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The geographical entity called Nigeria came into existence on January 1, 1914, when the then Northern and Southern protectorates were merged. Since then, successive governments in the country have been trying to unite the diverse elements that make up the country, all to no avail. From the North and South, there have been called for the dismemberment of the country due to the failure of successive administrations to address the national questions. It is against this backdrop that this paper examines the issues confronting Nigeria’s unity and suggests a way forward. The paper is anchored on elite and frustration-aggression theories and relies on secondary sources of data. The paper contended that injustice, high-handedness, and marginalization of certain sections or regions of the country in the governance of the country accounted for resource control and secessionist movements in the country. The paper suggests justice and inclusiveness of all sections of the country in the affairs of the state, among others.

The resurgence of militancy in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria and Delta State in particular has reached a seemingly high level, which has contributed to the crumbling economy of Nigeria as these series of attacks on oil facilities have reduced the barrel production of crude oil per day in the region. This has posed an imminent threat with the ongoing economic meltdown in the country. The identified reasons have been the cutbacks on the amnesty arrangements, the environmental degradation and continuous deprivation of the oil rich regions from the proceeds of the oil derived from their region and demand for ownership of the region by residents which has affected sustainable development in Delta state. This work however, through the means of empirical study, pinpoints the several reasons for the resurgence of militancy in the Niger Delta region and its effect on sustainable development in Delta state and the viability of the group’s bluff in crippling the Nigerian economy. The Study is anchored on the frustration Aggression theory and adopted the primary method of data collection. The study recommends some viable solutions amongst which are; giving more credence to the importance of Niger Delta region, developmental projects that are supervised by stakeholders and disinterested organizations in the region and Delta state in Particular. Keywords: Militancy, Sustainable Development, Security

The macabre of violence orchestrated by high degree of ethnic colouration and religious intolerance gave credence to this research topic. Overtime the Nigeria nation has been besieged by different altercations that have consequently retarded the pace of progress and development of the country. The study which adopted the frustration aggression theory and using the secondary data as a source submits that economic dissatisfaction arising from politics of exclusion, religious bias, leadership problem, insurgency among others have conspicuously created division among people who have agreed under one federating unit to live as one have rather consistently been denied their fair share of the "national cake". Consequently, this has led to bottled up anger, frustration and some level of disenchantment. It is against this backdrop that this paper seeks to interrogate-the nature and dimension of the Nigerian security situation and its slow pace development. The study concluded that the agitations for fair treatment, equal representation, effective governance are basic and necessary ingredients of restructuring that could help guarantee a peaceful co-existence devoid of rancour and acrimony. The study therefore among other things recommended that true federalism, good governance, justice would guarantee security and development in Nigeria. Keywords: Restructuring, Insecurity, Development, Underdevelopment

This diploma thesis analyses the play Look Back in Anger by John Osborne, the main representative of the Angry Young Men Movement. It provides an overview of the social, cultural, and theatrical circumstances of the post-war period in Great Britain. The central part of the paper is the study of affect according to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and Leonard Berkowitz’s reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis. The affect refers to the emotional and expressive aspects of Jimmy Porter’s anger. Also, the paper examines the key reasons for the protagonist’s anger and his aggressive and narcissistic behaviour. Ovaj diplomski rad bavi se analizom drame Pogled u bijes autora Johna Osbornea, glavnog predstavnika pokreta Mladi gnjevni ljudi. Rad sadrži pregled socijalnih, kulturalnih i kazališnih okolnosti poslijeratnog razdoblja u Velikoj Britaniji. Središnji dio rada predstavlja analizu afekta prema teoriji psihoanalize Sigmunda Freuda i reformulaciji Leonarda Berkowitza hipoteze o frustraciji i agresiji. Afekt se odnosi na ljutnju Jimmyja Portera promatranu sa stajališta osjećajnosti i izražajnosti. Također, rad istražuje ključne razloge ljutnje te agresivno i narcističko ponašanje glavnog junaka.

Conceptualizing how customers construe online negative word‐of‐mouth (nWOM) following failure experiences remains unsettled, leaving providers with inconclusive recovery strategy programmes. This empirical study recognizes online nWOM as a co‐created encounter between the complainant (i.e., the initiator of the online nWOM) and the recipient (i.e., the consumer who engages with the online nWOM), examining their idiosyncrasies to discern their understanding of the experience. It introduces frustration–aggression theory to online WOM literature, recognizing that it can support a higher‐order understanding of phenomena. Through phenomenological hermeneutics, interviews and focus groups, data were collected from millennials in Albania and Kosovo that provided accounts of nuanced and distinctive online nWOM realities. The emerged insights extended extant theory to a three‐fold online nWOM typology (i.e., lenient online nWOM, moderate online nWOM and severe online nWOM) recognizing the negative impact customers have on a provider, which is controlled by frustration–aggression tags. Frustration–aggression variations across online nWOM led to the construct of three types of customers that engage in online nWOM, namely tolerable online nWOM customers, rigorous online nWOM customers and confrontational online nWOM customers. Findings culminated with satisfactory recovery strategies aligned to customer inferences regardless of the nWOM context.

The study analyzed the economic cost of output losses as a result of death and injury occasioned bymaritimepiracyandarmedrobberyintheoceantrawler fisherysub-sectorofNigeriaandthe globalmaritimeindustry;aseconomicjustificationandcatalystforpublic-private-partnershipin reversing the trend of frustration induced aggression of piracy, against the maritime industry in the Atlantic coast of West Africa and Nigeria, through investment in human capital development, youth employment, poverty eradication and community development programmes in the coastal communities of Nigeria. It employed historical design approach where secondary data was obtained and analyzed using the Gross Output Model and the empirical probability model to determine the output losses due to death and injuries to human capital occasioned by pirate attacks in the maritime industry. The empirical probabilities of risks of death, injury, kidnap for ransom, assault, missing of crew, hostage taking of crew and threats of death were also determined. An estimation model was developed to estimate output losses due to death, injury, etc; based on the relationship between the empirical probability coefficients of each risk type, the per capital output of the economy and the number of maritime workers exposed to pirate attacks over a given period in any economy. Public-private participation in development of coastal communities, youth employment, poverty eradication and youth entrepreneurial development programmes was recommended as a long-term solution to frustration induced violence of pirate attacks in Nigeria and the Atlantic coast of West Africa.

Frustration, anger, and blame have important consequences for economic and social behavior, concerning for example monopoly pricing, contracting, bargaining, violence, and politics. Drawing on insights from psychology, we develop a formal approach to exploring how frustration and anger, via blame and aggression, shape interaction and outcomes in a class of two-stage games.

The article presents the results of an empirical study of the role of conscious self-regulation in the “frustration — aggression” system. A sample of teachers (N = 247) collected data on conscious self-regulation (questionnaire Selfregulation style of educational activity), the level of aggressiveness (Bass-Darki questionnaire), the level of social frustration (Wasserman questionnaire, etc.) ... The place of frustration among external and internal factors causing aggression has been determined; the structure of the connection between conscious self-regulation and aggression has been established. An empirical model of psychological predictors of aggression was constructed using the method of modeling by structural equations. The results demonstrate a significant contribution of conscious self-regulation to the “frustration — aggression” system. Conscious self-regulation acts as a resource for reducing the likelihood of aggressive manifestations at the stage of evaluating the results, when it becomes necessary to assess the situation caused, to search for a new meaning in achieving the goal. The developed ability to assess the results in a standard mode allows you to compensate for some personality traits. The regulatory and personal properties of independence and flexibility act as a kind of guides in the “frustration — aggression” system in cases where the effectiveness of achieving the goal is threatened. The results obtained make it possible to deepen the understanding of the resource role of regulatory mechanisms in conditions of frustration.

Human life experience is constantly shaped by the impact of the presence of others. In this paper, using five studies, we demonstrate that social presence plays a crucial role in how consumers respond to a service failure. Specifically, studies 1 and 2 demonstrate that social presence prompts higher negative word-of-mouth (NWOM) intentions among consumers after a service failure compared with when they are alone—and that this effect is driven by a frustration-aggression mechanism. Study 3 further shows that self-affirmation can effectively mitigate the social presence effect by suppressing frustration-aggression. Finally, studies 4a and 4b reveal that a sense of entitlement critically moderates the effects of social presence such that participants primed with entitlement show stronger effects of social presence compared with no entitlement prime. These findings provide intriguing insights into the underlying process of social presence effects on NWOM intention and have important theoretical implications for the literatures of service failure, WOM, and social presence, as well as important managerial implications to help marketers manage their frontline interactions with consumers, especially after a service failure.

While the majority of organised religions determine the origins of religion itself in an act of divine revelation, social science literature takes an evolutionary perspective. Without engaging the question of origin of religion from either perspective, this article proposes seven correlations between interpersonal violence and the progression of organised religion by suggesting that interpersonal violence plays a significant role in the institutionalising process of organised religion. Although interpersonal violence does not necessarily cause the structuring of faith, it reinforces and provides solutions to the existing patterns of threat faced by the community, which together lead to the organisation of religion. The first part of this article (stages 1–4) surveys the psychology of violence by focusing on the theories of frustration–aggression, mimetic rivalry, triangulation and the genesis of scapegoating and guilt. The second part (stages 5–6) marks the transition from personal to social psychology and surveys violence in the primitive religion, as manifested in the ritualising process of the scapegoat, and the genesis of sacrifice. The third part (stage 7) highlights the complexity of ritual, ethics and doctrine, in the evolution of religion from a primitive state to an advanced organised institution.

This article is about the origins of violence, including political one. The correlation between the concepts of violence, aggression and destructiveness is described in the article. Different definitions of the mentioned concepts are given. In the article, the sources of violence and aggression are analyzed in details. In particular, psychoanalytic theories are represented, such as: instinktyvizm, behaviorism, frustration aggression theories, the concept of relative deprivation, the concept of aggression as a learned reaction. Among the psychoanalytic theories, a special attention is given to the learnings of S. Freud, W. Reich, E. Fromm. Also, there are the views about the destructive nature of S. Spielrein, W. Stekel, P. Federn, E. Weiss in the article. The essence of such concepts as death instinct, Thanatos, mortido and destrudo is revealed. Based on the learnings of E. Fromm, the difference between the two basic types of aggression – innocent, biologically adaptive aggression and malignant destructiveness, whose origins come from the structure of nature, is emphasized. The basic types of aggression, including – pseudo­aggresion, defense, conformist and instrumental aggression (innocent aggression); sadism, necrophilia (malignant aggression) and others are mentioned. We also consider the following approaches to determining the nature and sources of aggression and violence such as instinktyvizm (K. Lorenz) and behaviorism (J. B. Watson and B. F. Skinner et al.). Special attention is paid to theories of frustration aggression (J. Dollard, N. E. Miller, L. Berkowitz et al.), according to which the causes of aggression and violence are hidden in a particular mental state – frustration. The particular importance of the theory of T. R. Gurr, in which the source of aggression and political violence are defined through the concept of relative deprivation, is underlined. Another approach is described in the article ­ the concept of aggression as a learned reaction (A. Bandura, G. Levin, B. Fleischmann et al.). Supporters of this approach believe that aggressive behavior is formed in the process of social training.

加害者は自身の攻撃行動に対する観衆の評価によって、攻撃行動を選択するか否かを決定する。しかし、この攻撃評価に影響を与える個人内要因は検討されていない。そこで、本研究では評価者の状態的な攻撃性を高める不快感情について検討を行った。不快感情によって攻撃性が高まれば、同じように攻撃行動を示す他者に対してはネガティブな評価が減少すると考えられる。また、この影響を加害者の集団カテゴリーが調整するのか否かを検討した。本研究の実験デザインは2(集団カテゴリー:内集団条件、外集団条件)×2(感情状態:不快条件、統制条件)の参加者間計画であった。その結果、加害者が評価者にとって外集団成員である外集団条件では、評価者にネガティブ感情が高まっているほど、加害者に対するネガティブ評価は低いことが示唆された。一方で、内集団条件では評価者の不快感情の影響は認められなかった。以上から、評価者の不快感情という変動的な要素は加害者に対するネガティブ評価を低減させるものの、内集団成員が加害者の場合にはその影響は認められず、内集団成員による加害者への評価は頑健で、かつポジティブなものである可能性が示された。, Aggressors typically determine whether or not to aggress by judging the reaction of onlookers to their hostile behavior. However, previous research has not evaluated how individual factors affect this estimation. In the present study, we investigated to what extent evaluators' negative affect acted to increase the state aggressiveness of evaluators. We hypothesized that the more evaluators' negative affect increased in aggression, the more the negative estimation of aggressors would decrease. In addition, we examined whether or not this effect was moderated by aggressor category. A2 (group category: ingroup condition vs. outgroup condition) x2 (participants' affect: negative vs. neutral) between-subjects factorial design was used. Results revealed that within the outgroup condition, the more the negative affect of participants increased, the more participants positively estimated aggressors. On the other hand, no effect of negative affect on participants' estimation was observed within the ingroup condition. These findings suggest that evaluators' negative affect reduces the negative estimation of outgroup aggressors, but not that of ingroup aggressors, implying that the estimation of aggressors by ingroup members is robust and positive.

This chapter examines the causes of Afrophobia in South Africa. It argues that the occurrences of Afrophobia in South Africa can be understood as a direct consequence of corruption. South Africa is characterized by economic inequality, which represents a direct consequence of capitalist model of economic development (the poor get poorer and the rich get richer). The chapter identifies corruption as a factor that exacerbates inequality in the country and argues that a psycho-social effect of corruption – when scarce resources are abused and appropriated for the benefit of a few at the expense of the majority – engenders frustration amongst the masses. The frustration is then translated into aggression and the ‘foreigners’, becomes the subject of a misplaced hostility. Central to the frustration-aggression theory is the supposition that all acts of aggression are a result of previous and growing frustration; and all frustration leads to some form of aggression. Bureaucratic malfeasance, the increasing gap between the poor and the rich as a result of corruption is emphasized as a primal cause of frustration and this leads to animosity towards foreign nationals, especially those from other African countries. It concludes that Afrophobia is s direct consequence of economic inequalities in South Africa.

Frustration-aggression theory, also known as the frustration-aggression hypothesis, is one of the most seminal theories in aggression research. Since it was first formulated in the late 1930s, it has been applied and studied in many fields, including psychology, ethnology, sociology, and criminology. While there have been several reformulations, additions, and changes, the basic assumption of the frustration-aggression hypothesis is still that frustration, typically understood as an event instead of an emotion, increases the tendency to act or react aggressively. A substantial proportion of the research has dealt with the identification of boundary conditions or moderators and mediators of the causal path from frustration to aggression. Irrespective of these refinements and modifications, there is ample empirical evidence for the existence of this effect and, despite a decline in the overall number of publications that refer to it, frustration-aggression theory has recently found novel applications in particular areas, such as media psychology.

This brief report aimed to explore the perceptions of xenophobia within a sample of South African employees. Data on participants' views regarding xenophobia, related xenophobic violence and causes were collected from 127 respondents (males=43%, females=57%, with the majority of respondents being Afrikaans speaking=53% and white=68.5%). Responses were thematically analysed. Seventy-four percent of respondents did not approve of xenophobic behaviour. Only twenty percent of the respondents empathised with South Africans with xenophobia. Six percent of the respondents were indifferent to xenophobia. Participants considered having xenophobia to be related to unemployment, poverty, poor governance, a lack of education and involvement in crime.

We examine whether particular types of stress are related to particular types of crime or whether all types of stress are related to all types of crime. Our estimates are based on analyses of within-individual change over a 36 month period among recently incarcerated offenders. We find that assault is most strongly related to family stress, suggesting that conflicts between family members lead to assault. Economic crimes (property crimes and selling illicit drugs) are most clearly related to financial stress, suggesting that these crimes often reflect attempts to resolve financial problems. On the other hand, crime is generally unrelated to stress from illness/injury, death, and work. The results support the idea that criminal behavior is a focused response to specific types of problems rather than a general response to stress. They are more consistent with explanations that focus on perceived rewards and costs (e.g., the rational-choice approach) than with explanations that portray negative affect as a generalized impetus toward violence or crime (e.g., frustration aggression approaches).

The purpose of this study was to test the association among situational constraints, emotional reactions, behavioral responses, and their distal outcomes in the workplace through two modified versions of the Fox-Spector (1999) work frustration-aggression model. Demographics (age, gender) and personality traits (emotional stability, thrill seeking), incivility, and two organizational outcomes (organizational commitment and employee satisfaction) were added to the original model. The paper-and-pencil survey battery, consisting of eight scales, was completed by 507 participants. Models were tested with path-analytic procedures. After controlling for the demographic and personality variables, situational constraints, frustration, and supervisor and coworker incivility predicted less organizational commitment and employee satisfaction. The frustration and incivility variables served as mediators between situational constraints and the dependent variables in the models. Human Resource Development (HRD) researchers and practitioners are provided with insights into incivility behavior where HRD leveraging can make a difference in organizational commitment and workplace satisfaction.

This study examines individual and cultural antecedents of incivility in the workplace, using a sample of MBAs and EMBAs from Taiwan and the United States. We predicted that individual achievement orientation would enhance incivility, based on Dollard’s frustration aggression hypothesis, and that those who were higher in direct conflict self-efficacy (i.e., beliefs in one's skills in managing direct conflict) would be higher in incivility. These predictions were supported. We also predicted, and found, that collectivism orientation constrains these main effects, so that for those high in collectivism, the impact of achievement orientation and direct conflict self-efficacy is weak or nonexistent. Implications for conflict management are discussed.

One widely accepted explanation of bullying, known as the aggressive-motive thesis, assumes that bullying is a form of aggressive behaviour triggered by external stress. However, recent evidences have suggested a different explanation, known as the frustration-aggression thesis, which asserts that bullying is a psychological defense triggered by external stress to reduce anxiety. The present investigation is an attempt to compare school bullying in Japan and Hong Kong and to find out whether the frustration-aggression thesis is applicable in the schooling context of both societies. Data analysis using structural equation modeling was based on 703 girls selected from 13 primary and 6 junior secondary schools in Japan and 2,477 girls selected from 21 primary and 19 secondary schools in Hong Kong. Results of the analysis suggest that girl bullying in Japan can be explained by the frustration-aggression thesis but that girl bullying in Hong Kong can be explained by the aggressive-motive thesis. The reasons be...

Based on Habermas’ communicative action model, the purpose of this paper is to explore the effectiveness and possibility of engaging stakeholders (the multinationals and community people) in the Niger delta via Peaceful Stakeholder Engagement Strategy (PSES) framework for socially responsible business and inclusive engagement. As this paper maintains, the insights generated from engaging stakeholders via PSES will be useful in managing corporate-stakeholder relation and to deflect frustration-aggression hypothesis in the region particularly in the wake of the amnesty deal (post-conflict era) for lasting peace. Given that Habermas’ communicative action suggests that the engagement process should be fair (normative) by representing complete range of relevant stakeholders and equalising power between participants, including being ‘competent’ (resulting in settled claims), the PSES framework is modelled on this. Thus, this paper utilises the PSES framework to test the validity of engagement procedures, which stakeholders (the multinationals and community people) use in their engagement for better corporate-community engagement. It is hoped this process can addresses some of the issues that trigger frustration-aggression. PSES can be a potent instrument in consolidating peace in post-conflict Niger delta as it is premised on normative (communicative) engagement process rather than pragmatic (strategic) procedures.

The frustration–aggression hypothesis has largely been ignored in scholarly literature regarding the examination of political elites. We investigate this hypothesis through a quantitative operational code and historical analysis of the Irish 1916 Easter Rising against the United Kingdom. The article looks at the effect of frustration levels of rebel leaders James Connolly, head of the Irish Citizen Army, and Patrick Pearse, leader of the Irish volunteers. Findings show that both leaders were frustrated, particularly Pearse, whose policies changed from peace to violence over a four-year period that coincided with a rise in his level of frustration. The findings in this paper support the frustration–aggression hypothesis, and may provide insights into aggressive actions by state actors, malcontents, and leaders of the oppressed.

This study evaluates the assumption that deprivation among African Americans and racial inequality lead to black interracial homicide due to racial conflict and antagonism. Using refined race-adjusted Supplemental Homicide Report data, Uniform Crime Report data and census data, we test an alternative hypothesis that draws on the macrostructural opportunity theory to assess and more accurately specify the relationship between structural characteristics and black interracial homicide. We find that first, the relationship between economic factors and black interracial homicide can be explained in large part by high rates of financially motivated crime such as robbery, and second, that economic factors are associated with financially motivated but not expressive black interracial killings. Analyses of black intraracial killings are performed for comparison purposes. Collectively, the findings suggest that conflict-based explanations rooted in racial antagonism and frustration aggression may be premature.

The impact of video game play on player aggression continues to be debated within the academic literature. Most of the studies in this area have focused on game content as the independent variable, whereas the social context of gaming is largely neglected. This article presents an experimental study (N 76) on the effects of game outcome and trash-talking in a competitive colocated multiplayer sports video game on aggressive behavior. The results indicate that an unfavorable outcome (i.e., losing) can increase postgame aggression, whereas trash-talking by the opponent had no such effect. We also tested the frustration– aggression hypothesis for video games and found that the effect of losing on aggressive behavior is mediated by negative affect. The results suggest that the frustration–aggression hypothesis can be applied to the use of digital games and that game characteristics alone are not sufficient to explain effects on aggression.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the links between work stressors, perceived stress, emotional exhaustion, and workplace aggression, using the traits of negative affectivity and external locus of control as individual moderators. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected using a survey questionnaire among 477 blue-collar workers from a Tunisian manufacturing company. Findings – Results indicate that perceived stress mediates a positive relationship between work stressors (quantitative workload, role ambiguity, and interpersonal conflicts) and emotional exhaustion. Moreover, the relationship between quantitative workload and interpersonal conflicts and perceived stress is stronger among individuals with high levels of negative affectivity. Similarly, the relationship between quantitative workload and perceived stress is stronger at high levels of external locus of control. Finally, emotional exhaustion mediates a positive relationship between perceived stress and interpersonal and organizational aggression. Practical implications – The findings suggest that Tunisian organizations may reduce perceived stress and aggressive behavior among blue-collar workers through reducing quantitative workload, role ambiguity, and interpersonal conflicts. Moreover, specific training programs, job redesign, and formal mentorship that provide employees with improved social skills can also be recommended as soon as early signs of frustration or intentions to misbehave appear. Finally, leadership development practices may help supervisors better manage workplace stressors and reduce the occurrence of workplace aggression. Originality/value – The current study is an initial attempt to look at an integrated model of stress and aggression among blue-collar workers in Tunisia. While some of the findings are consistent with the literature, others might reflect the unique aspects of the Tunisian culture.

For over seven decades social psychological theories advanced understanding of aggressive behavior. The most recent major model – the General Aggression Model (GAM) – integrates prior theories, thereby encompassing the broadest range of aggressive phenomena. GAM is built on research about factors within a person that predispose them to aggression; factors from the environment that trigger aggression; and the underlying biological, neurocognitive, and psychological processes. This article summarizes historical and modern social psychological theories of aggression, key research methodologies and findings, and challenges of studying violence and aggression in society. It concludes by noting areas for future social psychological research of aggression. Human aggression is a social behavior, and whilst it has been studied from many perspectives, it is theoretical models and empirical research from the field of social psychology that have provided the strongest framework from which to understand it. This article focuses on the contribution of social psychologists to the understanding of human aggression, providing first some key definitions, then major theories (both classic and contemporary) and a brief summary of social psychological approaches to the study of aggressive behavior. An overview of research findings is presented, including those describing factors within a person that increase the likelihood they will aggress, situational cues that can trigger aggression, internal psychological processes that underlie an instance of aggressive behavior, and processes that increase trait aggressiveness. We conclude by suggesting a ‘risk factor’ framework for understanding societal violence and noting directions for future research.

The purpose of the present study was to find out pre-competitive aggression and post-competitive aggression in national level male and female yoga performers. Total sixty (N=60) national level yogic performers i.e. thirty male performers (Gr. M) and thirty female performers (Gr. F) were randomly selected from National level School Yogasanas Competition, held at Delhi, 2012. Data were collected from performers using a Sports Aggression Inventory (SAI) consists of 25 items which include 13 keyed are ‘Yes’ and 12 keyed are ‘No’. The t-test was used to test the effect of aggression between pre and post competition. The significance level was determined as p

The current study was designed to investigate the situational, dispositional, and affective antecedents of counterproductive work behaviors. A model based on the organizational frustration–aggression work of Spector and colleagues was tested using structural equation modeling and zero-order correlational analysis. As expected, a positive relationship was found between employees' experience of situational constraints (events frustrating their achievement of organizational and personal goals) and counterproductive behavioral responses to frustration (personal and organizational aggression), mediated by affective reactions to frustration. In addition, personality (trait anger and trait anxiety), control beliefs (Work Locus of Control), and estimation of likelihood of punishment were strongly associated with affective and behavioral responses. In particular, strong direct relationships were found between affective response variables and anxiety and locus of control, while direct relationships were found between behavioral response variables and anger and punishment. Finally, differentiated relationships between two facets of trait anger (angry temperament and angry reaction) and four categories of counterproductive behaviors (serious and minor deviance directed at organizational and personal targets) were explored. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Researchers have stressed the importance of assessing individual differences in personality as an approach to understanding aggressive and deviant conduct across different contexts. This study investigated the moderation role of irritability, a specific aggression-related disposition, in the process of work stressors that are conducive to counterproductive work behaviour (CWB) within the stressor–emotion model. From a total sample of 1147 Italian workers (53.5% women), high- and low-irritability groups were identified. Then, using a multigroup structural equations model, we simultaneously examined all the relations in both high- and low-irritability groups, and investigated whether these relations were different between them. Results showed that job stressors elicited negative emotions that, in turn, lead to CWB. Moreover, some job stressors influenced CWB directly only in the high-irritability group. Overall, irritability moderated the relation among job stressors and CWB but not the relation among job stressors and negative emotions, with the sole exception of role conflict. As well, irritability did not moderate the relation between emotion and CWB. Thus, high-irritability employees may be more prone to react aggressively to job stressors via multiple functioning paths. The principal differences between low- and high-irritability individuals could be how they manage the impact of perceived stressors on emotions and behaviour.

This workshop addresses two strong fields within the Mobile HCI community: games & entertainment and transportation user interfaces. Using transportation technology (e.g., a car, plane, or traveling in public transportation) can be frustrating due to crowded streets, delays, and other travelers. Frustration may lead to aggression and negative experiences of other road members and passengers [4] leading to irrational behaviors [6]. Games & entertainment technology offer potential to resolve these negative user experiences. This workshop brings together entertainment and transportation user interface experts, who are willing to understand mobile entertainment technology as a potential solution to improve the experience of all travelers, drivers, and workers within the transportation field. The overall aim of the workshop is to create a common understanding of the challenges of entertainment in transportation, as well as further extend the research agenda for entertainment in this context from both from a scientific and an industrial perspective.

The present study tested Berkowitz' [1989: Psychological Bulletin 106:59-731 reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis which states that any negative or aversive stimulus such as frustration, even if justified, will result in some measurable tendency to aggress. Participants' attainment of an expected gratification was either blocked in an unjustified manner, blocked in a justified manner, or not blocked at all. Degree of hostile aggression directed at the frustrating individual was measured. As predicted, justified frustration produced less hostile aggression than unjustified frustration, but even justified frustration produced more hostile aggression than no frustration at all. Results support Berkowitz'frustration-aggression reformulation. ©i995Wiiey-Liss,inc.

Psychology has explored the phenomenon of anti-Semitism ever since Sigmund Freud sought to answer the question of why the Jewish people were spurned, hated, and murdered in his famous book Moses and Monotheism (1939). Freud indicated a number of motives, ranging from a hostility toward strangers, intolerance of small differences, jealousy of the chosen people, castration anxiety, and sibling rivalry. In addition, he suggested that hatred of Jews is used as a substitute for the forbidden hatred of Christianity, so that anti-Semitism is, in effect, a form of Christian self-hatred. This listing already reveals the special feature of modern anti-Semitism: its double character. It is a delusional worldview that sees the “behind-the-scenes actions” of the Jews as the root cause for numerous deplorable states of affairs; and secondly it is a group prejudice, much as it exists vis-a-vis other ethnic or religious groups. It is for this reason that theories of prejudice, which explain how hostility, discrimination, mobilization, and violence against Jews and other minorities are related to the political, economic, and religious roles they play, need to be connected with specific theories of anti-Semitism, “relating the development of an ideology justifying Jew-hatred to dominant ideologies, organizations, and social structure” (Fein 1987, p. 68). Keywords: aggression; anomie theory; anti-Semitism; authoritarian personality; authoritarian reaction; conflict; defense mechanism; defensive projection; discrimination; displacement of aggression; frustration-aggression hypothesis; prejudice; relative deprivation theory; scapegoat; social identity theory; stereotype contact model; xenophobia

The twentieth century was one of the most violent in history. It has been estimated that war killed an average of over a hundred people an hour. Thus far, the twenty-first century has continued this trend, due in part to violence in Colombia, Sudan, Iraq, Gaza, and elsewhere. Perhaps because intergroup violence rarely seems to offer any lasting reward to those who perpetrate it, many observers view such violence as an example of passion overwhelming reason. However, this view misinterprets the role of emotion in at least two ways. First, people are not slaves to irrational passion. Second, passion is just as important to the pursuit of peace as it is to violence. Keywords: meaning; motivation; anger; peace; violence; justice; conflict; shame-rage spiral; frustration-aggression hypothesis; scapegoating; moral outrage; satyagraha; resentment; envy; guilt; shame; hope

Introduction My aim in this chapter is to describe the functions of impoliteness, and, more specifically, impoliteness events. As I will be considering rather more extended examples of discourse than hitherto, I will also take the opportunity to cast light on some discoursal patterns associated with impoliteness events. Impoliteness events, as described in Section 6.1, can consist of a single utterance or several utterances building a discourse directed towards certain ends. The kind of impoliteness I focus on is what Beebe (1995: 154) calls ‘instrumental’: the use of impoliteness ‘to serve some instrumental goal’. The notion of instrumental impoliteness echoes the notion of instrumental aggression, long established in the aggression literature (see Buss 1961: 2–4). There have been a few attempts to identify the functions of instrumental impoliteness. Kasper (1990), reviewing linguistic impoliteness, includes a section on rudeness where she proposes that there are three kinds of function for motivated rudeness: (1) rudeness due to lack of affect control, (2) strategic rudeness and (3) ironic rudeness. Beebe (1995), having analysed approximately 600 examples of perceived rudeness, argues that there are two main functions: (1) to get power, and (2) to vent negative feelings. In fact, given that Kasper's discussion of strategic rudeness has much to do with power and that her third category, ironic rudeness, is a subcategory of the second, there is much overlap between these two schemes: both identify the expression of negative feelings and strategic power as key.