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Two-dimensional oxide films are potentially useful for future technological applications, but also important objects to study model catalyst systems on the more fundamental side. Here we study silica, germania, and mixed silica-germania films supported on a metal single crystal surface Ru(0001). Those mixed films are interesting objects to systematically modify the properties of silica films, which may be used as membranes or covers for model studies in confined space, due to the modification of the rather stiff silica layers by incorporating germanium atoms replacing silicon atoms. Here we report a combined experimental and theoretical study of such layers, where we show how X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in combination with LEED and I/V LEEM measurements allow us to judge the formation of such mixed films.

Die Schulzeit ist eine prägende Phase im Leben eines Menschen. Wie haben sich Künstler*innen dieser wichtigen Zeit des Heranwachsens gewidmet? Für das 19. Jahrhundert lässt sich europaweit eine verstärkte künstlerische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Themenkomplex Schule feststellen. Die 170 zusammengetragenen Schulmotive zeigen ein vielfältiges Bild der Schulwelt. Sie bilden die Grundlage für Untersuchungen zu einer länderübergreifenden Schulikonografie, zu Künstlerkontakten sowie Lehrer-Schüler-Beziehungen und zu einer gemeinsamen Orientierung an den niederländischen Schulmotiven des 17. Jahrhunderts. Im Vordergrund der inhaltlichen Deutung der Schulmotive stehen einerseits Fragen zur Verbildlichung von Verhaltensnormen in den Bestrafungs- und Disziplinierungsmotiven. Andererseits spiegeln die humoristisch-beschaulichen Dorfschulszenerien bürgerliche Wunschvorstellungen von einer heilen Welt wider. Im Zuge der Bildanalyse werden außerdem genderspezifische Rollenbilder, schul- und gesellschaftskritische Aussageabsichten und die Darstellung von Emotionalität untersucht. Besonders hinsichtlich der Funktion und Nutzung der Schulmotive wird der bürgerliche Rezipientenkreis der Schulmotive in den Blick genommen., 1 Einführung ..... 4 1.1 Fragestellung ..... 5 1.2 Forschungsstand ..... 6 1.3 Methodik und Aufbau ..... 10 2 Zur Bedeutung von Schule und Kind im 19. Jahrhundert ..... 15 2.1 Die gesellschaftliche Stellung der Kinder..... 15 2.2 Zur Idee der kindlichen Erziehung und Bildung ..... 21 2.3 Zur Entwicklung und der gesellschaftlichen Relevanz von Schule ..... 27 3 Zur kunstgeschichtlichen Einordnung von Schulmotiven..... 35 3.1 Zur Gattung der Genremalerei ..... 35 3.2 Die „Entdeckung der Kindheit“ in der Kunst ..... 47 3.3 Zu den Künstlern von Schulmotiven ..... 56 4 Die Bildmotive der Schul- und Unterrichtsdarstellung ..... 64 4.1 Schule als Lernort ..... 64 4.1.1 Das Unterrichten der Klasse ..... 64 4.1.2 Das Prüfen einzelner Schüler ..... 71 4.2 Schule als Ort der Disziplinierung ..... 78 4.2.1 Bestrafungsszenen mit ersichtlichem Grund ..... 79 4.2.2 Bestrafungsszenen ohne ersichtlichen Grund ..... 81 4.2.3 Die ungezogenen Schüler ..... 93 4.3 Schule als Gefühlswelt ..... 107 4.3.1 Scham und Angst ..... 107 4.3.2 Schmerz ..... 112 4.3.3 Langeweile und Verdruss ..... 113 4.3.4 Freude und Mitgefühl ..... 115 4.4 Schule als heile Welt ..... 119 4.4.1 Die guten Schüler ..... 119 4.4.2 Religiöse und musikalische Erziehung ..... 124 4.5 Initiationsriten in der Schule ..... 128 4.5.1 Der erste Schultag ..... 128 4.5.2 Der neue Schüler ..... 132 4.6 Schule als gesellschaftlich-politischer Spiegel ..... 134 4.6.1 Schulkritik ..... 134 4.6.2 Schule als Politikum ..... 139 4.6.3 Selbstdarstellung der Auftraggeber ..... 145 4.7 Geschlechterspezifische Rollenerziehung ..... 149 4.7.1 Die Nähschulen ..... 152 4.7.2 Höhere Töchterschulen ..... 155 4.7.3 Der Turnunterricht ..... 157 4.8 Schulmeisterbildnisse ..... 159 4.9 Zum Bild eines Schulreformers ..... 163 5 Zur Entstehung einer Schulikonografie ..... 170 5.1 Zum Einfluss niederländischer Schulmotive ..... 173 5.1.1 Stilistische und ikonografische Beobachtungen ..... 173 5.1.2 Zum Phänomen der „niederländischen Mode“ ..... 193 5.2 Zur weiteren Entwicklung der Schulmotive im 19. Jahrhundert ..... 206 5.2.1 Zur gegenseitigen Beeinflussung der Schulmotivmaler ..... 208 5.2.2 Malerkolonien als Orte des künstlerischen Austausches ..... 213 6 Zum Rezipientenkreis und der Deutung der Schulmotive ..... 227 6.1 Zur Käuferschicht von Genrebildern und der Entstehung eines Kunstmarktes ..... 227 6.2 Zur Frage nach Realitätsnähe und Idealvorstellungen in Schulmotiven..... 234 6.2.1 Schulmotive als bürgerliche Wunschvorstellungen ..... 237 6.2.2 Schulmotive als bürgerliche Erziehungsbilder ..... 245 6.2.3 Künstlerische Inszenierung des Theaters „Schule“ ..... 254 7 Zur Funktion und Nutzung von Schulmotiven ..... 262 7.1 Schulmotive als Wandschmuck ..... 262 7.2 Schulmotive in Zeitschriften und Illustrierten ..... 268 8 Exkurs: Literarische Schuldarstellungen ..... 276 9 Schlussbetrachtung ..... 283 Abkürzungsverzeichnis ..... 290 Literaturverzeichnis ..... 290 Dank ..... 326 Abbildungsteil mit Quellenverzeichnis der Bildzitate ..... 327

Clinico-pathological features of analyzed cohorts and subgroups.

Figure S1. Selected images of different sTILs amounts, illustration of applied scoring method and images of IHC stainings. Figure S2. TLS in MIBC Figure S3. Subtyping of the CCC-EMN cohort and the TCGA-Cohort according to the MDACC-subtyping gene signature Figure S4. TCGA-Basal tumors (n=142). CIBERSORT and Mutational Burden. Figure S5. TCGA Luminal tumors (n=243). CIBERSORT and Mutational Burden. Figure S6. Distribution of tumor mutational burden (TMB; based on total single nucleotide variants) and neoantigens among different cut-offs of stromal TILs. Figure S7. TCGA - Antigen presenting cell signature (AGPS) and combined adjuvant platinum-containing chemotherapy cohort.

Ziel der vorliegenden Webscraping-Analyse ist es, für die Betriebs- und Organisationslandschaft der Region Hannover sowie der Landkreise Hildesheim und Peine einen Überblick über die Relevanz innovativer Technologien und Konzepte zu geben. Hierfür werden die Websites ausgewertet und die Ergebnisse nach den sieben Themengebieten Fachkräftegewinnung, Gesundheitswirtschaft, Automotive, Digitalisierung, Künstliche Intelligenz, Nachhaltige Technologien und Smart City ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse bieten für alle Themengebiete, die verschiedenen Sektoren, Branchen und Landkreise / Gemeinden sowie einzelne Suchbegriffe einen grundlegenden Überblick über die Innovationsstrukturen der Untersuchungsregion. Grundlegend zeigen sich deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den Sektoren und Branchen. Zentrale Sektoren und Branchen im Untersuchungsgebiet sind dabei der Bau-Sektor, die Gesundheitswirtschaft, der Finanzsektor, der gewerblich / industrielle Bereich, Automobilität und Logistik sowie die öffentlichen Dienstleistungen, Hochschulen und gewerblichen Bildungseinrichtungen. Auf Ebene der sieben Themengebiete werden die innovativen Branchen detaillierter untersucht. Die Suchbegriffe im Bereich Automotive sind in den Bereichen Automobilität, Logistik, Rohstoffe (Gewerbe), Hochschulen und Politik verortet. Der regionsspezifische Fachkräftemangel zeigt sich insbesondere in den Bereichen Logistik, Bahn, Automobilität, Industrie, IT, Handel (gewerblich), Hochschulen, Handel (Bau) und Handwerk (Bau). Spezifische Begriffe zum Thema Digitalisierung finden sich häufig auf den Websites von Hochschulen, Politik, Logistik, IT und Industrie. Dasselbe gilt für den Bereich KI, der Begriffe der fortgeschrittenen Digitalisierung enthält und vermehrt auf Websites mehrerer gewerblicher Branchen, Dienstleistungsbranchen, Industrie, IT, Hochschulen und Automobilität vorkommt. Begriffe der Nachhaltigkeit finden sich vor allem bei Hochschulen, Finanzen, IT, Infrastruktur, Politik, gewerblichen Bildungseinrichtungen sowie wissensintensiven allgemeinen Dienstleistungen. Der Bereich Health greift aufgrund relativ allgemeiner Begriffe deutlich über die Gesundheitswirtschaft hinaus, sodass diesbezügliche Begriffe vor allem auf Websites von Hochschulen sowie mehreren gewerblichen und handwerklichen Branchen vorkommen. Smart City ist ein Querschnittsbereich, dessen Begriffe in vielen Branchen Erwähnung finden. Hochschulen bilden eine Querschnittsbranche, die mit allen Themen häufig in Berührung kommt. Politik und Verwaltung weisen gemeinsam in allen Themenbereichen relativ hohe Suchtreffer auf. Auf regionaler Ebene dominiert bei den absoluten Suchtreffern die Region Hannover. Nach Begriffen pro Webseite zeigen sich jedoch keine substanziellen Unterschiede zwischen den drei Untersuchungsgebieten. Zentrale Sektoren sind insgesamt Gesundheit, Diverse Dienstleistungen und der Bau-Bereich. Innerhalb der Gebietskörperschaften besteht ein deutlicher Stadt-Land-Unterschied in der absoluten und relativen Anzahl der Treffer pro Website.

The present review reports on the preparation and atomic‐scale characterization of the thinnest possible films of the glass‐forming materials silica and germania. To this end state‐of‐the‐art surface science techniques, in particular scanning probe microscopy, and density functional theory calculations have been employed. The investigated films range from monolayer to bilayer coverage where both, the crystalline and the amorphous films, contain characteristic XO4 (X=Si,Ge) building blocks. A side‐by‐side comparison of silica and germania monolayer, zigzag phase and bilayer films supported on Mo(112), Ru(0001), Pt(111), and Au(111) leads to a more general comprehension of the network structure of glass former materials. This allows us to understand the crucial role of the metal support for the pathway from crystalline to amorphous ultrathin film growth., Ultrathin films: Comparison of silica and germania thin films to understand the crucial role of the metal support for the pathway from crystalline to amorphous structures.

Background and purpose Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and tumour associated macrophages (TAM) play a key role in anticancer immunosurveillance. We studied their influence on response to neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (RCT) and prognosis in patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC). Materials and methods Between 10/2004 and 06/2018, pre-RCT biopsy-specimens were available from 76 patients with locally advanced, non-metastatic OAC scheduled for trimodality therapy. We evaluated intra- and peritumoural expression of FoxP3+-, CD8+-TIL and CD68+-, CD163+-TAM, contemplating cell density, cell ratios and cell-to-cell distances to determine a possible influence on tumour regression grade (TRG) and survival. Median follow-up time for all patients was 18 months (IQR 9–43), and 54 months (25–97) for surviving patients. Data were analysed using risk analysis, logrank test and Cox regression. Results Poor tumour regression was detected for cN+ (RR 0.77 [95% CI 0.66–0.90], p = 0.001), low intratumoural FoxP3+/CD8+ ratio (RR 0.75 [0.60–0.96], p = 0.020), high peritumoural CD163+/CD68+ ratio (RR 0.77 [0.60–0.99], p = 0.045) and high intratumoural TAM density (RD −0.44 [−0.82 to −0.06], p = 0.023). Apart from poor resection quality and TRG, pretherapeutic high peritumoural CD8+ infiltration (HR 2.36 [1.21–4.61], p = 0.012) and short intratumoural FoxP3+ to CD8+ cell-to-cell distances in middle ranged CD8+ density (HR 2.55 [1.00–6.52], p = 0.050) were significant unfavourable prognostic factors in multivariate analysis. Conclusions Immunologic parameters, such as CD8+-, FoxP3+-TIL and CD68+-, CD163+-TAM, were identified to be of independent predictive and prognostic value in patients with OAC. Further and independent validation of these biomarkers by a large size dataset may urgently be contemplated.

RESUMO A dislipidemia é um achado comum, porém não determinante, na síndrome metabólica equina (SME). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar a dislipidemia em animais obesos com risco de SME. Para isso, 18 éguas foram alocadas em grupos, de acordo com escore corporal (EC) de 1 a 9: no grupo ideal, animais com EC de 4,5 a 5,5 (n= 6), no grupo sobrepeso, com EC de 6 a 7 (n= 6) e no grupo obeso, animais com EC de 7,5 a 9 (n= 6). Coletaram-se amostras de sangue em jejum de concentrado para determinação de triglicerídeos, colesterol total, glicemia e concentração de insulina. Valores preditivos de sensibilidade à insulina (RISQI) e de secreção β-pancreática (MIRG) foram calculados. O grupo obeso apresentou níveis maiores em relação aos outros grupos de triglicerídeos (P=0,001) e acima do ideal em concentrações de colesterol (P=0,012). Não foi observada diferença nas concentrações plasmáticas de glicose (P=0,53), de insulina (P=0,10) ou de RISQI (P=0,46). Houve diferença entre os grupos nos valores de MIRG (P=0,048), tendo o grupo obeso obtido resultados maiores quando comparado com o grupo ideal. O aumento do EC foi associado ao aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol e triglicerídeos, o que caracteriza um estado de dislipidemia e de elevação da secreção das células β-pancreáticas.

Silica mono- and bilayer films on Ru(0001) can be physisorbed or chemisorbed, with ordered or vitreous structures, depending on the particular preparation procedures applied. Using the SMART spectro-microscope at BESSY-II with its capabilities for μ-spectroscopy, μ-diffraction, and LEEM imaging with lateral resolution below 5 nm, in situ and in real time and applied to identical areas, we have investigated the formation of these layers, defined and characterized their properties and their connected morphology, and followed their evolution. Two distinct chemisorbed monolayers and three bilayers (physisorbed crystalline and vitreous, and chemisorbed zigzag phases), and some transitions between them, have been studied. We found that, apart from the deposited silicon amount, the most important parameter for steering the evolution to a particular well-defined layer is the oxygen content at the Ru interface. Nucleation and growth of all layers are homogeneous on the scale of our resolution, leading to rather sm...

Percebendo a utilização da tecnologia em diversos meios escolares, além de umrecurso utilizado na preparação para exames, a proposta deste projeto é apresentaro desenvolvimento de uma plataforma destinada à resolução de questões ao examede classificação do IFC. Sendo constituída por um jogo, criado para ser utilizado emuma máquina de fliperama, é composto através da resolução de questões dasedições anteriores do exame e busca avaliar o resultado da utilização destatecnologia dentro de uma escola de ensino fundamental, de forma que analise apossibilidade de dar continuidade ao projeto nos próximos anos em outra instituição.

O presente trabalho pretende apresentar os resultados preliminares do projeto de ensino integrado à pesquisa “Produção audiovisual, linguagens e humanidades”, desenvolvido no IFC – Campus Avançado Sombrio (CAS). O projeto envolve todos os alunos das turmas de primeiro ano dos cursos técnicos em Hospedagem e Informática Integrados ao ensino médio. Por meio de atividades integradas entre disciplinas, realizam-se pesquisas e estudos sobre direitos humanos que culminam na produção de filmes curtas-metragens com finalidade de problematizar e conscientizar o espectador sobre violações e garantias de direitos. Os resultados parciais do projeto possibilitam afirmar que as ações realizadas vão ao encontro da concepção de educação em direitos humanos como prática capaz de promover o conhecimento, o respeito e comprometimento com os direitos humanos.

Minimally invasive surgery techniques continue to become increasingly popular in gynecologic surgery. Single-site surgery is promoted as a safer alternative to multiport laparoscopic surgery, although studies have not demonstrated markedly improved outcomes. Robot-assisted laparoendoscopic single-site surgery is a rapidly developing technique that aims to decrease morbidity and improve cosmesis satisfaction compared to laparotomy, manual laparoscopic surgeries, and multiport laparoscopic procedures. This chapter discusses the history, technique, and ongoing developments within this surgical field.

Background Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection that affects 4% to 12% of young women, and is one of the most common causes of morbidity in this age group. The main intervention for acute PID is the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics which cover Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and anaerobic bacteria, administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or orally. In this review, we assessed the optimal treatment regimen for PID. Objectives To assess the effectiveness and safety of antibiotic regimens used to treat pelvic inflammatory disease. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Sexually Transmitted Infections Review Group's Specialized Register, which included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from 1944 to 2016, located through electronic searching and handsearching; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Ovid platform (1991 to July 2016); MEDLINE (1946 to July 2016); Embase (1947 to July 2016); LILACS, iAHx interface (1982 to July 2016); World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (July 2016); Web of Science (2001 to July 2016); OpenGrey (1990, 1992, 1995, 1996, and 1997); and abstracts in selected publications. Selection criteria We included RCTs comparing the use of antibiotics with placebo or other antibiotics for the treatment of PID in women of reproductive age, either as inpatient or outpatient treatment. We limited our review to comparison of drugs in current use that are recommended for consideration by the 2015 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for treatment of PID. Data collection and analysis At least two review authors independently selected trials for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We contacted investigators to obtain missing information. We resolved disagreements by consensus or by consulting a fourth review author if necessary. We assessed the quality of the evidence using GRADE criteria, classifying it as high, moderate, low, or very low. We calculated Mantel-Haenszel risk ratios (RR), using either random-effects or fixed-effect models and number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome or for an additional harmful outcome, with their 95% confidence interval (CI), to measure the effect of the treatments. We conducted sensitivity analyses limited to studies at low risk of bias, for comparisons where such studies were available. Main results We included 37 RCTs (6348 women). The quality of the evidence ranged from very low to high, the main limitations being serious risk of bias (due to poor reporting of study methods and lack of blinding), serious inconsistency, and serious imprecision. Azithromycin versus doxycycline There was no clear evidence of a difference between the two drugs in rates of cure for mild-moderate PID (RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.55, I2 = 72%, 2 RCTs, 243 women, very low-quality evidence), severe PID (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.05, 1 RCT, 309 women, low-quality evidence), or adverse effects leading to discontinuation of treatment (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.34, 3 RCTs, 552 women, I2 = 0%, low-quality evidence). In a sensitivity analysis limited to a single study at low risk of bias, azithromycin was superior to doxycycline in achieving cure in mild-moderate PID (RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.67, 133 women, moderate-quality evidence). Quinolone versus cephalosporin There was no clear evidence of a difference between the two drugs in rates of cure for mild-moderate PID (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.10, 3 RCTs, 459 women, I2 = 5%, low-quality evidence), severe PID (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.23, 2 RCTs, 313 women, I2 = 7%, low-quality evidence), or adverse effects leading to discontinuation of treatment (RR 2.24, 95% CI 0.52 to 9.72, 5 RCTs, 772 women, I2 = 0%, very low-quality evidence). Nitroimidazole versus no use of nitroimidazole There was no conclusive evidence of a difference between the nitroimidazoles (metronidazole) group and the group receiving other drugs with activity over anaerobes (e.g. amoxicillin-clavulanate) in rates of cure for mild-moderate PID (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.10, 5 RCTs, 2427 women, I2 = 60%, moderate-quality evidence), severe PID (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.01, 11 RCTs, 1383 women, I2 = 0%, moderate-quality evidence), or adverse effects leading to discontinuation of treatment (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.59; participants = 3788; studies = 16; I2 = 0% , low-quality evidence). In a sensitivity analysis limited to studies at low risk of bias, findings did not differ substantially from the main analysis (RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.15, 2 RCTs, 1201 women, I2 = 32%, high-quality evidence). Clindamycin plus aminoglycoside versus quinolone There was no evidence of a difference between the two groups in rates of cure for mild-moderate PID (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.13, 1 RCT, 25 women, very low-quality evidence), severe PID (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.19, 2 studies, 151 women, I2 = 0%, low-quality evidence), or adverse effects leading to discontinuation of treatment (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.02 to 1.72, 3 RCTs, 163 women, very low-quality evidence). Clindamycin plus aminoglycoside versus cephalosporin There was no clear evidence of a difference between the two groups in rates of cure for mild-moderate PID (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.09, 2 RCTs, 150 women, I2 = 0%, low-quality evidence), severe PID (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.06, 10 RCTs, 959 women, I2 = 21%, moderate-quality evidence), or adverse effects leading to discontinuation of treatment (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.18 to 3.42, 10 RCTs, 1172 women, I2 = 0%, very low-quality evidence). Authors' conclusions We found no conclusive evidence that one regimen of antibiotics was safer or more effective than any other for the cure of PID, and there was no clear evidence for the use of nitroimidazoles (metronidazole) compared to use of other drugs with activity over anaerobes. Moderate-quality evidence from a single study at low risk of bias suggested that a macrolide (azithromycin) may be more effective than a tetracycline (doxycycline) for curing mild-moderate PID. Our review considered only the drugs that are currently used and mentioned by the CDC.

Maschinen sind aus unserem Alltag nicht wegzudenken: Im Privaten erleichtern sie alltägliche Arbeiten, industriell sind sie die Grundlage der Massenproduktion, die unsere Versorgung mit Verbrauchs- und Konsumgütern sicherstellt. Doch wer dient wem – die Maschine dem Menschen oder der Mensch der Maschine? Ein Blick in die Geschichte zeigt, dass Maschinen zwar entwickelt werden, um Herausforderungen in Produktion und Wirtschaft kreativ zu begegnen, dass sie in ihrer Anwendung und der Interaktion mit den Menschen aber nicht nur Vorteile bringen, sondern auch zu Verwerfungen führen. Anhand zweier zentraler historischer Innovationskrisen in Deutschland nehmen Wirtschafts- und Sozialhistorikerinnen der Universität Heidelberg das Mensch-Maschine-Verhältnis genauer unter die Lupe., Ruperto Carola, Nr. 16 (2020): Maschine & Mensch

Objective: The aim of this study was evaluation of clinical and hematological and hemogasometric parameters resulting from experimentally induced furosemide dehydration in horses. Methods: Six adult male horses were submitted to the protocol of induction of dehydration with furosemide and kept in water and feeding fasting for 72 hours. Clinical, hematological and hemogasometric examinations were performed every 12 hours. Clinical parameters were correlated with body weight loss to identify those who best represent the clinical picture of dehydration. Results: Mean weight loss was 13.5% after 72 hours. The capillary refill time showed the best correlation index (r) of 0.95, (p-value = 0.001), followed by BUN , r = 0.94, heart rate, with negative correlation with weight loss, r = -0.91 (p-value = 0.005), packed cell volume, r = 0.78 (p-value = 0.038 Plasma protein has further increased to 8.4 ± 0.5 g / dL and urea increased by over 100% at the end of the study. Was also observed an increase in sodium concentration and progressive decrease in chloride and potassium concentrations during the evaluated period. The pH rose from 12 hours and remained high until complete the 72 hours. There was also an increase in plasma bicarbonate concentration from 24 hours, exceeding the reference limits. Conclusions: Given these results, it can be concluded that the dehydration protocol induced a light hypertonic dehydration, confirmed by the slight increase in plasma osmolarity, hyperproteinemia, hypochloremia with metabolic alkalosis, confirmed by the average values of strong ions difference during throughout the dehydration process. Con el objetivo de medir los indicadores clínicos y hematológicos de deshidratación y los cambios en el equilibrio hidroelectrolítico de los caballos sometidos a deshidratación experimental inducida por furosemida. Métodos: Se utilizaron seis caballos en ayuno idrico y en ayuno de alimentos durante 72 horas. Las pruebas clínicas, hematológicas y de gases en sangre se realizaron cada 12 horas y se correlacionaron con la pérdida de peso corporal. Resultados: El tiempo de llenado capilar presentó el mejor índice de correlación (r) de 0.95, (valor p = 0.001) seguido de urea (BUN), r = 0.94, HR, que varió inversamente con la pérdida de peso, r = - 0.91 (Valor P = 0.005), VG%, r = 0.78 (valor p = 0.038). Los valores de las proteínas plasmáticas aumentaron por encima de los valores de referencia (8.4 ± 0.5 g / dL) y la urea (BUN) mostró una elevación superior al 100% al final del estudio. Se produjo hipernatremia, hipocloremia e hipocalemia. El pH aumentó después de 12 horas y permaneció alto hasta 72 horas. La concentración de bicarbonato aumentó después de 24 horas, excediendo los límites de referencia. Conclusiones: Se concluye que la administración de furosemida asociada con el ayuno desencadenó una deshidratación hipertónica leve, con un ligero aumento en la osmolaridad plasmática, hiperproteinemia, hipocloremia y alcalosis metabólica, confirmada por los valores medios de diferencia de iones fuertes durante todo el proceso de deshidratación. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos e hemogasométricos decorrentes da desidratação experimentalmente induzida por furosemida em equinos. Métodos: Seis equinos, adultos, machos, foram submetidos ao protocolo de indução de desidratação com furosemida e mantidos em jejum hídrico e alimentar por 72 horas. Exames clínicos, hematológicos e hemogasométricos foram realizados a cada 12 horas. Os parâmetros clínicos foram correlacionados à perda de peso corporal, para identificação daqueles que melhor representam o quadro clinico de desidratação. Resultados: A perda média de peso foi de 13,5% após 72h. O TPC apresentou melhor índice de correlação (r) de 0,95, (Valor p = 0,001) seguido por ureia (BUN), r= 0,94; FC, que variou inversamente à perda de peso, r=-0,91 (Valor p= 0,005) e VG, r = 0,78 (Valor p= 0,038). Os valores de proteína plasmática elevaram-se acima dos valores de referência (8,4 ± 0,5 g/dL) e ureia (BUN) apresentou elevação superior a 100% ao final de 72h. Ocorreu hipernatremia, hipocloremia e hipocalemia. O pH elevou-se a partir de 12 horas e manteve-se elevado até 72 horas. A concentração de bicarbonato elevou-se a partir de 24 horas, excedendo os limites de referência. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a administração de furosemida associada ao jejum desencadeou uma desidratação do tipo hipertônica leve, com discreto aumento da osmolaridade plasmática, hiperproteinemia, hipocloremia e alcalose metabólica, confirmada pelos valores médios da diferença de íons fortes durante todo o processo de desidratação.

BackgroundAssessment of the immune status of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) has previously shown to be prognostically relevant after treatment with curative intent. We conducted this study to develop a clinically applicable immune gene expression assay to predict prognosis and adjuvant chemotherapy benefit.Patients and methodsGene expression ofCD3Z,CD8AandCXCL9, immune cell (IC) populations including stromal tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs), T-cells, natural killer cells (NK-cells), macrophages, Programmed cell death protein 1 positive (PD-1) IC and tumor subtypes (MD Anderson Cancer Center/MDACC-approach) were assessed in 187 MIBC patients (Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN/CCC-EMN-cohort). A gene expression signature was derived by hierarchical-clustering and validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-cohort. IC populations in the TCGA cohort were assessed via CIBERSORT. Benefit of platinum-containing adjuvant chemotherapy was assessed in a pooled cohort of 125 patients. Outcome measurements were disease specific survival, disease-free survival and overall survival.ResultsThe gene expression signature ofCXCL9,CD3ZandCD8Acorrelates with quantitative amounts of specific IC populations and sTILs (CCC-EMN: ρ-range: 0.44–0.74; TCGA: ρ-range: 0.56–0.82) and allows stratification of three different inflammation levels (inflamed high, inflamed low, uninflamed). Highly inflamed tumors are preferentially basal subtype and show favorable 5-year survival rates of 67.3% (HR=0.27; CCC-EMN) and 55% (HR=0.41; TCGA). Uninflamed tumors are predominantly luminal subtypes and show low 5-year survival rates of 28% (CCC-EMN) and 36% (TCGA). Inflamed tumors exhibit higher levels of PD-1 and Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1). Patients undergoing adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy with ‘inflamed high’ tumors showed a favorable 5-year survival rate of 64% (HR=0.27; merged CCC-EMN and TCGA cohort).ConclusionThe gene expression signature ofCD3Z,CD8AandCXCL9can assess the immune status of MIBC and stratify the survival of MIBC patients undergoing surgery and adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy. Furthermore, the assay can identify patients with immunological hot tumors with particular high expression of PD-L1 potentially suitable for immunotherapy.

This article describes the motivation, development and results obtained with the use of an arcade with a game designed to prepare for the selection process for admission to the Instituto Federal Catarinense. Realizing the importance of using technologies for educational purposes, combining the needs that schools have to prepare their students for academic life, FlipIFC presents itself as a possibility to make preparation attractive and stimulating. The platform developed with the Java programming language, the MySQL database and using the knowledge of the technical course for the development of the arcade machine, showed positive results, confirming the effectiveness of the proposal in attracting students and assisting them in the test preparation process.

Objective To assess the effectiveness and safety of antibiotic regimens used to treat pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Design This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Risk of bias was assessed using the criteria outlined in the Cochrane guidelines. Quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation. Data sources Eight electronic databases were searched from date of inception up to July 2016. Database searches were complemented by screening of reference lists of relevant studies, trial registers, conference proceeding abstracts and grey literature. Eligibility criteria RCTs comparing the use of antibiotics with placebo or other antibiotics for the treatment of PID in women of reproductive age, either as inpatient or outpatient treatment. Results We included 37 RCTs (6348 women). The quality of evidence ranged from very low to high, the main limitations being serious risk of bias (due to poor reporting of study methods and lack of blinding), serious inconsistency and serious imprecision. There was no clear evidence of a difference in the rates of cure for mild-moderate or for severe PID for the comparisons of azithromycin versus doxycycline, quinolone versus cephalosporin, nitroimidazole versus no use of nitroimidazole, clindamycin plus aminoglycoside versus quinolone, or clindamycin plus aminoglycoside versus cephalosporin. No clear evidence of a difference between regimens in antibiotic-related adverse events leading to discontinuation of therapy was observed. Conclusions We found no conclusive evidence that one regimen of antibiotics was safer or more effective than any other for the treatment of PID, and there was no clear evidence for the use of nitroimidazoles (metronidazole) compared with the use of other drugs with activity against anaerobes. More evidence is needed to assess treatments for women with PID, particularly comparing regimens with or without the addition of nitroimidazoles and the efficacy of azithromycin compared with doxycycline.

This thesis presents a specto-microscopical study on the preparation of ultra-thin germania and germania-silica films on a Ru(0001) single crystal support and the discussion of their chemical reaction with molecular hydrogen. The two-dimensional GeO2 and GeO2-SiO2 films were investigated by synchrotron based spectro-microscopy applying microscopy, diffraction and spectroscopy. For a calibration of the deposited germanium amount, the growth of germanium on bare Ru(0001) was studied in-situ by LEEM, LEED, XPEEM and XPS. The germanium films were grown at 540 K in UHV. This demonstrated that, at first, a (2x2) germanium layer is formed and further germanium growth leads to the formation of a coexisting (3x3) germanium structure. Afterwards a second layer is formed, however before the (3x3) phase is completely closed. Further germanium growth leads to the formation of three-dimensional germanium islands. Germanium grows at 540 K in UHV on bare Ru(0001) in a Stranski-Krastanov growth mode. The germanium film oxidation was studied in real-time and in-situ. The formation of a partially closed GeO2 layer on top of a closed GeO2 monolayer was found. Furthermore the oxidation of a 0.6 nm thick germanium film is presented. As a result, it was found that a closed GeO2 monolayer on Ru(0001) is formed and that excess GeOx desorbs at temperature above 770 K. Another part of this work is the preparation of ultra-thin mixed GeO2-SiO2 films on Ru(0001). Different preparation recipes are presented showing that the crystallinity of the initially deposited film has a significant influence on the final film. The addition of germania or silica to a crystalline film leads to the coexistence of two separated oxides. The non-connected germania desorbs at temperatures above 970 K. Different silica to germania ratios were prepared. An amount of nominal 0.5 ML germanium was dispersed in 1.5 ML silica matrix. Only crystalline germania-silica films could be prepared. Germania containing silica leads to lower crystallization temperatures compared to pure silica. Finally the effect of hydrogen treatments on the GeO2 and GeO2-SiO2 films were studied in real-time LEEM. Whereas hydrogen completely reduces the GeO2 film. The reduced germanium segregates on the bare Ru(0001) surface. The hydrogen treatment on the mixed GeO2-SiO2 films shows two steps. In the first step the hydrogen removes oxygen with a binding energy of 529 eV. This step is not visible in LEEM. In a second step the hydrogen treatment leads to a partial reduction of the germanium in the silica matrix, the silica is not reduced. However, the Si2p core level shifts by 0.2 eV. The GeO2-SiO2 films can be reoxidized. The reoxidized films are similar to the initial films. Furthermore, the low energy electron beam influences the chemical reaction and enhances locally the reduction of GeO2 by hydrogen., In dieser Arbeit wird eine spektro-mikroskopische Studie über die Präparation ultra-dünner Germania und Germania-Silika Filme auf einer Ru(0001) Unterlage präsentiert und deren chemische Reaktion mit molekularem Wasserstoff diskutiert. Für diese Arbeit wurden zweidimensionale GeO2 und GeO2-SiO2 Filme mit synchrotron-basierter Spektro-Mikroskopie untersucht, wobei Mikroskopie-, Beugungs- und Spektroskopiemethoden angewendet wurden. Für eine Kalibrierung der aufgedampften Germaniummenge wurde das Wachstum von Germanium auf reinem Ru(0001) mit LEEM, LEED, XPEEM und XPS in-situ untersucht. Die Germaniumfilme wurden bei 540 K im UHV aufgewachsen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass erst eine (2x2) Germaniumstruktur gebildet wird und weiteres Germaniumwachstum zur Bildung einer koexistierenden (3x3) Struktur führt. Anschließend bildet sich eine zweite Lage aus, jedoch bevor die (3x3) Phase komplett geschlossen ist. Weiteres Germaniumwachstum führt zur Bildung von dreidimensionalen Germaniuminseln. Daher wächst Germanium bei 540 K in UHV auf reinem Ru(0001) in einem Stranski-Krastanov-Wachstum. Die Germanium Oxidation wurde in Echtzeit und in-situ untersucht. Es zeigte sich die Bildung von einer partiell geschlossenen Lage GeO2 auf einer geschlossenen GeO2 Monolage. Ferner wird die Oxidation einer 0.6 nm dicken Germaniumschicht gezeigt. Es zeigte sich, dass das überschüssige GeOX bei Temperaturen oberhalb von 770 K verdampft und sich eine geschlossene GeO2 Monolage auf Ru(0001) bildet. Ein weiterer Teil dieser Arbeit betrifft die Herstellung ultra-dünner gemischter GeO2-SiO2 Filme auf Ru(0001). Es zeigte sich, dass ein entscheidender Einfluss auf den finalen gemischten GeO2-SiO2 Film die Kristallinität des zuerst aufgedampften Films ist. Das Hinzufügen von Germania oder Silika zu einem kristallinen Film führt zur Koexistenz zweier unabhängiger Oxide. Das nichtgebundene Germania desorbiert bei Temperaturen oberhalb von 770 K. Es wurden verschiedene Germania zu Silika Verhältnisse präpariert. Eine Germaniummenge von nominell 0.5 ML wurde auf 1.5 ML Silika verteilt. Es konnten nur kristalline Germania-Silika Filme hergestellt werden. Germania führt zu einer niedrigeren Silika Kristallisationstemperatur gegenüber reinem Silika. Abschließend wurde an den GeO2 und GeO2-SiO2 Filmen eine Wasserstoffbehandlung durchgeführt, die in Echtzeit in LEEM untersucht wurde. Die GeO2 Filme werden durch Wasserstoff vollständig reduziert. Das reduzierte Germanium segregiert auf dem reinen Ru(0001). Die Wasserstoffbehandlung bei GeO2-SiO2 Filmen verläuft in zwei Schritten. Zuerst entfernt der Wasserstoff Sauerstoff mit einer Bindungsenergie von 529 eV. Dieser Schritt ist nicht sichtbar im LEEM. In einem zweiten Schritt wird das Germania in der Silikamatrix partiell reduziert. Das Silika wird hingegen nicht reduziert. Jedoch verschiebt sich das Si2p Kernniveau um 0.2 eV durch die Wasserstoffbehandlung. Die GeO2-SiO2 Filme können reoxidiert werden. Die reoxidierten Filme sind identisch mit den ursprünglichen Filmen. Des Weiteren zeigte sich ein großer Einfluss des niederenergetischen Elektronenstrahls auf die chemische Reaktion. Der Elektronenstrahl führt zu einer lokalen Verstärkung der Reaktion.