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N‐doped carbon materials can be efficient and cost‐effective catalysts for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Activators are often used in the synthesis process to increase the specific surface area and porosity of these carbon materials. However, owing to the diversity of activators and the differences in physicochemical properties that these activators induce, the influence of activators used for the synthesis of N‐doped carbon catalysts on their electrochemical performance is unclear. In this study, a series of bagasse‐derived N‐doped carbon catalysts is prepared with the assistance of different activators to understand the correlation between activators, physicochemical properties, and electrocatalytic performance for the CO2RR. The properties of N‐doped carbon catalysts, such as N‐doping content, microstructure, and degree of graphitization, are found to be highly dependent on the type of activator applied in the synthesis procedure. Moreover, the overall CO2RR performance of the synthesized electrocatalysts is not determined only by the N‐doping level and the configuration of the N‐dopant, but rather by the overall surface chemistry, where the porosity and the degree of graphitization are jointly responsible for significant differences in CO2RR performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparing supported nanoparticles with a well‐defined structure, uniform particle size, and composition using conventional catalyst synthesis methods, such as impregnation, precipitation, and deposition‐precipitation is challenging. Furthermore, these liquid phase methods require significant solvent consumption, which has sustainable issues and requires complex purification processes, usually leaving impurities on the catalyst, affecting its selectivity and activity. In this work, we employed atomic layer deposition (ALD, a vapor phase synthesis method) to synthesize electrocatalysts with well‐controlled core‐shell and alloy structures for CO2 reduction to formic acid. With this approach, the structural control of the catalysts is down to the atomic scale, and the effect of core‐shell and alloy structure on Pt−Pd bimetallic catalysts has been investigated. It is shown that the Pt−Pd alloy catalyst displays a 46 % faradaic efficiency toward formic acid, outperforming Pt@Pd and Pd@Pt core‐shell structures that show faradaic efficiencies of 22 % and 11 %, respectively. Moreover, both core‐shell bimetallic catalysts (Pd@Pt and Pt@Pd) are not stable under electroreduction conditions. These catalysts restructure to more thermodynamically stable structures, such as segregated clusters or alloy particles, during the electrochemical reduction reaction, altering the catalytic selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although radiotherapy (RT) has been widely used in cancer treatment, it provides limited benefits in patients with metastatic cancers due to rare abscopal antitumor effects. Recent progress in cancer immunotherapy provides a potential new strategy to boost the abscopal antitumor effects of RT. Methods: We fused interleukin 10 (IL10) dimer onto the anti‐epidermal growth factor receptor antibody cetuximab (Erbitux) to form a new bispecific protein Erb‐(IL10)2. The antitumor effect and biological activity of Erb‐(IL10)2 were measured in the B16‐EGFR‐OVA tumor model. In vivo cell depletion and flow cytometry analyses were used to assess the mechanism of antitumor effects. Results: Erb‐(IL10)2 treatment alone showed modest tumor growth inhibition, while local single dose RT (10 Gy) retarded irradiated tumor growth without affecting the growth of nonirradiated tumors. Notably, the combination therapy of RT and Erb‐(IL10)2 not only additively inhibited irradiated tumor growth but also induced abscopal antitumor responses. In vivo depletion of CD8+ T cells abrogated the combinational antitumor effects, while blocking lymphocyte trafficking through FTY720 treatment abolished the abscopal antitumor responses without affecting the antitumor effects on the irradiated tumor sites. Conclusion: This study provides evidence for the radiosensitive role of Erb‐(IL10)2 in the B16‐EGFR‐OVA tumor model. Our findings suggest a novel strategy to elicit the abscopal antitumor effects of RT by combining tumor‐targeted therapy with IL10. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]