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Objective The purpose of the study was to determine if antegrade continence enema (ACE) alone is an effective treatment for patients with severe functional constipation and segmental colonic dysmotility. Methods A retrospective study of patients with functional constipation and segmental colonic dysmotility who underwent ACE as their initial means of management. Data was collected from six participating sites in the Pediatric Colorectal and Pelvic Learning Consortium. Patients who had a colonic resection at the same time as an ACE or previously were excluded from analysis. Only patients who were 21 years old or younger and had at least 1-year follow-up after ACE were included. All patients had segmental colonic dysmotility documented by colonic manometry. Patient characteristics including preoperative colonic and anorectal manometry were summarized, and associations with colonic resection following ACE were evaluated using Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. p -Values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. Statistical analyses and summaries were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, United States). Results A total of 104 patients from 6 institutions were included in the study with an even gender distribution (males n = 50, 48.1%) and a median age of 9.6 years (interquartile range 7.4, 12.8). At 1-year follow-up, 96 patients (92%) were successfully managed with ACE alone and 8 patients (7%) underwent subsequent colonic resection for persistent symptoms. Behavioral disorder, type of bowel management, and the need for botulinum toxin administered to the anal sphincters was not associated with the need for subsequent colonic resection. On anorectal manometry, lack of pelvic floor dyssynergia was significantly associated with the need for subsequent colonic resection; 3/8, 37.5% without pelvic dyssynergia versus 1/8, 12.5% (p = 0.023) with pelvic dyssynergia underwent subsequent colonic resection. Conclusion In patients with severe functional constipation and documented segmental colonic dysmotility, ACE alone is an effective treatment modality at 1-year follow-up. Patients without pelvic floor dyssynergia on anorectal manometry are more likely to receive colonic resection after ACE. The vast majority of such patients can avoid a colonic resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the intervention mechanism of Changzhou Tongbian Formula on functional constipation (FC) combined with depression in rats. Methods A rat model of FC combined with depressive-like behaviors was established by using gastric gavage of berberine hydrochloride and chronic unpredictable mild stress. The model rats were randomly divided into blank group, model group, lactulose group, and Changzhou Tongbian Formula high, medium, and low-dose groups, and the intervention was carried out for five weeks. The fecal water content was calculated before and after intervention. The small intestinal propulsion rate was calculated after intervention. The depressive-like behavior levels of rats were evaluated by forced swimming test and sucrose preference test before and after intervention. The colonic mucosal morphology was observed by HE staining. The morphology and number of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CAI and DG regions were observed by Nissl staining. The relative protein expression levels of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in colonic tissue, as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus of rats in each group were detected by Western Blot method. Results Compared with the blank group, the fecal water content of rats in the model group was significantly reduced (P < 0.001), the small intestinal propulsion rate was significantly lower (P < 0.01), the sucrose preference index was significantly decreased (P < 0.001), the number of pyramidal cells in the CAI and DG regions of the hippocampus was significantly reduced (P < 0.001), and the TRPV4 in the colon and the BDNF, TrkB, MAPK, and CREB protein contents in the hippocampus were all significantly decreased (all P < 0.001 ) . Compared with the model group, the fecal water content of the Changzhou Tongbian Formula high-, midium, low- dose groups and the lactulose group were significantly increased ( P < 0.001, P < 0.01 ) . The small intestinal propulsion rate of the Changzhou Tongbian Formula high, low dose groups and lactulose group were significantly increased ( P < 0.01 P < 0.05 ) . The sucrose preference indices of the Changzhou Tongbian Formula high, midium, low dose groups and lactulose group were significantly increased P < 0.01 P < 0.05 ) . There was no abnormality in the colonic histology. The numbers of pyramidal cells in the CAI and DG regions of the hippocampus of the Changzhou Tongbian Formula high, midium, low-dose groups and lactulose group were significantly increased ( P < 0.01, P < 0.001 ) The TRPV4 content in the colon of the Changzhou Tongbian Formula high, midium, low-dose groups and lactulose group were significantly increased (P < 0.001) and the BDNF, TrkB, MAPK, and CREB protein contents in the hippocampus were all significantly increased ( P < 0.05 P < 0.01, P < 0.001 ) . Conclusion After intervention, Changzhou Tongbian Formula can significantly improve the TRPV4 content in the colon of model rats with the comorbidity of FC with depression, increase the moisture content of feces, promote intestinal peristalsis and improve constipation. Meanwhile, TRPV4 can activate the BDNF/TrkB/MAPK pathway, trigger an increase in downstream CREB, improve neuroplasticity and thus alleviate some depressive-like behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Painful defecation, the passage of hard stools, unpleasant or irregular bowel deviation/movements from regular rate, and/or the feeling of not enough elimination of stool are common symptoms of functional constipation. The goals in treating constipation are to produce soft, painless stools and to prevent the re-accumulation of feces. This study looked at how the telerehabilitation home program (TRP) affected the symptoms of FC and the children who were constipated in terms of their quality of life. A randomized controlled trial included 400 children aging 4–18 years with functional constipation distributed in two groups: control group consisted of 200 children receiving pharmaceutical treatment and the intervention group consisted of 200 children receiving the telerehabilitation home program in addition to pharmaceutical treatment. Both groups received the interventions for 6 months. The outcomes in terms of functional constipation symptoms and quality of life are measured and compared pre- and post-interventions. Adding the telerehabilitation home program to pharmaceutical treatment of functional constipation in children results in prominent improvement in the condition; there is a significant difference between the intervention and control group in all Rome criteria which assess symptoms of functional constipation except rush to the bath-room to poop which showed non-significant difference; there is also a significant difference between the intervention and control group in all domains of the SF-36 questionnaire which assess quality of life except the mental health domain which showed non-significant difference. Conclusion: Adding the telerehabilitation home program to pharmaceutical treatment of functional constipation in children results in prominent improvement in symptoms of functional constipation and quality of life. Trial registration: Our study was registered retrospectively with Clinicaltrials.gov under the identifier NCT06207721 on 5 January 2024. What Is Known: • Painful defecation, passage of hard stools, unpleasant or irregular bowel movements, feeling of incomplete stool elimination are common symptoms of functional constipation. • Goals in treating constipation include producing soft, painless stools and preventing re-accumulation of feces. What Is New: • Adding telerehabilitation home program to pharmaceutical treatment resulted in significant improvement in functional constipation symptoms and quality of life. • Significant differences between intervention group (200 children receiving telerehabilitation home program in addition to pharmaceutical treatment) and control group (200 children receiving pharmaceutical treatment) were observed in all Rome criteria except for rush to the bathroom to poop, and in all domains of SF36 questionnaire except for the mental health domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The causes of functional constipation (FC) in adults are unclear, but changes in the gut microbiome may play an important role. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between urinary metabolites of dopamine and serotonin and some dysbiosis indicators in patients with FC. The study included 40 healthy women and 40 women with FC aged 21–46 years. Methods: Urinary levels of homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydoxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (PhAc), and 3-indoxyl sulfate, as final metabolites of dopamine, serotonin, and indole pathway, respectively, were determined using the LC-Ms/Ms method. However, hydrogen–methane and ammonia breath tests were performed. The GA-map Dysbiosis Test was used to identify and characterize the dysbiosis index (DI). Results: In patients with FC, the DI was significantly higher than in the control group: 4.05 ± 0.53 vs. 1.52 ± 0.81 points (p < 0.001), but the number of many types of bacteria varied among individuals. The levels of HVA were higher, while 5-HIAA levels were lower in patients. Moreover, the HVA/5-HIAA ratio had a positive correlation with DI as well as with the severity of symptoms. Conclusions: In patients with functional constipation, the balance in dopamine and serotonin secretion is disturbed, which is associated with changes in the gut microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: to analyze the scientific literature on the role of various factors in the mechanisms of development of functional constipation and to summarize the current data on its leading pathogenetic mechanisms.Key points. Constipation occurs in 15 % of the adult population in the world and leads to a significant decrease in the quality of life, and in combination with some other symptoms may indicate the presence of an organic pathology of the gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenetic basis of functional constipation (FC) with slow intestinal transit is a decrease in colonic motor function, which is confirmed by the results of high-resolution manometry. FC is characterized by disturbances in such motor patterns of the colon as low and high amplitude propagating contractions, segmental non-propagating contractions, and general increases in pressure. The main FC mechanisms associated with neurogenic dysregulation include impaired function of the gray and white matter of the brain, as well as an increase in the tone of the sympathetic nervous system with a concomitant decrease in the influence of cholinergic nerves innervating the large intestine. A key role in the FC development belongs to a decrease in the pool of interstitial cells, which play the role of an intestinal pacemaker, due to slowing of their self-renewal. FC-associated changes in the enteric nervous system include a relative excess of the contribution of inhibitory influences and a decrease in the activity of cholinergic and serotonergic neurons that stimulate intestinal motility. A certain role in the occurrence of reduced motor function of the colon may have an imbalance in the production of intestinal hormones synthesized by enteroendocrine cells, namely, a deficiency of motility stimulants, which include motilin, gastrin, ghrelin and cholecystokinin, as well as a relative excess of hormones that suppress motility (somatostatin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide). Changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota can also contribute to the FC occurrence, which is associated with a dysfunction of the metabolite profile produced by intestinal bacteria.Conclusions. Functional constipation is a classic multifactorial disease, in the etiology of which the adverse effects of the genotype are combined with multiple acquired risk factors. A more complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the FC development can serve as the basis for the emergence of new effective treatments for this common pathology.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the impact of two different parameters (body position and distension medium) on the rectal sensory test in patients with functional constipation and provide data support for the development of standardized operating procedures in clinical practice. Methods Based on a single-center process of the rectal sensory test, 39 patients with functional constipation were recruited for rectal sensory test under different body positions and distension mediums. Results Among the items of the Constipation Scoring System, the score of frequency of bowel movements showed a negative correlation with the first constant sensation volume (r = -0.323, P = 0.045). Conversely, the score of painful evacuation effort showed a positive correlation with the desire to defecate volume (r = 0.343, P = 0.033). There was a statistically significant difference in the first constant sensation volume (when the distension medium was gas) measured in different body positions (left lateral position, sitting position, squatting position), and the data measured in the squatting position were significantly higher than those in left lateral position (P

Background / Aims: Functional constipation (FC) is an emerging global health problem that could be associated with psychological maladjustments in childhood. The objectives were to determine the prevalence, associated factors and predictors of FC among in-school adolescents in Sokoto. Methods: It was a cross sectional survey of apparently healthy secondary school students in Sokoto metropolis selected via multistage random sampling, using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Rome IV criteria for the diagnosis of FC were adopted in determining FC among the subjects. Data was analyzed using IBM-SPSS version 25. Results: Six hundred and three (603) adolescents were studied, majority 327 (54.2%) were males, their ages ranged between 10 and 19 years with mean (±SD) of 15.2 ± 2.6 years, with majority 246 (40.8%) belonging to age category 10-14 years. Most 383(63.5%) of the respondents attended public schools and 326(54.1%) were CC –BY 4.0 senior secondary class category. Their parents were mainly 483 (80.1%) Hausa by tribe, graduates of tertiary institution 227 (37.6%),civil servants 268 (44.4%), and majority 272(45.1%) belonged to the middle social class. There was family history of constipation among 64(10.6%) of the subjects. Of the 603 adolescents that were studied, 123 of them had FC giving a prevalence of 20.4%. Gender (p=0.001), school type (p

Objective To analyze the literature on the treatment of functional constipation with Traditional Chinese Medicine using multiple software tools for visual bibliometric analysis, summarizing the research progress in this field within China and providing a reference for related studies. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted on October 22.2022, using databases such as CNKI, Wanfang Medical Network, VIP Information Chinese Journal Service Platform, and the Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System. Publications up to this date on Traditional Chinese Medicine treatment for functional constipation were included. Tools like CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Excel were utilized for bibliometric statistics, visualization map creation.data analysis, trend prediction, and research summarization. Results A total of 3 031 relevant publications were included. The volume of publications had shown a stable trend in recent years. Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine was the institution with the highest number of publications. The article'Consensus Opinion on Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Diagnosis and Treatment of Functional Constipation (2017)' had the highest citation count. Yongduo Yu was the author with the most publications, while Zhishun Liu had the highest total citation count. Since 2010, the research directions in this field had tended toward diversification. Recent hot topics include "gastrointestinal hormones, Shenque point, biofeedback, Liumo Tang, quality of life, and intestinal microbiota". Conclusion The prospect of treating functional constipation with Traditional Chinese Medicine is promising. However, the field is still in its developmental stages with limited collaboration between research institutions and teams. There are also many unstandardized aspects of the research. The pathogenesis of functional constipation and the mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine treatment are not yet fully understood, requiring further in-depth exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the frequency and possible associated dietary and environmental factors of functional constipation (FC) among children in Lebanon followed at a single pediatric health system. Method: A prospective cross‐sectional study was conducted in all pediatrics clinics at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC). Children aged 2–7 years presenting for a well‐child visit were recruited. Data relating to the child's bowel habits and other history items were obtained from parental questionnaires. Results: The mean age of the 172 recruited participants was 4.94 years with 56.4% being males. FC was present in 32.6% of the participants. Although there was no difference in the frequency of FC based on age and gender, the peak frequency of FC was at 5 years. The daily frequency of withholding stools was 64.3%, and 46.6% of the children with FC always experienced straining while stooling for the past 2 months. Decreased physical activity and diet were not significantly associated with FC. Conclusion: The present study shows that 32.6% of children aged 2–7 years in Lebanon suffer from constipation while only 51.7% of the recruited children's physicians inquire about the child's bowel movement during the well check visit. These numbers highlight the need to raise more awareness among pediatricians on the need to screen for constipation during clinic visits as a standard of care practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Japan Gastroenterological Association published the first version of its clinical guidelines for chronic constipation 2023. Based on the latest evidence, these guidelines describe the definition, classification, diagnostic criteria, diagnostic testing methods, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of chronic constipation. They include flowcharts for both diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation. In the treatment of chronic constipation, the first step involves differentiating between secondary forms, such as organic disease-associated constipation, systemic disease-associated constipation, and drug-induced constipation. The next step is to determine whether the chronic constipation stems from a motility disorder, a form of primary chronic constipation. For functional constipation and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome, treatment should be initiated after evaluating symptoms like reduced bowel movement frequency type or defecation difficulty type. The first line of treatment includes the improvement of lifestyle habits and diet therapy. The first drugs to consider for oral treatment are osmotic laxatives. If these are ineffective, secretagogues and ileal bile acid transporter inhibitors are candidates. However, stimulant laxatives are exclusively designated for as-needed use. Probiotics, bulk-forming laxatives, prokinetics, and Kampo medicines, for which there is insufficient evidence, are considered alternative or complementary therapy. Providing the best clinical strategies for chronic constipation therapy in Japan, these clinical guidelines for chronic constipation 2023 should prove useful for its treatment worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent proof-of-concept pilot clinical study has demonstrated that consumption of CL18100F4, a proprietary herbal blend of Withania somnifera root and Abelmoschus esculentus fruit extracts, significantly relieved the participants from functional constipation and improved their quality of life. The objective of the present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to reevaluate the efficacy and tolerability of CL18100F4 in a larger number of subjects. Male and female subjects (n = 135; age: 25–60 years), selected through Rome-IV criteria for functional constipation, were randomized into placebo and 300 or 500 mg of CL18100F4 groups and supplemented daily over 60 consecutive days. The primary efficacy outcome measure was Patient Assessment of Constipation-Symptoms (PAC-SYM), evaluated at baseline and on days 7, 30, and 60 of supplementation. The secondary efficacy parameters included Patient Assessment of Constipation-Quality of Life (PAC-QOL), Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) scores, Gastrointestinal Transit Time (GIT), and Complete Spontaneous Bowel Movement (CSBM). Serum levels of Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, cortisol, gastrin, serotonin, Diamine oxidase (DAO), and Zonulin were measured. CL18100F4 supplementation significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the PAC-SYM, PAC-QOL, GSRS scores, and GIT and improved CSBM scores. CL18100F4 significantly improved (p < 0.001) sleep quality and decreased depression and anxiety symptoms in the participants. Notably, relief in constipation symptoms and improved gastrointestinal (GI) function were reported starting from day 7. Furthermore, CL18100F4 supplementation significantly (p < 0.001) increased the serum levels of IL-10, DAO, serotonin, gastrin, reduced IL-6, cortisol, and Zonulin. No major adverse events were observed. Participants' vital signs, hematology, clinical biochemistry, and urinalysis parameters were within the normal ranges. The present investigation demonstrates that CL18100F4 is tolerable and efficacious in relieving functional constipation, alleviating GI dysfunction, and improving associated non-GI factors in male and female adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with functional constipation require prolonged laxative administration for proper emptying. Whether these laxatives can be weaned after better functioning is achieved is unknown. We aim to describe a standardized protocol for stimulant laxative weaning and its early outcomes. Patients were candidates for weaning if they had been on a stable laxative dose for six months, defined as one bowel movement per day with no soiling, impaction, or enemas. Laxative dose was decreased by 10–25% with re-evaluation every two weeks. If patients remained well without constipation, dose was weaned further by 10–25%. If there were worsening of symptoms, lower dose was maintained for 3–6 months until re-evaluation. There were a total of sixteen patients evaluated. Median age was 12.7 years [IQR: 11.7–15.3] with laxative duration of 8.0 years [IQR: 5.4–10.7]. All patients were on senna; some were on fiber. Median starting senna dose was 71.3 mg [IQR: 54.3–75.0] and median fiber dose was 5.5 g [IQR: 4.0–6.0]. As of most recent follow up, nine patients (56.3%) had weaned off laxatives in 3.7 months [IQR: 1.3–11.6]. For those still on laxatives, median reduction in dose was 41.4 mg [30.0–75.0], and over half weaned their dose by >50%. Almost all (90.9%) of those on high doses were able to wean. A standardized laxative weaning process can be successful in patients with functional constipation, especially on high doses. Further prospective studies will be necessary to confirm the success of this protocol. III. • Patients with functional constipation may require high-dose stimulant laxatives, but little is known about whether children are able to wean off laxatives safely. • We describe that with a standardized weaning protocol, children with functional constipation can wean completely from laxative usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of two different parameters (body position and distension medium) on the rectal sensory test in patients with functional constipation and provide data support for the development of standardized operating procedures in clinical practice. Methods: Based on a single-center process of the rectal sensory test, 39 patients with functional constipation were recruited for rectal sensory test under different body positions and distension mediums. Results: Among the items of the Constipation Scoring System, the score of frequency of bowel movements showed a negative correlation with the first constant sensation volume (r = -0.323, P = 0.045). Conversely, the score of painful evacuation effort showed a positive correlation with the desire to defecate volume (r = 0.343, P = 0.033). There was a statistically significant difference in the first constant sensation volume (when the distension medium was gas) measured in different body positions (left lateral position, sitting position, squatting position), and the data measured in the squatting position were significantly higher than those in left lateral position (P < 0.05). In terms of research on distension medium, it was found that the first constant sensation volume measured in the squatting position (when the distension medium was water) was significantly lower than that of gas (P < 0.05). Conclusion: For patients with functional constipation, there are differences in the results of rectal sensory tests between body positions and distension mediums. When conducting multicenter studies, it is necessary to unify the standard operating procedure (SOP) for operational details to ensure consistency and reliability of the test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Functional constipation (FC) is a common childhood condition, diagnosed via the Rome IV criteria. Standard therapy includes lifestyle and dietary modification followed by initiation of osmotic laxative therapy. About 30% of children continue to experience symptoms related to FC despite appropriate management. New pharmacologic, surgical, and neuromodulatory therapies for FC are now available for use in adult and pediatric populations. In 2023, the first pharmacologic agent, linaclotide, obtained FDA approval for treatment of FC in children 6–17 years old. Areas covered: This article reviews current and emerging pharmacologic, surgical, and neuromodulation therapies for the management of FC in pediatric patients. Efficacy and safety data regarding each of these modalities was reviewed and discussed. Expert opinion: Advancements in therapeutics available for the management of FC necessitate further investigation on safety and efficacy in pediatric populations. Careful consideration should be taken in choosing an available treatment with limited pediatric evidence as adult and pediatric FC have different underlying pathophysiology and require a different therapeutic approach. Standardization of methodology and pediatric endpoints are needed to optimize ability to compare efficacy of different treatments. We predict the future of pediatric FC management will include a personalized approach to care, resulting in improved outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elderly patients with functional constipation generally have mental and psychological disorders, especially the prevalence of anxiety and depression disorders is much higher than that of normal population. Anxiety and depression can affect gastrointestinal motility and sensation by affecting brain-gut axis. enteric nervous system, hormone neurotransmitters and intestinal flora, leading to functional constipation. The author reviewed the research on the comorbidity of functional constipation and anxiety and depression in the elderly at home and abroad and discussed the application of psychosomatic integration model in clinical practice in order to provide a reference for improving the clinical treatment practice of functional constipation in the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective was to compare the immediate effects of pharmacological versus physiotherapy intervention versus a combination of physiotherapy and pharmacological treatment, as well as the quality of life and the recurrence of symptoms in children with functional constipation after 3 months. Methods: A total of 69 children with functional constipation between the ages of 5 and 14 years of either gender were assessed and randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group A, B, and C. Visual Analogue Scale, Bristol Stool Form Scale, frequency of defecation, PedsQL GI symptom scale, and PedsQL Generic Core Scale were used as outcome measures. Pharmacology was used to treat Group A, physiotherapy was used to treat Group B, and a combination of both was used to treat Group C. Results: The study revealed statistically significant results on Visual Analogue Scale, Bristol Stool Form Scale, and frequency of defecation in all groups. However, no significant changes were observed on the PedsQL GI symptom scale and the Generic Core scale in Group A, whereas significant changes were observed in Groups B and C. Conclusion: In this study, we found that there were significant differences in the short- and long-term effects across all groups. More changes occurred in Group C than in Groups A and B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundFunctional constipation in children is a worldwide problem that impacts both children's gastrointestinal function and the quality of family life. The treatment of this condition often depends on parental involvement to administer rectal interventions to their children to stimulate defecation. However, adherence to rectal interventions is currently suboptimal. We sought to explore the factors that facilitate and hinder parents from adherence to rectal interventions.MethodsA descriptive qualitative study was conducted involving semi-structured interviews with parents of infants and young children with functional constipation requiring rectal interventions from March to May 2023. The data were analyzed using content analysis.ResultsFourteen parents participated in the study. Parents reported the main facilitators of adherence to prescribed rectal interventions as recognition of illness severity, support from family and friends, and medical resource support and e-health literacy. Parents reported the primary barriers as information barriers, family conflict, cognitive misalignment, and difficulties in accessing healthcare services.ConclusionRectal interventions are often essential in managing constipation in young children, with parental compliance being crucial for effective treatment. Healthcare providers must consider the psychosocial aspects of parents’ perceptions, adhere to guidelines to standardize communication, and ensure comprehensive education to improve medication literacy.

Objective: Thumbtack Needling (TN) has been employed in the treatment of functional constipation (FC), although the existing evidence supporting its effectiveness is limited. This study is to evaluate the efficacy of TN in ameliorating FC. Method: A total of 482 eligible patients were recruited and randomly assigned to the TN group or the Mosapride Citrate (MC) group. The TN was buried once for three days, rest for one day after two consecutive burials, followed by a 4-week follow-up. The primary outcome measure was the score for Complete and spontaneous bowel movement score (CSBMs). Secondary outcome measures included the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), Cleveland Clinic Score (CCS), and the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAC-QOL). Results: Out of the 482 patients randomized, 241 were allocated to each group. Of these, 216 patients (89.6 %) in both groups completed the intervention and follow-up. Compared with the baseline, the differences of CSBMs in TN group [1.76(95 % CI, 1.61 to 1.91)] and MC group [1.35(95 % CI, 1.20 to 1.50)] at week 4 meet the threshold for minimal clinically important difference (MCID). However, there were no clinical difference from baseline at week 2 and week 8 in both groups. Mean CSBMs at week 4 was 3.35 ± 0.99 in the TN group and 3 ± 1.03 in the MC group (adjusted difference between groups, 0.37 points [95 % CI, 0.18 to 0.55]; P

Objective: To investigate the effect of tiaoqitongbei prescription on functional constipation and the effect of intestinal microflora. Methods: 80 patients with functional constipation admitted to our hospital from 2022.8 to 2024.2 were divided into observation group (n=40) and control group (n=40). The control group was treated with conventional western medicine, and the observation group was treated with tiaoqitongqi decoction on the basis of the control group. The relevant indexes of the two groups were compared. Results: The total effective rate of observation group was higher than that of control group (P<0.05). After treatment, the scores of dry stool symptom and related TCM syndrome in observation group were lower than those in control group (P<0.05); Wexner and BSFS scores in observation group were lower than those in control group (P<0.05). The frequency of weekly defecation in observation group was higher than that in control group (P<0.05). After treatment, Lactobacillus, bifidobacterium and bacterioid increased in two groups, and Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis decreased, and the improvement was more obvious in the observation group(P<0.05). Conclusion: The combination of tiaoqitongfengfang for functional constipation patients can improve the clinical efficacy, improve constipation symptoms and stool characteristics, increase the weekly frequency of defecation, and improve the intestinal flora structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is diagnosed accor­ding to the Rome IV criteria for functional gastrointestinal di­sorders. It is estimated that 10–15 % of older children and adolescents suffer from IBS. IBS causes abdominal discomfort and pain and can worsen quality of life in children. The article provides an analysis of changes in ideas about pathogenetic mechanisms, approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of IBS in children. Once the diagnosis of IBS is made, it is important to explain to the pa­rents and children that there is no serious underlying disease. This reassurance may be effective treatment in many cases. Lifestyle modifications, stress management, dietary interventions and probiotics may be beneficial in some cases. Although there is limited evidence for efficacy of pharmacological therapies such as antispasmodics, laxatives, and antidiarrheals, they play a positive role in severe cases.

Abstract Background A therapeutic effect of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) on fecal incontinence (FI) and quality of life has been proven in adults. SNM is, however, rarely used in pediatric cases. The aim of the study is to investigate effects of SNM in pediatric constipation in a prospective parallel-group trial. Methods A monocentric, randomized, unblinded, parallel-group trial is conducted. SNM is conducted in the invasive variant and in an innovative, external approach with adhesive electrodes (enteral neuromodulation, ENM). We include patients with constipation according to the ROME IV criteria and refractory to conventional options. Patients with functional constipation and Hirschsprung’s disease are able to participate. Participants are allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either SNM or ENM group. Clinical data and quality of life is evaluated in regular check-ups. Neuromodulation is applied continuously for 3 months (end point of the study) with follow-up-points at 6 and 12 months. Findings are analyzed statistically considering a 5% significance level (p ≤ 0.05). Outcome variables are defined as change in (1) episodes of abdominal pain, (2) episodes of FI, (3) defecation frequency, (4) stool consistency. Improvement of proprioception, influence on urinary incontinence, quality of life and safety of treatment are assessed as secondary outcome variables. We expect a relevant improvement in both study groups. Discussion This is the first trial, evaluating effects of neuromodulation for constipation in children and adolescents and comparing effects of the invasive and non-invasive application (SNM vs. ENM). Trial registration The study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier NCT04713085 (date of registration 01/14/2021).

Background: Chronic severe functional constipation is a common disease that requires novel and effective treatment strategies. Acupuncture might constitute a promising therapeutic approach for chronic constipation, but it reportedly engenders an enhanced placebo response. Herein, we aimed to determine the magnitude of the placebo responses to electroacupuncture for constipation and identify its influencing factors. Methods: In this secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized trial, patients were randomized to a sham electroacupuncture group, which was administered for 8 weeks in 24 sessions of superficial needling at nonacupoints. The placebo response rates were assessed using three responder criteria: ≥3 complete spontaneous bowel movements per week (CSBMs/week), overall CSBM, and sustained CSBM. Logistic regression with backward selection method was employed to identify the potential factors that affected the placebo response. Key Results: Overall, 539 patients were included in the study. The placebo response rate was 10.58%, 9.46%, and 9.09% according to the three aforementioned criteria, respectively. Those who exhibited more CSBMs/week at baseline were more likely to respond to sham electroacupuncture. Among patients with more than one CSBM per week at baseline, the response rates for achieving the criteria of ≥3 CSBMs per week, overall CSBM, and sustained CSBM were 25.40%, 30.16%, and 22.22%. Conclusions and Inference: Electroacupuncture did not demonstrate a large placebo response in functional constipation treatment. The number of CSBMs at baseline may be a moderator of the placebo response to sham electroacupuncture. Thus, superficial needling sham acupuncture may be considered an ideal sham control for clinical trials of chronic constipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Migraine and functional constipation are prevalent chronic conditions among children, with many children suffering from migraines also experiencing functional constipation. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the impact of constipation treatment on headaches in children with migraines. Methods: This clinical trial involved 32 children aged 4 to 15 years, all diagnosed with both migraine and functional constipation. They were randomly divided into two groups: An intervention group and a control group, each comprising an equal number of participants. In the intervention group, both migraine and constipation were treated concurrently, whereas in the control group, only migraine was addressed. The outcomes of the two groups were then monitored and compared. Results: After the treatment, the intervention group experienced a significant reduction in the average number of monthly headache attacks (3 ± 2.4) compared to the control group (7.1 ± 6.9) with a P-value of 0.016. The average duration of each headache attack was shorter in the intervention group (2.3 ± 4.8 hours) compared to the control group (2.9 ± 4.2 hours), although this difference was not statistically significant. Parental satisfaction with the treatment was higher in the intervention group than in the control group, but this difference also lacked statistical significance. Constipation treatment was successful in all children in the study. Conclusions: The study's findings indicate that treating constipation in children with both migraine and functional constipation significantly reduces the frequency of headache attacks. However, it does not have a significant impact on the duration of headache attacks or on parental satisfaction with the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of recto-colonic water irrigation to treat constipation has been used since ancient times with different, uncontrolled, and variably performing methods which have been considered interchangeably all alike. The use of better-performing devices with a standardized methodology is relatively recent, and the term Trans Anal Irrigation (TAI) defines a methodology performed with devices able to control the timing, volume, and pressure of the water introduced into the rectum and colon utilizing a catheter or a cone through the anus. Such practice has been implemented with favorable responses in patients with refractory chronic constipation secondary to neurological diseases. However, since the role of Trans Anal Irrigation as a therapeutic aid in chronic functional constipation and functional evacuation disorders is not yet fully clarified and standardized, a group of clinical investigators with recognized expertise in these clinical conditions intends to clarify the elements that characterize a TAI procedure that can benefit patients with functional constipation and functional defecation disorders defined according to the lastly updated Rome Diagnostic Criteria. Finally, the paper deals with adherence and practical implementation of TAI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Assess the effectiveness of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) versus personalized conservative treatment (PCT) in patients with refractory idiopathic slow-transit constipation (STC). Background: Evidence on SNM for idiopathic STC is conflicting and of suboptimal methodological quality. Methods: The No.2-Trial was a multicenter, open-label, pragmatic, randomized trial performed in 2 Dutch hospitals. Sixty-seven patients with idiopathic STC, a defecation frequency <3 per week and refractory (ie, unresponsive) to maximal conservative (nonoperative) treatment were included. Exclusion criteria included outlet obstruction, rectal prolapse, and previous colon surgery. Patients were randomized (3:2) to SNM (n= 41) or PCT (n= 26) with randomization minimization between February 21, 2017 and March 12, 2020. In SNM patients, an implantable pulse generator was implanted after a successful 4-week test stimulation. PCT patients received conservative treatment such as laxatives or retrograde colonic irrigation. The primary outcome was treatment success (defined as average defecation frequency ≥3 per week) after 6 months. Secondary outcomes included constipation severity, fatigue, quality of life, and adverse events. Analysis was according to intention-to-treat. Results: After 6 months, 22 (53.7%) patients were successfully treated with SNM versus 1 (3.8%) patient with PCT (odds ratio 36.4, 95% CI 3.4–387.5, P=0.003). At 6 months, SNM patients reported lower constipation severity and fatigue scores (P<0.001) and improved quality of life compared with PCT (P<0.001). Eight serious adverse events (6 SNM, 2 PCT) and 78 adverse events (68 SNM, 10 PCT) were reported. Conclusions: SNM is a promising surgical treatment option in a homogeneous group of adults and adolescents with refractory idiopathic STC. No.2-Trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02961582. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of patients with colorectal disorders requires care from a wide variety of medical and surgical specialties over the course of their lifetime. This is ideally handled by a collaborative center which facilitates the assessment and development of patient care among multiple specialties which can enhance the quality and implementation of treatment plans, improve communication among different specialties, decrease morbidity, and improve patient satisfaction and outcomes. This collaborative approach can serve as a model for other parts of medicine requiring a similar multi-disciplinary and integrated method of care delivery. We describe the process, as well as the lessons learned in developing such a program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Functional constipation (FC) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder in clinical practice, with the prevalence of which increasing with age. With the increasing aging of the population worldwide, this problem is bound to become more prominent. Acupuncture is effective and recommended for the treatment of FC. However, little is known about how acupuncture affects the gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokines and thus improves gut function. Meanwhile, there are few high-quality clinical trials specifically focusing on acupuncture in treating FC in older people. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of acupuncture in treating FC in older people. Additionally, the research aims to explore the mechanism of action of acupuncture in treating FC in older people by affecting intestinal microbiota and inflammation cytokines. Methods and analysis: This study is designed as a single-center, randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial. A total of 98 eligible FC patients will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio into an acupuncture group and a sham acupuncture group. Both groups will receive 24 treatments over 8 weeks with a 12-week follow-up. The primary outcome of the study is the treatment response rate, which is the proportion of participants with ≥3 mean weekly Complete Spontaneous Bowel Movements (CSBMs) over weeks 3–8. The secondary outcomes will include the proportion of participants with ≥3 mean weekly CSBMs during other assessment periods; the percentage of patients with ≥1 increase in mean weekly CSBMs from baseline; the average changes in CSBMs; Patient Assessment of Constipation-Symptoms (PAC-SYM), Bristol Stool Scale, Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAC-QOL), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and weekly usage of emergency bowel medications. Adverse events will be recorded throughout the study. Data for the outcomes will be collected at Week 0 (baseline), Week 4 (the intervention period), Week 8 (the post-treatment), Week 12 (the follow-up period) and Week 20 (the follow-up period). In addition, changes in intestinal microbiota will be analyzed using 16S rRNA high-throughput detection, and the concentration of relevant inflammatory cytokines in serum will be measured by ELISA based on blood samples. The intention-to-treat analysis will be performed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore white matter network topological properties changes in middle-aged and elderly patients with functional constipation (Functional Constipation, FC) by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and to evaluate the correlation between the abnormal changes and clinical data. Methods: 29 FC patients and 31 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited. Magnetic resonance imaging and clinical data were collected. The white matter network changes in FC patients were analyzed using deterministic fiber tracking methods, graph theory algorithms, and partial correlation analysis with clinical data. Results: The nodal clustering coefficient and nodal local efficiency of FC patients in the right orbital inferior frontal gyrus, right medial superior frontal gyrus, right rectus muscle, right hippocampus, left paracentral lobule and left temporal pole, and the nodal clustering coefficient in right orbital superior frontal gyrus, left cuneus lobe and right superior occipital gyrus, the nodal local efficiency in the right medial and paracingulate gyrus, right precuneus and right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus of FC patients are lower than that of HC. The nodal local efficiency and clustering coefficient of FC patients in left hippocampus, left amygdala, right parietal inferior limbic angular gyrus and right angular gyrus, the nodal local efficiency in the right fusiform gyrus, left supplementary motor cortex and the nodal efficiency in the left lateral temporal gyrus and right orbital middle frontal gyrus (ORBmid.R) of FC patients are higher than that of HC. The nodal efficiency of ORBmid.R in FC was positively correlated with the Patient Assessment of Constipation quality of life questionnaire (PAC-QoL). Conclusion: Middle-aged and elderly FC patients have differences in the nodal level properties in the limbic system, supplementary motor cortex, and default mode network brain regions, and the nodal efficiency of ORBmid.R was positively correlated with the PAC-QoL score, revealing that FC may be related to the abnormal processing of visceral sensorimotor in ORBmid.R and providing potential imaging diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for middle-aged and elderly FC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Prebiotics are defined as substances which selectively promote beneficial gut microbes leading to a health benefit for the host. Limited trials have been carried out investigating their effect on the microbiota composition of individuals afflicted by functional constipation with equivocal outcomes. In a 21-day randomised, controlled clinical trial involving 61 adults with functional constipation, a prebiotic formulation with partially hydrolysed guar gum and acacia gum as its main ingredients, significantly increased complete spontaneous bowel motions in the treatment group. This follow-up exploratory analysis investigated whether the prebiotic was associated with changes to the composition, richness, and diversity of the faecal microbiota. Methods: Participants provided a faecal specimen at baseline and on day 21 of the intervention period. Whole genome metagenomic shotgun sequencing comprehensively assessed taxonomic and functional composition of the microbiota. Results: Linear mixed effects regression models adjusted for potential confounders showed a significant reduction in species richness of 28.15 species (95% CI − 49.86, − 6.43) and Shannon diversity of 0.29 units (95% CI − 0.56, − 0.02) over the trial period in the prebiotic group. These changes were not observed in the control group, and functional composition was unchanged in both groups. Conclusion: In adults with functional constipation, the intake of a prebiotic formulation was associated with a decline of species richness and Shannon diversity. Further research regarding the associations between prebiotics and the composition and function of the gut microbiota is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The elderly suffer from functional constipation (FC), whose causes are not fully known, but nutritional factors may play a role. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of a low FODMAP diet supplemented with L-tryptophan (TRP) on its metabolism and symptoms of functional constipation in elderly patients. (2) Methods: This study included 40 people without abdominal complaints (Group I, controls) and 60 patients with FC, diagnosed according to the Rome IV Criteria (Group II). Two groups were randomly selected: Group IIA (n = 30) was qualified for administration of the low FODMAP diet, and the diet of patients of Group IIB (n = 30) was supplemented with 1000 mg TRP per day. The severity of abdominal symptoms was assessed with an abdominal pain index ranging from 1 to 7 points (S-score). The concentration of TRP and its metabolites, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), kynurenine (KYN), and 3-indoxyl sulfate (3-IS) in urine were determined using the LC-MS/MS method. (3) Results: In Group II, 5-HIAA concentration in urine was lower, and KYN and 3-IS concentrations were higher than in the control group. A negative correlation was found between the S-score and urinary concentration of 5-HIAA (p < 0.001), and 3-IS concentration was positively correlated with the S-score. However, the correlation between the S-score and 3-IS concentration was negative (p < 0.01). After a dietary intervention, 5-HIAA concentration increased in both groups, and the severity of symptoms decreased, but the decrease was more pronounced in Group IIB. (4) Conclusion: A low FODMAP diet supplemented with L-tryptophan has beneficial effects in elderly patients suffering from functional constipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A therapeutic effect of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) on fecal incontinence (FI) and quality of life has been proven in adults. SNM is, however, rarely used in pediatric cases. The aim of the study is to investigate effects of SNM in pediatric constipation in a prospective parallel-group trial. Methods: A monocentric, randomized, unblinded, parallel-group trial is conducted. SNM is conducted in the invasive variant and in an innovative, external approach with adhesive electrodes (enteral neuromodulation, ENM). We include patients with constipation according to the ROME IV criteria and refractory to conventional options. Patients with functional constipation and Hirschsprung's disease are able to participate. Participants are allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either SNM or ENM group. Clinical data and quality of life is evaluated in regular check-ups. Neuromodulation is applied continuously for 3 months (end point of the study) with follow-up-points at 6 and 12 months. Findings are analyzed statistically considering a 5% significance level (p ≤ 0.05). Outcome variables are defined as change in (1) episodes of abdominal pain, (2) episodes of FI, (3) defecation frequency, (4) stool consistency. Improvement of proprioception, influence on urinary incontinence, quality of life and safety of treatment are assessed as secondary outcome variables. We expect a relevant improvement in both study groups. Discussion: This is the first trial, evaluating effects of neuromodulation for constipation in children and adolescents and comparing effects of the invasive and non-invasive application (SNM vs. ENM). Trial registration: The study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov, Identifier NCT04713085 (date of registration 01/14/2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Functional constipation (FC), a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, is usually overlapping with upper gastrointestinal symptoms (UGS). We aimed to explore the clinical characteristics of patients with FC overlapping UGS along with the related risk factors. Methods: The differences in the severity of constipation symptoms, psychological state, quality of life (QoL), anorectal motility and perception function, autonomic function, and the effect of biofeedback therapy (BFT) among patients with FC in different groups were analyzed, along with the risk factors of overlapping UGS. Results: Compared with patients with FC alone, those with FC overlapping UGS had higher scores in the Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptoms and Self‐Rating Anxiety Scale and lower scores in the Short Form‐36 health survey (P < 0.05). Patients with FC overlapping UGS also had lower rectal propulsion, more negative autonomic nervous function, and worse BFT efficacy (P < 0.05). Overlapping UGS, especially overlapping functional dyspepsia, considerably affected the severity of FC. Logistic regression model showed that age, body mass index (BMI), anxiety, exercise, and sleep quality were independent factors influencing overlapping UGS in patients with FC. Conclusions: Overlapping UGS reduces the physical and mental health and the QoL of patients with FC. It also increases the difficulty in the treatment of FC. Patient's age, BMI, anxiety, physical exercise, and sleep quality might be predictors for FC overlapping UGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous systematic reviews have found insufficient and conflicting evidence for an association between the clinical and radiographic diagnosis of functional constipation. Abdominal X-ray is frequently used for the diagnosis of functional constipation in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of abdominal X-ray for the evaluation of functional constipation in children. Results: Three studies were included in the final qualitative analysis. They were heterogeneous in their study design, definition of constipation, and radiologic parameters used to evaluate the abdominal X-rays. Sensitivities ranged from 73–92%, specificities ranged from 26–92%, and diagnostic accuracies ranged from 78–90%. Methods: This study involved a systematic review of English literature published between 2012 and 2022 covering children 2–18 years of age with a diagnosis of functional constipation in whom abdominal X-ray was performed. The databases searched include Medline, Embase, and Scopus. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) guidelines were followed. PROSPERO ID: CRD42022301833. Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to support the use of abdominal X-ray as part of the diagnostic workup of functional constipation. More methodologically rigorous studies are needed to determine the utility of abdominal X-ray in the evaluation of functional constipation. The diagnosis of functional constipation should be based on history and clinical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background: Functional constipation (FC) is a common global high prevalence issue in children. Objective: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effect of visceral manipulation (VM) on children with chronic interacble FC unresponsive to the standard treatment. Methods: This study was conducted as a randomized, single-blind controlled trial. Fifty-two children with refractory chronic functional constipation unresponsive to the standard medical treatment were randomly allocated to two groups of 26 control (standard medical care (SMC)) and 26 intervention (SMC with VM) for 4 weeks. Abdominal pain, painful defecation, stool consistency, defecation frequency, and the dose of oral laxative were evaluated before and after the treatment period using the Pain Rating Scale, Bristol stool form scale, and patient/parents report. Results: At the end of treatment, except for the dose of oral laxative in the control group, all of the results showed a significant difference in both groups (P0.05). In the intervention group comparison, statistically significant differences were found in all variables except the Bristol stool form scale (P

Bashaeer Abdullh Al Jalal,1 Ahmed Khalid Alnawah,1 Fahad Mohammed Alturkie,1 Khalid Jafar Alqadhib,1 Mohammed Sami Alabbadi,1 Sayed Ibrahim Ali,2 Hessah Abdulaziz Al Hussaini1 1Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Bashaeer Abdullh Al Jalal, Email baljalal@kfu.edu.saIntroduction: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and functional constipation (FC) are two common gastrointestinal disorders that affect many age groups in the community. A few studies were conducted to find the association between GERD and FC, but no study had been conducted in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aims to find the overlap between GERD and FC and associated risk factors among the general population in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia between August and September 2022. GERDQ and Rome IV criteria were used to collect the data with participants’ characteristics through an online questionnaire.Results: Out of 2007 respondents, 1481 filled the required criteria, among them 320 (21.6%) had GERD, and 1292 (87.2%) respondents had FC based on the listed criteria. Eighty percent of respondents with GERD had overlapping FC. Men were more likely than women to experience this significant relationship (53.1% versus 46.9%).Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between GERD and FC among the general population of the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Consequently, this study could be used to improve the understanding of the overlapping between these gastrointestinal disorders and further new guidelines could be carried out to find the best treatment for these patients.Keywords: GERD, functional constipation, overlap, Saudi Arabia

Background: Previous systematic reviews have found insufficient and conflicting evidence for an association between the clinical and radiographic diagnosis of functional constipation. Abdominal X-ray is frequently used for the diagnosis of functional constipation in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of abdominal X-ray for the evaluation of functional constipation in children. Results: Three studies were included in the final qualitative analysis. They were heterogeneous in their study design, definition of constipation, and radiologic parameters used to evaluate the abdominal X-rays. Sensitivities ranged from 73–92%, specificities ranged from 26–92%, and diagnostic accuracies ranged from 78–90%. Methods: This study involved a systematic review of English literature published between 2012 and 2022 covering children 2–18 years of age with a diagnosis of functional constipation in whom abdominal X-ray was performed. The databases searched include Medline, Embase, and Scopus. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) guidelines were followed. PROSPERO ID: CRD42022301833. Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to support the use of abdominal X-ray as part of the diagnostic workup of functional constipation. More methodologically rigorous studies are needed to determine the utility of abdominal X-ray in the evaluation of functional constipation. The diagnosis of functional constipation should be based on history and clinical findings.

Aim. To analyze long-term consequences of the new coronavirus infection and rehabilitation prospective of microbiocenosis-oriented therapy in patients with functional bowel disorders. Materials and methods. The study enrolled 100 consecutive patients with various types of functional bowel disorders with recurrence of symptoms after the new coronavirus infection. The severity of abdominal pain was evaluated in points, and bowel movement disorders were assessed using the Bristol stool scale. A questionnaire was used as part of an in-depth clinical examination for COVID-19 survivors to identify the clinical symptoms typical for the post-COVID syndrome. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to identify and assess the severity of depression and anxiety, and the Asthenic State Scale was used to diagnose the asthenia. Results. All patients in the study subjectively linked the recurrence of bowel disorders with the new coronavirus infection. The most common bowel disorder was irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. A distinctive feature of exacerbations of intestinal symptoms in the post-COVID period is their association with depression/anxiety and asthenic states. The addition of Zakofalk® metaprebiotic to the treatment regimen was associated with significant regression of abdominal pain and normalization of bowel movement, an improvement of asthenia, anxiety, and depression. Conclusion. The addition of Zakofalk® to treatment regimens for exacerbations of functional bowel disorders after the new coronavirus infection significantly improves the effectiveness of therapy.

Abstract Background In China, Rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae‐Paeonia lactiflora Pall (Biazhu‐Baishao, BZBS) is a classic herb pair used to treat intestinal stress syndrome, ulcerative colitis and other diseases. However, the mechanism of BZBS in the treatment of functional constipation (FC) has been little studied and remains unclear. In this study, a behavioral investigation, colon tissue morphology, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) and intestinal microflora analysis have been used to illuminate the potential mechanism of the effects of BZBS on FC in a rat model. Methods A FC rat model was constructed and BZBS was given as treatment. Observations and recordings were made of the fecal moisture content, the defecation time of the first black stool, and the rate of intestinal propulsion. Elisa was used to detect the expression levels of substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) in the colon. To ascertain the composition of the microbial community, a high throughput 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing technique was employed. Results Oral administration of BZBS significantly ameliorated several key excretion parameters, including the time to first black stool defecation, stool water content, and the propulsion rate in the small intestine in FC rats. It increased the expression of SP, VIP and 5‐HT in the colon. 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that BZBS changed the microbial community structure, decreased the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, increased the relative abundance of Blautia and Fusicatenibacter, and decreased the relative abundance of Ruminococcus and Roseburia. Conclusions BZBS effectively alleviates FC and improves dysbacteriosis.

Abstract Background Constipation is an underestimated but common health problem worldwide, decreasing the quality of life. Functional constipation (FC) is a common pediatric problem, with reported prevalence ranging from 0.7 to 29.6%. In Egypt, there are no established guidelines for the treatment of constipation in children. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a maintenance treatment for functional constipation (FC) in comparison with the classic treatment using (lactulose and senna) in children living in Egypt. Patients and method This is a randomized single-blinded clinical trial study on pediatric patients who presented with functional constipation at the outpatient clinic of Cairo University Specialized Pediatric Hospital. The study was conducted on 80 children with functional constipation, who were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (40 children), who received polyethylene glycol as maintenance treatment; group 2 (40 children), who received classic treatment in the form of osmotic laxative (lactulose) with or without stimulant (senna-sennosides or senna-glycoside) according to the stool consistency. Results Our data showed significant improvement in the fecal masses and the number of defecation, fecal pseudo incontinence, painful or hard bowel movement, history of retentive posturing or excessive violation, and large fecal masses in the rectum between group 1 and group 2 after treatment. In group 1, there was a significant improvement in anthropometric measures, CBC parameters, abdominal circumference, and anal fissures and piles after treatment; also, there was a significant decrease in the number of patients that need to continue treatment in group 1 in comparison with group 2 and number of patients that had impaction during treatment. However, there was a statistically significant increase in the number of patients who complained of palatability in group 1. Conclusion PEG has long-term efficacy in the management of pediatric functional constipation. Significant improvement of results in comparison with the classic treatment (lactulose or senna-lax).

AbstractContext Slow transit constipation (STC), the most common type of constipation, seriously affects the life of patients. Zhizhu decoction (ZZD), a traditional Chinese medicine compound, has is effective against functional constipation, but the mechanism is still unclear.Objective This research explores the mechanism of ZZD on STC from the perspective of metabolomics and gut microbiota.Materials and methods Fifty-four C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into six groups (n = 9): control (control); STC (model); positive control (positive); low-dose (5 g/kg; L-ZZD), medium-dose (10 g/kg; M-ZZD), and high-dose (20 g/kg; H-ZZD) ZZD treatment. Following treatment of mice with ZZD for two weeks, the changes in intestinal motility, colon histology, intestinal neurotransmitters, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway determined the effects of ZZD on the pathophysiology of STC. LC-MS targeting serum metabolomics was used to analyze the regulation of ZZD on neurotransmitters, and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing was used to detect the regulation of the gut microbiome.Results ZZD had the highest content of naringin (6348.1 mg/L), and could significantly increase the 24 h defecations (1.10- to 1.42-fold), fecal moisture (1.14-fold) and intestinal transport rate (1.28-fold) of STC mice, increased the thickness of the mucosal and muscular tissue (1.18- to 2.16-fold) and regulated the neurotransmitters in the colon of STC mice. Moreover, ZZD significantly activated the AHR signaling pathway, and also affected the composition of gut microbiota in STC mice.Discussion and conclusions The beneficial effect and the possible mechanism of ZZD on STC could provide a theoretical basis for the broader clinical application of ZZD.

Background: The causes of functional constipation (FC) in adults are unclear, but changes in the gut microbiome may play an important role. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between urinary metabolites of dopamine and serotonin and some dysbiosis indicators in patients with FC. The study included 40 healthy women and 40 women with FC aged 21–46 years. Methods: Urinary levels of homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydoxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (PhAc), and 3-indoxyl sulfate, as final metabolites of dopamine, serotonin, and indole pathway, respectively, were determined using the LC-Ms/Ms method. However, hydrogen–methane and ammonia breath tests were performed. The GA-map Dysbiosis Test was used to identify and characterize the dysbiosis index (DI). Results: In patients with FC, the DI was significantly higher than in the control group: 4.05 ± 0.53 vs. 1.52 ± 0.81 points (p < 0.001), but the number of many types of bacteria varied among individuals. The levels of HVA were higher, while 5-HIAA levels were lower in patients. Moreover, the HVA/5-HIAA ratio had a positive correlation with DI as well as with the severity of symptoms. Conclusions: In patients with functional constipation, the balance in dopamine and serotonin secretion is disturbed, which is associated with changes in the gut microbiome.

Functional constipation (FC) has a negative impact on patients' quality of life. We hypothesized that dietary supplementation with xylo‐oligosaccharides (XOS) or fructo‐oligosaccharides (FOS) would improve constipation symptoms by influencing the gut microbiota. A randomized double‐blind controlled trial was conducted in FC patients. Patients were randomly divided into 6 groups and given a dietary supplement containing XOS at doses of 3, 5, or 10 g/day, FOS at doses of 10 and 20 g/day, or placebo at 5 g/day for one month. We compared improvements in gastrointestinal function after the intervention using the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), Cleveland Clinic Constipation Score (CCCS), and Quality of Life Scale for Patients with Constipation (PAC‐QoL). 16S rRNA sequencing was used to assess changes in the structure of the gut microbiota. Changes in individual bacteria had significant effects in reducing gastrointestinal symptoms during the intervention, even though the flora structure remained unchanged from baseline. Compared to FOS, XOS enriched Bifidobacterium at a lower dose, and patients receiving XOS supplementation showed significant improvements in constipation symptoms without side effects such as diarrhea and flatulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional constipation is the most common of the disorders of gut-brain interaction, affecting approximately 12% of the world population. Although classically considered a chronic condition, many individuals experience shorter yet repetitive bouts of constipation representing a different clinical entity. There has been increased interest in this latter disorder, which has recently been classified as occasional constipation. This Rome Foundation working group document reflects the consensus of an international team of specialists who summarized currently available research to provide a working definition of and treatment algorithm for occasional constipation. The recommendations herein are based on current evidence, accounting for gaps in the literature as well as international variance in definitions and health seeking behaviors for constipation. The committee members reviewed the scientific literature, focusing specifically on occasional constipation, with the understanding that as a new entity, a paucity of data would be available. We used Rome IV research and clinical definitions to establish the framework for our definition of occasional constipation. Where possible, treatment recommendations were determined on the basis of the earliest extractable data from functional constipation studies, focusing on positive results within the first 2 weeks of treatment. We used the Delphi method to create consensus with 100% agreement between the authors. An evidence-based review of the literature resulted in the definition of occasional constipation as follows: "individuals who experience the presence of at least 1 functional constipation symptom, in the absence of alarm signs or symptoms, occurring at irregular and infrequent intervals, which is bothersome enough to induce a patient to seek medical management." Medical management whether seeking medical care or self-treatment was left to the individual's discretion, and we did not include time anchors because these thresholds require further investigation. Polyethylene glycol and stimulant laxatives are recommended as first-line interventions, whereas magnesium-containing compounds are suggested in individuals failing to respond to these therapies. There are insufficient data to make recommendations for using fiber or stool softeners. Prescription laxatives should be reserved for individuals with chronic constipation. Occasional constipation is a unique clinical entity characterized by infrequent but recurrent symptoms. Data are limited because consensus definitions have been lacking. Establishing a standardized definition and therapeutic recommendations provides a framework for future studies focusing on epidemiologic and symptoms-based outcomes. Further studies are needed to confirm and refine these recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and functional constipation (FC) are two common gastrointestinal disorders that affect many age groups in the community. A few studies were conducted to find the association between GERD and FC, but no study had been conducted in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aims to find the overlap between GERD and FC and associated risk factors among the general population in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia between August and September 2022. GERDQ and Rome IV criteria were used to collect the data with participants' characteristics through an online questionnaire. Results: Out of 2007 respondents, 1481 filled the required criteria, among them 320 (21.6%) had GERD, and 1292 (87.2%) respondents had FC based on the listed criteria. Eighty percent of respondents with GERD had overlapping FC. Men were more likely than women to experience this significant relationship (53.1% versus 46.9%). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between GERD and FC among the general population of the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Consequently, this study could be used to improve the understanding of the overlapping between these gastrointestinal disorders and further new guidelines could be carried out to find the best treatment for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While dysbiosis within the intestinal ecosystem has been associated with functional constipation (FC), the mechanisms underlying the interactions between FC and the microbiome remain poorly elucidated. Recent investigations suggested that host microRNAs (miRNAs) can modulate bacterial growth and influence the composition of the gut microbiome. To explore the connection between gut microbiota and fecal miRNAs in FC patients, we initially employed 16S rRNA sequencing to assess the gut microbial landscape in 30 FC patients and 30 healthy controls (HCs). The a-diversity within the FC group exhibited some alterations, and the b-diversity significantly differed, signifying distinctive variations in gut microbiota composition between FC patients and HCs. Subsequently, we identified 44 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs in feces from FC patients and HCs. Through correlation analysis between DE miRNAs and FC-associated microbiota, we detected an interaction involving nine DE miRNAs (miR-205-5p, miR-493-5p, miR-215-5p, miR-184, miR-378c, miR-335-5p, miR-514a-3p, miR-141-3p, and miR-34c-5p) with seven bacterial genera (Oscillibacter, Escherichia. Shigella, UCG.002, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Lachnospiraceae_UCG.010, Eubacterium_ruminantium_group and Megamonas), as evidenced by a cooccurrence network. Further, a comprehensive panel of seven diagnostic biomarkers (Oscillibacter, Escherichia.Shigella, UCG.002, miR-205-5p, miR-493-5p, miR-215-5p, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group) demonstrated robust discriminatory capacity in predicting FC status when integrated into a random forest model (AUC = 0.832, 95% CI: 65.73-98.88). Microbiomes correlating with DE miRNAs exhibited enrichment in distinct predicted metabolic categories. Moreover, miRNAs correlated with FC-associated bacteria were found to be enriched in signaling pathways linked to colonic contractility, including Axon guidance, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. MAPK signaling pathway, and Hippo signaling pathway. Our study offers a comprehensive insight into the global relationship between microbiota and fecal miRNAs in the context of FC, presenting potential targets for further experimental validation and therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This overview of systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analysis (MAs) aimed to systematically collate, appraise and synthesize evidence of probiotics for functional constipation (FC) in children. Methods: SRs/MAs of probiotics for FC in children were systematic identified by searching Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Web of science. Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2), Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) were unitized by two reviewers independently to assess the methodological quality, reporting quality, and quality of evidence, respectively. Results: Seven SRs/MAs met the eligibility criteria and were included in this study. According to AMSTAR-2, a very low methodological quality assessment was given to the included SRs/MAs due to the limitations of items 2, 4 and 7. For the PRISMA statement, the overall quality of reporting was unsatisfactory due to the lack of reporting on protocol, risk of bias across studies, synthesis of results, and additional analysis. According to GRADE, the quality of evidence for outcomes was rated as very low to moderate. Conclusions: Probiotics may be beneficial in improving FC in children. Because of limitations and inconsistent conclusions, further rigorous, normative and comprehensive SRs/MAs are needed to provide robust evidence for definitive conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constipation belongs to conditions commonly reported by postmenopausal women, but the mechanism behind this association is not fully known. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between some metabolites of tryptophan (TRP) and the occurrence and severity of abdominal symptoms (Rome IV) in postmenopausal women with functional constipation (FC, n = 40) as compared with age-adjusted postmenopausal women without FC. All women controlled their TRP intake in their daily diet. Urinary levels of TRP and its metabolites, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), kynurenine (KYN), and 3-indoxyl sulfate (indican, 3-IS), were determined by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Dysbiosis was assessed by a hydrogen–methane breath test. Women with FC consumed less TRP and had a lower urinary level of 5-HIAA, but higher levels of KYN and 3-IS compared with controls. The severity of symptoms showed a negative correlation with the 5-HIAA level, and a positive correlation with the 3-IS level. In conclusion, changes in TRP metabolism may contribute to FC in postmenopausal women, and dysbiosis may underlie this contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gut microbiota and metabolites have been identified to contribute to the pathogenesis of functional constipation (FC); however, the underlying mechanism(s) have not been elucidated, and the relationship between the gut microbiota and metabolites in FC has received limited attention in the literature. Methods: 16S rDNA sequencing and non-targeted metabolomic detection based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technologies were combined to analyze the altered gut microbiome and metabolic profile of fecal samples from FC patients and healthy individuals (healthy control; HC). Results: The richness and diversity of gut microbiota significantly (p < 0.01) increased in FC patients. Compared to the HC group, 18 genera, including Intestinibacter, Klebsiella, and Akkermansia, exhibited statistically significant changes (p < 0.05). Metabolic analysis showed that metabolic profiles were also markedly altered with 79 metabolites, such as (-)-caryophyllene oxide, chenodeoxycholic acid, and biliverdin, indicating significant inter-group differences (p < 0.05). Besides, the primary bile acid biosynthesis, as well as the metabolic profile of porphyrin and chlorophyll, were the most dominant enriched pathways (FDR < 0.01), in which chenodeoxycholic acid and biliverdin were significantly enriched, respectively. Correlation analysis demonstrated a strong relationship between 10 genera and 19 metabolites (r > 0.6, FDR < 0.05), and notably, Intestinibacter showed a negative correlation with biliverdin (FDR < 0.001), which highlighted the interplay of the gut microbiota and metabolites in the pathogenesis of FC. Conclusion: Our research describes the characteristics of the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles and the correlation between the gutmicrobiota andmetabolites in FC patients. This may contribute to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in FC pathogenesis and may provide novel insights into therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Constipation is an underestimated but common health problem worldwide, decreasing the quality of life. Functional constipation (FC) is a common pediatric problem, with reported prevalence ranging from 0.7 to 29.6%. In Egypt, there are no established guidelines for the treatment of constipation in children. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a maintenance treatment for functional constipation (FC) in comparison with the classic treatment using (lactulose and senna) in children living in Egypt. Patients and method: This is a randomized single-blinded clinical trial study on pediatric patients who presented with functional constipation at the outpatient clinic of Cairo University Specialized Pediatric Hospital. The study was conducted on 80 children with functional constipation, who were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (40 children), who received polyethylene glycol as maintenance treatment; group 2 (40 children), who received classic treatment in the form of osmotic laxative (lactulose) with or without stimulant (senna-sennosides or senna-glycoside) according to the stool consistency. Results: Our data showed significant improvement in the fecal masses and the number of defecation, fecal pseudo incontinence, painful or hard bowel movement, history of retentive posturing or excessive violation, and large fecal masses in the rectum between group 1 and group 2 after treatment. In group 1, there was a significant improvement in anthropometric measures, CBC parameters, abdominal circumference, and anal fissures and piles after treatment; also, there was a significant decrease in the number of patients that need to continue treatment in group 1 in comparison with group 2 and number of patients that had impaction during treatment. However, there was a statistically significant increase in the number of patients who complained of palatability in group 1. Conclusion: PEG has long-term efficacy in the management of pediatric functional constipation. Significant improvement of results in comparison with the classic treatment (lactulose or senna-lax). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and hypothesis: The pathogenesis of vaginal wind remains unclear. This study was aimed at assessing the association between functional constipation and vaginal wind in women at 6 weeks postpartum. Methods: This is a multicenter cross-sectional study. We collected data, such as baseline demographic, clinical characteristics, pelvic organ prolapse quantification score. and surface electromyography parameters of pelvic floor muscles, of women at 6 weeks postpartum who visited the postpartum rehabilitation clinic between May 2022 and September 2022. The cohort data were from women who visited the postpartum rehabilitation clinic of the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University and the Women and Children's Health Care Hospital of Yudu County. Follow-up for the control and study cohorts was conducted until 6 weeks postpartum. Results: Among the 377 women, 101 (26.79%) reported vaginal wind. Multivariate regression analysis showed that postpartum women with functional constipation were at a higher risk for vaginal wind than women without functional constipation (odds ratio [OR], 2.41). The results remained stable across the propensity score analyses (OR, 1.86–2.30). In addition, we found age, body mass index, mode of delivery, changes in the anatomical location of Bp points, urinary incontinence, pelvic floor muscle strength, and birth weight of the neonate were not associated with increased odds of vaginal wind in women at 6 weeks postpartum. Conclusions: Vaginal wind is common among women at 6 weeks postpartum and is associated with functional constipation. Functional constipation may serve as a reference for the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of vaginal wind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]