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All but seven U.S. states have laws that govern some aspects of dyslexia screening, intervention, or teacher training in public schools. However, in the three states that mandate child-level reporting, data indicate lower than expected rates of dyslexia identification when compared with commonly accepted dyslexia prevalence rates. To better understand this apparent mismatch, this study explores factors that might predict the school-assigned identification of individuals with dyslexia. Deidentified data on 7,947 second-grade students in 126 schools from one U.S. state included a universal screening measure of literacy skills indicative of dyslexia (i.e., reading and spelling), school-assigned dyslexia classification, and demographic characteristics. As expected, behavioral characteristics of dyslexia from universal screening were associated with school-assigned dyslexia classification. However, dyslexia classification was less likely for minority students and individuals attending schools with a higher percentage of minority students. Students who showed behavioral characteristics of dyslexia and attended schools with a higher proportion of other students with similar poor literacy skills were more likely not to receive a school-assigned dyslexia classification. The findings suggest systematic demographic differences in whether a student is identified with dyslexia by schools even when using universal screening.

Background: The placenta is a maternal-fetal organ that develops during pregnancy and provides nutrients, oxygen, and removal of waste products to the growing fetus. Better understanding of the placenta promises to help improve health of mothers and children, given its influence on health lasting a lifetime. However, the placenta is poorly understood due to its variability across different species and no live functions available after the baby is delivered. The Placenta Atlas Tool (PAT) project aims to leverage advanced computational approaches to meld numerous and diverse datasets into an integrated resource to encourage a "systems biology" approach for study of both normal and abnormal placental development and function throughout gestation., Methods: In this study, we introduced a multi-layer framework to automatically identify PAT relevant research from PubMed and develop a Placenta Curated Research Dataset (PCRD) to ultimately support placenta research. This framework functions by multiple well-known Natural Language Processing (NLP) components; including Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) based Naïve Bayes classifier, abstract based text similarity comparison and MeSH based article prioritization to systematically filter out PAT relevant research publications for further data curation. In addition, we developed a user-friendly web application to incorporate human judgement at the final stage of publication identification., Results: We obtained 22,047 articles from PubMed, and programmatically identified 6086 articles that are highly relevant to PAT via our framework. To assess performance of the framework, we manually reviewed a random set of articles by using our web tool. Based on our review, accuracy of article classification is greater than 90% and accuracy of prioritization is greater than 80%., Conclusions: We developed a multi-layer publication identification framework to systematically identify PAT relevant publications from PubMed. This framework not only demonstrates good performance in identifying placenta related research, but also can be easily extended to support research in other scientific fields., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)