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Abstract The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has implemented new sulfur content regulations for marine fuels in response to growing environmental concerns, including global warming. These regulations severely and costly restrict refinery operations. Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) is an attractive desulfurization method that has advantages such as mild operating conditions and a hydrogen-free process over traditional processes such as hydrodesulfurization (HDS). One can employ oxidative desulfurization in addition to or instead of hydrodesulfurization. Organic sulfur molecules undergo oxidative desulfurization, which results in the formation of polar sulfones. The refined fuel oil is then separated from the oxidized sulfones using methods such liquid-liquid extraction, distillation, and absorption. This work examines and simulates the process of separating sulfur-containing oxidized chemicals from fuel oil utilizing oxidative desulfurization technology. Acetic acid served as the catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as the chosen oxidant. This effort involved simulating the oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil and then using absorption methods to separate the oxidized sulfones. Subsequent procedures including absorption and distillation were used to separate and recover the resultant effluent, solvent, and oxidant from the remaining components. According to the simulation results, the procedure was run at 80 °C and a modest pressure of less than 5 bar. Sulfur content in the original hydrocarbon fuel was 3.5% by weight; at the output, it was less than 0.5% by weight. The findings of the sensitivity analysis of a few key factors demonstrated that the conversion percentage increased from 84 to 98% when the reactor’s diameter was changed from 0.5 to 1.2 m and its length was extended to the desired amount. The reaction conversion percentage has increased significantly when the mass flow rate of hydrogen peroxide is increased from 0.5 to 1.5 kg/h, the pressure is increased from 1.5 to 5 bar, and the temperature is raised to 30 °C. According to the process optimization data, the ideal state had an exergy efficiency of 55.57%, a solvent waste rate of 1.75%, and a sulfur content of 0.22% in the fuel.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has implemented new sulfur content regulations for marine fuels in response to growing environmental concerns, including global warming. These regulations severely and costly restrict refinery operations. Oxidative desulfurization (ODS) is an attractive desulfurization method that has advantages such as mild operating conditions and a hydrogen-free process over traditional processes such as hydrodesulfurization (HDS). One can employ oxidative desulfurization in addition to or instead of hydrodesulfurization. Organic sulfur molecules undergo oxidative desulfurization, which results in the formation of polar sulfones. The refined fuel oil is then separated from the oxidized sulfones using methods such liquid-liquid extraction, distillation, and absorption. This work examines and simulates the process of separating sulfur-containing oxidized chemicals from fuel oil utilizing oxidative desulfurization technology. Acetic acid served as the catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as the chosen oxidant. This effort involved simulating the oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil and then using absorption methods to separate the oxidized sulfones. Subsequent procedures including absorption and distillation were used to separate and recover the resultant effluent, solvent, and oxidant from the remaining components. According to the simulation results, the procedure was run at 80 °C and a modest pressure of less than 5 bar. Sulfur content in the original hydrocarbon fuel was 3.5% by weight; at the output, it was less than 0.5% by weight. The findings of the sensitivity analysis of a few key factors demonstrated that the conversion percentage increased from 84 to 98% when the reactor's diameter was changed from 0.5 to 1.2 m and its length was extended to the desired amount. The reaction conversion percentage has increased significantly when the mass flow rate of hydrogen peroxide is increased from 0.5 to 1.5 kg/h, the pressure is increased from 1.5 to 5 bar, and the temperature is raised to 30 °C. According to the process optimization data, the ideal state had an exergy efficiency of 55.57%, a solvent waste rate of 1.75%, and a sulfur content of 0.22% in the fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in fuel prices has an impact on fishermen's catches which has led to a decrease in fishermen's income. To overcome the increase in fuel prices, the Morotai Island Regency Government through the Fisheries and Marine Office issued a subsidized fuel policy for fishermen. The purpose of this study was to analyze the catch and income of tuna fishers based on subsidized fuel and unsubsidized fuel and also to analyze the impact of subsidized fuel and catch on the income of tuna fishers. The results showed that the amount of tuna catch, based on unsubsidized fuel, is higher compared to the amount of tuna catch depending on subsidized fuel. It is partially influenced by the distance of the fishing area and simultaneously influenced by the period of fishing, fishing trip, and distance of the fishing area. The income of tuna fishers based on unsubsidized fuel is higher than that of tuna fishers based on subsidized fuel. Fuel subsidies and fish catches significantly impact the income of tuna fishers. Specifically, fuel subsidies negatively affect fuel prices, whereas higher catches contribute positively to fishers' income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic liquids (ILs) are promising solvents for separating aromatics from fuel oils. However, studies for separate polycyclic aromatics with ILs are rare and insufficient, and the impact of solute structure on extraction performance still needs to be determined. In this work, we use 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis([trifluoromethyl]sulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][NTF2]) as an extractant to separate 1‐methylnaphthalene, quinoline, and benzothiophene from dodecane mixtures. Liquid–liquid equilibrium experiments identified the optimal operating conditions. Nine solute molecules, including five alkanes and four aromatic hydrocarbons, were used to study the relationship between extraction performance and solute structure. Molecular dynamics simulation and quantum chemistry calculations gave a deep insight and reasonable interpretation of the structure‐performance relationship at the molecular level. An industrial‐scale extraction process was proposed. The IL can be easily regenerated using heptane as a back‐extractive solvent. A high‐purity fuel oil with aromatic content below 0.5 wt% is obtained after 8‐stage extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaction of nickel with halogenazomercaptophenol (HAMP) {1-(5-fluoro-2-pyridylazo)-2-hydroxy4-mercaptophenol, 1-(5-chloro-2-pyridylazo)-2-hydroxy-4-mercaptophenol} in the presence aminophenols (AP): 2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-4-methylphenol, 2-(N,N-dimethylaminomethyl)-4-ethylphenol studied by the Extraction-Photometric method. A single extraction with chloroform yields 97.1–98.9% nickel (II) in the form of a mixed-ligand complex (MLC). The optimal acidity range, at which the optical density is maximum and constant, is at pHop. 3.3 – 7.8 (pH 2.0 – 9.8). Maximum optical density is achieved within 5-10 minutes. The optimal condition for the formation and extraction of these compounds is (1.10-2.35)×10-3 mol/l concentration of HAMP and (6.31-8.42) ×10-4 mol/l - AP. The molar absorption coefficients of Ni (II) complexes at λmax were calculated by the saturation method and amount to ε610–650 = (1.3-1.7) ×104 . MLC in the organic phase are in monomeric form (γ = 0.91-1.09). Newly developed methods for extractionphotometric determination of Ni (II) for use in the analysis of oil and petroleum products Baku. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to effectively decontaminate fuel oil-contaminated soil using ex-situ bioremediation. Soil samples (contaminated with waste oils) from Serbia were treated. The results showed several significant changes after bioremediation. The pH levels became slightly more alkaline (7.0–7.5). Reduction in organic substance (34%) and carbonate (36%) were observed, respectively. The concentration of n-hexane extractable substances and total petroleum hydrocarbons decreased by around 90%, including a significant reduction in hydrocarbons containing 17 C and 18 C atoms. Total carbon, organic carbon, and total hydrogen content also decreased notably. The presence of a high number of microorganisms indicated active aerobic and anaerobic processes in the soil. Overall, the results confirmed a high degree of feasibility of the applied conditions for bioremediation of soil contaminated with waste oils. HIGHLIGHTS: After bioremediation: the loss of organic substances was about 34%; the loss of carbonate was about 36%; the value of n-hexane extractable substance decreased by ∼90%; the total petroleum hydrocarbons content decreased by ∼90%; the content of hydrocarbons pristane and phytane was drastically reduced; the soil contaminated with fuel oil was successfully cleaned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of derivatographic studies of the decomposition of oil shale and thermolysis processes in the presence of oil shale are presented. It was found that the addition of oil shale to brown or hard coal intensified the process of thermal dissolution of coal, and the solubility of the organic matter of coal increased with the amount of added oil shale; gas formation decreased and the yield of liquid products increased. The activating role of oil shale was also revealed in the processes of thermolysis of oil residues, gasification (high-temperature thermolysis) of fuel oil and tar emulsions, and preparation of bitumen compositions for road construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. The need to obtain information about the chemical nature of the resin-asphaltene and oil components of atmospheric residue from distillation of crude oil produced at the Krapivinskoe field in order to select optimal technologies for its rational utilization. Aim. To study the structures of asphaltene macromolecules and resin substances and the molecular composition of the oil components of atmospheric residue from distillation of crude oil produced at the Krapivinskoe field. Methods. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray phase analysis, IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, structural group analysis, chemical destruction, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results. The structure of resin-asphaltene substances and the molecular composition of atmospheric residue obtained in the course of atmospheric distillation of oil from the Krapivinskoe field in laboratory conditions have been characterized using a complex of physicochemical research methods. It was found out that asphaltenes of atmospheric residue have a predominantly amorphous structure because of the presence of a developed alkyl chain configuration in their macromolecules. Mean asphaltene molecules consist of three structural blocks, which basis is triarene cores condensed with four to five naphthenic rings. These naphthenoaromatic systems neighbor upon methyl substituents only. The mean molecules of atmospheric residue resins are predominantly single-block. Their structural blocks are more compact due to the smaller number of aromatic and naphthenic rings in the naphthenoaromatic system. A feature of mean resin molecules is also the presence of relatively long alkyl substituents in the blocks. It was established that the structure of asphaltenes and atmospheric residue resins contains fragments linked to each other or to the naphthenoaromatic core of their macromolecules through sulfide and ether bridges. In both types of ‘linked’ fragments, n-alkanes, n-alkylcyclohexanes and hopanes were identified. Among the fragments linked through sulfide bridges, n-alkylbenzenes, n-alkylmethylbenzenes and n-alkanoic acids were additionally identified, while ethyl esters of n-alkanoic acids were identified among fragments linked through ether bridges. A structural feature of the atmospheric residue resins is the presence of phenylalkanes with different positions of the phenyl substituent in both types of bridge-linked compounds. Steranes and phenanthrenes are present in the composition of compounds linked through sulfide bridges. The oil components of atmospheric residue contain n-alkanes, n-alkylcyclohexanes, hopanes, steranes, n-alkylbenzenes, n-alkylmethylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes and alkylphenanthrenes.

Fuel oil is widely used within Eskom, a power generation company in South Africa. Eskom's coal-fired power stations use up to 30,000 L of fuel oil per hour during a cold start-up, a consequence of which results in oil leaks to the dams. Oil contamination in water treatment plants causes irreversible membrane fouling, requiring costly replacement. This research work focused on the development of a rapid method for the identification of low concentrations of the water-soluble oil component fraction of crude fuel oil. For the developed method, known volumes of the water-soluble fraction of crude oil were spiked into various matrices of process water. FEEMs were collected using the patented HORIBA Aqualog spectrometer and data were modelled with PARAFAC. The results were well described with a four-component model, which included an oil component and three natural organic matter components, with a split-half validation match of 90%. The oil component was verified using linear regression of the PARAFAC component scores yielding an R2 value of 0.98. From the scores, a qualitative pass/fail test was developed such that process water can be analysed and subjected to the model to indicate the presence of oil contamination beyond a damaging threshold. HIGHLIGHTS Development of model using FEEM and PARAFAC for identification of low concentration (ppb) of oil contamination in process water.; PARAFAC Split-Half model for verification of the developed oil identification model was 90%.;

The city of Ulan-Ude is annually included in the priority list of cities with the highest level of atmospheric air pollution. The main stationary sources of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere of Ulan-Ude are heat and power enterprises. Their contribution to the total air pollution of the city by stationary sources is about 45%. As fuel they use hard and brown coal and fuel oil. The purpose of the presented work was to study the influence of different types of fuel on atmospheric air pollution based on the results of computational modeling and experimental assessment of snow cover quality. The objects of the study were neighborhood boiler plants located in Ulan-Ude (Aeroport settlement, Glass Factory settlement). The computational modeling was carried out using the Unified program of atmospheric pollution calculation “Web-Prisma-Enterprise”. Analysis of microelement composition of melted snow water was performed by inductively coupled plasma method on Agilent 7500ce quadrupole mass spectrometer. The results of pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere showed an excess of the calculated surface concentrations at coal combustion for solid and gaseous substances compared to similar concentrations produced at fuel oil combustion by 2.45-141.4 times. In contrast, according to the experimental snow cover studies, the fuel oil-fired boiler plant contributes more pollution (Z = 1563.80 - very high pollution level) compared to the boiler plant using coal as fuel (Z = 107.61 - average pollution level). The reasons for this discrepancy may be imperfections in the methodology of calculating emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere: particulate matter (coal or fuel oil ash) is subject to regulation without taking into account their chemical composition; the algorithm of dispersion of emissions does not take into account the density of buildings around the source of emissions into the atmosphere.

The increase in fuel prices has significant impacts on the Indonesian community's economic sector. Most people object to this policy because of its significant effects on daily life. Additionally, Indonesia's economy has not fully recovered from the Covid-19 pandemic, compounded by news of rising oil prices. With news of the increase in fuel prices, most people express sentiment regarding the rise in fuel prices on one of the social media platforms, Twitter. This study aims to differentiate the sentiment provided by the public, whether positive, negative, or neutral, using the Naïve Bayes Classifier and Decision Tree algorithms. The analysis results show that the Naïve Bayes Algorithm model, specifically Bernoulli Naïve Bayes, achieves the highest accuracy of 65.60%, with a precision of 68%, recall of 60.30%, and f1-score of 59.33%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial contamination in aircraft fuel-containing systems poses significant threats to flight safety and operational integrity as a result of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). Regular monitoring for microbial contamination in these fuel systems is essential for mitigating MIC risks. However, the frequency of monitoring remains a challenge due to the complex environmental conditions encountered in fuel systems. To investigate the impact of environmental variables such as water content, oxygen levels, and temperature on the MIC of aluminum alloy in aircraft fuel systems, orthogonal experiments with various combinations of these variables were conducted in the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Among these variables, water content in the fuel oil demonstrated the most substantial influence on the corrosion rate of aluminum alloys, surpassing the effects of oxygen and temperature. Notably, the corrosion rate of aluminum alloys was the highest in an environment characterized by a 1:1 water/oil ratio, 0% oxygen, and a temperature of 35 °C. Within this challenging environment, conducive to accelerated corrosion, changes in the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys over time were analyzed to identify the time point at which MIC intensified. Observations revealed a marked increase in the depth and width of corrosion pits, as well as in the corrosion weight-loss rate, starting from the 7th day. These findings offer valuable insights for determining the optimal frequency of microbial contamination detection in aircraft fuel systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents catalytic cracking to evaluate the characteristics of the used finely dispersed publicly available industrial catalysts in the reactor-regenerator unit of an installation for the production of gasoline that meets the requirements of the EURO 4 and EURO 5 standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of experimental studies of the cocombustion of coal–water fuel with fuel oil are presented. According to the results of experimental studies, the efficiency of joint ignition of stationary single droplets of coal–water fuel and fuel oil was substantiated. A decrease in the ignition delay times of fuel droplets was found in comparison with the ignition of only coal–water fuel droplets under identical conditions. A significant decrease in the ignition delay times of coal–water fuel droplets is typical for droplets with sizes of 2 and 3 mm in the entire studied temperature range of the oxidizer (from 873 to 1,273 K) and distances (from 2 to 4 mm) between drops of coal–water fuel and fuel oil. It has been experimentally established that the reduction of ignition delay times is 58 and 70%. For droplets of coal–water fuel with a characteristic size of 1 mm, the changes in ignition delay times are ambiguous. The joint combustion of coal–water fuel and fuel oil affects the ignition of droplets of coal–water fuel, and the characteristic size of which is more than 1 mm. With this method of burning coal–water fuel and fuel oil, the latter acts as a catalyst when igniting coal–water fuel, thereby ensuring a stable combustion of such fuel. The combustion of two-component coal–water fuel together with fuel oil can avoid the problems typical of such fuels: reduce the requirements for spraying devices, solve the problem of low reactivity, increase the completeness of combustion of this fuel, and fully use it in the production of thermal and electrical energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic waste in Indonesia remains a significant unresolved issue, particularly due to the extensive use of plastic bags in the food sector, industry, and other areas, which adversely affects the environment. Addressing this, one effective approach is converting plastic waste into fuel oil through the pyrolysis process. The process involves preparing pyrolysis equipment and extracting oil by conducting laboratory tests on the properties of pyrolysis oil, including Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and droplet combustion tests. Pyrolysis is performed by heating plastic waste at temperatures ranging from 250°C to 400°C. This study focuses on pyrolysis oil derived from Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) plastic, which can be used as an alternative fuel. The results show that pyrolysis oil can be ignited with sparks at a heating temperature of 300°C, exhibiting a viscosity of 1.1378 cP and a calorific value of 10,965.2 cal/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of German International Journal of Modern Science / Deutsche Internationale Zeitschrift für Zeitgenössische Wissenschaft is the property of Artmedia24 and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

THE PURPOSE. To justify the need to transfer boiler houses from fuel oil to furnace domestic fuel. METHODS. Comparative studies of the main indicators of the quality of fuel oil and domestic heating oil (DHO) (heat of combustion, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point, ash content, humidity, sulfur content) were carried out. The environmental parameters of pollutants formed during the combustion of fuel oil and domestic stove fuel are calculated and compared with the values regulated by the EkoNiP 17.01.06-001-2017 "Environmental protection and nature management. Requirements of environmental safety" and TCU 17.02-XX-2019 "Environmental protection and nature management". RESULTS. As a result of comparative studies of the main indicators of the quality of fuel oil and furnace household fuel (PBT), it was shown that combustion in PBT boilers in comparison with fuel oil is preferable in terms of environmental consequences in terms of emissions into the atmosphere. As a result of the comparative analysis, it was found that during the transition from fuel oil to furnace household fuel, compliance with the basic environmental standards regulated by these regulatory documents is ensured by reducing by 70 times the amount of sulfur dioxide released into the atmospheric air during 10 days of burning furnace household fuel, as well as reducing the concentration of this type of emission by 72.5 times. When switching from fuel oil to furnace household fuel, pollution and equipment wear are also reduced due to the ash content index for furnace household fuel being 7 times lower than that of fuel oil, as well as a 2-fold reduction in the formation of soot and 70-fold reduction in sulfur dioxide during ten-day use of a new reserve type of fuel. CONCLUSION. Thus, as a result of experimental and calculated studies, it was shown that combustion in DHO boilers in comparison with fuel oil is preferable in terms of environmental consequences in terms of emissions into the atmosphere, reducing corrosion, stopping boilers for repairs, reducing fuel heating costs to facilitate transportation, reducing steam and fuel costs. When switching from fuel oil to furnace household fuel, pollution and equipment wear are also reduced due to the ash content index for furnace household fuel that is 7 times lower than that of fuel oil, as well as a 2-fold reduction in the formation of soot and 70-fold reduction in sulfur dioxide during ten-day use of a new reserve type of fuel.

Porous Ionic Liquids (PILs) have gained attention but facing challenges in catalysis, especially in liquid‐liquid two‐phase reactions due to limited catalytic sites and hydrophilicity control. This work engineered a Type III PILs (PILS‐M) using zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) confined phosphomolybdic acid (HPMo) as the microporous framework and N‐butyl pyridine bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide ionic liquid ([Bpy][NTf2]) as the solvent. The PILS‐M not only combines the advantages of traditional ionic liquids and microporous frameworks, including excellent extraction, high dispersion of catalytically active species, remarkable stability, etc., but also can make the inner surface of ZIF‐8 turned to be hydrophilic that favors the contact between aqueous hydrogen peroxide oxidant and catalytically active sites for the promotion of catalytic performance in reactive extractive desulfurization (REDS) processes of fuel oils. This study demonstrates Type III PILs' potential as catalysts for sustainable chemical processes, offering insights into versatile PILs applications in diverse fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Petroleum Refinery Engineering is the property of Petroleum Refinery Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Driven by dwindling oil resources and rising energy demands, researchers are exploring ways to convert waste products into high-quality fuels that can replace fossil fuels. Plastic waste, a growing concern, can be a valuable resource. This study investigates the potential of fuel oil (FO), derived from waste plastic (lowdensity polyethylene), as a fuel source. Fuel oils were produced from low-density polyethylene at 340°C and 450°C, respectively. The properties of these oils and their blends with commercial diesel were analysed using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Method. Engine tests were then conducted using fuel oil and compared to diesel. The blend also resulted in slightly higher carbon dioxide (CO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and unburned hydrocarbons (HC). However, there is a similarity in brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, and carbon monoxide emissions of fuel oil and diesel. Notably, adding diesel to fuel oil improves engine performance. The fuel properties of the fuel oil obtained from LDPE were comparable to diesel, suggesting potential direct use as engine fuel or refinery feedstock. The engine runs smoothly and is conducted up to a 30% blend, with improved brake thermal efficiency and lower fuel consumption than pure diesel. This highlights the need for further research on fuel fractionation or engine modifications to optimise performance and minimise emissions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improper disposal of waste plastic has caused serious ecological and environmental pollution problems. Transforming plastics into high value-added chemicals can not only achieve efficient recycling of waste plastics, but is also an effective way to control white pollution. The catalyst selectively breaks the C–C bond of polyolefin plastic under heat treatment and converts it into liquid fuel, thus realizing sustainable recycling of plastics and has a good development prospect. This review provides a detailed overview of the current development of catalytic pyrolysis, catalytic hydrolysis, solvent decomposition, and supercritical hydrothermal liquefaction for cracking plastics to make fuel oil. The reaction mechanism, influencing factors, and promoting effects of catalysts in various degradation technologies are analyzed and summarized, and the latest proposed tandem reaction for degrading plastics is briefly introduced. Finally, some optimization paths of waste plastic pyrolysis to fuel oil technology are proposed: synergies between mixed raw materials, in-depth exploration of catalysts, design and manufacture of reactors that match the pyrolysis technology. All these are important research directions for promoting the industrialization of plastic pyrolysis to fuel oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A concept has been proposed for the creation of regional liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuel complexes on the basis of thermal power plants, ensuring the expansion and reliable functioning of the gas fuel market. The concept provides for the transfer of fuel reserve systems for electric power facilities to LNG, which is produced directly at power plants, as well as the supply of LNG from power plants to regional consumers. A description of a foreign installation for extinguishing gas consumption peaks is given: the closest analogue of a power plant with an LNG fuel backup system. A comparative technical and economic analysis of projects for the construction of a fuel oil facility and an LNG backup fuel system for CHPP-22 of PAO Mosenergo showed that, with comparable capital costs, backup using LNG can provide an economic effect of up to 654 million rubles per year at 2023 prices. If there are large volumes of LNG storage, peak fuel shipments to consumers can be ensured, and the standard reserve will be restored using a liquefaction unit. Data are provided for calculating the costs and investments required to create complexes that guarantee the maintenance of standard emergency fuel reserves in the form of LNG for the CCGT-220 power unit (1778 million rubles excluding VAT). A methodology has been proposed for allocating the costs of a complex of emergency fuels, attributable to the cost of electric power and LNG sold to third-party consumers. It is shown that the relative increase in capital costs for the construction of CCGT-220 with emergency fuel in the form of LNG in relation to similar costs for a power unit with emergency diesel fuel is 1%. The cost of in-house LNG production has been assessed. Savings during the initial formation of standard emergency reserves for the power unit amounted to 72.45 million rubles. The advantage of creating a network of LNG complexes is formulated: reserve and emergency fuel reserves at thermal power plants provide a reliable fuel supply to regional markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThirty-four different soil Streptomyces isolates previously recovered from soils of different gas stations that were historically polluted with fuel oil for long time were analyzed for their ability to produce five different hydrolytic enzymes, as well as for their potential to use diesel fuel as a sole carbon source for growth, in addition to the PCR amplification of the alkane hydroxylase gene (alkB). Results showed that 97.68% were producing at least one of the five hydrolytic enzymes, pectinase, carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), lipase, chitinase or amylase. Three isolates (1a, 5e, and 12a) were only producing all the tested enzymes and were able to use diesel fuel as a sole carbon source for growth as assessed by biochemical enzymatic assay and dry weight measurements. The capability of these isolates to use diesel as a sole carbon source for growth was obvious by changing the colourcolour of the reaction mixture within 6 hours, and the increase in dry weight after incubation for 28 days. Although the three isolates showed diesel degrading capability, they tested negative for harbouring the alkB gene by the PCR assay. alkB gene might not be the only gene responsible for alkanes degradation, and the isolates that grew on diesel and showed no PCR product might devoid the alkB gene.

Copyright of German International Journal of Modern Science / Deutsche Internationale Zeitschrift für Zeitgenössische Wissenschaft is the property of Artmedia24 and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Today, research for alternative fuels continues due to the increasing energy demand, exhaust emission restrictions, and depletion of fossil fuels. It is important to use diesel engines for the opening of new oil fields in Turkey and for the utilization of fuel oil to be produced in these oil fields. In this study, pure diesel (D) diesel 60% and fuel oil 40% (DF40) were supplied by volume with an ultrasonic mixer. 50 (DF4050 N) and 100 ppm (DF40100 N) graphene have been added to eliminate fuel oil's adverse combustion effects by keeping the fuel oil constant. In addition, HHO gas was added to improve the combustion even more with a flow rate of 5 (DF4050N5H and DF40100N5H) and 10 (DF4050N10H and DF40100N10H) lt/min into the intake manifold by using the HHO generator. Experiments were carried out at 3000 RPM constant speed at 3.2, 6.4, 7.9, and 12.8 Nm engine torque without any modification on the diesel engine. The effects of these mixtures on combustion performance and exhaust emissions were investigated. Exhaust gas temperature and emissions were measured in the experiments. According to the measurements, thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), HC, CO, CO 2 , particle emission, and NO x emission values are given. Brake specific energy consumption (BSEC), CO, HC, and particle emissions decreased, and thermal efficiency, NO x , CO 2, and exhaust gas temperature increased with the engine torque value increased as a result of the experiments. Thermal efficiency and CO 2 emission decreased, and BSEC, exhaust gas temperature, HC, CO, NO x, and particulate emissions increased by adding fuel oil to diesel fuel. The thermal efficiency was increased by adding graphene and HHO gas from the intake manifold to DF40 fuel. The thermal efficiency improved, and emissions decreased with the more addition of graphene and HHO gas. Adding HHO gas improved thermal efficiency significantly at the 12.8 Nm engine load. With the addition of graphene and HHO gas to DF40 fuel, the BSEC value was improved at high torque values. The effect of improving thermal efficiency is also understood from the decrease in CO emissions and the increase in CO 2 emissions. HC and PM emissions decreased with the addition of graphene and HHO gas. It was observed that NO x and exhaust gas temperature increased with increasing thermal efficiency. • An improvement in emissions and performance was expected by adding graphene and HHO gas to the DF40 fuel mixture. • Adding fuel oil to diesel fuel generally deteriorates engine performance and emissions. • HC and CO emissions decreased, and CO 2 and NO x emissions increased with graphene and HHO gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-four different soil Streptomyces isolates previously recovered from soils of different gas stations that were historically polluted with fuel oil for long time were analyzed for their ability to produce five different hydrolytic enzymes, as well as for their potential to use diesel fuel as a sole carbon source for growth, in addition to the PCR amplification of the alkane hydroxylase gene (alkB). Results showed that 97.68% were producing at least one of the five hydrolytic enzymes, pectinase, carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), lipase, chitinase or amylase. Three isolates (1a, 5e, and 12a) were only producing all the tested enzymes and were able to use diesel fuel as a sole carbon source for growth as assessed by biochemical enzymatic assay and dry weight measurements. The capability of these isolates to use diesel as a sole carbon source for growth was obvious by changing the colourcolour of the reaction mixture within 6 hours, and the increase in dry weight after incubation for 28 days. Although the three isolates showed diesel degrading capability, they tested negative for harbouring the alkB gene by the PCR assay. alkB gene might not be the only gene responsible for alkanes degradation, and the isolates that grew on diesel and showed no PCR product might devoid the alkB gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]