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Digitalization, a phenomenon that continues to actively develop in the world, is faced with the lack of a clear, methodologically consolidated definition in literary sources. Despite its long development path, the concept of digitalization and the closely related term “digital transformation” currently do not have a single scientific and applied definition. One of the articles provides the following definition of digitalization: “Digitalization is about the systems of interaction and the systems of understanding digitized data”. In this context, Gartner’s interpretation is also mentioned, where digitalization refers to the impact on the company’s business model and its effectiveness. The authors of the article propose a more complete definition of the concepts of “digitalization” and “digital transformation” (which are inextricably linked to each other), based on the basic concepts of systems-cybernetic theory and the general methodology of enterprise architecture. The lack of a clear definition of digitalization does not hinder its development, since the concept is intuitively understandable, and specialists find a common language. Nevertheless, the lack of a logically structured approach to the definition of this concept and related terms is an obstacle to the development of methodology, taxonomies and communication between specialists. This affects the speed, efficiency and security of the development of digitalization and related areas in science and engineering. Solving this problem will be a key factor for a more successful and sustainable development of digitalization in the future. The reader is offered an approach based on the analysis of the current practice of automation in its evolutionary aspect, performed using the basic concepts of systems-cybernetic theory, the general methodology of enterprise architecture. The analysis of digitalization using these tools will help to form a scientifically based, structured view of this concept and formulate some elements of taxonomy in this area. Applying the obtained method, the authors proposed the concept of “digitalization”, as well as “digital transformation” (which is inextricably linked with the previous concept). In the article, the authors limited the area in which digitalization is analyzed to the corporate sector.

The study was conducted to develop a budgeting system based on the formation of financial management structure in the budget institution, contributing to the rational resource functioning, the achievement of established state goals and information objectivity. The objectives of the study included determining the degree of implementation of management accounting tool - budgeting - in the activities of institutions. In the course of the study the financial structure of organizations was developed, which is represented by budgetary institutions and commercial enterprises, where not only the form of ownership, but also the specifics of activity is taken into account. On the basis of the budgetary structure the scheme of the consolidated budget of the institution in the divisional and functional aspect and practical recommendations for the development of forms of each of the presented budgets are offered. The application of the developed model of budgeting will help in the formation of operational, relevant management decisions to achieve the mission of the institution. This tool makes it possible not only to reduce deviations from the state assignment, but also to achieve the set targets of income-generating activities.

All-dielectric nanoantennas, consisting of high refractive index semiconductor material, are drawing a great deal of attention in nanophotonics. Owing to their ability to manipulate efficiently the flow of light within sub-wavelength volumes, they have become the building blocks of a wide range of new photonic metamaterials and devices. The interaction of the antenna with light is largely governed by its size, geometry, and the symmetry of the multitude of optical cavity modes it supports. Already for simple antenna shapes, unraveling the full modal spectrum using conventional far-field techniques is nearly impossible due to the spatial and spectral overlap of the modes and their symmetry mismatch with incident radiation fields. This limitation can be circumvented by using localized excitation of the antenna. Here, we report on the experimental near-field probing of optical higher order cavity modes (CMs) and whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in amorphous silicon nanoantennas with simple, but fundamental, geometrical shapes of decreasing rotational symmetry: a disk, square, and triangle. Tapping into the near-field using an aperture type scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) opens a window on a rich variety of optical patterns resulting from the local excitation of antenna modes of different order with even and odd parity. Numerical analysis of the antenna and SNOM probe interaction shows how the near-field patterns reveal the node positions of – and allows us to distinguish between – cavity and whispering gallery modes. As such, this study contributes to a richer and deeper characterization of the structure of light in confined nanosystems, and their impact on the structuring of the light fields they generate.

The implications and effects of the Russian Federation Communist Party's (RFCP's) choice of Nikolai Kharitonov as its presidential candidate are discussed. The career of Kharitonov is profiled, from his beginnings at the Novosibirsk Agricultural Institute to his position as head of the State DumaEs Agro-Industrial deputies group.

All-dielectric nanoantennas, consisting of high refractive index semiconductor material, are drawing a great deal of attention in nanophotonics. Owing to their ability to manipulate efficiently the flow of light within sub-wavelength volumes, they have become the building blocks of a wide range of new photonic metamaterials and devices. The interaction of the antenna with light is largely governed by its size, geometry, and the symmetry of the multitude of optical cavity modes it supports. Already for simple antenna shapes, unraveling the full modal spectrum using conventional far-field techniques is nearly impossible due to the spatial and spectral overlap of the modes and their symmetry mismatch with incident radiation fields. This limitation can be circumvented by using localized excitation of the antenna. Here, we report on the experimental near-field probing of optical higher order cavity modes (CMs) and whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in amorphous silicon nanoantennas with simple, but fundamental, geometrical shapes of decreasing rotational symmetry: a disk, square, and triangle. Tapping into the near-field using an aperture type scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) opens a window on a rich variety of optical patterns resulting from the local excitation of antenna modes of different order with even and odd parity. Numerical analysis of the antenna and SNOM probe interaction shows how the near-field patterns reveal the node positions of – and allows us to distinguish between – cavity and whispering gallery modes. As such, this study contributes to a richer and deeper characterization of the structure of light in confined nanosystems, and their impact on the structuring of the light fields they generate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]