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The synthesis of fully fused π‐conjugated cycloarenes embedded with nonbenzenoid aromatics is challenging. In this work, the first example of four‐membered ring‐embedded cycloarene (MF2) was designed and synthesized in single‐crystal form by macrocyclization and ring fusion strategies. For comparison, single bond‐linked chiral macrocycle MS2 without two fused four‐membered rings and its linear‐shaped polycyclic benzenoid monomer L1 were also synthesized. The pronounced anti‐aromaticity of four‐membered rings significantly adjusts the electronic structures and photophysical properties of cycloarene, resulting in an enhancement of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) from 10.66 % and 10.74 % for L1 and MS2, respectively, to 54.05 % for MF2, which is the highest PLQY among the reported cycloarenes. Notably, owing to the embedded anti‐aromatic four‐membered rings that reduce structural displacements, MF2 exhibits an ultra‐narrowband emission with a single‐digit full‐width at half‐maximum (FWHM) of only 7 nm (0.038 eV), which sets a new record among all reported organic narrowband luminescent molecules, and represents the first example of ultra‐narrowband emission in conventional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) devoid of heteroatoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the long-term variation of the spectral smile and the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the sensor response function for the Hyperspectral Imager Suite (HISUI) onboard the International Space Station (ISS). HISUI is an optical hyperspectral imager comprising two subsystems: a visible-and-near-infrared (VNIR) system covering 400–980 nm and a short-wave infrared (SWIR) system covering 895–2481 nm. On the basis of atmospheric corrections for actual observation images, we found that the characteristics of the spectral smile and the FWHM can be classified into five major periods. The results show that the first two transitions of the periods are due to updates of the smile correction table used in HISUI and that the last one is related to the occurrence of vertical stripes in the HISUI images. However, two unexpected changes are observed. One is a sudden increase in the spectral smile in the SWIR data to 2.0–2.1 nm on September 30, 2021, which was just three days after the second update of the smile correction table. The other is a sudden improvement on January 5, 2022, showing almost zero spectral smile and a nearly constant FWHM. Because neither sudden change is associated with HISUI or ISS operations/events, the optical and electrical systems of HISUI might exhibit instability, leading to sporadic changes of the spectral smile and FWHM. The findings of this study therefore suggest that, although the postlaunch spectral smile correction has been completed, continued long-term evaluation of the spectral stability is important.

This article presents the design and implementation of the magnetic particle imaging (MPI) scanner for phantom imaging of the potential tracer agents for MPI applications. The field-free point (FFP)-based spatial encoding of 4.3 T/m was implemented so that it helps to localize the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) response inside the field of view (FOV). Solenoid drive coil and gradiometric receive coil were constructed to achieve 15 mT (peak amplitude) at 9.3 kHz. Moreover, a magnetic particle spectrometer (MPS) was utilized at 9.9 kHz for the characterization of relaxation time, frequency spectrum, and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the particle signals in response to the excitation field at 9.9 kHz. The X-space algorithm was designed for the post-processing of the particle signals in the MPI scanner. Dextran-coated Perimag and carboxydextran-coated Vivotrax plus were characterized with MPS followed by the phantom imaging with MPI scanner. Perimag was found as fast relaxation sample (low relaxation time), narrow pulsewidth (high spatial resolution), and higher signal intensity compared to the Vivotrax plus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the initial analysis of spectral smile calibration of the Hyperspectral Imager Suite (HISUI) onboard the International Space Station, which has been continuously acquiring data since September 4, 2020. HISUI is an optical hyperspectral imager consisting of two subsystems: VNIR covering 400–980 nm at intervals of 10 nm and SWIR covering 895–2481 nm at 12.5-nm intervals. Based on the atmospheric correction for actual observation images, we assessed cross-track dependences of the wavelength deviation (spectral smile) and the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the HISUI response function. We found that significant spectral smile was observed, with maximum variations of 1.8 nm in VNIR and 4.3–4.5 nm in SWIR. In addition, the cross-track variation of FWHM was observed with maximum variations of 5.0 nm for VNIR and 2.5–3.5 nm for SWIR. We used the results to model the smile functions to update a smile correction table in the internal calibration system of HISUI. Then, we evaluated how the smile functions reduce the spectral smile in the data acquired after the update on September 27, 2021. We confirmed that VNIR showed a nearly flat profile within 0.25 nm with a nearly constant FWHM. For SWIR, although a slight amount of spectral smile and a variation of FWHM were still observed partly due to wavelength dependence in the spectral smile, the spectral smile was reduced to less than ~2.2 nm. This study demonstrated that wavelength calibration using actual observation images for ground surfaces is important for the characterization of hyperspectral sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound shear wave elastography (SWE) is an increasingly used noninvasive modality for quantitative evaluation of tissue mechanical properties. SWE typically uses an acoustic radiation force to produce laterally propagating shear waves that are tracked in the spatial and temporal domains, in order to obtain the wave velocity. One of the ways to study the viscoelasticity is through studying the shear wave phase velocity dispersion curves. Shear wave attenuation can be also characterized in viscoelastic tissues with methods that use multiple lateral data samples. In this article, we present an alternative method for measuring the shear wave attenuation without using a rheological model two-point frequency shift (2P-FS). The technique uses information related to the amplitude spectra FS of shear waves measured at only two lateral locations. The theoretical basis for the 2P-FS is derived and validated. We examined how the first signal position and the distance between the two locations affect the shear wave attenuation estimation in the 2P-FS method. We tested this new method on digital phantom data created using the local interaction simulation approach (LISA) in viscoelastic media. Moreover, we tested data acquired from custom-made tissue-mimicking viscoelastic phantom experiments and ex vivo porcine liver measurements. We compared results from the 2P-FS method with the other two techniques used for assessing a shear wave attenuation: the FS-based method and the attenuation-measuring ultrasound shear wave elastography (AMUSE) technique. In addition, we evaluated the 2P-FS algorithm with different levels of added white Gaussian noise to the shear wave particle velocity using numerical phantoms. Tests conducted showed that the 2P-FS method gives robust results based on only two measurements and can be used to measure attenuation of viscoelastic soft tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold nanoantennas have been used in a variety of biomedical applications due to their attractive electronic and optical properties, which are shape- and size-dependent. Here, a periodic paired gold nanostructure exploiting surface plasmon resonance is proposed, which shows promising results for Refractive Index (RI) detection due to its high electric field confinement and diffraction limit. Here, single and paired gold nanostructured sensors were designed for real-time RI detection. The Full-Width at Half-Maximum (FWHM) and Figure-Of-Merit (FOM) were also calculated, which relate the sensitivity to the sharpness of the peak. The effect of different possible structural shapes and dimensions were studied to optimise the sensitivity response of nanosensing structures and identify an optimised elliptical nanoantenna with the major axis a, minor axis b, gap between the pair g, and heights h being 100 nm, 10 nm, 10 nm, and 40 nm, respectively. In this work, we investigated the bulk sensitivity, which is the spectral shift per refractive index unit due to the change in the surrounding material, and this value was calculated as 526–530 nm/RIU, while the FWHM was calculated around 110 nm with a FOM of 8.1. On the other hand, the surface sensing was related to the spectral shift due to the refractive index variation of the surface layer near the paired nanoantenna surface, and this value for the same antenna pair was calculated as 250 nm/RIU for a surface layer thickness of 4.5 nm.

Hyperspectral imaging has been widely applied in remote sensing scientific fields. For this study, hyperspectral imaging data covering the spectral region from 400 to 1000 nm were collected from an unmanned aerial vehicle visible/near-infrared imaging hyperspectrometer (UAV-VNIRIS). Theoretically, the spectral calibration parameters of the UAV-VNIRIS measured in the laboratory should be refined when applied to the hyperspectral data obtained from the UAV platform due to variations between the laboratory and actual flight environments. Therefore, accurate spectral calibration of the UAV-VNIRIS is essential to further applications of the hyperspectral data. Shifts in both the spectral center wavelength position and the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) were retrieved using two different methods (Methods I and II) based on spectrum matching of atmospheric absorption features at oxygen bands near 760 nm and water vapor bands near 820 and 940 nm. Comparison of the spectral calibration results of these two methods over the calibration targets showed that the derived center wavelength and FWHM shifts are similar. For the UAV-VNIRIS observed data used here, the shifts in center wavelength derived from both Methods I and II over the three absorption bands are less than 0.13 nm, and less than 0.22 nm in terms of FWHM. The findings of this paper revealed: 1) the UAV-VNIRIS payload on the UAV platform performed well in terms of spectral calibration; and 2) the applied methods are effective for on-orbit spectral calibration of the hyper spectrometer.

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This study demonstrates the feasibility of enhancing an organic-based plasmon-emitting diode on the directional light beaming efficiency by near-field surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in both metal grating and polymer grating nanostructures. The interaction between organic/metal and PR/metal interfaces to cause SPPs can facilitate specific directional emission. Directional emission properties give rise to a spectral band-gap response enhancement. Our results also verify that efficient surface plasmon grating coupled emissions (SPGCEs) can improve directionality under index-mediated tuning. Experimental results indicate SP decoupling emission in the visible light. The subsequent emission intensity can increase by up to 3.5 times. Moreover, a narrow FWHM of approximately 60 nm in a defined direction is achieved, and an SP coupling rate is approximately 80% on the metal grating structure. The proposed method is highly promising for use as an active plasmonic emitter and discoloration biosensors with enhanced SPPs resonance energy, owing to interactions with the organic/metal nanostructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperspectral imaging has been widely applied in remote sensing scientific fields. For this study, hyperspectral imaging data covering the spectral region from 400 to 1000 nm were collected from an unmanned aerial vehicle visible/near-infrared imaging hyperspectrometer (UAV-VNIRIS). Theoretically, the spectral calibration parameters of the UAV-VNIRIS measured in the laboratory should be refined when applied to the hyperspectral data obtained from the UAV platform due to variations between the laboratory and actual flight environments. Therefore, accurate spectral calibration of the UAV-VNIRIS is essential to further applications of the hyperspectral data. Shifts in both the spectral center wavelength position and the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) were retrieved using two different methods (Methods I and II) based on spectrum matching of atmospheric absorption features at oxygen bands near 760 nm and water vapor bands near 820 and 940 nm. Comparison of the spectral calibration results of these two methods over the calibration targets showed that the derived center wavelength and FWHM shifts are similar. For the UAV-VNIRIS observed data used here, the shifts in center wavelength derived from both Methods I and II over the three absorption bands are less than 0.13 nm, and less than 0.22 nm in terms of FWHM. The findings of this paper revealed: 1) the UAV-VNIRIS payload on the UAV platform performed well in terms of spectral calibration; and 2) the applied methods are effective for on-orbit spectral calibration of the hyper spectrometer. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Highlights: [•] The origin for ORR activity in Pt on titania has been in significant debate. [•] We resolve this controversy by considering a lattice strain effect. [•] The main origin is the compressive strain rather than the charge transfer. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) is an emerging technique which combines functional information provided by fluorescence microscopy (FM) with the high-resolution structural information of electron microscopy (EM). So far, correlative cryo microscopy of frozen-hydrated samples has not reached better than micrometre range accuracy. Here, a method is presented that enables the correlation between fluorescently tagged proteins and electron cryo tomography (cryoET) data with nanometre range precision. Specifically, thin areas of vitrified whole cells are examined by correlative fluorescence cryo microscopy (cryoFM) and cryoET. Novel aspects of the presented cryoCLEM workflow not only include the implementation of two independent electron dense fluorescent markers to improve the precision of the alignment, but also the ability of obtaining an estimate of the correlation accuracy for each individual object of interest. The correlative workflow from plunge-freezing to cryoET is detailed step-by-step for the example of locating fluorescence-labelled adenovirus particles trafficking inside a cell. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Gray matter volume of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex positively associated with pattern A behavior scores. [•] TABP was positively correlated with increased resting-state functional connectivity between the left caudate and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. [•] TABP was also positively correlated with also increased functional connectivity between the left caudate and rostral anterior cingulate cortex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Diatoms, which are primary producers in the oceans, can rapidly switch on/off efficient photoprotection to respond to fast light-intensity changes in moving waters. The corresponding thermal dissipation of excess-absorbed-light energy can be observed as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll a fluorescence. Fluorescence-induction measurements on Cyclotella meneghiniana diatoms show two NPQ processes: qE1 relaxes rapidly in the dark while qE2 remains present upon switching to darkness and is related to the presence of the xanthophyll-cycle pigment diatoxanthin (Dtx). We performed picosecond fluorescence measurements on cells locked in different (quenching) states, revealing the following sequence of events during full development of NPQ. At first, trimers of light-harvesting complexes (fucoxanthin–chlorophyll a/c proteins), or FCPa, become quenched, while being part of photosystem II (PSII), due to the induced pH gradient across the thylakoid membrane. This is followed by (partial) detachment of FCPa from PSII after which quenching persists. The pH gradient also causes the formation of Dtx which leads to further quenching of isolated PSII cores and some aggregated FCPa. In subsequent darkness, the pH gradient disappears but Dtx remains present and quenching partly pertains. Only in the presence of some light the system completely recovers to the unquenched state. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recently several novel image contrasts derived from whole-brain fibre tracking-data (tractograms) have been introduced. The novel contrasts of these track-weighted imaging (TWI) methods may provide important information for clinical neuroscience studies. However, before they can be used reliably to generate quantitative measures, it is important to characterise their within-subject reproducibility, and between-subject variability. In this work we compute the within-subject reproducibility (intra-scan, intra-session and inter-session), and between-subject variability of TWI for a number of different TWI contrasts across multiple subjects. The results are used in simple voxel-wise power calculations within illustrative regions of interest to provide guidelines for required sample sizes and observable effect sizes for individual subjects and between groups. It was found that the required sample sizes and observable effect sizes varied considerably between different TWI maps and for different ROIs. For some TWI contrast and ROI combinations, the power calculations yielded clinically practical values. These results provide important information concerning the potential usefulness and sensitivity of TWI maps for individual diagnosis, longitudinal studies and group comparisons, as well as for study designs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] ΔFLN spectra are obtained using time-resolved fluorescence measurements. [•] A peculiar dependence of the Huang–Rhys factor (S) on excitation wavelength is observed. [•] The obtained fluorescence difference spectrum is almost homogeneous. [•] Increase of Huang–Rhys factor on the blue edge is explained in terms of electrostatic interactions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents the design principles of a novel optimized microring-based uni-traveling carrier photodiode (MR-UTC-PD), for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical systems. The fundamental parameters for output characteristics such as quantum efficiency and 3-dB bandwidth of MR-UTC-PD are discussed. We analyze the effects of basic parameters as effective ring radius, definite coupling condition and the suitable cross section on the MR-UTC-PD main characteristics for high performance of the device. It is shown that the maximum quantum efficiency and most efficient performance of the device can be obtained at critical coupling condition. We show that the maximum 3-dB bandwidth and an efficient approach for high bandwidth-efficiency product can be achieved at overcoupling condition. In this regard, some design curves are presented for the optimized MR-UTC-PD. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The magnetic particle imaging method allows for the quantitative determination of spatial distributions of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in vivo. Recently, it was shown that the 1-D magnetic particle imaging process can be formulated as a convolution. Analyzing the width of the convolution kernel allows for predicting the spatial resolution of the method. However, this measure does not take into account the noise of the measured data. Furthermore, it does not consider a reconstruction step, which can increase the resolution beyond the width of the convolution kernel. In this paper, the spatial resolution of magnetic particle imaging is investigated by analyzing the modulation transfer function of the imaging process. An expression for the spatial resolution is derived, which includes the noise level and which is validated in simulations and experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Accurate radiometric and spectral calibrations of hyperspectral remote sensing instruments are essential for optimum data processing and exploitation. Two improved methods for the refinement of the spectral calibration of air- and spaceborne imaging spectrometers are presented in this paper. Both spectral channel position and width can be retrieved by modeling the atmospheric absorption features around 760, 940, 1140, and 2060 nm without making use of external atmospheric or surface parameters. A sensitivity analysis based on synthetic data demonstrated that, for each of the two methods, the root-mean-square errors to be expected were less than 0.18 nm for the retrieval of channel wavelength center and less than 0.8 nm for channel full-width at half-maximum. The application of the proposed methods to a real Hyperion data set showed quite-similar cross-track variations in the spectral calibration for the two methods, although relatively large differences in magnitude were found near the 940- and 1140-nm \H2\O absorption features. The significant improvement of the reflectance spectra derived after the refinement of the instrument spectral calibration confirms the good performance of the proposed methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We constructed a photoactivatable Drosophila histone 2 A variant green fluorescent fusion protein (H2AvD-paGFP) for tracking chromatin loci in living Drosophila embryos. Activation of paGFP was achieved by irradiation from a single-photon diode laser at 408 nm, but activated nuclei failed to divide. Photoconversion could also be achieved by two-photon fs pulses in the range of 780–840 nm. Viability in whole-mount embryos could only be maintained at 820 nm, at which we could activate, simultaneously track and quantitate the mobility of multiple fluorescent loci. This report constitutes the first demonstration of two-photon activation of paGFP and the use of a paGFP-fusion protein in investigations of whole organisms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: To identify an accurate and reproducible method to define myocardial infarct (MI) size, we conducted a study in a closed-chest canine model of acute myocardial infarction, in which MI size was measured using different thresholding techniques and by imaging at different delay times after contrast administration. Background: The MI size by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) is directly related to long-term prognosis. However, previous measurements were done using nonuniform methods and tended to overestimate nonviable areas. Methods: Thirteen animals underwent 90 min of coronary artery occlusion, followed by reperfusion. The CE-MRI data were acquired within 24 h after reperfusion and compared with triphenyltetrazolium chloride pathology. In the first nine animals, images were obtained ∼15 min after gadolinium diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) using an inversion-recovery gradient-echo pulse sequence. To identify the most accurate method, MI size by CE-MRI was measured visually and by semi-automatic thresholding techniques, using different criteria. In four additional animals, images were acquired every 6 min until 30 min after Gd-DTPA. Results: Postmortem MI size was 13.5 ± 2.6% of left ventricular volume. Semi-automatic techniques, using full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) criterion, correlated best with postmortem data (r2 = 0.94, p < 0.001; results confirmed by Bland-Altman plots). Using FWHM, there was no difference in MI size between different delay times after contrast (15.2 ± 2.9% to 14.5 ± 4.2% at 6 and 30 min, respectively; p = NS). Conclusions: When an objective technique is used to define MI size by CE-MRI, accurate infarct size measurements can be obtained from images obtained up to 30 min after contrast administration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Photosystem II (PSII) produces dioxygen from water in a four-stepped process, which is driven by four quanta of light and catalysed by a Mn-cluster and tyrosine Z. Oxygen is liberated during one step, coined S3⇒S0. Chemical intermediates on the way from reversibly bound water to dioxygen have not yet been tracked, however, a break in the Arrhenius plot of the oxygen-evolving step has been taken as evidence for its existence.We scrutinised the temperature dependence of (i) UV-absorption transients attributable to the reduction of the Mn-cluster and tyrosine Z by water, and (ii) polarographic transients attributable to the release of dioxygen. Using a centrifugatable and kinetically competent Pt-electrode, we observed no deviation from a linear Arrhenius plot of oxygen release in the temperature range from −2 to 32 °C, and hence no evidence, by this approach, for a sufficiently long-lived chemical intermediate. The half-rise times of oxygen release differed between Synechocystis WT* (at 20 °C: 1.35 ms) and a point mutant (D1–D61N: 13.1 ms), and the activation energies differed between species (Spinacia oleracea, 30 kJ/mol versus Synechocystis, 41 kJ/mol) and preparations (PSII membranes, 41 kJ/mol versus core complexes, 33 kJ/mol, Synechocystis).Correction for polarographic artefacts revealed, for the first time, a temperature-dependent lag-phase of the polarographic transient (duration at 20 °C: 0.45 ms, activation energy: 31 kJ/mol), which was indicative of a short-lived intermediate. It was, however, not apparent in the UV-transients. Thus the “intermediate” was probably newly formed and transiently bound oxygen. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We report for the first time significant changes in the P680⋅+ reduction kinetics of Photosystem II (PS II) in which the 17 and 23 kDa extrinsic polypeptides are intact, in the presence of Ca2+ or ethylene glycol bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) which were added to vary the Ca2+ concentration from 5 μM to 30 mM. The decrease in the extent of normal P680⋅+ reduction decay with lifetimes of 40–370 ns and a corresponding increase in the extent of kinetics with lifetimes of 20–220 μs was interpreted as being due to electron transfer from YZ to P680⋅+ being replaced by slow forward conduction and by processes including P680⋅+/QA− recombination. The question of whether changes in P680⋅+ reduction kinetics were caused by loss of Ca2+ from PS II or by direct interaction of EGTA with PS II was addressed by lowering the free-Ca2+ concentration of suspensions of PS II core complexes by serial dilution in the absence of EGTA. Despite a significant decrease in the rate of O2 evolution after this treatment, only small changes in the P680⋅+ reduction kinetics were observed. Loss of Ca2+ did not affect P680⋅+ reduction associated with electron transfer from YZ. Since much larger changes in the P680⋅+ reduction kinetics of intact PS II occurred at comparable free-Ca2+ concentrations in the presence of EGTA, we conclude that EGTA influenced the P680⋅+ reduction kinetics by directly interacting with PS II rather than by lowering the free Ca2+ concentration of the surrounding media. Notwithstanding these effects, we show that useful information about Ca2+ binding to PS II can be obtained when direct interaction of EGTA is taken into account. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Gold nanoantennas have been used in a variety of biomedical applications due to their attractive electronic and optical properties, which are shape- and size-dependent. Here, a periodic paired gold nanostructure exploiting surface plasmon resonance is proposed, which shows promising results for Refractive Index (RI) detection due to its high electric field confinement and diffraction limit. Here, single and paired gold nanostructured sensors were designed for real-time RI detection. The Full-Width at Half-Maximum (FWHM) and Figure-Of-Merit (FOM) were also calculated, which relate the sensitivity to the sharpness of the peak. The effect of different possible structural shapes and dimensions were studied to optimise the sensitivity response of nanosensing structures and identify an optimised elliptical nanoantenna with the major axis a, minor axis b, gap between the pair g, and heights h being 100 nm, 10 nm, 10 nm, and 40 nm, respectively. In this work, we investigated the bulk sensitivity, which is the spectral shift per refractive index unit due to the change in the surrounding material, and this value was calculated as 526–530 nm/RIU, while the FWHM was calculated around 110 nm with a FOM of 8.1. On the other hand, the surface sensing was related to the spectral shift due to the refractive index variation of the surface layer near the paired nanoantenna surface, and this value for the same antenna pair was calculated as 250 nm/RIU for a surface layer thickness of 4.5 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]