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Background: Research on adults with ADHD has recently identified, in addition to cognitive-executive difficulties, significant impairments in emotion regulation. Objective: This study aimed to assess the efficiency of emotion regulation in adults with ADHD using three strategies: observe, reappraise, and suppress. Method: Adults with ADHD (n = 68) and without ADHD (n = 69) were exposed to neutral or negative IAPS image sets and reported their emotions while employing these strategies. Results: The ADHD group displayed significant emotion dysregulation, depressive symptoms, and anxiety compared to the non-ADHD group. Suppression of negative emotions was shown to be the mechanism by which the ADHD group achieved greater suppression efficiency, although both suppression and reappraisal were equally utilized as regulatory strategies. Conclusion: These results highlight the efficiency of suppression in controlling negative emotions in the ADHD population, while also suggesting potential for effective training in reappraisal.

Background and Purpose Dopamine and corticotrophin-releasing hormone ( CRH; also known as corticotrophin-releasing factor) are key neurotransmitters in the interaction between stress and addiction. Repeated treatment with cocaine potentiates glutamatergic transmission in the rat basolateral amygdala/cortex pathway through a synergistic action of D1-like dopamine receptors and CRH type-2 α receptors ( CRF2 α receptor s). We hypothesized that this observed synergism could be instrumented by heteromers containing the dopamine D1 receptor and CRF2 α receptor. Experimental Approach D1/ CRF2 α receptor heteromerization was demonstrated in HEK293 T cells using co-immunoprecipitation, BRET and FRET assays, and by using the heteromer mobilization strategy. The ability of D1 receptors to signal through calcium, when singly expressed or co-expressed with CRF2 α receptors , was evaluated by the calcium mobilization assay. Key Results D1/ CRF2 α receptor heteromers were observed in HEK293 T cells. When singly expressed, D1 receptors w ere mostly located at the cell surface whereas CRF2 α receptors accumulated intracellularly. Interestingly, co-expression of both receptors promoted D1 receptor intracellular and CRF2 α receptor cell surface targeting. The heteromerization of D1/ CRF2 α receptors maintained the signalling through c AMP of both receptors but switched D1 receptor signalling properties, as the heteromeric D1 receptor was able to mobilize intracellular calcium upon stimulation with a D1 receptor agonist. Conclusions and Implications D1 and CRF2 α receptors are capable of heterodimerization in living cells. D1/ CRF2 α receptor heteromerization might account, at least in part, for the complex physiological interactions established between dopamine and CRH in normal and pathological conditions such as addiction, representing a new potential pharmacological target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syntheticand natural mucoadhesive biomaterials in optimized galenicalformulations are potentially useful for the transmucosal deliveryof active ingredients to improve their localized and prolonged effects.Chitosans (CS) have potent mucoadhesive characteristics, but the exactmechanisms underpinning such interactions at the molecular level andthe role of the specific structural properties of CS remain elusive.In the present study we used a combination of microviscosimetry, zetapotential analysis, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and fluorescencequenching to confirm that the soluble fraction of porcine stomachmucin interacts with CS in water or 0.1 M NaCl (at c< c*; relative viscosity, ηrel, ∼ 2.0 at pH 4.5 and 37 °C) via a heterotypic stoichiometricprocess significantly influenced by the degree of CS acetylation (DA).We propose that CS–mucin interactions are driven predominantlyby electrostatic binding, supported by other forces (e.g., hydrogenbonds and hydrophobic association) and that the DA influences theoverall conformation of CS and thus the nature of the resulting complexes.Although the conditions used in this model system are simpler thanthe typical in vivo environment, the resulting knowledge will enablethe rational design of CS-based nanostructured materials for specifictransmucosal drug delivery (e.g., for Helicobacterpyloristomach therapy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan(CS) is a family of linear polysaccharides with diverseapplications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Its bioactiveproperties are determined by parameters such as the degree of acetylation(DA), but current techniques to measure the DA are laborious and requirelarge amounts of substrate and sophisticated equipment. It is alsochallenging to monitor the fate of chitosan-based nanoparticles (CS-NPs)in vitro because current tools cannot measure their enzymatic or chemicaldegradation. We have developed a method based on the Försterresonance energy transfer (FRET) that occurs between two independentfluorescent proteins fused to a CS-binding domain, who interact withCS polymers or CS-NPs. We used this approach to calibrate a simpleand rapid analytical method that can determine the DA of CS substrates.We showed unequivocally that FRET occurs on the surface of CS-NPsand that the FRET signal is quenched by enzymatic degradation of theCS substrate. Finally, we provide in vitro proof-of-concept that theseapproaches can be used to label CS-NPs and colocalize them followingtheir interactions with mammalian cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an experimental implementation of a polarization-entangled photon-pair source based on beam displacers. The down-converted photons are emitted via spontaneous parametric downconversion in a non-degenerate and type-0 process. We obtain a state fidelity of F = 0.975 ± 0.004 and violate a Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality with $\mathcal {S}=2.75\pm 0.01$. Our source also uses thin crystals for applications in quantum imaging, taking advantage of the large number of spatial modes. We estimate that our source could produce 550 ± 12 spatial modes.

Background: The aim of this study was to describe the presence of pain sensitization (PS) and its association with baseline factors after cast removal in patients older than 60 years with distal radius fracture (DRF) treated conservatively., Methods: This cross-sectional study included 220 patients older than 60 years with extra-articular DRF who completed the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ). Patients with PSQ score > 7 points were considered positive for PS. In addition, sociodemographic, anthropometrics, clinical, radiological, lifestyle behaviors, pain-related psychological factors, and functional outcomes were analyzed as baseline predictors, all measured were performed 2 weeks after cast removal., Results: A total of 159 patients (72.3%) showed PS. The results showed an association between higher values of PSQ-total with the affected dominant hand (β = 1.1; P = 0.04), high energy of injury (β = 3.5; P < .001), extra-articular comminuted metaphyseal DRFs (β = 1.8; P < .001), lower values of Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity questionnaire (β = 3.1; P < .001), higher values of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (β = 2.5; P < .001), higher values of Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (β = 1.9; P < .001), higher values of Pain Catastrophizing Scale (β = 1.8; P < .001), higher values of Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (β = 1.6; P < .001), lower values of grip strength (β = 1.4; P < .001) and higher values of Visual analog scale (β = 4.2; P < .001)., Conclusions: A high percentage of patients older than 60 years with extra-articular DRFs present PS at 2 weeks after cast removal. Our results may help physicians and physiotherapists identify risk and/or prognostic baseline factors for the occurrence of PS after DRF, and the need for a therapeutic approach that incorporates the clinical management of this condition in these patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objective: To determine in the long term whether supervised physiotherapy is more effective than a home exercise program for functional improvement and pain relief in patients with distal radius fracture (DRF)., Design: Randomized controlled trial., Setting: Rehabilitation hospital., Participants: A total of 74 patients older than 60 years with extra-articular DRF were randomly allocated into two groups., Interventions: The experimental group received 6 weeks of supervised physiotherapy (n = 37) and the control group received 6 weeks of home exercise program (n = 37)., Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was wrist/hand function assessed using the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) questionnaire; secondary outcomes were the pain visual analogue scale (VAS), grip strength and wrist flexion-extension active range of motion., Results: All patients completed the trial. For the primary outcome, at 6-weeks and 1-year follow-up, the PRWE questionnaire showed a mean difference between groups of 18.6 (95% CI 12.8 to 24.3) and 18.5 points (95% CI 12.7 to 24.2) respectively, these differences are clinically important. Conversely, at 2-year follow-up this effect decreases to 3.3 points (95% CI -2.4 to 9.0). For secondary outcomes, at 6-weeks and 1-year follow-up, in all measurements the effect size range from medium to large. Conversely, at 2-year follow-up only grip strength showed large effect size in favor of supervised physiotherapy, the rest of outcomes did not show difference between groups., Conclusion: At the 6-week and 1-year follow-up, supervised physiotherapy was more effective for functional improvement and pain relief compared with a home exercise program in patients older than 60 years with extra-articular DRF. However, this effect decreases over time, at the 2-year follow-up, only grip strength showed a difference in favor of supervised physiotherapy., Trial Registration: Brazilian registry of clinical trials UTN no. U1111- 1249-2492. Registered 17 March 2020. CONTRIBUTION OF THE PAPER., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare they do not have any potential conflict of interest regarding the investigation, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2024 Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Current evidence on the clinical effectiveness about the different types of exercises in the subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS) remains controversial. This study aims to compare the short-term (at 5 weeks) effects of a specific exercise programme with a general exercise programme on shoulder function in adults with SIS., Methods: In total, 52 adults with SIS were randomly allocated to 5 weeks to perform specific exercises (experimental group, n=26) or general exercises (control group, n=26). The primary outcome was change in shoulder function, it was assessed using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) from baseline to 5 weeks. Secondary end points included changes in upper limb function (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) Questionnaire), pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale (VAS)) and kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK))., Results: All participants completed the trial. The between-group differences at 5 weeks were: SPADI, 13.5 points (95% CI: 4.3 to 15.6; ƞ 2 =0.22; p=0.001); DASH, 10.1 points (95% CI: 5.6 to 15.2; ƞ 2 =0.27; p<0.001); VAS at rest, 0.2 cm (95% CI: 0.1 to 0.3; ƞ 2 =0.07; p=0.553); VAS on movement, 1.7 cm (95% CI: 0.9 to 2.2; ƞ 2 =0.24; p<0.001); and TSK, 16.3 points (95% CI: 13.2 to 15.3; ƞ 2 =0.33; p<0.001). All differences favoured the experimental group and effect sizes were medium to large for most outcomes. Mediation analyses showed that the effect of the specific exercises on shoulder function was mediated by kinesiophobia (β=2.800; 95% CI: 1.063 to 4.907) and pain on movement (β= -0.690; 95% CI: -1.176 to -0.271)., Conclusion: In adults with SIS, specific exercises may have a larger effect than general exercises. However, most differences did not reach the minimum threshold to be considered clinically important and the evidence to support exercise as standard treatment warrant further study., Trial Registration Number: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials UTN number U111-1245-7878. Registered on 17 January 2020 (https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-4d5zcg)., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze baseline predictors of functional outcomes six weeks and at one year follow-up in patients older than 60 years with complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS I) after distal radius fracture (DRF)., Methods: A total of 120 patients with CRPS I after DRF were prospectively recruited. Presumptive relevant factors were collected and analyzed as potential baseline predictors. Additionally, functional outcomes were assessed at the beginning of physiotherapy treatment, at six weeks after finishing physiotherapy treatment, and at one year follow-up. Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire; Jamar dynamometer; and visual analog scale (VAS) were assessed., Results: All participants completed the study. At 6 weeks, the main results showed an association of lower values of grip strength with female sex (p = 0.010), intra-articular DRFs (p = 0.030), longer immobilization time (p = 0.040), lower levels of physical activity (p < 0.001), higher levels of kinesiophobia (p = 0.010), and anxiety (p = 0.020). At 1-year follow-up, the results showed an association of lower values of DASH with higher BMI (p < 0.001) and longer immobilization time (p < 0.001); and higher values of VAS showed an association with older age (p = 0.010), higher BMI (p = 0.010), and lower levels of physical activity (p = 0.040)., Conclusion: At six weeks, factors such as BMI, immobilization time, physical activity, and kinesiophobia are associated with lower functional outcomes. Additionally, at one year follow-up, BMI, immobilization time, and physical activity continue to be associated with lower functional outcomes in patients with CRPS I after DRF treated conservatively., (© 2023. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to SICOT aisbl.)

Imaging based on the induced coherence effect makes use of photon pairs to obtain information of an object without detecting the light that probes it. While one photon illuminates the object, only its partner is detected, so no measurement of coincidence events is needed. The sought-after object's information is revealed, observing a certain interference pattern on the detected photon. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that this imaging technique can be made resilient to noise. We introduce an imaging distillation approach based on the interferometric modulation of the signal of interest. We show that our scheme can generate a high-quality image of an object even against noise levels up to 250 times the actual signal of interest. We also include a detailed theoretical explanation of our findings.

The SARS-CoV-2 infection causes COVID-19 disease, characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome, bilateral pneumonia, and organ failure. The consequences of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection for the pregnant woman, fetus, and neonate are controversial. Thus, it is required to determine whether there is viral and non-viral vertical transmission in COVID-19. The disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 leads to functional alterations in asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women, the fetoplacental unit and the neonate. Several diseases of pregnancy, including COVID-19, affect the fetoplacental function, which causes in utero programming for young and adult diseases. A generalized inflammatory state and a higher risk of infection are seen in pregnant women with COVID-19. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension may increase the vulnerability of pregnant women to infection by SARS-CoV-2. Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 show specific mutations that seem to increase the capacity of the virus to infect the pregnant woman, likely due to increasing its interaction via the virus S protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors. This review shows the literature addressing to what extent COVID-19 in pregnancy affects the pregnant woman, fetoplacental unit, and neonate. Prospective studies that are key in managing SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy are discussed., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The effectiveness of Manual Therapy (MT) in thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis (OA) is unclear., Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of MT for functional outcomes in patients with thumb carpometacarpal OA., Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials., Methods: An electronic search was performed in the Medline, Central, Embase, PEDro, Lilacs, Cinahl, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases. The eligibility criteria for selecting studies included randomized clinical trials that compared MT versus other interventions in functional outcomes, such as thumb and/or hand function questionnaires, pinch and/or grip strength, thumb and/or hand range of motion, and pain intensity or pressure pain threshold in patients with thumb carpometacarpal OA., Results: Five clinical trials met the eligibility criteria; for the quantitative synthesis, four studies were included. The mean difference (MD) for grip strength was 0.87kg (95% CI = 0.29-1.44, p = .003), for pinch strength was 0.10kg (95% CI = -0.01-0.20, p = .06), and for the pressure pain threshold was 0.64kg/cm 2 (95% CI = 0.07-1.20, p = .03). All differences were in favor of the MT group., Conclusions: In the short-term, there was moderate to high evidence, with statistically significant differences in the functional outcomes, in favor of MT versus sham interventions in patients with thumb carpometacarpal OA. However, these differences are not clinically important.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine whether surgical treatment is more effective than conservative treatment in terms of functional outcomes in elderly patients with distal radius fractures (DRFs)., Methods: An electronic search of the Medline, Central, Embase, PEDro, Lilacs, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed, from inception until July 2021. The eligibility criteria for selecting studies were randomized clinical trials that compared surgical versus conservative treatment in subjects older than 60 years with DRFs. Two authors independently performed the search, data extraction, and assessed risk of bias (RoB) using the Cochrane RoB tool., Results: Twelve trials met the eligibility criteria, and nine studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. For volar plate versus cast immobilization at 1-year follow-up, the mean difference (MD) for PRWE was -5.36 points (p=0.02), for DASH was -4.03 points (p=0.02), for grip strength was 8.32% (p=0.0004), for wrist flexion was 4.35 degrees (p=0.10), for wrist extension was -1.52 degrees (p=0.008), for pronation was 2.7 degrees (p=0.009), for supination was 4.88 degrees (p=0.002), and for EQ-VAS was 2.73 points (p=0.0007), with differences in favor of volar plate. For K-wire versus cast immobilization at 12 months, there were no statistically significant differences in wrist range of motion (p>0.05)., Conclusions: There was low to high evidence according to GRADE ratings, with a statistically significant difference in functional outcomes in favor of volar plate versus conservative treatment at 1-year follow-up. However, these differences are not minimally clinically important, suggesting that both types of management are equally effective in patients older than 60 years with DRFs., Level of Evidence: I; Therapeutic (Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials)., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Vigorous spontaneous breathing has emerged as a promotor of lung damage in acute lung injury, an entity known as "patient self-inflicted lung injury". Mechanical ventilation may prevent this second injury by decreasing intrathoracic pressure swings and improving regional air distribution. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of spontaneous breathing during the early stage of acute respiratory failure on lung injury and determine whether early and late controlled mechanical ventilation may avoid or revert these harmful effects. A model of partial surfactant depletion and lung collapse was induced in eighteen intubated pigs of 32 ±4 kg. Then, animals were randomized to (1) SB-group: spontaneous breathing with very low levels of pressure support for the whole experiment (eight hours), (2) Early MV-group: controlled mechanical ventilation for eight hours, or (3) Late MV-group: first half of the experiment on spontaneous breathing (four hours) and the second half on controlled mechanical ventilation (four hours). Respiratory, hemodynamic, and electric impedance tomography data were collected. After the protocol, animals were euthanized, and lungs were extracted for histologic tissue analysis and cytokines quantification. SB-group presented larger esophageal pressure swings, progressive hypoxemia, lung injury, and more dorsal and inhomogeneous ventilation compared to the early MV-group. In the late MV-group switch to controlled mechanical ventilation improved the lung inhomogeneity and esophageal pressure swings but failed to prevent hypoxemia and lung injury. In a lung collapse model, spontaneous breathing is associated to large esophageal pressure swings and lung inhomogeneity, resulting in progressive hypoxemia and lung injury. Mechanical ventilation prevents these mechanisms of patient self-inflicted lung injury if applied early, before spontaneous breathing occurs, but not when applied late., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of manual therapy (MT) for functional outcomes in patients with distal radius fracture (DRF)., Methods: An electronic search was performed in the Medline, Central, Embase, PEDro, Lilacs, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases. The eligibility criteria for selecting studies included randomized clinical trials that included MT techniques with or without other therapeutic interventions in functional outcomes, such as wrist or upper limb function, pain, grip strength, and wrist range of motion in patients older than 18 years with DRF., Results: Eight clinical trials met the eligibility criteria; for the quantitative synthesis, six studies were included. For supervised physiotherapy plus joint mobilization versus home exercise program at 6 weeks follow-up, the mean difference (MD) for wrist flexion was 7.1 degrees (p = 0.20), and extension was 11.99 degrees (p = 0.16). For exercise program plus mobilization with movement versus exercise program at 12 weeks follow-up, the PRWE was -10.2 points (p = 0.02), the DASH was -9.86 points (p = 0.0001), and grip strength was 3.9 percent (p = 0.25). For conventional treatment plus manual lymph drainage versus conventional treatment, for edema the MD at 3-7 days was -14.58 ml (p = 0.03), at 17-21 days -17.96 ml (p = 0.009), at 33-42 days -15.34 ml (p = 0.003), and at 63-68 days -13.97 ml (p = 0.002)., Conclusion: There was very low to high evidence according to the GRADE rating. Adding mobilization with movement and manual lymphatic drainage showed statistically significant differences in wrist, upper limb function, and hand edema in patients with DRF.

Holography exploits the interference of a light field reflected/transmitted from an object with a reference beam to obtain a reconstruction of the spatial shape of the object. Classical holography techniques have been very successful in diverse areas such as microscopy, manufacturing technology, and basic science. However, detection constraints for wavelengths outside the visible range restrict the applications for imaging and sensing in general. For overcoming these detection limitations, we implement phase-shifting holography with nonclassical states of light, where we exploit quantum interference between two-photon probability amplitudes in a nonlinear interferometer. We demonstrate that it allows retrieving the spatial shape (amplitude and phase) of the photons transmitted/reflected from the object and thus obtaining an image of the object despite those photons are never detected. Moreover, there is no need to use a well-characterized reference beam, since the two-photon scheme already makes use of one of the photons as reference for holography.