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Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The design of auditorium chairs can directly reflect the image of public spaces. At present, the development of public furniture is relatively slow compared to household and office furniture. The design of auditorium chairs on the market is severely homogenized, relying on past experience and lacking scientific guidance. In order to create a better indoor public activity environment for users, from the perspective of user needs, first of all, 21 user needs for auditorium chairs were obtained through semi-structured interviews. Then, the Kano model was used to determine the attribute positioning of each demand. Finally, the FAST method was used to transform user demands into functions, assisting in the design optimization of hall chairs and promoting the future development of public furniture. The results indicate that the design of auditorium chairs must meet safety and stability, and the comfort and rechargeability of the seats are the most important needs of users. In the future, the functional design of auditorium chairs also needs to consider intelligent applications. The study applies a Kano-FAST integration method to the design innovation of auditorium chairs, providing data support for the development of furniture enterprise auditorium chairs and promoting product upgrading and optimization.

This article provides a systematic and in-depth study of the form, function, craftsmanship, usage, and cultural connotations of Qing Dynasty ritual vessels from an archaeological perspective. They are intended to clearly reveal the profound historical and cultural value carried by Qing Dynasty ritual vessels, as well as their practical impact on modern society. Through a combination of detailed archaeological data analysis and design theory, this article not only explores how the Qing Dynasty ritual vessels reflected the political concepts, cultural identity, aesthetic taste, and living habits of rulers but also further analyzes the influence and inheritance of these ritual vessels in the development of daily utensils in later generations. This article pays special attention to the materials, shapes, patterns, and colors of Qing Dynasty ritual vessels. It compares and analyzes the similarities and differences between these features and contemporary everyday objects, as well as their innovation and changes in modern design. This article also delves into the influence of Qing Dynasty ritual vessels from multiple perspectives, such as politics, economy, culture, and religion, providing readers with a new perspective to understand the social culture of the Qing Dynasty and the inspiration of Qing Dynasty ritual vessels on modern design ideas. This study not only deepens the academic understanding of Qing Dynasty ritual vessels but also provides essential theoretical support and practical guidance for practical fields, especially cultural heritage protection, and modern design innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study explored how human-centred design methodologies can improve clinician experience and reduce patient treatment anxiety in the application of a new dental local anaesthetic jet-injection system. An initial embodiment of the prototype injector, dubbed the 'Kiwi' injector, was developed to better understand the user experience during dental-injection procedures. Further design development was undertaken in two distinct phases. Stage one entailed the initial non-functional Kiwi injector model being used as a design probe to explore clinician views on its aesthetics and ergonomics. The second stage explored the clinician and patient experiences of the functional Kiwi Injector while administering a local anaesthetic to the patient. Stage one findings highlighted clinician satisfaction with the aesthetics of the non-functional prototype device but expressed the desire to make the device smaller. Stage two clinical study results highlighted an issue with the functional jet injector configuration, where the participating dental clinicians speculated that a greater bend in the wand and change of trigger position would significantly improve the Kiwi injector ergonomic performance. This research has demonstrated the benefits of applying a structured and staged human-centred user experience design process to inform the design of a new dental anaesthetic delivery device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gestion et Management Public is the property of Association Internationale de Recherche en Management Public (AIRMAP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arab International Journal of Digital Art & Designs is the property of Arab Institution of Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Functional dimensions and technical aspects of products are only protectable through the patent system. Therefore, other branches of intellectual property law -trademark law, industrial design law, literary and artistic property law (copyright)- cover only the nonfunctional features of products. This distinguishing feature is described as "Non-functional requirement". It seems that this requirement is intended to separate the scope of patent system from other branches of intellectual property law and promote efficient competition in the market. Despite the apparent similarity of all three systems concerning the nonfunctional requirement, the important issue is whether or not the concept and test of therequirement can be interpreted the same in all three systems, namely trademark, industrial design and copyright? Since this article, examining the non-functional requirement in all three aforementioned systems, finally with a comparative study of the issue in severalcountries conclude that according to the theoretical basis of such requirement in all above systems and their nature, the non-functional requirement has a wider scope in trademark law; for this reason, it is not possible to provide a uniform test for its determination in all three systems. At the end, based on the results of the issue in different countries, suitable legal solutions for all three systems, regarding legislating or applying appropriate criteria todetermine the requirement, has been presented in Iran's law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clothing must meet users' needs due to its direct impact on movement and comfort. For children, pants that support ease of use, care, and comfortable movement through functional design are essential for participation in healthy activity. Baseline data must inform design improvements. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish how frequent are the occurrence of negative or positive functional design characteristics in children's ready-to-wear pants, and to determine the characteristic differences between girls' and boys' pants. This analysis of 901 ready-to-wear children's pants revealed that positive functional design characteristics are more frequently included in boys' pants than girls', including knee gussets, pockets, longer inseams, reinforced knees, and easy-care fabric finishes. Conversely, negative functional design characteristics are more frequently included in girls' pants than boys', including narrow legs, low-rise waists, short inseams, faux drawstrings, faux pockets, and hand-wash-only fabrics. The study results provide direction for more functionally designed childrenswear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional design is an extremely important part in the design and development of complex systems. It is necessary to establish a forward development method to ensure the correctness and completeness of functional design. Therefore, taking the flight control system of civil aircraft as an example, a forward development method for functional design is proposed. First, system modeling language is used to establish the functional requirements relationship model from aircraft level to system level and then to item level. Then, the functional requirements are combined with the safety requirements in SAE ARP4754A aircraft development guide to construct the functional knowledge set of the flight control system. Finally, the functional model of the flight control system is established based on functional unit block diagram and functional integration block diagram. This method can be used as a reference for the functional design of complex systems.

Abstract This study analyzed the functional design by investigating the distribution of clothing pressure of cycling knee brace using a three-dimensional virtual clothing program. Based on the average body size of Korean men in their 40 s, clothing pressure in wearing and cycling condition were collected on five knee brace products. According to the results, bonding fabric products had a high possibility of increasing inconvenience, as they had a higher clothing pressure at all measurement points and soared in motion application. It could be adjusted differently depending on the location by mixing materials or using details, so the design with thick pile fabric or velcro strap fastening added more pressure to the lower part of the knee. The length and circumference size also affected the clothing pressure. The design with tight upper and lower circumference pressured excessively the legs and rolled up and clumped together, while the one with loose lower circumference lacked the sufficient strength to support the knees. Also, the design with a curved outline due to the difference in the length of the front and back, increased the clothing pressure on the lower thigh or the upper calf. Therefore, the functional design of cycling knee braces requires comprehensive consideration of material thickness and structure, detailed size of length and circumference, fastening details, to reduce the pressure at the center and top of the knee and to support the lower part with proper pressure, as reflecting the pressure on the body location that come into contact during the motion.

In order to resolve the global crisis of fossil energy shortage and climate warming, the development of efficient energy storage devices is a significant topic at present. Supercapacitors as the novel type of energy storage devices have the unique advantages, including the fast charging/discharging behaviors, high-energy/power density, and stable cycling performance. Compared with traditional supercapacitors, flexible supercapacitors are environmentally friendly, light weight, small size and high safety. Therefore, flexible supercapacitors have a wide application prospect in emerging electronic devices. Due to its flexibility, biocompatibility, and structure designability, cellulose and its gel materials are gradually used as electrodes, separators and electrolytes in flexible supercapacitors. Several construction processes at molecular scale for high-performance cellulose gels are summarized. Meanwhile, this review covers the recent progress of developing the flexible supercapacitors and all-in-one supercapacitors based on cellulose functional gels. We finally discussed the potential challenges and opportunities for cellulose and its derived materials in new-style flexible supercapacitors and other electronic devices.

The researchers studied whether there was a bra style or brand preference in adolescent girls and adopted a hybrid approach to study the girls’ expectations for bras regarding the comfort, protection, and support they provide, with a view to assessing the function of the bras for adolescent girls. The research took samples from girls aged eight to 18 who are concentrated in Guangdong Province. The researchers found that teenage girls desire improved bras that are properly sized and fit for them, providing comfort, protection, and support. Additionally, the bras that adolescent girls want should not interfere with their daily study or sports activities. Underwear manufacturers can improve the bra design for teenage girls by incorporating the results of this study, ensuring healthy breast development and meeting their needs and expectations.

Virtual teaching with the help of virtual reality technology to realize two-way interactive thinking and innovative teaching to create a good virtual learning environment for vocal learners. This paper combines the activity form and learning content of the virtual learning environment, designs the virtual scene, realizes the virtual display and virtual operation with the help of virtual reality technology, and completes the physical modeling of the virtual reality teaching environment. Combined with the objectives of vocal music teaching and the teaching needs of teachers and students, respectively, the teacher’s end, the student’s end of the functional design, the virtual simulation teaching and interactive multimedia vocal music teaching combined, using B/S architecture as the basis, follow the MVC design mode, virtual interactive multimedia vocal music teaching system design. The database design utilizes a top-down approach to demand analysis, using the teaching-centered E-R model and focusing on the three elements of the actual teaching curriculum. The vocal music teaching system underwent environment-building analysis, functional and performance testing, and real-world application testing. The practical application test shows that 92.5% of the students think that the virtual interactive multimedia vocal teaching system has a very strong degree of participation, and 90% of the students think that the virtual interactive multimedia vocal teaching system has a better learning efficiency compared with the traditional teaching mode.

This paper presents the development of a 6-DOF (Degrees of Freedom) parallel robot for single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS). The concept of the robotic system is developed with respect to a medical protocol designed by the medical experts in the team targeting a SILS procedure in urology. The kinematic model of the robotic system was defined to determine the singularities that may occur during functioning. FEM analyses were performed to determine the components of the robotic structure that may compromise the rigidity of the robotic system, and these components were redesigned and integrated into the final design of the robot. To verify the kinematic model a series of numerical and graphical simulations were performed, while to test the functionality of the robotic system, a low-cost experimental model was developed. The accuracy of the experimental model was measured using an optical motion tracking system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to grasp the latest trends of medical textiles and discuss the future development direction, the fiber materials and forming technology of medical textiles in our country were introduced. The emerging technologies and important breakthroughs in the field of medical textiles in the past ten years were summarized.Focus on the design,composition and application of in vivo and in vitro medical textiles with medical protection,treatment, monitoring,health care,tissue repair,etc..The present situation and key problems of industrialization were analyzed. It is considered that the existing medical textiles in our country have the characteristics of diversification,but the basic research,technology development and commercial production of high-quality,intelligent and eco-friendly medical textiles are still in the initial stage.It is necessary to strengthen independent innovation,deepen in-depth cooperation in multiple fields,accelerate the integration of intelligent manufacturing technologies,improve the construction of industry norms and systems,develop science and technology enabling industry chains,and develop future medical textiles with advantages of light comfort,digitalization,intelligence,biofriendliness and biodegradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (1006-2467) is the property of Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyzed the functional design by investigating the distribution of clothing pressure of cycling knee brace using a three-dimensional virtual clothing program. Based on the average body size of Korean men in their 40 s, clothing pressure in wearing and cycling condition were collected on five knee brace products. According to the results, bonding fabric products had a high possibility of increasing inconvenience, as they had a higher clothing pressure at all measurement points and soared in motion application. It could be adjusted differently depending on the location by mixing materials or using details, so the design with thick pile fabric or velcro strap fastening added more pressure to the lower part of the knee. The length and circumference size also affected the clothing pressure. The design with tight upper and lower circumference pressured excessively the legs and rolled up and clumped together, while the one with loose lower circumference lacked the sufficient strength to support the knees. Also, the design with a curved outline due to the difference in the length of the front and back, increased the clothing pressure on the lower thigh or the upper calf. Therefore, the functional design of cycling knee braces requires comprehensive consideration of material thickness and structure, detailed size of length and circumference, fastening details, to reduce the pressure at the center and top of the knee and to support the lower part with proper pressure, as reflecting the pressure on the body location that come into contact during the motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing concerns over the energy crisis and environmental pollution, fuel cells have attracted increasing attention. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have promising prospects due to their economic efficiency, low noise, and minimal environmental pollution. However, the existing commercial testing systems for PEMFCs suffer from limited functionalities and lack of scalability. In this study, we propose the design of a testing platform specifically tailored for water-cooled PEMFCs with a power greater than 1 kW. The functionality of the testing platform is verified through static and dynamic testing, demonstrating its compliance with the required standards. Furthermore, a fault diagnosis model for fuel cell stacks is developed based on the back-propagation (BP) neural network, achieving an overall accuracy rate of over 95% for fault classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metamaterials with adjustable, sometimes unusual properties offer advantages over conventional materials with predefined mechanical properties in many technological applications. A group of metamaterials, called modular metamaterials or metastructures, are developed through the arrangement of multiple, mostly similar building blocks. These modular structures can be assembled using prefabricated modules and reconfigured to promote efficiency and functionality. Herein, a novel modular metastructure is developed by taking advantage of the high compliance of preprogrammable double‐spirals. First, the mechanical behavior of a four‐module metastructure under tension, compression, rotation, and sliding is simulated using the finite‐element method. Then, 3D printing and mechanical testing are used to illustrate the tunable anisotropic and asymmetric behavior of the spiral‐based metastructures in practice. The results show the simple reconfiguration of the presented metastructure toward the desired functions. The mechanical behavior of single double‐spirals and the characteristics that can be achieved through their combinations make our modular metastructure suitable for various applications in robotics, aerospace, and medical engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies (IntJCES) is the property of International Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Railway Standard Design is the property of Railway Standard Design Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The issue of clothing is one of the problems that come with ageing. Despite the need, there is no undershirt for women aged 65 and over in the market. In this study, first, a survey was conducted on the issues faced by women over the age of 65 while using undershirt. The functional and comfortable special undershirt for summer and winter was designed to solve and eliminate the problems by analysing the obtained results. In the study, first, 95%cotton/5%elastane, 95%bamboo/5%elastane, 95%viscose/5%elastane, cotton/bamboo/elastane, and cotton/viscose/elastane blended fabrics were produced in a single jersey knitting structure for summer undershirt. 100% cotton fabric was produced in the interlock knitting structure for winter undershirt. Second, these fabrics were pre-treated and the finishing treatments to provide some functional properties such as softness (cationic, microemulsion and macroemulsion silicones) and antibacterial properties were applied to these fabrics. After the finishing treatments, tests and analyses were carried out, and the fabric weight, elasticity and bursting strength tests were carried out to determine the physical properties of the fabrics. To determine the comfort properties of the fabrics, air permeability, water vapour permeability and thermal comfort properties tests were performed. According to the results, the functional and comfortable summer and winter undershirt were determined and produced for older women. At the end of the study, the opinions and suggestions of the people who wore them were evaluated by making clothing trials with the women's undershirts produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Smart Rail Transit is the property of Smart Rail Transit Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the popularity of IoT (Internet of Things) technology, more and more engineering systems are integrated with context-aware functionalities. It is self-evident that functional analysis is a critical process for successful development of such context-aware systems (CASs). Since existing functional analysis approaches are primarily for developing traditional engineering systems, this paper aims at developing a structured approach for assisting engineers in carrying out functional analysis of CASs. Based on the concept of context from an interactive perspective, this research analyzes what constitutes the context of a CAS and its basic features. Then a structured approach for functional analysis is proposed, which systematically elaborates how to define and analyze the context of a CAS, how to identify functionalities from the context, and how to develop the functional structure of a CAS. A case study of the functional analysis of a self-service checkout system is employed to demonstrate the proposed approach, which shows that the proposed approach can help designers carry out functional analysis of CASs in an effective manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Petroleum Refinery Engineering is the property of Petroleum Refinery Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is known that the functionality of the product is determined by its structure, namely the textile structure, the constructive solution, the processing technology. The present paper concerns the aspect of the reasoned constructive functional design of the post-operative bra type products. The methods used to refer the matter included researches in the field using the specialized literature, patents, scientific articles, discussions with colleagues and specialists in related fields, as well in the medical field. The paper presents the results of the analysis of constructive statistical parameters of post-mastectomy bra type products, comparative analysis of the values of the constructive parameters of the patterns with the dimensions of the mammary gland and external breast prostheses. The actuality of the theme is determined by the lack of researches that would be the basis of the functional constructive design of the clothing products intended for women with amputations of the mammary glands. The work aims to identify the design method of bra products that allows the adaptation of the construction algorithm to the requirements and the characteristics imposed on the post-operative bra product and the development of the custom design algorithm. For the constructive parameters specific to the studied product, the statistical parameters are calculated. The results obtained are summed up by analyzing them in the form of graphs The study includes the identification of the initial data that need to be included in the design algorithm of the construction of the basic printing for main elements of the post-operative bra. The results of the study, the elaborated design algorithm will be used to elaborate the constructions necessary for further experiments.

Emergency responders are being asked to react to a growing number of violent events and natural disasters as well as evolving threats, such as mass rioting and targeting of response personnel. The aim of this research was to develop modular PPE systems that protect the emergency responders from injury while acting/ operating effectively in hazardous environments and provide the highest level of protection against a range of possible threats. The modular PPE system, built upon a duty uniform, integrates state-of-the-art protective tehnologies; provides basic protection from most likely threats (for example: fire, extremes weather etc.); enhances daily-wear comfort; provide increased localized protection as needed (for example: knees, forearms); includes next-to-skin layer and outer layer to provide varying levels of protection as needed; the modular layers easily donned and undonned. This modular approach: i) provides several advantages, including preserving comfort and flexibility until the intervention mission requires the use of the next level of protection; ii) it is a guarantee that emergency responders are not in a position of choosing between their safety and the effectiveness of the mission; iii) the use of modular layers could be the most cost-effective option, because only certain layers may become damaged or be in need of decontamination following an incident.

Hydrogels and biological cartilage tissues are highly similar in structure and composition due to their unique characteristics such as high-water content and low friction coefficients. The introduction of hydrogel cartilage can effectively reduce the friction coefficient and wear coefficient of the original bone joint and the implanted metal bone joint (generally titanium alloy or stainless steel), which is considered as a perfect replacement material for artificial articular cartilage. How to accurately regulate the local tribological characteristics of hydrogel artificial cartilage according to patient weight and bone shape is one of the important challenges in the current clinical application field of medical hydrogels. In this study, the mechanism by which micro-pits improve the surface friction properties was studied. Ultraviolet lasers were used to efficiently construct micro-pits with different shapes on a polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel in one step. It was shown that by using such a maskless laser processing, the performance of each part of the artificial cartilage can be customized flexibly and effectively. We envision that the approach demonstrated in this article will provide an important idea for the development of a high-performance, continuous and accurate method for controlling surface friction properties of artificial cartilage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We surveyed molar surface morphology of bats of 281 extant and extinct species in 5 archaic and 19 extant families using scanning microscopy. We note the occurrence of structural features on talonid crests, the cristid obliqua, postcristid, and entocristid, and their absence in upper molars, even of the same species having them on lowers. We term the structures “carnassiform notches” (CN) for their resemblance to similar features on the carnassial teeth of carnivorans. A CN consists of a small cleft in the edge of a talonid shearing crest accompanied by an adjacent “accessory trough” on the basinward side of the notch. The CN occur in bats with tribosphenic molar morphology and insectivorous or insectivorous–omnivorous dietary habits. Of 19 extant families examined, eight include members that possess lower molars with a CN in at least the cristid obliqua: Megadermatidae, Nycteridae, Mystacinidae, Furipteridae, Thyropteridae, Phyllostomidae, Natalidae, and Vespertilionidae (Murininae and Kerivoulinae only). An extinct genus of Hipposideridae, Vaylatsia, shows CN although extant hipposiderids do not. In extinct families for which lower molar fossils are available, notches were not recognized on the talonids, indicating the condition is not plesiomorphic for bats and probably evolved convergently in different lineages. Where present, the CN or troughs are morphologically consistent within a family, and might serve in some cases as characters supporting phylogenetic analyses and clade diagnoses. CN and accessory troughs probably increase the functional efficiency at sectioning chitin by increasing the effective length of a crest while maintaining the same cusp-to-cusp distance and precise occlusal relationships, and by improving the food-capture area of the shearing blade during occlusion. The accessory troughs provide an immediately adjacent fragment-clearance area. The increased sophistication of this food-processing system might be particularly important in species that must quickly acquire, chew, and swallow their food and resume echolocating in flight. The common ancestor of bats probably did not have CN in its molars, and the presence of CN does not signal carnivory in bats.

This paper presents the development of a 6-DOF (Degrees of Freedom) parallel robot for single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS). The concept of the robotic system is developed with respect to a medical protocol designed by the medical experts in the team targeting a SILS procedure in urology. The kinematic model of the robotic system was defined to determine the singularities that may occur during functioning. FEM analyses were performed to determine the components of the robotic structure that may compromise the rigidity of the robotic system, and these components were redesigned and integrated into the final design of the robot. To verify the kinematic model a series of numerical and graphical simulations were performed, while to test the functionality of the robotic system, a low-cost experimental model was developed. The accuracy of the experimental model was measured using an optical motion tracking system.

The research progress of electrically conductive pressure-sensitive adhesives in the past ten years is reviewed, including curing methods, fillers, and functional design directions of conductive pressure sensitive adhesives. The conductive fillers of conductive pressure sensitive adhesives are discussed, and the future of the product is prospected. It is foreseeable that with the increasing requirements for environmental protection and the rapid development of low-carbon economy, electrically conductive pressure-sensitive adhesives will play a more important role in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

User satisfaction with a product plays a direct role in the purchasing decisions. With the enrichment of material life and the growth of individual requirements, this satisfaction is derived from the requirement for functionality to aesthetics. Conventional product design methods normally focus on achieving the required functions where its design specifications are mainly related to certain functional or usability requirements. In recent years, researchers have made efforts to develop methods for supporting aesthetic design activities during the product conceptual design phase. However, most of these methods hardly consider product aesthetics or the consumers' emotional needs. Therefore, this study proposed a user-driven conceptual design specification integrating functional reasoning with aesthetic information analysis. The method consisted of two tasks, the construction of a mapping model and the implementation of the mapping model. Firstly, the mapping model was constructed for capturing the relationships between initial design specifications and user experience (UX). Secondly, the proposed design specifications were selected, refined, and optimized based on the mapping model. A case study on digital camera design was carried out to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. The results showed that, compared with the initial design specification candidates, the UX was enhanced by applying the improved design specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facilitated endogenous tissue engineering, as a facile and effective strategy, is emerging for use in bone tissue regeneration. However, the development of bioactive scaffolds with excellent osteo-inductivity to recruit endogenous stem cells homing and differentiation towards lesion areas remains an urgent problem. Chitosan (CS), with versatile qualities including good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and tunable physicochemical and biological properties is undergoing vigorously development in the field of bone repair. Based on this, the review focus on recent advances in chitosan-based scaffolds for facilitated endogenous bone regeneration. Initially, we introduced and compared the facilitated endogenous tissue engineering with traditional tissue engineering. Subsequently, the various CS-based bone repair scaffolds and their fabrication methods were briefly explored. Furthermore, the functional design of CS-based scaffolds in bone endogenous regeneration including biomolecular loading, inorganic nanomaterials hybridization, and physical stimulation was highlighted and discussed. Finally, the major challenges and further research directions of CS-based scaffolds were also elaborated. We hope that this review will provide valuable reference for further bone repair research in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the best methods to understanding our historical failures and successes in technological and industrial cooperation is focus on the lived experience of individuals and organizations that are directly involved in an event or the formation of events related to that field. Accordingly, in this research by semi- unstructured interviews, we have been attempted to focus on the story of one of the former project engineers of the IDRO, Dr. Dariush Mahjoobi, in projects related to joint ventures, both in the pre-revolutionary period and in the post-revolutionary period and explain the differences of pre and post revolution era. The research results show that the kind of insight on the concept of technology is very important in the technological cooperation and the aim of policy-maker from cooperation with foreign (development of internal technological capabilities or local content requirement). So, when our focus instead of equipment and machinery, concentrates on achieving the knowledge of relationship in production procedure and flowsheet of necessary requirement in one manufacturer and at the end lead to layout design, the results of the cooperation are more effective. Accordingly, in the food industry, the turn-key approach before the revolution had turned Iran into an importer of equipment. But the experience of Sanandaj Milk Project after the revolution and mastering the Functional design allows the project to be managed according to local needs.

Additive Manufacturing has proven to be a valuable complement to conventional means of manufacturing. As it is a data-driven process, its flexible customization of part shapes and manufacturing parameters plays a crucial role for this development. This study investigates the novel possibilities enabled by laser-based powder bed fusion for the development of functionality driven design. As an example, open porosities are manufactured, structures known to be advantageous to flow and heat transfer applications. Samples are investigated by laboratory tests and 3D imaging to gain knowledge about application-related properties. The results contribute to correlating manufacturing parameters to resulting properties and thus to design future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, no study was retrieved for scientifically design heating insoles and evaluating their actual effectiveness in improving body thermal comfort of occupational workers in extremely cold environments. To fill this gap, novel smart wireless charging heating insoles (SWHI) were developed, consisting of electrically heating pads targeted at the toe and heel regions. Seven young males were asked to perform twice repeated cycles of 50-min treadmill walking at 4.0 km/h and 20-min standing to simulate the occupational moderate intensity work in HEAT (i.e., safety boots with SWHI) and CON (i.e., boots with SWHI by removing heating system) inside a climatic chamber (−10 °C and 60% RH). Results demonstrated that HEAT could significantly elevate toe and heel temperatures (p <.05), remarkably improve feet- and whole-body thermal and comfort sensations (p <.05). The novel SWHI was highly suggested as an effective method for improving body thermal comfort of occupational workers in extremely cold environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The proposed approach in this paper can help designers to generate novel design structure solutions from first principles in conceptual design (especially in the field of mechanical engineering). It could be regarded as a supplement to existing functional design approaches. (1) Background: Functional design is an activity that is part of conceptual design; it aims to clarify customer needs and develop the functional architecture and solution concepts for a product or system under development. The existing functional design approaches mainly focus on assisting designers in searching for design solutions to desired functions, which rely too much on established design knowledge. This type of approach is usually characterized by the relevant design analogy, especially case analogy, or structure analogy. However, this cannot help to generate new design solutions if there is little established design knowledge. (2) Methods: To overcome this limitation, working principle and property are designated as intermediate transformation variables. The corresponding mapping relationships, from function to working principle, and from working principle to property, are comprehensively discussed. Then, an extended functional design approach is proposed, which is characterized by the function (F)–working principle (WP)–property (P)–structure (S) mapping process. The conceptual design of a self-adaptive luggage transfer device is taken as an example to illustrate the proposed approach. (3) Conclusions: Based on the working principle and the desired property, how to generate a possible structure solution according to an expected function is clarified explicitly. The proposed approach could be regarded as a complement to the existing functional design approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In order to improve the passenger service of China's railway and provide more efficient, convenient, personalized and humanized service for key passengers, the architecture of railway key passenger service system was built through detailed analysis of the service status, travel characteristics and travel needs of key passengers, including overall architecture, logical architecture and network architecture. The relationship between this system and other systems in railway stations was clarified and the functions of railway key passenger service system, including the functions of key passenger service system collaborative management platform, passenger terminal software, train staff handheld terminal software, station staff computer terminal software, station staff handheld terminal software and station passenger self-service terminal software, were designed in detail. Based on the design, software development and pilot application were carried out. The results show that this system not only reduces the labor cost, but also improves the convenience of key passengers. It is concluded that the system can effectively improve the experience of key passengers, fully make a better passenger service of the railway system, and highlight the humanistic care of China's railway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of the washing and sterilization process in real hospital conditions on the microbial barrier properties of textile laminate used in medicine for protective clothing. The paper focuses on the functional design of three-layer laminate for medical footwear in surgery and in rooms where aseptic working conditions are required. The permeability and durability of the microbial barrier were determined after 0, 10 and 20 washing and sterilization procedures according to previously developed meth¬ods. Bacterial endospores of apathogenic species of the genera Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus atrophaeus were used. A functional design of the protective shoe cover was proposed. The results showed an extremely effective microbial barrier and the durability of the sample after 0, 10 and 20 washing and sterilization procedures, and over a period of one, two and three months.