse reef fish families. Environmental relationships indicated that the number of fish species was largely influenced by biomass, nearness to people, governance, connectivity, and productivity and that coral taxa were influenced mostly by physicochemical environmental variability. At spatial delineations of province, ecoregion, nation, and strength of spatial clustering, we compared areas of conservation priority based on our total species proxy with those identified in 3 previous priority‐setting reports and with the protected area database. Our method identified 119 locations that fit 3 numbers of taxa (hard coral, fish, and their combination) and 4 spatial delineations (nation, ecoregion, province, and reef clustering) criteria. Previous publications on priority setting identified 91 priority locations of which 6 were identified by all reports. We identified 12 locations that fit our 12 criteria and corresponded with 3 previously identified locations, 65 that aligned with at least 1 past report, and 28 that were new locations. Only 34% of the 208 marine protected areas in this province overlapped with identified locations with high numbers of predicted taxa. Differences occurred because past priorities were frequently based on unquantified perceptions of remoteness and preselected priority taxa. Our environment–species proxy and modeling approach can be considered among other important criteria for making conservation decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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20. Clipperton Atoll as a model to study small marine populations: Endemism and the genomic consequences of small population size.

Author

Crane, Nicole L, Tariel, Juliette, Caselle, Jennifer E, Friedlander, Alan M, Robertson, D Ross, and Bernardi, Giacomo

Subjects
Animals, Fishes, Genomics, Population Density, Gene Flow, Genetic Variation, Ecological and Environmental Phenomena, MD Multidisciplinary, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Estimating population sizes and genetic diversity are key factors to understand and predict population dynamics. Marine species have been a difficult challenge in that respect, due to the difficulty in assessing population sizes and the open nature of such populations. Small, isolated islands with endemic species offer an opportunity to groundtruth population size estimates with empirical data and investigate the genetic consequences of such small populations. Here we focus on two endemic species of reef fish, the Clipperton damselfish, Stegastes baldwini, and the Clipperton angelfish, Holacanthus limbaughi, on Clipperton Atoll, tropical eastern Pacific. Visual surveys, performed over almost two decades and four expeditions, and genetic surveys based on genomic RAD sequences, allowed us to estimate kinship and genetic diversity, as well as to compare population size estimates based on visual surveys with effective population sizes based on genetics. We found that genetic and visual estimates of population numbers were remarkably similar. S. baldwini and H. limbaughi had population sizes of approximately 800,000 and 60,000, respectively. Relatively small population sizes resulted in low genetic diversity and the presence of apparent kinship. This study emphasizes the importance of small isolated islands as models to study population dynamics of marine organisms.

Published
2018

21. Divergent responses of pelagic and benthic fish body-size structure to remoteness and protection from humans

Author

Letessier, Tom B., primary, Mouillot, David, additional, Mannocci, Laura, additional, Jabour Christ, Hanna, additional, Elamin, Elamin Mohammed, additional, Elamin, Sheikheldin Mohamed, additional, Friedlander, Alan M., additional, Hearn, Alex, additional, Juhel, Jean-Baptiste, additional, Kleiven, Alf Ring, additional, Moland, Even, additional, Mouquet, Nicolas, additional, Nillos-Kleiven, Portia Joy, additional, Sala, Enric, additional, Thompson, Christopher D. H., additional, Velez, Laure, additional, Vigliola, Laurent, additional, and Meeuwig, Jessica J., additional

Published
2024
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23. The Salas y Gómez and Nazca ridges: A review of the importance, opportunities and challenges for protecting a global diversity hotspot on the high seas

Author

Wagner, Daniel, van der Meer, Liesbeth, Gorny, Matthias, Sellanes, Javier, Gaymer, Carlos F., Soto, Eulogio H., Easton, Erin E., Friedlander, Alan M., Lindsay, Dhugal J., Molodtsova, Tina N., Boteler, Ben, Durussel, Carole, Gjerde, Kristina M., Currie, Duncan, Gianni, Matthew, Brooks, Cassandra M., Shiple, Marianne J., Wilhelm, T. ‘Aulani, Quesada, Marco, Thomas, Tamara, Dunstan, Piers K., Clark, Nichola A., Villanueva, Luis A., Pyle, Richard L., Clark, Malcolm R., Georgian, Samuel E., and Morgan, Lance E.

Published
2021
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26. Protecting the global ocean for biodiversity, food and climate

Author

Sala, Enric, Mayorga, Juan, Bradley, Darcy, Cabral, Reniel B., Atwood, Trisha B., Auber, Arnaud, Cheung, William, Costello, Christopher, Ferretti, Francesco, Friedlander, Alan M., Gaines, Steven D., Garilao, Cristina, Goodell, Whitney, Halpern, Benjamin S., Hinson, Audra, Kaschner, Kristin, Kesner-Reyes, Kathleen, Leprieur, Fabien, McGowan, Jennifer, Morgan, Lance E., Mouillot, David, Palacios-Abrantes, Juliano, Possingham, Hugh P., Rechberger, Kristin D., Worm, Boris, and Lubchenco, Jane

Published
2021
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27. Reply to: A path forward for analysing the impacts of marine protected areas

Author

Sala, Enric, Mayorga, Juan, Bradley, Darcy, Cabral, Reniel B., Atwood, Trisha B., Auber, Arnaud, Cheung, William, Costello, Christopher, Ferretti, Francesco, Friedlander, Alan M., Gaines, Steven D., Garilao, Cristina, Goodell, Whitney, Halpern, Benjamin S., Hinson, Audra, Kaschner, Kristin, Kesner-Reyes, Kathleen, Leprieur, Fabien, Lubchenco, Jane, McGowan, Jennifer, Morgan, Lance E., Mouillot, David, Palacios-Abrantes, Juliano, Possingham, Hugh P., Rechberger, Kristin D., and Worm, Boris

Published
2022
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30. Shallow subtidal marine benthic communities of Nachvak Fjord, Nunatsiavut, Labrador: A glimpse into species composition and drivers of their distribution

Author

Friedlander, Alan M., primary, Ballesteros, Enric, additional, Adler, Alyssa M., additional, Goodell, Whitney, additional, Jenkinson, Ryan, additional, Knopp, Jennie A., additional, Thompson, Christopher D. H., additional, Timmers, Molly, additional, Walsh, Cameron A. J., additional, and Sala, Enric, additional

Published
2023
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33. Parsing human and biophysical drivers of coral reef regimes

Author

Jouffray, Jean-Baptiste, Wedding, Lisa M., Norström, Albert V., Donovan, Mary K., Williams, Gareth J., Crowder, Larry B., Erickson, Ashley L., Friedlander, Alan M., Graham, Nicholas A. J., Gove, Jamison M., Kappel, Carrie V., Kittinger, John N., Lecky, Joey, Oleson, Kirsten L. L., Selkoe, Kimberly A., White, Crow, Williams, Ivor D., and Nyström, Magnus

Published
2019

35. Marine protected area networks: assessing whether the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Author

Grorud-Colvert, Kirsten, Claudet, Joachim, Tissot, Brian N, Caselle, Jennifer E, Carr, Mark H, Day, Jon C, Friedlander, Alan M, Lester, Sarah E, de Loma, Thierry Lison, Malone, Daniel, and Walsh, William J

Subjects
Conservation of Natural Resources, Ecosystem, Hawaii, Oceans and Seas, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Anthropogenic impacts are increasingly affecting the world's oceans. Networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) provide an option for increasing the ecological and economic benefits often provided by single MPAs. It is vital to empirically assess the effects of MPA networks and to prioritize the monitoring data necessary to explain those effects. We summarize the types of MPA networks based on their intended management outcomes and illustrate a framework for evaluating whether a connectivity network is providing an outcome greater than the sum of individual MPA effects. We use an analysis of an MPA network in Hawai'i to compare networked MPAs to non-networked MPAs to demonstrate results consistent with a network effect. We assert that planning processes for MPA networks should identify their intended outcomes while also employing coupled field monitoring-simulation modeling approaches, a powerful way to prioritize the most relevant monitoring data for empirically assessing MPA network performance.

Published
2014

36. Remote seamounts are key conservation priorities for pelagic wildlife.

Author

Thompson, Christopher D. H., Meeuwig, Jessica J., Friedlander, Alan M., and Sala, Enric

Subjects
MARINE biodiversity, BIODIVERSITY conservation, CORAL reef conservation, SEAMOUNTS, UNITED Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982)
Abstract

The article discusses the importance of remote seamounts as conservation priorities for pelagic wildlife. The pelagic ocean, which constitutes 99% of the global biosphere by volume, is experiencing a decline in fauna due to unsustainable fishing. Remote regions of the ocean that are less impacted by humans serve as refuges for heavily targeted species and offer valuable insights into ecological processes. Seamounts, in particular, are important for large pelagic animals but are often degraded due to fishing. Only a small percentage of seamounts have been surveyed and protected, making their conservation a significant opportunity. Well-designed and well-managed marine protected areas (MPAs) can reverse declines in ocean wildlife and enhance resilience to climate change. The protection of remote seamounts is crucial for sustaining pelagic wildlife populations and benefiting the species that rely on them. International collaboration among countries is also important for protecting valuable marine habitats. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024
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37. Gravity of human impacts mediates coral reef conservation gains

Author

Cinner, Joshua E., Maire, Eva, Huchery, Cindy, MacNeil, M. Aaron, Graham, Nicholas A. J., Mora, Camilo, McClanahan, Tim R., Barnes, Michele L., Kittinger, John N., Hicks, Christina C., D’Agata, Stephanie, Hoey, Andrew S., Gurney, Georgina G., Feary, David A., Williams, Ivor D., Kulbicki, Michel, Vigliola, Laurent, Wantiez, Laurent, Edgar, Graham J., Stuart-Smith, Rick D., Sandin, Stuart A., Green, Alison, Hardt, Marah J., Beger, Maria, Friedlander, Alan M., Wilson, Shaun K., Brokovich, Eran, Brooks, Andrew J., Cruz-Motta, Juan J., Booth, David J., Chabanet, Pascale, Gough, Charlotte, Tupper, Mark, Ferse, Sebastian C. A., Sumaila, U. Rashid, Pardede, Shinta, and Mouillot, David

Published
2018

39. Addressing Criticisms of Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas

Author

O’LEARY, BETHAN C., BAN, NATALIE C., FERNANDEZ, MIRIAM, FRIEDLANDER, ALAN M., GARCÍA-BORBOROGLU, PABLO, GOLBUU, YIMNANG, GUIDETTI, PAOLO, HARRIS, JEAN M., HAWKINS, JULIE P., LANGLOIS, TIM, MCCAULEY, DOUGLAS J., PIKITCH, ELLEN K., RICHMOND, ROBERT H., and ROBERTS, CALLUM M.

Published
2018

43. Social–environmental drivers inform strategic management of coral reefs in the Anthropocene

Author

Darling, Emily S., McClanahan, Tim R., Maina, Joseph, Gurney, Georgina G., Graham, Nicholas A. J., Januchowski-Hartley, Fraser, Cinner, Joshua E., Mora, Camilo, Hicks, Christina C., Maire, Eva, Puotinen, Marji, Skirving, William J., Adjeroud, Mehdi, Ahmadia, Gabby, Arthur, Rohan, Bauman, Andrew G., Beger, Maria, Berumen, Michael L., Bigot, Lionel, Bouwmeester, Jessica, Brenier, Ambroise, Bridge, Tom C. L., Brown, Eric, Campbell, Stuart J., Cannon, Sara, Cauvin, Bruce, Chen, Chaolun Allen, Claudet, Joachim, Denis, Vianney, Donner, Simon, Estradivari, Fadli, Nur, Feary, David A., Fenner, Douglas, Fox, Helen, Franklin, Erik C., Friedlander, Alan, Gilmour, James, Goiran, Claire, Guest, James, Hobbs, Jean-Paul A., Hoey, Andrew S., Houk, Peter, Johnson, Steven, Jupiter, Stacy D., Kayal, Mohsen, Kuo, Chao-yang, Lamb, Joleah, Lee, Michelle A. C., Low, Jeffrey, Muthiga, Nyawira, Muttaqin, Efin, Nand, Yashika, Nash, Kirsty L., Nedlic, Osamu, Pandolfi, John M., Pardede, Shinta, Patankar, Vardhan, Penin, Lucie, Ribas-Deulofeu, Lauriane, Richards, Zoe, Roberts, T. Edward, Rodgers, Ku’ulei S., Safuan, Che Din Mohd, Sala, Enric, Shedrawi, George, Sin, Tsai Min, Smallhorn-West, Patrick, Smith, Jennifer E., Sommer, Brigitte, Steinberg, Peter D., Sutthacheep, Makamas, Tan, Chun Hong James, Williams, Gareth J., Wilson, Shaun, Yeemin, Thamasak, Bruno, John F., Fortin, Marie-Josée, Krkosek, Martin, and Mouillot, David

Published
2019
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48. Climate Change, Coral Reef Ecosystems, and Management Options for Marine Protected Areas

Author

Keller, Brian D., Gleason, Daniel F., McLeod, Elizabeth, Woodley, Christa M., Airamé, Satie, Causey, Billy D., Friedlander, Alan M., Grober-Dunsmore, Rikki, Johnson, Johanna E., Miller, Steven L., and Steneck, Robert S.

Subjects
Environment, Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution, Forestry Management, Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution, Nature Conservation, Ecology, Environmental Management, Marine protected areas, Management options, Climate change, Coral reef ecosystems
Abstract

Marine protected areas (MPAs) provide place-based management of marine ecosystems through various degrees and types of protective actions. Habitats such as coral reefs are especially susceptible to degradation resulting from climate change, as evidenced by mass bleaching events over the past two decades. Marine ecosystems are being altered by direct effects of climate change including ocean warming, ocean acidification, rising sea level, changing circulation patterns, increasing severity of storms, and changing freshwater influxes. As impacts of climate change strengthen they may exacerbate effects of existing stressors and require new or modified management approaches; MPA networks are generally accepted as an improvement over individual MPAs to address multiple threats to the marine environment. While MPA networks are considered a potentially effective management approach for conserving marine biodiversity, they should be established in conjunction with other management strategies, such as fisheries regulations and reductions of nutrients and other forms of land-based pollution. Information about interactions between climate change and more “traditional” stressors is limited. MPA managers are faced with high levels of uncertainty about likely outcomes of management actions because climate change impacts have strong interactions with existing stressors, such as land-based sources of pollution, overfishing and destructive fishing practices, invasive species, and diseases. Management options include ameliorating existing stressors, protecting potentially resilient areas, developing networks of MPAs, and integrating climate change into MPA planning, management, and evaluation.

Published
2009

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