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The work presented in this report is one of three different areas of improving the efficiency of agricultural logistics that have been investigated in the project ”Energieffektivisering av Jordbrukets logistik - fördjupning och utveckling”. The three areas are, 1) Shifting of arable land (2) Planning tool for simulating, planning and optimizing logistical work on the farm (3) KPIs for logistics work at farm level to spur efficiency. All three areas are considered important parts in the work of reducing energy consumption and climate impact from agricultural transports and in food production. More efficient agricultural logistics can be achieved through better planning and coordination of all activities throughout the production process. This improved planning then requires decision support to get a holistic grip on the interacting parts of the process. In this report, we have begun the work to investigate how farmers can make agriculture more efficient by having access to good and simple planning and simulation systems, thereby reducing energy consumption and costs at farm level. We have made a review of which systems (for plant cultivation) that are available on the market today (with focus on the Swedish market) and identified shortcomings, gaps and needs for continued development. We have also in a case study exemplified the decisions a farmer make, and which tools are used. In the longer term, the aim is to have tools for simulation, planning and optimization of logistics for agriculture. There are many applications for planning, control and monitoring of agriculture activities on the market, but no purely logistics planning tools. Many of the tools available on the market are de facto not decision support, but rather business support, where the user can fill in the business conditions and to some extent follow the development during the year. For the applications to provide real decision support, they need to be more intelligent by being able to analyze large amounts of data smarter, make simulations of different scenarios and make assessments on plans. Internationally, the range of programs, apps and other IT support for agriculture management is very large, but the gaps are mainly the same. However, it is not easy to apply an internationally developed tool to Swedish conditions and regulations.

Each year, more than three million animals are transported from farms to abattoirs in Sweden. Animal transport is related to economic and environmental costs and a negative impact on animal welfare. Time and the number of pick-up stops between farms and abattoirs are two key parameters for animal welfare. Both are highly dependent on efficient and qualitative transportation planning, which may be difficult if done manually. We have examined the benefits of using route optimization in cattle transportation planning. To simulate the effects of various planning time windows and transportation time regulations and number of pick-up stops along each route, we have used data that represent one year of cattle transport. Our optimization model is a development of a model used in forestry transport that solves a general pick-up and delivery vehicle routing problem. The objective is to minimize transportation costs. We have shown that the length of the planning time window has a significant impact on the animal transport time, the total driving time and the total distance driven; these parameters that will not only affect animal welfare but also affect the economy and environment in the pre-slaughter logistic chain. In addition, we have shown that changes in animal transportation regulations, such as minimizing the number of allowed pick-up stops on each route or minimizing animal transportation time, will have positive effects on animal welfare measured in transportation hours and number of pick-up stops. However, this leads to an increase in working time and driven distances, leading to higher transportation costs for the transport and negative environmental impact. Funding Agencies|VINNOVA

Voyage planning methods have advanced significantly in recent years to take advantage of the increasingly available computing power. With the aid of detailed weather predictions it is now possible to decide a route that is optimized with respect to some criterion. With the introduction of so called All Electric Ships; ships with diesel electric propulsion, varying the power production in order to adjust the propulsion has become easier. Incorporating a power management system with the voyage planning software on a ship allows for different techniques to reduce fuel consumption. In this thesis, three different approaches are developed, compared and combined. The first method handles the task of how to optimally share a load demand across a set of generators. The second is performing power production scheduling with respect to engine efficiencies, and finally in the third the potential in energy storage integration with the power management system is investigated. From the results, it is argued that the largest potential lies in the first approach where large fuel savings can be made without any large risk. The second approach shows potential for fuel reduction but this however is found to be heavily dependent on weather predictions and accuracy of the used models. Regarding energy storage it is found that while it is not economically feasible to increase the fuel efficiency, energy storage can be used to handle load transients and fulfil power redundancy requirements.

In order to determine the orientation and position of an object it is common to measure linear and angular motion with an inertial sensor. To further improve the positioning an ultra-wideband sensor can be used simultaneously and integrated in the final solution with sensor fusion. This study has evaluated an ultra- wideband sensor, and also integrated it with a pre- existing solution for positioning using inertial sensors, in order to determine if the solution is viable for positioning of an autonomous robot platform for use in industrial environments. The results of the evaluation shows that the ultra- wideband sensor would work well in the intended environments but that further tests are needed to establish behavior in none- line-of-sight conditions. The results from the sensor fusion show that the integration of the two sensors yields a result that is better than either of the sensors working alone. The main issue with the current solution is a low sampling rate of the ultra-wideband sensor. A list of other suggested improvements is provided.

Projektets syft e har varit att ta fram ett par nya så kallade OTGskidglasögonför Scott Sports. OTG innebär speciellt anpassadeskidglasögon för glasögonanvändare. Konceptet ämnar också att geScott konceptuella lösningar för framtida produkter.Scotts produktportfolio sträcker sig över kategorierna cykel,motorcykel, vintersport och löpning med mottot “innovation,technology and design”.Projektet har bestått av en analysfas, en kreativ fas och enpresentationsfas.Analysfasen har till stora delar bestått av användarstudier.Referensskidglasögon har testats, testmodeller byggts och testats,enkäter utförts och i den kreativa fasen har designförslag skissatsfram. Resultaten har analyserats och lett fram till en slutresultat.Slutdesignen är genom sin ram och totalvolym anpassad för OTGanvändare.Flera konceptuella funktioner och lösningar har tagitsfram: 1) Vidareutveckling av Scotts patenterade “Scott fi t-system”.2) Ett nytt strapsystem som ger användaren möjlighet att göra sinaskidglasögon personliga samt passar åkare som har “strappen”under hjälmen. 3) Ett nytt snabblinssystemskoncept. 4) Ett delvisnytt ventilationskoncept. 5) Ett nytt modulsystem som ger fördelarvad gäller användarens möjlighet till ett personligt utseende,produktion, försäljning, samarbetsmöjligheter och miljö.Förhoppningen är att en eller fl era av de konceptuella idéernaska komma att vidareutvecklas och användas i Scotts framtidaskidglasögonmodeller.

Traditionally, most applications in the initial stage of forest supply chain deal with sawlogs to sawmills, pulpwood to pulp or paper mills and forest residues to heating plants. However, in the past decades, soaring prices of fossil fuel, global awareness about CO2 emission and increasing attention to domestic resource security have boosted the development of alternative renewable energy, among which forest bioenergy is the most promising and feasible choice for medium- and large-scale heating and electricity generation. Different subsidies and incentive policies for green energy further promote the utilization of forest bioenergy. As a result, there is a trend that pulpwood may be forwarded to heating plants as complementary forest bioenergy. Though pulpwood is more expensive than forest residues, it is more efficient to transport and has higher energy content. The competition between traditional forest industries and wood-energy facilities, expected to grow in the future, is very sensitive for the forest companies as they are involved in all activities. In this paper, we develop a model that all raw materials in the forest, i.e. sawlogs, pulpwood and forest residues, and byproducts from sawmills, i.e. wood chips and bark, exist in an integrated market where pulpwood can be sent to heating plants as bioenergy. It represents a multi-period multi-commodity network planning problem with multiple sources of supply, i.e. pre-selected harvest areas, and multiple kinds of destination, i.e. sawmills, pulp mills and heating plants. The decisions incorporate purchasing the raw materials in harvest areas, reassigning byproducts from sawmills, transporting those assortments to different points for chipping, storing, wood-processing or wood-fired, and replenishing fossil fuel when necessary. Moreover, different from the classic wood procurement problem, we take the unit purchasing costs of raw materials as variables, on which the corresponding supplies of different assortments linearly depend. With this price mechanism, the popularity of harvest areas can be distinguished. The objective of the problem is to minimize the total cost for the integrated market including the purchasing cost of raw materials. Therefore, the model is a quadratic programming (QP) problem with a quadratic objective function and linear constraints. A large case study in southern Sweden under different scenario assumptions is implemented to simulate the integrated market and to study how price restriction, market regulation, demand fluctuation, policy implementation and exogenous change in price for fossil fuel will influence the entire wood flows. Pair-wise comparisons show that in the integrated market, competition for raw materials between forest bioenergy facilities and traditional forest industries pushes up the purchasing costs of pulpwood. The results also demonstrate that resources can be effectively utilized with the price mechanism in supply market. The overall energy value of forest bioenergy delivered to heating plants is 23% more than the amount in the situation when volume and unit purchasing cost of raw materials are fixed.

Transportation planning is an important part of the wood flow chain in forestry. There are often several forest companies operating in the same region and co-ordination between two or more companies is rare. However, there is an increasing interest in collaborative planning as the potential savings are large, often in the range 5-15%. A key question is how savings should be distributed among the participants. In this paper we investigate a number of possibilities based on economic models including Shapley value, the nucleolus, separable and non-separable costs, shadow prices and volume weights. We also propose a new allocation method based on finding as equal relative profits as possible among the participants. A case study including eight forest companies is described and analyzed.

The storm Gudrun hit southern Sweden in January 2005 and approximately 70 million cubic meters of forest was wind felled. The existing logistic planning at forest companies in the damaged area had to be changed over night. There was a direct shortage of both harvest and transportation capacities. Key questions that arised were which terminals to use, where to harvest, where to store, which transportation modes (truck, train, ship) to use. In this paper we describe how the forest company Sveaskog made use of Operations Research (OR) as an important decision support in their supply chain planning in the aftermath of the storm.