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4,058 results on '"Friedman, Joseph"'

1. Illicit Fentanyl Use and HCV Seroconversion Among People Who Inject Drugs in Tijuana and San Diego: Results from A Binational Cohort Study

Author: Friedman, Joseph R, Abramovitz, Daniela, Skaathun, Britt, Rangel, Gudelia, Harvey-Vera, Alicia, Vera, Carlos F, Artamonova, Irina, Muñoz, Sheryl, Martin, Natasha K, Eger, William H, Bailey, Katie, Go, Bo-Shan, Bourgois, Philippe, and Strathdee, Steffanie
Published: 2024

2. Kinematic Model of Magnetic Domain Wall Motion for Fast, High-Accuracy Simulations

Author: Doleh, Kristi, Humphrey, Leonard, Linseisen, Chandler M., Kitcher, Michael D., Martin, Joanna M., Cui, Can, Incorvia, Jean Anne C., Garcia-Sanchez, Felipe, Hassan, Naimul, Edwards, Alexander J., and Friedman, Joseph S.
Subjects: Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract: Domain wall (DW) devices have garnered recent interest for diverse applications including memory, logic, and neuromorphic primitives; fast, accurate device models are therefore imperative for large-scale system design and verification. Extant DW motion models are sub-optimal for large-scale system design either over-consuming compute resources with physics-heavy equations or oversimplifying the physics, drastically reducing model accuracy. We propose a DW model inspired by the phenomenological similarities between motions of a DW and a classical object being acted on by forces like air resistance or static friction. Our proposed phenomenological model predicts DW motion within 1.2% on average compared with micromagnetic simulations that are 400 times slower. Additionally our model is seven times faster than extant collective coordinate models and 14 times more accurate than extant hyper-reduced models making it an essential tool for large-scale DW circuit design and simulation. The model is publicly posted along with scripts that automatically extract model parameters from user-provided simulation or experimental data to extend the model to alternative micromagnetic parameters.
Published: 2024

3. Complete Boolean Algebra for Memristive and Spintronic Asymmetric Basis Logic Functions

Author: Vyas, Vaibhav and Friedman, Joseph S.
Subjects: Computer Science - Emerging Technologies
Abstract: The increasing advancement of emerging device technologies that provide alternative basis logic sets necessitates the exploration of innovative logic design automation methodologies. Specifically, emerging computing architectures based on the memristor and the bilayer avalanche spin-diode offer non-commutative or `asymmetric' operations, namely the inverted-input AND (IAND) and implication as basis logic gates. Existing logic design techniques inadequately leverage the unique characteristics of asymmetric logic functions resulting in insufficiently optimized logic circuits. This paper presents a complete Boolean algebraic framework specifically tailored to asymmetric logic functions, introducing fundamental identities, theorems and canonical normal forms that lay the groundwork for efficient synthesis and minimization of such logic circuits without relying on conventional Boolean algebra. Further, this paper establishes a logical relationship between implication and IAND operations. A previously proposed modified Karnaugh map method based on a subset of the presented algebraic principles demonstrated a 28% reduction in computational steps for an algorithmically designed memristive full adder; the presently-proposed algebraic framework lays the foundation for much greater future improvements., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2024

4. A T-depth two Toffoli gate for 2D square lattice architectures

Author: Paler, Alexandru, Dobbs, Evan E., and Friedman, Joseph S.
Subjects: Quantum Physics
Abstract: We present a novel Clifford+T decomposition of a Toffoli gate. Our decomposition requires no SWAP gates in order to be implemented on 2D square lattices of qubits. This decomposition enables shallower, more fault-tolerant quantum computations on both NISQ and error-corrected architectures. We present the derivation of the circuit, and illustrate the qubit mapping on a Sycamore-like architecture., Comment: accepted at 18th ACM International Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures
Published: 2023
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5. Deep Neuromorphic Networks with Superconducting Single Flux Quanta

Author: Krylov, Gleb, Edwards, Alexander J., Friedman, Joseph S., and Friedman, Eby G.
Subjects: Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing
Abstract: Conventional semiconductor-based integrated circuits are gradually approaching fundamental scaling limits. Many prospective solutions have recently emerged to supplement or replace both the technology on which basic devices are built and the architecture of data processing. Neuromorphic circuits are a promising approach to computing where techniques used by the brain to achieve high efficiency are exploited. Many existing neuromorphic circuits rely on unconventional and useful properties of novel technologies to better mimic the operation of the brain. One such technology is single flux quantum (SFQ) logic -- a cryogenic superconductive technology in which the data are represented by quanta of magnetic flux (fluxons) produced and processed by Josephson junctions embedded within inductive loops. The movement of a fluxon within a circuit produces a quantized voltage pulse (SFQ pulse), resembling a neuronal spiking event. These circuits routinely operate at clock frequencies of tens to hundreds of gigahertz, making SFQ a natural technology for processing high frequency pulse trains. Prior proposals for SFQ neural networks often require energy-expensive fluxon conversions, involve heterogeneous technologies, or exclusively focus on device level behavior. In this paper, a design methodology for deep single flux quantum neuromorphic networks is presented. Synaptic and neuronal circuits based on SFQ technology are presented and characterized. Based on these primitives, a deep neuromorphic XOR network is evaluated as a case study, both at the architectural and circuit levels, achieving wide classification margins. The proposed methodology does not employ unconventional superconductive devices or semiconductor transistors. The resulting networks are tunable by an external current, making this proposed system an effective approach for scalable cryogenic neuromorphic computing.
Published: 2023
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6. Neuromorphic Hebbian learning with magnetic tunnel junction synapses

Author: Zhou, Peng, Edwards, Alexander J., Mancoff, Frederick B., Aggarwal, Sanjeev, Heinrich-Barna, Stephen K., and Friedman, Joseph S.
Subjects: Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing
Abstract: Neuromorphic computing aims to mimic both the function and structure of biological neural networks to provide artificial intelligence with extreme efficiency. Conventional approaches store synaptic weights in non-volatile memory devices with analog resistance states, permitting in-memory computation of neural network operations while avoiding the costs associated with transferring synaptic weights from a memory array. However, the use of analog resistance states for storing weights in neuromorphic systems is impeded by stochastic writing, weights drifting over time through stochastic processes, and limited endurance that reduces the precision of synapse weights. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate neuromorphic networks that provide high-accuracy inference thanks to the binary resistance states of magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), while leveraging the analog nature of their stochastic spin-transfer torque (STT) switching for unsupervised Hebbian learning. We performed the first experimental demonstration of a neuromorphic network directly implemented with MTJ synapses, for both inference and spike-timing-dependent plasticity learning. We also demonstrated through simulation that the proposed system for unsupervised Hebbian learning with stochastic STT-MTJ synapses can achieve competitive accuracies for MNIST handwritten digit recognition. By appropriately applying neuromorphic principles through hardware-aware design, the proposed STT-MTJ neuromorphic learning networks provide a pathway toward artificial intelligence hardware that learns autonomously with extreme efficiency.
Published: 2023

7. Cascaded Logic Gates Based on High-Performance Ambipolar Dual-Gate WSe2 Thin Film Transistors

Author: Li, Xintong, Zhou, Peng, Hu, Xuan, Rivers, Ethan, Watanabe, Kenji, Taniguchi, Takashi, Akinwande, Deji, Friedman, Joseph S., and Incorvia, Jean Anne C.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
Abstract: Ambipolar dual-gate transistors based on two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, black phosphorus, and certain transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), enable reconfigurable logic circuits with suppressed off-state current. These circuits achieve the same logical output as CMOS with fewer transistors and offer greater flexibility in design. The primary challenge lies in the cascadability and power consumption of these logic gates with static CMOS-like connections. In this article, high-performance ambipolar dual-gate transistors based on tungsten diselenide (WSe2) are fabricated. A high on-off ratio of 10^8 and 10^6, a low off-state current of 100 to 300 fA, a negligible hysteresis, and an ideal subthreshold swing of 62 and 63 mV/dec are measured in the p- and n-type transport, respectively. For the first time, we demonstrate cascadable and cascaded logic gates using ambipolar TMD transistors with minimal static power consumption, including inverters, XOR, NAND, NOR, and buffers made by cascaded inverters. A thorough study of both the control gate and polarity gate behavior is conducted, which has previously been lacking. The noise margin of the logic gates is measured and analyzed. The large noise margin enables the implementation of VT-drop circuits, a type of logic with reduced transistor number and simplified circuit design. Finally, the speed performance of the VT-drop and other circuits built by dual-gate devices are qualitatively analyzed. This work lays the foundation for future developments in the field of ambipolar dual-gate TMD transistors, showing their potential for low-power, high-speed and more flexible logic circuits.
Published: 2023

8. The Trifecta Framework: Preparing Agents of Change in Urban Education

Author: Ball, Arnetha F., Greene, Danielle Marie, Friedman, Joseph S. L., and Dray, Barbara J.
Abstract: The research reported on in this article investigates a question that continues to perplex educators: How might a carefully designed course that provides opportunities for changes in participants' learning and practices be used in the preparation of the next generation of scholars/practitioners as equity-minded agents of change? Data analyzed from a course, taught to students for over a decade, designed around this question revealed development of conceptual, epistemological, and behavioral change in participants. We propose that instruction that strategically combines three critical components of the course--referred to as a "trifecta"--could facilitate generative thinking and serve as a catalyst in preparing agents of change who are able to confront inequality and enact social justice in urban schools.
Published: 2023
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9. Rethinking urban-rural designations in public health surveillance of the overdose crisis and crafting an agenda for future monitoring

Author: Textor, Lauren, Friedman, Joseph, Bourgois, Philippe, Aronowitz, Shoshana, Simon, Caty, Jauffret-Roustide, Marie, Namirembe, Sarah, Brothers, Sarah, McNeil, Ryan, Knight, Kelly Ray, and Hansen, Helena
Subjects: Human Geography, Public Health, Health Sciences, Human Society, Physical Injury - Accidents and Adverse Effects, Rural Health, Health Disparities, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, Public Health Surveillance, Urban Population, Drug Overdose, Rural Population, Opioids, Overdose, Rural urban categories, Ethnography, Surveillance, Inequality, Medical and Health Sciences, Studies in Human Society, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Substance Abuse, Public health, Policy and administration
Abstract: Rurality has served as a key concept in popular and scientific understandings of the US overdose crisis, with White, rural, and low-income areas thought to be most heavily affected. However, we observe that overdose trends have risen nearly uniformly across the urban-rural designations employed in most research, implying that their importance has likely been overstated or incorrectly conceptualized. Nevertheless, urbanicity/rurality does serve as a key axis to understand inequalities in overdose mortality when assessed with more nuanced modalities-employing a more granular analysis of geography at the sub-county level, and intersecting rurality sociodemographic indices such as race/ethnicity. Using national overdose data from 1999-2021, we illustrate the intersectional importance of rurality for overdose surveillance. Finally, we offer recommendations for integrating these insights into drug overdose surveillance moving forward.
Published: 2023

10. Longitudinal changes in co-involved drugs, comorbidities, and demographics of methamphetamine-related deaths in Los Angeles County.

Author: Shover, Chelsea, Friedman, Joseph, Romero, Ruby, Buhr, Russell, Chu, Brian, Tang, Amber, Medina, Jesus, Wisk, Lauren, Lucas, Jonathan, and Goodman-Meza, David
Subjects: Cardiovascular, Comorbidities, Homelessness, Methamphetamine, Opioids, Overdose, Polysubstance use, Humans, Adult, Methamphetamine, Analgesics, Opioid, Drug Overdose, Los Angeles, Demography
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: We conducted a population-based observational study of all medical examiner cases in Los Angeles County from January 2012 through June 2021 in which methamphetamine was listed as a cause of or contributing factor to death (n = 6125). We aimed to characterize demographics, comorbidities, and co-involved substances in methamphetamine-related deaths longitudinally in Los Angeles County, California. METHODS: We used detailed death record data to manually classify fatalities by involvement of each organ system, opioids, alcohol, cocaine, other drugs or medications, and external/traumatic causes. Primary outcomes included: the number of methamphetamine-involved deaths, demographics of decedents, percentage of methamphetamine deaths also involving other drugs, and percentage of methamphetamine deaths involving different organ systems. We performed Mann Kendall tests of trends to identify statistically significant longitudinal changes. RESULTS: During the study period, the percentage of methamphetamine-related deaths involving opioids significantly increased from 16 % in 2012 to 54 % in 2021 (p
Published: 2023

11. Fentanyl, heroin, and methamphetamine-based counterfeit pills sold at tourist-oriented pharmacies in Mexico: An ethnographic and drug checking study

Author: Friedman, Joseph, Godvin, Morgan, Molina, Caitlin, Romero, Ruby, Borquez, Annick, Avra, Tucker, Goodman-Meza, David, Strathdee, Steffanie, Bourgois, Philippe, and Shover, Chelsea L
Subjects: Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Epidemiology, Health Sciences, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Behavioral and Social Science, Opioids, Methamphetamine, Clinical Research, Opioid Misuse and Addiction, Prescription Drug Abuse, Substance Misuse, Physical Injury - Accidents and Adverse Effects, Good Health and Well Being, Male, Humans, Heroin, Fentanyl, Controlled Substances, Pharmacies, Mexico, Analgesics, Opioid, Drug Overdose, Oxycodone, Counterfeit, Overdose risk, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Substance Abuse, Biochemistry and cell biology, Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences
Abstract: BackgroundFentanyl- and methamphetamine-based counterfeit prescription drugs have driven escalating overdose death rates in the US, however their presence in Mexico has not been assessed. Our ethnographic team has conducted longitudinal research focused on illicit drug markets in Northern Mexico since 2018. In 2021-2022, study participants described the arrival of new, unusually potent tablets sold as ostensibly controlled substances, without a prescription, directly from pharmacies that cater to US tourists.AimsTo characterize the availability of counterfeit and authentic controlled substances at pharmacies in Northern Mexico available to English-speaking tourists without a prescription.MethodsWe employed an iterative, exploratory, mixed methods design. Longitudinal ethnographic data was used to characterize tourist-oriented micro-neighborhoods and guide the selection of n=40 pharmacies in n=4 cities in Northern Mexico. In each pharmacy, samples of "oxycodone", "Xanax", and "Adderall" were sought as single pills, during English-language encounters, after which detailed ethnographic accounts were recorded. We employed immunoassay-based testing strips to check each pill for the presence of fentanyls, benzodiazepines, amphetamines, and methamphetamines. We used Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to further characterize drug contents.ResultsOf n=40 pharmacies, one or more of the requested controlled substances could be obtained with no prescription (as single pills or in bottles) at 28 (70.0%) and as single pills at 19 (47.5%). Counterfeit pills were obtained at 11 pharmacies (27.5%). Of n=45 samples sold as one-off controlled substances, 18 were counterfeit. 7 of 11 (63.6%) samples sold as "Adderall" contained methamphetamine, 8 of 27 (29.6%) samples sold as "Oxycodone" contained fentanyl, and 3 "Oxycodone" samples contained heroin. Pharmacies providing counterfeit drugs were uniformly located in tourist-serving micro-neighborhoods, and generally featured English-language advertisements for erectile dysfunction medications and "painkillers". Pharmacy employees occasionally expressed concern about overdose risk and provided harm reduction guidance.DiscussionThe availability of fentanyl-, heroin-, and methamphetamine-based counterfeit medications in tourist-oriented independent pharmacies in Northern Mexico represents a public health risk, and occurs in the context of 1) the normalization of medical tourism as a response to rising unaffordability of healthcare in the US, 2) plummeting rates of opioid prescription in the US, affecting both chronic pain patients and the availability of legitimate pharmaceuticals on the unregulated market, 3) the rise of fentanyl-based counterfeit opioids as a key driver of the fourth, and deadliest-to-date, wave of the opioid crisis. It was not possible to distinguish counterfeit medications based on appearance of pills or geography of pharmacies, because identically-appearing authentic and counterfeit versions were often sold in close geographic proximity. Nevertheless, people who consume drugs may be more trusting of controlled substances purchased directly from pharmacies. Due to Mexico's limited opioid overdose surveillance infrastructure, the current death rate from these substances remains unknown.
Published: 2023

12. Near-Landauer Reversible Skyrmion Logic with Voltage-Based Propagation

Author: Walker, Benjamin W., Edwards, Alexander J., Hu, Xuan, Frank, Michael P., Garcia-Sanchez, Felipe, and Friedman, Joseph S.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract: Magnetic skyrmions are topological quasiparticles whose non-volatility, detectability, and mobility make them exciting candidates for low-energy computing. Previous works have demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of current-driven skyrmions in cascaded logic structures inspired by reversible computing. As skyrmions can be propelled through the voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) effect with much greater efficiency, this work proposes a VCMA-based skyrmion propagation mechanism that drastically reduces energy dissipation. Additionally, we demonstrate the functionality of skyrmion logic gates enabled by our novel voltage-based propagation and estimate its energy efficiency relative to other logic schemes. The minimum dissipation of this VCMA-driven magnetic skyrmion logic at 0 K is found to be $\sim$6$\times$ the room-temperature Landauer limit, indicating the potential for sub-Landauer dissipation through further engineering., Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures
Published: 2023

13. Roadmap for Unconventional Computing with Nanotechnology

Author: Finocchio, Giovanni, Incorvia, Jean Anne C., Friedman, Joseph S., Yang, Qu, Giordano, Anna, Grollier, Julie, Yang, Hyunsoo, Ciubotaru, Florin, Chumak, Andrii, Naeemi, Azad J., Cotofana, Sorin D., Tomasello, Riccardo, Panagopoulos, Christos, Carpentieri, Mario, Lin, Peng, Pan, Gang, Yang, J. Joshua, Todri-Sanial, Aida, Boschetto, Gabriele, Makasheva, Kremena, Sangwan, Vinod K., Trivedi, Amit Ranjan, Hersam, Mark C., Camsari, Kerem Y., McMahon, Peter L., Datta, Supriyo, Koiller, Belita, Aguilar, Gabriel H., Temporão, Guilherme P., Rodrigues, Davi R., Sunada, Satoshi, Everschor-Sitte, Karin, Tatsumura, Kosuke, Goto, Hayato, Puliafito, Vito, Åkerman, Johan, Takesue, Hiroki, Di Ventra, Massimiliano, Pershin, Yuriy V., Mukhopadhyay, Saibal, Roy, Kaushik, Wang, I-Ting, Kang, Wang, Zhu, Yao, Kaushik, Brajesh Kumar, Hasler, Jennifer, Ganguly, Samiran, Ghosh, Avik W., Levy, William, Roychowdhury, Vwani, and Bandyopadhyay, Supriyo
Subjects: Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract: In the "Beyond Moore's Law" era, with increasing edge intelligence, domain-specific computing embracing unconventional approaches will become increasingly prevalent. At the same time, adopting a variety of nanotechnologies will offer benefits in energy cost, computational speed, reduced footprint, cyber resilience, and processing power. The time is ripe for a roadmap for unconventional computing with nanotechnologies to guide future research, and this collection aims to fill that need. The authors provide a comprehensive roadmap for neuromorphic computing using electron spins, memristive devices, two-dimensional nanomaterials, nanomagnets, and various dynamical systems. They also address other paradigms such as Ising machines, Bayesian inference engines, probabilistic computing with p-bits, processing in memory, quantum memories and algorithms, computing with skyrmions and spin waves, and brain-inspired computing for incremental learning and problem-solving in severely resource-constrained environments. These approaches have advantages over traditional Boolean computing based on von Neumann architecture. As the computational requirements for artificial intelligence grow 50 times faster than Moore's Law for electronics, more unconventional approaches to computing and signal processing will appear on the horizon, and this roadmap will help identify future needs and challenges. In a very fertile field, experts in the field aim to present some of the dominant and most promising technologies for unconventional computing that will be around for some time to come. Within a holistic approach, the goal is to provide pathways for solidifying the field and guiding future impactful discoveries., Comment: 80 pages accepted in Nano Futures
Published: 2023
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14. US drug overdose mortality rose faster among hispanics than non-hispanics from 2010 to 2021.

Author: Romero, Ruby, Friedman, Joseph, Goodman-Meza, David, and Shover, Chelsea
Subjects: Cocaine, Fentanyl, Hispanic, Opioids, Overdose, Humans, Analgesics, Opioid, Drug Overdose, Fentanyl, Hispanic or Latino, New Mexico, United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Historically, overdose mortality rates among Hispanics have been lower than non-Hispanics. The purpose of this analysis was to characterize the U.S. overdose crisis among Hispanics compared to non-Hispanics. METHODS: We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiological Research (WONDER) platform to obtain drug overdose mortality rates per 100,000 population between 2010 and 2021 for Hispanics and non-Hispanics. We examined the relative percent change and specific drug involvement (2010-2021) and state-level disparities (2010-2020) among Hispanics versus non-Hispanics. We calculated rate ratios by state and annual percent change in total and for each specific drug. Statistical analyses were performed using R software version 4.0.3 (R Project for Statistical Computing). RESULTS: Nationally, from 2010 to 2021, Hispanic overdose rates rose from 5.6 to 21.7 per 100,000, an increase of 287.5 % compared to 13.5-35.1 per 100,000, an increase of 160 % among non-Hispanics. The average annual percent change was 12 % for Hispanics and 9 % for non-Hispanics. The three most common drug classes involved in overdose deaths among both groups included: Fentanyls and synthetic opioids; cocaine; and prescription opioids. Hispanic overdose rates were higher than non-Hispanic rates in New Mexico, Colorado, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania in 2020, versus only Michigan in 2010. CONCLUSIONS: We observed disparities in overdose mortality growth among Hispanics compared to non-Hispanics from 2010 to 2021. These disparities highlight the urgency to develop community-centered solutions that take into consideration the social and structural inequalities that exacerbate the effects of the opioid overdose crisis on Hispanic communities.
Published: 2023

15. Cigarette Smoking and Psychiatric Illness Among Individuals with COPD: a Systematic Review

Author: Levin, Jacob, Estey, David, Yadgaran, Ester, Perez, Esther, Plotnick, Isabella, Gittleman, Jennifer, Friedman, Joseph, Agterberg, Silvana, Messer, Sylvie, Pia, Tyler, Birchwale, Jennifer, Lee, Joun, Cruz, Lisa N., Gordon, Natacha A., Kashan, Rachel S., Min, Jung-Yun, Segal, Kate S., Patton, Caroline Delbourgo, George, Tony P., and Weinberger, Andrea H.
Published: 2024
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16. Efficient Quantum Circuit Design with a Standard Cell Approach, with an Application to Neutral Atom Quantum Computers

Author: Dobbs, Evan E., Friedman, Joseph S., and Paler, Alexandru
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Computer Science - Emerging Technologies
Abstract: We design quantum circuits by using the standard cell approach borrowed from classical circuit design, which can speed-up the layout of circuits with a regular structure. Our standard cells are general and can be used for all types of quantum circuits: error-corrected or not. The standard cell approach enables the formulation of layout-aware routing algorithms. Our method is directly applicable to neutral atom quantum computers supporting qubit shuttling. Such computers enable zoned architectures for memory, processing and measurement, and we design circuits using qubit storages (memory and measurement zones) and standard cells (processing zones). Herein, we use cubic standard cells for Toffoli gates and, starting from a 3D architecture, we design a multiplication circuit. We present evidence that, when compared with automatic routing methods, our layout-aware routers are significantly faster and achieve shallower 3D circuits (by at least 2.5x) and with a lower routing cost. Additionally, our co-design approach can be used to estimate the resources necessary for a quantum computation without using complex compilation methods. We conclude that standard cells, with the support of layout-aware routing, pave the way to very large scale methods for quantum circuit compilation.
Published: 2022

17. Substance use policy and practice in the COVID-19 pandemic: Learning from early pandemic responses through internationally comparative field data

Author: Aronowitz, Shoshana V, Carroll, Jennifer J, Hansen, Helena, Jauffret-Roustide, Marie, Parker, Caroline Mary, Suhail-Sindhu, Selena, Albizu-Garcia, Carmen, Alegria, Margarita, Arrendondo, Jaimie, Baldacchino, Alexander, Bluthenthal, Ricky, Bourgois, Philippe, Burraway, Joshua, Chen, Jia-shin, Ekhtiari, Hamed, Elkholy, Hussien, Farhoudian, Ali, Friedman, Joseph, Jordan, Ayana, Kato, Lindsey, Knight, Kelly, Martinez, Carlos, McNeil, Ryan, Murray, Hayley, Namirembe, Sarah, Radfar, Ramin, Roe, Laura, Sarang, Anya, Scherz, China, Teck, Joe Tay Wee, Textor, Lauren, and Oanh, Khuat Thi Hai
Subjects: Social Work, Human Society, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Behavioral and Social Science, Clinical Research, Substance Misuse, Generic health relevance, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, Drug Users, Pandemics, COVID-19, Substance-Related Disorders, Public Policy, Harm Reduction, Harm reduction, drug policy, overdose, substance use, Public Health and Health Services, Public Health, Epidemiology, Public health, Policy and administration
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented natural experiment in drug policy, treatment delivery, and harm reduction strategies by exposing wide variation in public health infrastructures and social safety nets around the world. Using qualitative data including ethnographic methods, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews with people who use drugs (PWUD) and Delphi-method with experts from field sites spanning 13 different countries, this paper compares national responses to substance use during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Field data was collected by the Substance Use x COVID-19 (SU x COVID) Data Collaborative, an international network of social scientists, public health scientists, and community health practitioners convened to identify and contextualise health service delivery models and social protections that influence the health and wellbeing of PWUD during COVID-19. Findings suggest that countries with stronger social welfare systems pre-COVID introduced durable interventions targeting structural drivers of health. Countries with fragmented social service infrastructures implemented temporary initiatives for PWUD led by non-governmental organisations. The paper summarises the most successful early pandemic responses seen across countries and ends by calling for greater systemic investments in social protections for PWUD, diversion away from criminal-legal systems toward health interventions, and integrated harm reduction, treatment and recovery supports for PWUD.
Published: 2022

18. Logical and Physical Reversibility of Conservative Skyrmion Logic

Author: Hu, Xuan, Walker, Benjamin W., García-Sánchez, Felipe, Edwards, Alexander J., Zhou, Peng, Incorvia, Jean Anne C., Paler, Alexandru, Frank, Michael P., and Friedman, Joseph S.
Subjects: Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract: Magnetic skyrmions are nanoscale whirls of magnetism that can be propagated with electrical currents. The repulsion between skyrmions inspires their use for reversible computing based on the elastic billiard ball collisions proposed for conservative logic in 1982. Here we evaluate the logical and physical reversibility of this skyrmion logic paradigm, as well as the limitations that must be addressed before dissipation-free computation can be realized.
Published: 2022
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19. Stronger, faster, deadlier: The high cost of concussion

Author: Friedman, Joseph
Published: 2023

20. Correlates of recent overdose among people who inject drugs in the San Diego/Tijuana border region

Author: Bailey, Katie, Abramovitz, Daniela, Patterson, Thomas L, Harvey-Vera, Alicia Y, Vera, Carlos F, Rangel, Maria Gudelia, Friedman, Joseph, Davidson, Peter, Bourgois, Philippe, and Strathdee, Steffanie A
Subjects: Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Epidemiology, Health Sciences, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Social Determinants of Health, Behavioral and Social Science, Physical Injury - Accidents and Adverse Effects, Opioid Misuse and Addiction, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Prevention, Substance Misuse, Clinical Research, Opioids, Good Health and Well Being, Male, Humans, Adult, Female, Substance Abuse, Intravenous, Drug Users, Analgesics, Opioid, Drug Overdose, Fentanyl, Illicit Drugs, Overdose, Injection drug use, Tijuana, San Diego, US-Mexico border, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Substance Abuse, Biochemistry and cell biology, Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences
Abstract: BackgroundAlong the Mexico-US border, illicitly manufactured fentanyls (fentanyl) have been detected in other illicit drugs, including street opioid formulations known as 'china white.' We studied correlates of recent overdose among people who inject drugs (PWID), focusing on the risk of knowlingly or unknowingly using fentanyl in china white.MethodsFrom October 2020 - September, 2021 we surveyed participants in San Diego, California and Tijuana, Mexico and employed Poisson regression to identify correlates of recent overdose.ResultsOf 612 PWID, most were male (74.0 %), Latinx (71.9 %), US residents (67.0 %). Mean age was 43 years. In the last six months, 15.8 % experienced overdose, 31.0 % knowingly used fentanyl and 11.1 % used china white, of whom 77.9 % did not think it contained fentanyl. After controlling for sex and race, factors independently associated with risk of overdose included knowingly using fentanyl, using china white and not believing it contained fentanyl, recent drug rehabilitation, being stopped/arrested by police, and homelessness. Further, PWID who believed china white contained fentanyl were less likely to use it.ConclusionsBoth intentional fentanyl use and unintentional exposure to fentanyl via china white were associated with overdose risk; however, PWID who believed china white contained fentanyl were less likely to use it. These data suggest that advanced drug checking systems should be implemented to empower PWID to avoid dangerous street formulations or to plan their drug use knowing its contents. Other overdose risk factors such as decreased tolerance following drug treatment, police interactions, and homelessness also require urgent intervention.
Published: 2022

21. Synchronous Unsupervised STDP Learning with Stochastic STT-MRAM Switching

Author: Zhou, Peng, Smith, Julie A., Deremo, Laura, Heinrich-Barna, Stephen K., and Friedman, Joseph S.
Subjects: Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing
Abstract: The use of analog resistance states for storing weights in neuromorphic systems is impeded by fabrication imprecision and device stochasticity that limit the precision of synapse weights. This challenge can be resolved by emulating analog behavior with the stochastic switching of the binary states of spin-transfer torque magnetoresistive random-access memory (STT-MRAM). However, previous approaches based on STT-MRAM operate in an asynchronous manner that is difficult to implement experimentally. This paper proposes a synchronous spiking neural network system with clocked circuits that perform unsupervised learning leveraging the stochastic switching of STT-MRAM. The proposed system enables a single-layer network to achieve 90% inference accuracy on the MNIST dataset.
Published: 2021

22. Experimental Demonstration of Neuromorphic Network with STT MTJ Synapses

Author: Zhou, Peng, Edwards, Alexander J., Mancoff, Fred B., Houssameddine, Dimitri, Aggarwal, Sanjeev, and Friedman, Joseph S.
Subjects: Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract: We present the first experimental demonstration of a neuromorphic network with magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) synapses, which performs image recognition via vector-matrix multiplication. We also simulate a large MTJ network performing MNIST handwritten digit recognition, demonstrating that MTJ crossbars can match memristor accuracy while providing increased precision, stability, and endurance.
Published: 2021

23. Focused Surface Acoustic Wave induced nano-oscillator based reservoir computing

Author: Chowdhury, Md. Fahim F., Misba, Walid Al, Rajib, Md Mahadi, Edwards, Alexander J., Bhattacharya, Dhritiman, Friedman, Joseph S., and Atulasimha, Jayasimha
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract: We demonstrate using micromagnetic simulations that a nanomagnet array excited by Surface Acoustic Waves (SAWs) can work as a reservoir that can classify sine and square waves with high accuracy. To evaluate memory effect and computing capability, we study the Short-Term Memory (STM) and Parity Check (PC) capacities respectively. The simulated nanomagnet array has an input nanomagnet that is excited with focused SAW and coupled to several nanomagnets, seven of which serve as output nanomagnets. The SAW has a carrier frequency of 4 GHz whose amplitude is modulated to provide different inputs of sine and square waves of 100 MHz frequency. The responses of the selected output nanomagnets are processed by reading the envelope of their magnetization state, which is used to train the output weights using regression method (e.g. Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse operation). For classification, a random sequence of 100 square and sine wave samples are used, of which 80 % are used for training, and the rest of the samples used for testing. We achieve 100 % training accuracy and 100 % testing accuracy for different combination of nanomagnets as outputs. Further, the STM and PC is calculated to be ~ 5.5 bits and ~ 5.3 bits respectively, which is indicative of the proposed acoustically driven nanomagnet oscillator array being well suited for physical reservoir computing applications. Finally, the ability to use high frequency (4GHz, wavelength ~1 micron) SAW makes the device scalable to small dimensions, while the ability to modulate the envelope at lower frequency (100 MHz) adds flexibility to encode different signals beyond the sine and square waves demonstrated here.
Published: 2021
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24. Decreasing Stigma Toward People Who Inject Drugs: Harm Reduction Training for First-Year Medical Students

Author: Avra, Tucker, Cowan, Amanda, Friedman, Joseph, Fukushima, Jack, Nelson, Andrew, Truman, Kyla, Stevens, Autumn, Bourgois, Philippe, Hansen, Helena, Shover, Chelsea, and Goodman-Meza, David
Published: 2024
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25. Deported, homeless, and into the canal: Environmental structural violence in the binational Tijuana River

Author: Calderón-Villarreal, Alhelí, Terry, Brendan, Friedman, Joseph, González-Olachea, Sara Alejandra, Chavez, Alfonso, López, Margarita Díaz, Bufanda, Lilia Pacheco, Martinez, Carlos, Ponce, Stephanie Elizabeth Medina, Cázares-Adame, Rebeca, Bochm, Paola Fernanda Rochin, Kayser, Georgia, Strathdee, Steffanie A, Meléndez, Gabriela Muñoz, Holmes, Seth M, Bojorquez, Ietza, Huertos, Marc Los, and Bourgois, Philippe
Subjects: Human Society, Prevention, Social Determinants of Health, 3.1 Primary prevention interventions to modify behaviours or promote wellbeing, Generic health relevance, Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, Clean Water and Sanitation, Adult, Ill-Housed Persons, Humans, Mexico, Police, Rivers, Substance Abuse, Intravenous, Violence, Environmental injustice, Water quality analysis, WASH access, Ethnography, Epidemiology, US-Mexico border, Police violence, PWID, Medical and Health Sciences, Economics, Studies in Human Society, Public Health, Health sciences, Human society
Abstract: IntroductionThe US deports more Mexicans to Tijuana than any other borderland city. Returning involuntarily as members of a stigmatized underclass, many find themselves homeless and de-facto stateless. Subject to routinized police victimization, many take refuge in the Tijuana River Canal (El Bordo). Previous reports suggest Tijuana River water may be contaminated but prior studies have not accessed the health effects or contamination of the water closest to the river residents.MethodsA binational, transdisciplinary team undertook a socio-environmental, mixed methods assessment to simultaneously characterize Tijuana River water quality with chemical testing, assess the frequency of El Bordo residents' water-related diseases, and trace water contacts with epidemiological survey methods (n = 85 adults, 18+) in 2019, and ethnographic methods in 2019-2021. Our analysis brings the structural violence framework into conversation with an environmental injustice perspective to documented how social forces drive poor health outcomes enacted through the environment.ResultsThe Tijuana River water most proximate to its human inhabitants fails numerous water-quality standards, posing acute health risks. Escherichia coli values were ∼40,000 times the Mexican regulatory standard for directly contacted water. Skin infections (47%), dehydration (40%) and diarrhea (28%) were commonly reported among El Bordo residents. Residents are aware the water is contaminated and strive to minimize harm to their health by differentially using local water sources. Their numerous survival constraints, however, are exacerbated by routine police violence which propels residents and other people who inject drugs into involuntary contact with contaminated water.DiscussionHuman rights to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene are routinely violated among El Bordo inhabitants. This is exacerbated by violent policing practices that force unhoused deportees to seek refuge in waterways, and drive water contacts. Furthermore, US-Mexico 'free-trade' agreements drive rapid growth in Tijuana, restrict Mexican environmental regulation enforcement, and drive underinvestment in sewage systems and infrastructure.
Published: 2022

26. The introduction of fentanyl on the US–Mexico border: An ethnographic account triangulated with drug checking data from Tijuana

Author: Friedman, Joseph, Bourgois, Philippe, Godvin, Morgan, Chavez, Alfonso, Pacheco, Lilia, Segovia, Luis A, Beletsky, Leo, and Arredondo, Jaime
Subjects: Health Services and Systems, Health Sciences, Substance Misuse, Clinical Research, Behavioral and Social Science, Physical Injury - Accidents and Adverse Effects, Social Determinants of Health, Opioid Misuse and Addiction, Opioids, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Generic health relevance, Good Health and Well Being, Analgesics, Opioid, Drug Overdose, Fentanyl, Heroin, Humans, Illicit Drugs, Mexico, Naloxone, Powders, US-Mexico Border, Ethnography, Epidemiology, Drug Checking, Mixed methods, Medical and Health Sciences, Studies in Human Society, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Substance Abuse, Public health, Policy and administration
Abstract: BackgroundIllicitly-manufactured fentanyls (fentanyl) have changed the risk environment of people who use drugs (PWUD). In California and many western US states, the opioid overdose rate spiked from 2016 to 2021, driven largely by fentanyl. Mexican border cities act as transit through-points for the illicit drug supply and similar evolving health risks are likely to be present. Nevertheless, due to data gaps in surveillance infrastructure, little is known about fentanyl prevalence in Mexico.MethodsWe employ intensive ethnographic participant-observation among PWUD, as well as key informants including harm reduction professionals, EMTs, and physicians on the front lines in Tijuana, Mexico. We triangulate interview data and direct observations of consumption practices with n=652 immunoassay-based fentanyl tests of drug paraphernalia from mobile harm reduction clinics in various points throughout the city.ResultsPWUD informants described a sharp increase in the psychoactive potency and availability of powder heroin-referred to as "china white"-and concomitant increases in frequency of overdose, soft tissue infection, and polysubstance methamphetamine use. Fentanyl positivity was found among 52.8% (95%CI: 48.9-56.6%) of syringes collected at harm reduction spaces, and varied strongly across sites, from 2.7% (0.0-5.7%) to 76.5% (68.2-84.7%), implying strong market heterogeneity. Controlling for location of collection, syringe-based fentanyl positivity increased by 21.7% (10.1-42.3%) during eight months of testing. Key informants confirm numerous increased public health risks from fentanyl and describe the absence of a systematic or evidence-based governmental response; naloxone remains difficult to access and recent austerity measures have cut funding for harm reduction in Mexico.ConclusionsFentanyl, linked to powder heroin, is changing the risk environment of PWUD on the US-Mexico border. Improved surveillance is needed to track the evolving street drug supply in Mexico and related health impacts for vulnerable populations. Structural factors limiting access to naloxone, harm reduction, substance use treatment, and healthcare, and minimal overdose surveillance, must be improved to provide an effective systemic response.
Published: 2022

27. Shape-Dependent Multi-Weight Magnetic Artificial Synapses for Neuromorphic Computing

Author: Leonard, Thomas, Liu, Samuel, Alamdar, Mahshid, Cui, Can, Akinola, Otitoaleke G., Xue, Lin, Xiao, T. Patrick, Friedman, Joseph S., Marinella, Matthew J., Bennett, Christopher H., and Incorvia, Jean Anne C.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing
Abstract: In neuromorphic computing, artificial synapses provide a multi-weight conductance state that is set based on inputs from neurons, analogous to the brain. Additional properties of the synapse beyond multiple weights can be needed, and can depend on the application, requiring the need for generating different synapse behaviors from the same materials. Here, we measure artificial synapses based on magnetic materials that use a magnetic tunnel junction and a magnetic domain wall. By fabricating lithographic notches in a domain wall track underneath a single magnetic tunnel junction, we achieve 4-5 stable resistance states that can be repeatably controlled electrically using spin orbit torque. We analyze the effect of geometry on the synapse behavior, showing that a trapezoidal device has asymmetric weight updates with high controllability, while a straight device has higher stochasticity, but with stable resistance levels. The device data is input into neuromorphic computing simulators to show the usefulness of application-specific synaptic functions. Implementing an artificial neural network applied on streamed Fashion-MNIST data, we show that the trapezoidal magnetic synapse can be used as a metaplastic function for efficient online learning. Implementing a convolutional neural network for CIFAR-100 image recognition, we show that the straight magnetic synapse achieves near-ideal inference accuracy, due to the stability of its resistance levels. This work shows multi-weight magnetic synapses are a feasible technology for neuromorphic computing and provides design guidelines for emerging artificial synapse technologies., Comment: 27 pages 6 figures 1 table
Published: 2021

28. Global Assessment of Palliative Care Need: Serious Health-Related Suffering Measurement Methodology

Author: Kwete, Xiaoxiao J., Bhadelia, Afsan, Arreola-Ornelas, Héctor, Mendez, Oscar, Rosa, William E., Connor, Stephen, Downing, Julia, Jamison, Dean, Watkins, David, Calderon, Renzo, Cleary, Jim, Friedman, Joseph R., De Lima, Liliana, Ntizimira, Christian, Pastrana, Tania, Pérez-Cruz, Pedro E., Spence, Dingle, Rajagopal, M.R., Vargas Enciso, Valentina, Krakauer, Eric L., Radbruch, Lukas, and Knaul, Felicia Marie
Published: 2024
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29. Changes in injecting versus smoking heroin, fentanyl, and methamphetamine among people who inject drugs in San Diego, California, 2020–2023

Author: Eger, William H., Abramovitz, Daniela, Bazzi, Angela R., Bórquez, Annick, Vera, Carlos F., Harvey-Vera, Alicia, Friedman, Joseph R., and Strathdee, Steffanie A.
Published: 2024
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30. Brief commentary: Under-recognition of underuse of clozapine in treating psychotic symptoms in Parkinson's disease

Author: Friedman, Joseph H.
Published: 2024
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31. Passive frustrated nanomagnet reservoir computing

Author: Edwards, Alexander J., Bhattacharya, Dhritiman, Zhou, Peng, McDonald, Nathan R., Misba, Walid Al, Loomis, Lisa, García-Sánchez, Felipe, Hassan, Naimul, Hu, Xuan, Chowdhury, Md. Fahim, Thiem, Clare D., Atulasimha, Jayasimha, and Friedman, Joseph S.
Published: 2023
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32. An Ethnographic Assessment of COVID-19‒Related Changes to the Risk Environment for People Who Use Drugs in Tijuana, Mexico

Author: Friedman, Joseph, Calderón-Villarreal, Alhelí, Adame, Rebeca Cazares, Abramovitz, Daniela, Rafful, Claudia, Rangel, Gudelia, Vera, Alicia, Strathdee, Steffanie A, and Bourgois, Philippe
Subjects: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Behavioral and Social Science, Substance Misuse, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Clinical Research, Prevention, Infectious Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, Anthropology, Cultural, COVID-19, Communicable Disease Control, Drug Users, Humans, Mexico, Pandemics, Medical and Health Sciences, Public Health, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract: Objectives. To characterize the effects of the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic on the risk environment of people who use drugs (PWUD) in Tijuana, Mexico. Methods. We used intensive participant-observation ethnography among street-based PWUD and key informants, such as frontline physicians and harm reductionists. Results. PWUD described an unprecedented cessation of police violence and extortion during the initial pandemic-related lockdown, though this quickly reversed and police violence worsened. Government-provided housing and medical treatment with methadone were temporarily provided to PWUD in a dedicated clinic, yet only for PWUD with COVID-19 symptoms. Concurrently, non‒COVID-19‒related hospital care became virtually inaccessible, and many PWUD died of untreated, chronic illnesses, such as hepatitis C, and soft-tissue infections. Border closures, decreases in social interaction, and reduced drug and sex tourism resulted in worsening food, income, and housing insecurity for many PWUD. By contrast, potent illicit drugs remained easily accessible in open-air drug markets. Conclusions. The pandemic exacerbated health risks for PWUD but also offered profound glimpses of beneficial structural changes. Efforts are needed in Tijuana and elsewhere to institutionalize positive pandemic-related shifts and ameliorate novel harms for PWUD. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S2):S199-S202. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306796).
Published: 2022

33. Xylazine spreads across the US: A growing component of the increasingly synthetic and polysubstance overdose crisis

Author: Friedman, Joseph, Montero, Fernando, Bourgois, Phillippe, Wahbi, Rafik, Dye, Daniel, Goodman-Meza, David, and Shover, Chelsea
Subjects: Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Substance Misuse, Prevention, Infectious Diseases, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, Analgesics, Opioid, Drug Overdose, Fentanyl, Heroin, Humans, Substance Abuse, Intravenous, Xylazine, Overdose, Ethnography, Mixed methods, Drug Surveillance, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Substance Abuse, Biochemistry and cell biology, Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences, Epidemiology
Abstract: BackgroundSharp exacerbations of the US overdose crisis are linked to polysubstance use of synthetic compounds. Xylazine is a veterinary tranquilizer, long noted in the street opioid supply of Puerto Rico, and more recently Philadelphia. Yet its national trends, geographic distribution, and health risks are poorly characterized.MethodsIn this sequential mixed-methods study, xylazine was increasingly observed by ethnographers in Philadelphia among drug-sellers and people who inject drugs (PWID). Subsequently, we systematically searched for records describing xylazine-present overdose mortality across the US and assessed time trends and overlap with other drugs.ResultsIn 10 jurisdictions - representing all four US Census Regions - xylazine was increasingly present in overdose deaths, rising from 0.36% of deaths in 015m 6.7% in 2020. The highest xylazine prevalence data was observed in Philadelphia, (25.8% of deaths), followed by Maryland (19.3%) and Connecticut (10.2%). Illicitly-manufactured-fentanyls were present in 98.4% of xylazine-present-overdose-deaths - suggesting a strong ecological link - as well as cocaine (45.4%), benzodiazepines (28.4%), heroin (23.3%), and alcohol (19.7%). PWID in Philadelphia described xylazine as a sought-after adulterant that lengthens the short duration of fentanyl injections. They also linked it to increased risk of soft tissue infection and naloxone-resistant overdose.ConclusionsXylazine is increasingly present in overdose deaths, linked to the proliferation of illicitly-manufactured-fentanyls. Ethnographic accounts associate it with profound risks for PWID. Nevertheless, many jurisdictions do not routinely test for xylazine, and it is not comprehensively tracked nationally. Further efforts are needed to provide PWID with services that can help minimize additional risks associated with a shifting drug supply.
Published: 2022

34. High-Speed CMOS-Free Purely Spintronic Asynchronous Recurrent Neural Network

Author: Mathews, Pranav O., Duffee, Christian B., Thayil, Abel, Stovall, Ty E., Bennett, Christopher H., Garcia-Sanchez, Felipe, Marinella, Matthew J., Incorvia, Jean Anne C., Hassan, Naimul, Hu, Xuan, and Friedman, Joseph S.
Subjects: Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing, Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
Abstract: Neuromorphic computing systems overcome the limitations of traditional von Neumann computing architectures. These computing systems can be further improved upon by using emerging technologies that are more efficient than CMOS for neural computation. Recent research has demonstrated memristors and spintronic devices in various neural network designs boost efficiency and speed. This paper presents a biologically inspired fully spintronic neuron used in a fully spintronic Hopfield RNN. The network is used to solve tasks, and the results are compared against those of current Hopfield neuromorphic architectures which use emerging technologies.
Published: 2021

35. Fast Swapping in a Quantum Multiplier Modelled as a Queuing Network

Author: Dobbs, Evan E., Basmadjian, Robert, Paler, Alexandru, and Friedman, Joseph S.
Subjects: Quantum Physics
Abstract: Predicting the optimum SWAP depth of a quantum circuit is useful because it informs the compiler about the amount of necessary optimization. Fast prediction methods will prove essential to the compilation of practical quantum circuits. In this paper, we propose that quantum circuits can be modeled as queuing networks, enabling efficient extraction of the parallelism and duration of SWAP circuits. To provide preliminary substantiation of this approach, we compile a quantum multiplier circuit and use a queuing network model to accurately determine the quantum circuit parallelism and duration. Our method is scalable and has the potential speed and precision necessary for large scale quantum circuit compilation., Comment: accepted at 13th International Conference on Reversible Computation (RC) July 7 - July 8, 2021, Nagoya, Japan
Published: 2021

36. Analog Seizure Detection for Implanted Responsive Neurostimulation

Author: Zaki, Abbas A., Parker, Noah C., Kim, Tae-Yoon, Ishak, Sam, Stovall, Ty E., Peng, Genchang, Dave, Hina, Harvey, Jay, Nourani, Mehrdad, Hu, Xuan, Edwards, Alexander J., and Friedman, Joseph S.
Subjects: Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
Abstract: Epilepsy can be treated with medication, however, $30\%$ of epileptic patients are still drug resistive. Devices like responsive neurostimluation systems are implanted in select patients who may not be amenable to surgical resection. However, state-of-the-art devices suffer from low accuracy and high sensitivity. We propose a novel patient-specific seizure detection system based on na\"ive Bayesian inference using M\"uller C-elements. The system improves upon the current leading neurostimulation device, NeuroPace's RNS by implementing analog signal processing for feature extraction, minimizing the power consumption compared to the digital counterpart. Preliminary simulations were performed in MATLAB, demonstrating that through integrating multiple channels and features, up to $98\%$ detection accuracy for individual patients can be achieved. Similarly, power calculations were performed, demonstrating that the system uses $6.5 \mu W$ per channel, which when compared to the state-of-the-art NeuroPace system would increase battery life by up to $50 \%$.
Published: 2021

37. Pistol-Packing Padres: Rethinking Regulations Prohibiting Armed Military Chaplains

Author: Friedman, Joseph
Subjects: United States. Marine Corps -- Laws, regulations and rules, United States. Department of Defense -- Laws, regulations and rules, United States. Army. Chaplain Corps -- Laws, regulations and rules, Vietnam War, 1959-1975 -- Military aspects, Combatants and noncombatants (International law) -- Military aspects -- Laws, regulations and rules, Medical personnel -- Laws, regulations and rules -- Military aspects, Government regulation, General interest, Military and naval science
Abstract: From biblical times until the mid-nineteenth century, military chaplains went into battle as combatants. That began to change in the 1860s with the development of modern national and international laws [...]
Published: 2023

38. Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Schumacher, Austin E, Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Aali, Amirali, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Jaffar, Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh, Abbasi, Madineh Akram, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, Abd ElHafeez, Samar, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abdelwahab, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdoun, Meriem, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abdurehman, Ame Mehadi, Abebe, Mesfin, Abedi, Aidin, Abedi, Armita, Abegaz, Tadesse M, Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel, Abhilash, E S, Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abouzid, Mohamed, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrha, Woldu Aberhe, Abrigo, Michael R M, Abtahi, Dariush, Abu Rumeileh, Samir, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Aburuz, Salahdein, Abu-Zaid, Ahmed, Acuna, Juan Manuel, Adair, Tim, Addo, Isaac Yeboah, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adegboye, Oyelola A, Adekanmbi, Victor, Aden, Bashir, Adepoju, Abiola Victor, Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun, Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther, Adeyomoye, Olorunsola Israel, Adha, Rishan, Adibi, Amin, Adikusuma, Wirawan, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Adra, Saryia, Afework, Abel, Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika, Afraz, Ali, Afyouni, Shadi, Afzal, Saira, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Aghamiri, Shahin, Agodi, Antonella, Agyemang-Duah, Williams, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmad, Danish, Ahmad, Firdos, Ahmad, Muayyad M, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadzade, Amir Mahmoud, Ahmadzade, Mohadese, Ahmed, Ayman, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Luai A, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Syed Anees, Ajami, Marjan, Aji, Budi, Ajumobi, Olufemi, Akalu, Gizachew Taddesse, Akara, Essona Matatom, Akinosoglou, Karolina, Akkala, Sreelatha, Akyirem, Samuel, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz, Al Homsi, Ammar, Al Qadire, Mohammad, Ala, Moein, Aladelusi, Timothy Olukunle, AL-Ahdal, Tareq Mohammed Ali, Alalalmeh, Samer O, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Manjurul, Alam, Zufishan, Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Albashtawy, Mohammed, AlBataineh, Mohammad T, Aldridge, Robert W, Alemi, Sharifullah, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed, Alhabib, Khalid F, Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji, Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled, Ali, Abid, Ali, Akhtar, Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir, Ali, Hassam, Ali, Mohammed Usman, Ali, Rafat, Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait, Ali, Zahid, Alian Samakkhah, Shohreh, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Aligol, Mohammad, Alimi, Rasoul, Aliyi, Ahmednur Adem, Al-Jumaily, Adel, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almahmeed, Wael, Al-Marwani, Sabah, Al-Maweri, Sadeq Ali Ali, Almazan, Joseph Uy, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Almidani, Omar, Alomari, Mahmoud A, Alonso, Nivaldo, Alqahtani, Jaber S, Alqutaibi, Ahmed Yaseen, Al-Sabah, Salman Khalifah, Altaf, Awais, Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvi, Farrukh Jawad, Alwafi, Hassan, Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed, Aly, Hany, Alzoubi, Karem H, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amhare, Abebe Feyissa, Amin, Tarek Tawfik, Amindarolzarbi, Alireza, Aminian Dehkordi, Javad, Amiri, Sohrab, Amu, Hubert, Amugsi, Dickson A, Amzat, Jimoh, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Andrade, Pedro Prata, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Angappan, Dhanalakshmi, Anil, Abhishek, Anjum, Afifa, Antony, Catherine M, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola, Anwar, Sumadi Lukman, Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Aqeel, Muhammad, Arabloo, Jalal, Arabzadeh Bahri, Razman, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Arafat, Mosab, Araújo, Ana Margarida, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Aremu, Abdulfatai, Ariffin, Hany, Aripov, Timur, Armocida, Benedetta, Arooj, Mahwish, Artamonov, Anton A, Artanti, Kurnia Dwi, Arulappan, Judie, Aruleba, Idowu Thomas, Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo, Arumugam, Ashokan, Asaad, Malke, Asgary, Saeed, Ashemo, Mubarek Yesse, Ashraf, Muhammad, Asika, Marvellous O, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Atreya, Alok, Attia, Sameh, Aujayeb, Avinash, Avan, Abolfazl, Awotidebe, Adedapo Wasiu, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Ayele, Getnet Melaku, Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L, Ayyoubzadeh, Seyed Mohammad, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azhar, Gulrez Shah, Aziz, Shahkaar, Azzam, Ahmed Y, Babashahi, Mina, Babu, Abraham Samuel, Badar, Muhammad, Badawi, Alaa, Badiye, Ashish D, Baghdadi, Soroush, Bagheri, Nasser, Bagherieh, Sara, Bah, Sulaiman, Bahadorikhalili, Saeed, Bai, Jianjun, Bai, Ruhai, Baker, Jennifer L, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Bako, Abdulaziz T, Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar, Balogun, Saliu A, Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin, Bam, Kiran, Banach, Maciej, Bandyopadhyay, Soham, Banik, Biswajit, Banik, Palash Chandra, Bansal, Hansi, Barati, Shirin, Barchitta, Martina, Bardhan, Mainak, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Barone-Adesi, Francesco, Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat, Barr, Ronald D, Barrero, Lope H, Basharat, Zarrin, Bashir, Asma'u I J, Bashiru, Hameed Akande, Baskaran, Pritish, Basnyat, Buddha, Bassat, Quique, Basso, João Diogo, Basu, Saurav, Batra, Kavita, Batra, Ravi, Baune, Bernhard T, Bayati, Mohsen, Bayileyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew, Beaney, Thomas, Bedi, Neeraj, Begum, Tahmina, Behboudi, Emad, Behnoush, Amir Hossein, Beiranvand, Maryam, Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda, Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bello, Muhammad Bashir, Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja, Belo, Luis, Beloukas, Apostolos, Bendak, Salaheddine, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benzian, Habib, Berezvai, Zombor, Berman, Adam E, Bermudez, Amiel Nazer C, Bettencourt, Paulo J G, Beyene, Habtamu B, Beyene, Kebede A, Bhagat, Devidas S, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhardwaj, Prarthna V, Bhargava, Ashish, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhat, Vivek, Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur, Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh, Bhatti, Manpreet S, Bhatti, Rajbir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bikbov, Boris, Binmadi, Nada, Bintoro, Bagas Suryo, Biondi, Antonio, Bisignano, Catherine, Bisulli, Francesca, Biswas, Atanu, Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Bitaraf, Saeid, Bjørge, Tone, Bleyer, Archie, Boampong, Mary Sefa, Bodolica, Virginia, Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan, Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi, Bonakdar Hashemi, Milad, Bonny, Aime, Bora, Kaustubh, Bora Basara, Berrak, Borodo, Safiya Bala, Borschmann, Rohan, Botero Carvajal, Alejandro, Bouaoud, Souad, Boudalia, Sofiane, Boyko, Edward J, Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Braithwaite, Dejana, Brenner, Hermann, Britton, Gabrielle, Browne, Annie J, Brunoni, Andre R, Bulamu, Norma B, Bulto, Lemma N, Buonsenso, Danilo, Burkart, Katrin, Burns, Richard A, Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath, Busse, Reinhard, Bustanji, Yasser, Butt, Zahid A, Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cai, Tianji, Calina, Daniela, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Campos, Luciana Aparecida, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Cao, Chao, Cardenas, Carlos Alberto, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carr, Sinclair, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J, Carugno, Andrea, Carvalho, Felix, Carvalho, Márcia, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castelpietra, Giulio, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Catapano, Alberico L, Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia, Caye, Arthur, Cederroth, Christopher 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Published: 2024
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39. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Author: Naghavi, Mohsen, Ong, Kanyin Liane, Aali, Amirali, Ababneh, Hazim S, Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd ElHafeez, Samar, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abdelwahab, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahifar, Mohammad-Amin, Abdoun, Meriem, Abdulah, Deldar Morad, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abebe, Mesfin, Abebe, Samrawit Shawel, Abedi, Aidin, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abhilash, E S, Abidi, Hassan, Abiodun, Olumide, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abolmaali, Meysam, Abouzid, Mohamed, Aboye, Girma Beressa, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrha, Woldu Aberhe, Abtahi, Dariush, Abu Rumeileh, Samir, Abualruz, Hasan, Abubakar, Bilyaminu, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Aburuz, Salahdein, Abu-Zaid, Ahmed, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Adal, Tadele Girum, Adamu, Abdu A, Addo, Isaac Yeboah, Addolorato, Giovanni, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adekanmbi, 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Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Hanqing, Zhong, Chenwen, Zhou, Juexiao, Zhu, Bin, Zhu, Lei, Ziafati, Makan, Zielińska, Magdalena, Zitoun, Osama A, Zoladl, Mohammad, Zou, Zhiyong, Zuhlke, Liesl J, Zumla, Alimuddin, Zweck, Elric, Zyoud, Samer H, Wool, Eve E, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2024
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40. The contribution of inferential confusion and fear of self to psychological models of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: A dimensional approach

Author: Myers, Nicholas S., Juel, Emily K., Friedman, Joseph B., Ojalehto, Heidi J., Tadross, Maya E., DuBois, Chase M., Abramovitch, Amitai, McKay, Dean, and Abramowitz, Jonathan S.
Published: 2024
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41. Effects of education on adult mortality: a global systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Balaj, Mirza, Henson, Claire A., Aronsson, Amanda, Aravkin, Aleksandr, Beck, Kathryn, Degail, Claire, Donadello, Lorena, Eikemo, Kristoffer, Friedman, Joseph, Giouleka, Anna, Gradeci, Indrit, Hay, Simon I., Jensen, Magnus Rom, Mclaughlin, Susan A., Mullany, Erin C., O'connell, Erin M., Sripada, Kam, Stonkute, Donata, Sorensen, Reed J.D., Solhaug, Solvor, Vonen, Hanne Dahl, Westby, Celine, Zheng, Peng, Mohammad, Talal, Eikemo, Terje Andreas, and Gakidou, Emmanuela
Published: 2024
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42. Potency-Enhancing Synthetics in the Drug Overdose Epidemic: Xylazine (“Tranq”), Fentanyl, Methamphetamine, and the Displacement of Heroin in Philadelphia and Tijuana

Author: Montero, Fernando, Bourgois, Philippe, and Friedman, Joseph
Subjects: Methamphetamine, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Substance Misuse, Good Health and Well Being, Xylazine, fentanyl, methamphetamine, narcotics supply chains, polysubstance use, synthetic drugs, tranq
Abstract: Multiple transformations-referred to as "waves" in a panoply of recent public health and law enforcement publications-have rendered North American drug markets increasingly toxic since the early 2010s. The introduction of exceptionally potent synthetic sedatives and stimulants is initiating a new generation of drug injectors into co-use of opioids and methamphetamine, catapulting rates of deadly overdoses and infectious diseases. Drawing on extensive participant-observation research in Philadelphia (2007-present) and Tijuana (2018-present), we document the experience of street-based drug users across these two North American cities to focus on regional shifts in narcotics supplies and endpoint user preferences. We link the dramatic proliferation of fentanyl, methamphetamine, xylazine, and Mexican white powder heroin to: 1) pre-existing drug supply networks on the western and eastern coasts of the North American subcontinent; 2) material characteristics of local heroin supplies in pre-fentanyl opiate markets (Mexican black tar vs. Colombian off-white powder heroin); and 3) racialized repression/incarceration of drug sellers and users on both sides of the Mexico-US border. The article combines economic and medical anthropology to develop an ethnographically-informed political economy approach to an urgent public health challenge among street-based drug users with the highest overdose mortality rates in the US Northeastern Rust Belt and the Northwestern Mexican borderland metroplex anchored by Tijuana. It foregrounds street users' experiences in real time amidst rapidly shifting narcotics supply chains, linking market-driven logics of profit-seeking to the war on drugs' prohibitionist policy context, highlighting increasing toxic impacts on vulnerable sectors across regions.
Published: 2022

43. Passive frustrated nanomagnet reservoir computing

Author: Edwards, Alexander J., Bhattacharya, Dhritiman, Zhou, Peng, McDonald, Nathan R., Misba, Walid Al, Loomis, Lisa, Garcia-Sanchez, Felipe, Hassan, Naimul, Hu, Xuan, Chowdhury, Md. Fahim, Thiem, Clare D., Atulasimha, Jayasimha, and Friedman, Joseph S.
Subjects: Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing, Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract: Reservoir computing (RC) has received recent interest because reservoir weights do not need to be trained, enabling extremely low-resource consumption implementations, which could have a transformative impact on edge computing and in-situ learning where resources are severely constrained. Ideally, a natural hardware reservoir should be passive, minimal, expressive, and feasible; to date, proposed hardware reservoirs have had difficulty meeting all of these criteria. We therefore propose a reservoir that meets all of these criteria by leveraging the passive interactions of dipole-coupled, frustrated nanomagnets. The frustration significantly increases the number of stable reservoir states, enriching reservoir dynamics, and as such these frustrated nanomagnets fulfill all of the criteria for a natural hardware reservoir. We likewise propose a complete frustrated nanomagnet reservoir computing (NMRC) system with low-power complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuitry to interface with the reservoir, and initial experimental results demonstrate the reservoir's feasibility. The reservoir is verified with micromagnetic simulations on three separate tasks demonstrating expressivity. The proposed system is compared with a CMOS echo-state-network (ESN), demonstrating an overall resource decrease by a factor of over 10,000,000, demonstrating that because NMRC is naturally passive and minimal it has the potential to be extremely resource efficient.
Published: 2021
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44. Skyrmion Logic Clocked via Voltage Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy

Author: Walker, Benjamin W., Cui, Can, Garcia-Sanchez, Felipe, Incorvia, Jean Anne C., Hu, Xuan, and Friedman, Joseph S.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Systems and Control
Abstract: Magnetic skyrmions are exciting candidates for energy-efficient computing due to their non-volatility, detectability,and mobility. A recent proposal within the paradigm of reversible computing enables large-scale circuits composed ofdirectly-cascaded skyrmion logic gates, but it is limited by the manufacturing difficulty and energy costs associated withthe use of notches for skyrmion synchronization. To overcome these challenges, we therefore propose a skyrmion logicsynchronized via modulation of voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA). In addition to demonstrating theprinciple of VCMA synchronization through micromagnetic simulations, we also quantify the impacts of current den-sity, skyrmion velocity, and anisotropy barrier height on skyrmion motion. Further micromagnetic results demonstratethe feasibility of cascaded logic circuits in which VCMA synchronizers enable clocking and pipelining, illustrating afeasible pathway toward energy-efficient large-scale computing systems based on magnetic skyrmions.
Published: 2021
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45. Growing racial/ethnic disparities in overdose mortality before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in California

Author: Friedman, Joseph, Hansen, Helena, Bluthenthal, Ricky N, Harawa, Nina, Jordan, Ayana, and Beletsky, Leo
Subjects: Public Health, Health Sciences, Coronaviruses, Clinical Research, Substance Misuse, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Physical Injury - Accidents and Adverse Effects, Social Determinants of Health, Women's Health, Minority Health, Infectious Diseases, Behavioral and Social Science, Coronaviruses Disparities and At-Risk Populations, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Health Disparities, Good Health and Well Being, COVID-19, California, Ethnicity, Humans, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2, Substance use, Overdose, Racial, ethnic disparities, COVID-19 pandemic, Fentanyl, Methamphetamine, Racial/ethnic disparities, Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Epidemiology, Public health
Abstract: As overdose mortality is spiking during the COVID-19 pandemic, few race/ethnicity-stratified trends are available. This is of particular concern as overdose mortality was increasing most rapidly in Black and Latinx communities prior to the pandemic. We used quarterly, age-standardized overdose mortality rates from California to assess trends by race/ethnicity and drug involved over time. Rates from 2020 Q2-Q4 were compared to expected trends based on ARIMA forecasting models fit using data from 2006 to 2020 Q1. In 2020 Q2-Q4 overdose death rates rose by 49.8% from 2019, exceeding an expected increase of 11.5% (95%CI: 0.5%-22.5%). Rates significantly exceeded forecasted trends for all racial/ethnic groups. Black/African American individuals saw an increase of 52.4% from 2019, compared to 42.6% among their White counterparts. The absolute Black-White overdose mortality gap rose from 0.7 higher per 100,000 for Black individuals in 2018 to 4.8 in 2019, and further increased to 9.9 during the pandemic. Black overdose mortality in California was therefore 34.3% higher than that of White individuals in 2020 Q2-Q4. This reflects growing methamphetamine-, cocaine-, and fentanyl-involved deaths among Black communities. Growing racial disparities in overdose must be understood in the context of the unequal social and economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic, during which time Black communities have been subjected to the dual burden of disproportionate COVID-19 deaths and rising overdose mortality. Increased investments are required to ameliorate racial/ethnic disparities in substance use treatment, harm reduction, and the structural drivers of overdose, as part of the COVID-19 response and post-pandemic recovery efforts.
Published: 2021

46. Controllable reset behavior in domain wall-magnetic tunnel junction artificial neurons for task-adaptable computation

Author: Liu, Samuel, Bennett, Christopher H., Friedman, Joseph S., Marinella, Matthew J., Paydarfar, David, and Incorvia, Jean Anne C.
Subjects: Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract: Neuromorphic computing with spintronic devices has been of interest due to the limitations of CMOS-driven von Neumann computing. Domain wall-magnetic tunnel junction (DW-MTJ) devices have been shown to be able to intrinsically capture biological neuron behavior. Edgy-relaxed behavior, where a frequently firing neuron experiences a lower action potential threshold, may provide additional artificial neuronal functionality when executing repeated tasks. In this study, we demonstrate that this behavior can be implemented in DW-MTJ artificial neurons via three alternative mechanisms: shape anisotropy, magnetic field, and current-driven soft reset. Using micromagnetics and analytical device modeling to classify the Optdigits handwritten digit dataset, we show that edgy-relaxed behavior improves both classification accuracy and classification rate for ordered datasets while sacrificing little to no accuracy for a randomized dataset. This work establishes methods by which artificial spintronic neurons can be flexibly adapted to datasets., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2021
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47. Raising the age

Author: Friedman, Joseph
Published: 2023

48. Drug overdose mortality rates by educational attainment and sex for adults aged 25–64 in the United States before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2015–2021

Author: Xu, Jay J., Seamans, Marissa J., and Friedman, Joseph R.
Published: 2024
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49. Medical Student–Led Initiative to Incorporate Harm Reduction into Medical School Curriculum

Author: Avra, Tucker, Cowan, Amanda, Fukushima, Jack, and Friedman, Joseph
Published: 2023
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50. Domain Wall Leaky Integrate-and-Fire Neurons with Shape-Based Configurable Activation Functions

Author: Brigner, Wesley H., Hassan, Naimul, Hu, Xuan, Bennett, Christopher H., Garcia-Sanchez, Felipe, Cui, Can, Velasquez, Alvaro, Marinella, Matthew J., Incorvia, Jean Anne C., and Friedman, Joseph S.
Subjects: Computer Science - Neural and Evolutionary Computing, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract: Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices display volatile characteristics, and are not well suited for analog applications such as neuromorphic computing. Spintronic devices, on the other hand, exhibit both non-volatile and analog features, which are well-suited to neuromorphic computing. Consequently, these novel devices are at the forefront of beyond-CMOS artificial intelligence applications. However, a large quantity of these artificial neuromorphic devices still require the use of CMOS, which decreases the efficiency of the system. To resolve this, we have previously proposed a number of artificial neurons and synapses that do not require CMOS for operation. Although these devices are a significant improvement over previous renditions, their ability to enable neural network learning and recognition is limited by their intrinsic activation functions. This work proposes modifications to these spintronic neurons that enable configuration of the activation functions through control of the shape of a magnetic domain wall track. Linear and sigmoidal activation functions are demonstrated in this work, which can be extended through a similar approach to enable a wide variety of activation functions.
Published: 2020
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