Search

Background: Obesity is a strong risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Nevertheless, not all the patients with EAC are obesity, and a substantial proportion of obesity patients don't suffer from poor prognoses. The mechanisms behind the “obesity paradox” that uncouple obesity from dismal outcomes in EAC are unclear. This study aimed to explore the “obesity-guarding” genes (OGG) profiles and their prognostic values in patients with EAC. Methods: Gene expression data and clinical information of patients with EAC were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Enrichment analysis was used to explore the OGG functions and pathways. Cox regression analysis and nomogram model were performed to investigate the OGG prognostic values for overall survival (OS). In addition, relations between OGG and immune cells were assessed by the “CIBERSORT” algorithm and the Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource (TIMER) tool. Finally, the results were experimentally validated in real-world study. Results: A total of 69 OGG were retrieved, and 17 significantly differentially expressed genes (SDEG) were identified between normal and EAC tissues. Enrichment analysis showed the OGG were enriched in the mitochondrion-related and various receptor pathways. Univariate Cox regression results showed that the MCM6, ATXN2 and CSK were significantly associated with OS (P=0.036, 0.039, 0.046, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed MCM6 and CSK were independent prognostic genes for OS (P=0.025, 0.041, respectively). Nomogram demonstrated that the OGG had good predictive abilities for the 1-, 2-, and 3-year OS. Immunity analysis demonstrated that OGG were significantly associated with immune cells (P

Deflectometric slope profiler is an essential technique for accessing the surface metrology of mirrors used in synchrotron radiation beamlines. To increase the upper spatial frequency bandwidth limits of deflectometric slope profiler, reducing the beam spot size on the mirrors is necessary. In this paper, we introduce a profiler system: the focusing long trace profiler (FLTP). It contains a newly developed optical head capable of raising upper spatial frequency bandwidth limits by using a focused beam instead of a collimated beam to scan the sample. This feature has been proven in a numerical simulation experiment, where a spatial resolution of up to around 0.05 mm was reached when the sample is set at focus plane. The system is implemented and characterized in several experiments; calibration of the focusing optical head shows that it can achieve a high angular accuracy of sub-50 nrad root-mean-square (rms) and defocusing of sample under test (SUT) has no effect on the measurement results; the measurement tests also demonstrate the system’s advantage in highly curved mirror profile metrology.

CXC motif chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is an indispensable factor in the process of lung cancer brain metastasis (LCBM). The PI3K/AKT signal pathway is crucial in affecting cell invasion and metastasis and serves as a pivotal regulator in LCBM. However, the relationship between CXCR4 and the PI3K/AKT signal pathway is unclear. This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of CXCR4 and PI3K/AKT in LCBM.Two lung cancer cells (A549 and H1299) and cells transfected with short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-CXCR4 were cocultured with normal human astrocyte cells and human brain endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells to establish a blood-brain barrier model in vitro. The proliferation, migration, and invasion tight junction proteins (claudin-5, occludin, and ZO-1) were examined. Finally, results were verified in a nude mice model.The abilities of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were significantly reduced in A549 and H1299 cells transfected with shRNA-CXCR4 compared with the negative control group. The proteins phosphorylated PI3K and phosphorylated AKT were downregulated in lung cancer cells transfected with shRNA-CXCR4. The proteins claudin-5, occludin, and ZO-1 were upregulated in the A549 and H1299 cells transfected with shRNA-CXCR4. In vivo experiment results confirmed that the knockdown of CXCR4 played a protective role in the process of LCBM.Our findings revealed that CXCR4 promotes LCBM by regulating the PI3K/Akt signal pathway. We also demonstrated that inhibiting CXCR4 could lead to prevention of LCBM. This study provides further rationale for clinical therapy that targets CXCR4/PI3K/AKT.

Semiconductors and metals can form an Ohmic contact with an electric field pointing to the metal, or a Schottky contact with an electric field pointing to the semiconductor. If these two types of heterojunctions are constructed on a single nanoparticle, the two electric fields may cause a synergistic effect and increase the separation rate of the photogenerated electrons and holes. Metal Ni and Ag nanoparticles were successively loaded on the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) surface by precipitation and photoreduction in the hope of forming hybrid heterojunctions on single nanoparticles. TEM/high-resolution TEM images showed that Ag and Ni were loaded on different locations on C3 N4 , which indicated that during the photoreduction reaction Ag+ obtained electrons from C3 N4 in the reduction reaction, whereas oxidation reactions proceeded on Ni nanoparticles. Photocatalytic hydrogen production experiments showed that C3 N4 -based hybrid heterojunctions can greatly improve the photocatalytic activity of materials. The possible reason is that two heterojunctions could form a long-range electric field similar to the p-i-n structure in semiconductors. Most of the photogenerated carriers were generated and then separated in this electric field, thereby increasing the separation rate of electrons and holes. This further improved the photocatalytic activity of C3 N4 .

The focusing mirror is one of the most significant optical components in the synchrotron radiation facilities, it forms a spot at the level of submicron on samples. Generally, the desired surface is in the shape of an ellipse that can be realized by mechanical bending. However, the gravity of mirrors, a non-negligible factor, affects the accuracy of the elliptic surface. As a result, optimizing the width of mirrors is the essential method to compensate the gravity. The methodology for the optimization, considering the influence of bending moments and gravity, is proposed. The conclusion indicates that this method is correct and highly efficient comparing with the existing results.

The Dy3+, Mn4+: NaLaMgWO6 phosphors are synthesized successfully using the technique of solid-state reaction at 1150 ℃. The XRD and SEM–EDS are measured to analyze the phase purity. The concentrations of Dy3+, Mn4+, Mg2+, Na+, La3+ and W6+ are measured by ICP. The absorption and excited spectra are presented, which indicate the 390 nm is suitable for the tunable yellow–red light excitation. Using the 390-nm LED as the excitation source, the emission spectra with different doped concentrations ratios of Dy3+to Mn4+ are obtained, which shows good tunable yellow–red emission performance.

The Dy3+, Mn4+: NaLaMgWO6 phosphors are synthesized successfully using the technique of solid-state reaction at 1150 ℃. The XRD and SEM-EDS are measured to analyze the phase purity. The concentrations of Dy3+, Mn4+, Mg2+, Na+, La3+ and W6+ are measured by ICP. The absorption and excited spectra are presented, which indicate the 390 nm is suitable for the tunable yellow-red light excitation. Using the 390 nm LED as the excitation source, the emission spectra with different doped concentrations ratios of Dy3+to Mn4+ are obtained, which shows good tunable yellow-red emission performance.

Additional file 3: Table S3. Primers design and their sequences of ferroptosis.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Ferroptosis-related genes and their full names

Background Ferroptosis is a recently recognized non-apoptotic cell death that is distinct from the apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis. Considerable studies have demonstrated ferroptosis is involved in the biological process of various cancers. However, the role of ferroptosis in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the ferroptosis-related genes (FRG) expression profiles and their prognostic values in EAC.Methods The FRG data and clinical information were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Univariate and multivariate cox regressions were used to identify the prognostic FRG, and the predictive ROC model was established using the independent risk factors. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to investigate the bioinformatics functions of significantly different genes (SDG) of ferroptosis. Additionally, the correlations of ferroptosis and immune cells were assessed through the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA). Finally, significantly different genes were verified in our clinical EAC specimens and normal esophageal mucosal tissues.Results: Twenty-eight significantly different FRG were screened from 78 EAC and 9 normal tissues. GO and KEGG enrichments showed these SDG were mainly related to the iron-related pathways and metabolisms of ferroptosis. Gene network demonstrated the TP53, G6PD, NFE2L2 and PTGS2 were the hub genes in the biology of ferroptosis. Cox regression analyses demonstrated four FRG (CARS1, GCLM, GLS2 and EMC2) had prognostic values for overall survival (OS) (all PConclusions: We identified differently expressed ferroptosis-related genes that may involve in the process in EAC. These genes have significant values in predicting the patients’ OS and targeting ferroptosis may be an alternative for therapy. Further studies are necessary to verify these results of our study.

Background Ferroptosis is a recently recognized non-apoptotic cell death that is distinct from the apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis. Considerable studies have demonstrated ferroptosis is involved in the biological process of various cancers. However, the role of ferroptosis in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) remains unclear. This study aims to explore the ferroptosis-related genes (FRG) expression profiles and their prognostic values in EAC. Methods The FRG data and clinical information were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Univariate and multivariate cox regressions were used to identify the prognostic FRG, and the predictive ROC model was established using the independent risk factors. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to investigate the bioinformatics functions of significantly different genes (SDG) of ferroptosis. Additionally, the correlations of ferroptosis and immune cells were assessed through the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) and TIMER database. Finally, SDG were verified in clinical EAC specimens and normal esophageal mucosal tissues. Results Twenty-eight significantly different FRG were screened from 78 EAC and 9 normal tissues. Enrichment analyses showed these SDG were mainly related to the iron-related pathways and metabolisms of ferroptosis. Gene network demonstrated the TP53, G6PD, NFE2L2 and PTGS2 were the hub genes in the biology of ferroptosis. Cox regression analyses demonstrated four FRG (CARS1, GCLM, GLS2 and EMC2) had prognostic values for overall survival (OS) (all P Conclusions We identified differently expressed ferroptosis-related genes that may involve in EAC. These genes have significant values in predicting the patients’ OS and targeting ferroptosis may be an alternative for therapy. Further studies are necessary to verify these results of our study.

X-ray mirrors with high focusing performance are extensively used in the synchrotron radiation field. Especially for vertical reflecting bendable mirrors, many elements such as gravity, extended parts used for the bending mechanism, etc., usually affect the surface shape precision. There are no effective methods to remove all these errors at this point. However, an iteration method can be adopted to solve this problem. In this paper, a novel, to the best of our knowledge, iteration method on decreasing the error between the practice surface shape and the desired one is proposed. Not only can the precision of the surface shape be realized by this method, but also computational efficiency. Errors induced by gravity can be compensated for by an analytical method, while errors caused by the extended parts should be eliminated by a numerical method. Therefore, two main kinds of errors—gravity and parts of clamping—can be removed by iteration. Some examples are presented to illustrate the advantages of this method by comparison with the regular one.

For the advanced light source including Free Electron Laser (FEL) and Synchrotron Radiation Facility, X-ray mirrors are very important component for X-ray transport in beamlines. The surface quality requirement on the mirrors for the Free Electron Laser (FEL) or for diffraction-limit application has been studied by many researchers. In this paper, the mirror quality specification in non-diffraction limited case is studied for the partial coherence light source. Simplified model for the beamline system is given and compared with other numerical simulation software. Then, the surface quality on the system performance is studied with special concern on focusing beam without structured or non-uniform pattern. Considering the characteristics of the real mirror error, the general requirement on the mirror surface quality is given for HEPS beamline design.

The advanced light source including Free Electron Laser (FEL) and Synchrotron Radiation Facility, active X-ray optics is very important for X-ray transport with high efficiency in beamlines, which has been proved by the decade’s development and application of bimorph mirrors. In this report, we report a new type of X-ray active optics - the deformable mirror based on thermal-heat effect. Simulation results shows that the mirror provides high spatial resolution over traditional bimorph mirror. In addition, the features of simple process and low cost make it possible to reduce high quality requirement on other X-ray optics.

Background Several studies have demonstrated autophagy was involved in the process of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The aim of this study was to explore autophagy-related genes (ARGs) correlated with overall survival (OS) in EAC patients. Methods Expressions of ARGs in EAC and normal samples were downloaded from TCGA database. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were used to investigate the ARGs bioinformatics functions. Univariate and multivariate cox regressions were performed to identify prognostic ARGs and the independent risk factors. ROC curve was established to evaluate the feasibility to predict the prognosis. Finally, the correlations between ARGs and clinical features were further explored. In addition, significantly different ARGs were verified in EAC specimens and normal esophageal mucosal tissues. Results Thirty significantly different ARGs were selected from EAC and normal tissues. Functional enrichments showed these ARGs were mainly related apoptosis. Multivariate cox regression analyses demonstrated eight ARGs were significantly associated with OS. Among these eight genes, BECN1 (HR = 0.321, P = 0.046), DAPK1 (HR = 0.636, P = 0.025) and CAPN1 (HR = 0.395, P = 0.004) played protective roles in survival. Gender (HR = 0.225, P = 0.032), stage (HR = 5.841, P = 0.008) and risk score (HR = 1.131, P < 0.001) were independent prognostic risk factors. ROC curves showed better efficacy to predict survival using the risk score. Additionally, we found BECN1, DAPK1, VAMP7 and SIRT1 genes were correlated significantly with survival status, gender, primary tumor and tumor stage (all P < 0.05). The experimental results confirmed the BIRC5 was overexpressed and the ITPR1, PRKN were downregulated in the EAC tissues compared with the normal esophageal mucosal tissues (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Our findings suggested that autophagy was involved in the process of EAC. Several ARGs probably could serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and may help facilitate therapeutic targets in EAC patients.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table S1. Primers design and their sequences of ARGs

Semiconductors and metals can form an Ohmic contact with an electric field pointing to the metal, or a Schottky contact with an electric field pointing to the semiconductor. If these two types of heterojunctions are constructed on a single nanoparticle, the two electric fields may cause a synergistic effect and increase the separation rate of the photogenerated electrons and holes. Metal Ni and Ag nanoparticles were successively loaded on the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C

The sagittal-bent Laue monochromator can provide an ideal way to focus high-energy X-ray beams. However, the anticlastic curvature induced by sagittal bending has a great influence on the crystal performance. Thus, characterizing the bent-crystal shape is very important for predicting the performance of the bent-crystal monochromator. In this paper the crystal profile is measured by off-line optical metrology and on-line X-ray experiments. The off-line results showed that the bent-crystal surface could be well fitted to a saddle surface apart from a redundant cubic term which was related to the different couples applied on the crystal. On-line characterization of the meridional and the sagittal radius of the bent crystal includes double-crystal topography and ray-tracing measurement. In addition, the double-crystal topography experiment could be used as a quick diagnostic method for the bending condition adjustment. The sagittal radius of the bent crystal was characterized through a ray-tracing experiment by using a particularly designed tungsten mask. Moreover, rocking curves under different bending conditions were measured as well. The results were highly consistent with analytical results derived from the elastic theory. Furthermore, radii along different vertical positions under various bending conditions were measured and showed a quadratic relationship between the vertical positions and the meridional radii.

The Mn2+, Yb3+, Er3+: ZnWO4 green phosphors are synthesized successfully through the high temperature solid state reaction method. The micro-structure and morphology have been investigated by means of XRD and EDS. The doped concentrations of Mn2+, Yb3+, Er3+ are measured by ICP. The absorption spectra and emission spectra with different doped concentrations of Mn2+ are presented to reveal the influence of Mn2+ on the green up-conversion performance. Excited with 970 nm LED, the up-conversion emission peak at 547 nm is obtained and the CIE spectra as well as the green light photo are also presented. The results indicate that the Mn2+ ions play the role of the luminescence adjustment in the up-conversion process, which can improve the up-conversion green emission intensity effectively. The luminescence adjustment mechanism of Mn2+ ions in Mn2+, Yb3+, Er3+: ZnWO4 green phosphors has been discussed. The crystal parameters of Dq, B and C are calculated to evaluate the energy level split effect.

The Mn4+,Zn2+:Li2TiO3red phosphors are synthesized through the high temperature solid state reaction method. The XRD, SEM, ICP, absorption spectra, excitation and emission spectra are described. The Zn2+ acts as the luminescence adjustment ion to enhance the red emission efficiency. The phosphors have the crystal structure consisting of [TiO6] and [LiO6] octahedral sites and the Zn-O-Zn bonds. Concentration dependence on Zn2+ in Mn4+,Zn2+: Li2TiO3 is presented. Results indicate the suitable concentration of Zn2+ can enhance the emission efficiency. In the region of 682–697 nm when excited by 475 nm, the external quantum efficiency are obtained to be 18%, correlative with the transition of 2Eg (2T1)→4A2g of Mn4+. The crystal field strength (Dq) and the Racah parameters (B and C) are estimated to evaluate the nephelauxetic effect of Mn4+. The white-LED performances and thermal stability are also presented.

Color-tunable Dy 3+ /Eu 3+ co-doped in Ce 2 AlO 3 N phosphors were synthesized via a simple conventional solid state reaction. The as-prepared samples were characterized by XRD, TEM and photoluminescence spectra. Results show that the concentrations of Eu 3+ ions can affect the blue and yellow emission intensities of Dy 3+ , and tunable emission color can be obtained by adjusting the doping concentrations of Eu 3+ . Based on the energy levers of Eu 3+ and Dy 3+ , the mechanism of tunable color has been presented in detail. The thermal stability of Dy 3+ /Eu 3+ : Ce 2 AlO 3 N has also been discussed.

We report an end pumped single transverse-mode (TEM 00 ) yellow laser based on Dy 3+ :ZnWO 4 crystal. The pump light is InGaN blue laser diode at 450 nm with the maximum power of 1.5 W. A 3 cm length Dy 3+ :ZnWO 4 crystal served as the gain medium. By way of the square filter, we discuss the TEM 00 properties. In continuous-wave operation and single transverse-mode, a maximum output power of 0.110 W and a slope efficiency of 13.0% are achieved at an emission wavelength of 575 nm.

Laser decoy is widely used in the field of electro-optical countermeasures, against laser guided semi-automatic weapons. Decoy laser usually includes a laser light source with specific wavelength and signal, whose energy distribution has Lambertian reflection characteristics. With a 633nm laser source, a fibre and a diffusive module, a homogeneous field laser was illustrated, which was generated through high-density colloidal dispersion to get diffused. By optimizing the fibre and structure parameters, the laser light energy utilization was improved while maintain light field uniformity. Additionally, the flat field system was designed and tested using high reflectivity PTFE material, with a reflectivity of 97%. A developed Lambertian light source system for reference-based Laser decoy was established, whose non-uniformity was lower than 0.3%. The results showed that the Lambertian light source system could meet the requirement of Laser decoy, and needed to be improved in near infrared.

As one of the HEPS project beamlines, zone plate based full-field transmission x-ray microscopy (TXM) beamline will provide imaging tool with spatial resolution down to 20nm and exposure time of sub-second, along with different imaging mode such as absorption, Zernike phase and XANES. Because HEPS will operate a nearly diffraction-limited storage ring (less than 60pm·rad), how to utilize the feature of low emittance becomes interesting and it is some challenging to satisfy the zone plate imaging with enough illumination angle and field-of-view. Within the optimized conceptual design, beam shaper condenser instead of capillary was selected to focus x-rays to sample and give enough illumination angle to zone plate, and red-shift undulator radiation was used to improve beamline efficiency.

With the development of full-field transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) for research in biology, life science, material science and physics, zone plate-based full-field TXM is becoming a powerful tool for obtaining quantitative internal structural and chemical information at the nanoscale when combined with spectroscopic imaging. For the TXM beamline design, the best choice is to match the phase space needed by the zone plate from the source point. However, for the nearly diffraction-limited synchrotron radiation sources, it is not easy to fully match the needed phase space due to its low-emittance. Using redshift radiation from an undulator, under consideration of experimental requirements and the heat load effect, this paper describes the design of TXM beamline at the nearly diffraction-limited High Energy Photon Source (HEPS). In this design, not only sufficient illumination angle can be acquired, but also a nearly annular illumination can be obtained to match the illumination required for zone plate imaging. Furthermore, about two times photon flux can be obtained at source point and the photons can be fully used in this design using redshift undulator radiation. The presented design can also be informative for the same kind of beamline design at other nearly diffraction-limited synchrotron photon sources.

A speckle-based method for the X-ray crystal diffraction wavefront measurement is implemented, and the slope errors of channel-cut crystals with different surface characteristics are measured. The method uses a speckle scanning technique generated by a scattering membrane translated using a piezo motor to infer the deflection of X-rays from the crystals. The method provides a high angular sensitivity of the channel-cut crystal slopes in both the tangential and sagittal directions. The experimental results show that the slope error of different cutting and etching processes ranges from 0.25 to 2.98 &mu, rad. Furthermore, the results of wavefront deformation are brought into the beamline for simulation. This method opens up possibilities for new high-resolution applications for X-ray crystal diffraction wavefront measurement and provides feedback to crystal manufacturers to improve channel-cut fabrication.

Based on first-principles calculations, the adsorption of NO and NO2 gas molecules on the α-In2Se3 monolayer have been studied. The adsorption configuration, adsorption energy, electronic structure and charge transfer properties are investigated. It is found that the charge transfer processes of NO and NO2 adsorbed on the surface of α-In2Se3 monolayer exhibit electron donor and acceptor characteristics, respectively. After the adsorption of the molecules, the α-In2Se3 monolayers have new states near the Fermi level induced by NO and NO2, which can trigger some new effects on the conducting and optical properties of the materials, with potential benefits to gas selectivity. The present work provides new valuable results and theoretical foundation for potential applications of the In2Se3-based gas sensor.

The coal reserves overlain by buildings, water bodies and railways are estimated to be about 14 billion tons in China. Based on the concept of green mining, in order to save the unit energy, Double pumps in parallel forms of pumping are adopted in 0the paste filling of the pumping system. The optimal solution of the objective function could be obtained by taking the unit flow power of the pumping system as the objective function, using the quadratic polynomial by the least square method curve fitting and by the application of MATLAB. Thereby it is possible to reduce power consumption and increase the efficiency of the operating economy in the paste filling station.

We study the optimum design of traditional integral imaging (InI) display system based on an improved view analysis. Human eyes are fully modeled and aberration of lens array is considered. We show that aperture of the elemental lens should be small enough (i.e. F-number>1.7) to prevent the optics aberration decreasing the display performance. Combining with the requirements on an InI system for reconstructing three-dimensional images with a continuous pattern, parallax, and no gap, we introduce an optimum design method aiming to enlarge the depth of focus. The feasibility of the proposed design method is demonstrated with numerical simulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the effects of both aperture and aberration on InI performance have been quantitatively analyzed.

Signal distortion due to the non-uniform response of the detector degrades the measurement accuracy of most metrology instruments. In this Letter, we report a newly developed calibration source system for reference-based non-uniformity correction using a laser source, a fiber, and a diffusive module. By applying the Monte Carlo simulation, we show that the transmittance of the system highly depends on the cavity reflection of the diffusive module. We also demonstrate the use of this system to achieve a flat field at a very low non-uniformity (less than 0.2%) with proper illumination intensity, which most costly commercial integrating sphere systems traditionally cannot provide.

In the process of investigating end-pumped continuous intra-cavity Raman laser, a strong blue luminescence at wavelength 473 nm (nanometer) in pure [XO4]2− (X = W, Y, …) has been observed. This luminescence is strange and inconsistent with the traditional single up-conversion luminescence theory, scintillation theory. Basing on the optics theory and scintillation crystal theory, we suggest a “mixing frequency inducing blue emission” mechanism to explain the phenomenon. The mixing wavelength 473.4 nm with the four wavelengths of 808, 890, 912, and 1.064 nm stimulates and induces the blue emission of the [WO4]2−. The mechanism is in good harmony with the experiment.

In this letter, a new single three-dimensional (3D) laser projector is proposed. As liquid crystal (LC) can produce two image patterns with orthogonal polarization states at 120 Hz, only one projector is required in this approach for reconstruction of a 3D object. The light source is made up of RGB (red, green, and blue) lasers because laser has lots of advantages such as longer life, higher brightness, and larger color gamut. A novel diffusive media with good polarization-maintaining quality is used as rear projection screen for its high transmission efficiency (～90%) and low reflection efficiency. When laser incidents into the diffusive media, which contains lots of spherical particles with sizes between 2 and 15 \mu m, laser is scattered randomly and the laser speckle is reduced. A spatial phase mask is also inserted into the optical path to reduce speckle. With these techniques, the speckle contrast is reduced to 0.1 and the quality of image patterns has been greatly improved.