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Simple Summary: Cancer occurs when cells grow uncontrollably, leading to the formation of tumors. This review examines how maintaining a balance of essential minerals, known as ions, in our cells influences the progression of cancer. It explains that normal levels of ions like sodium and calcium are necessary for healthy cell function. When ion levels are disrupted during cancer, it can lead to rapid cell growth and changes in genes. By restoring the right balance of these ions, we might be able to slow down the growth of both cancerous and normal cells, which could help improve cancer treatments and prevention methods. Cancer is a complex disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation at various levels, leading to tumor growth and spread. This review focuses on the role of ion homeostasis in cancer progression. It describes a model of ion-mediated regulation in both normal and cancerous cell proliferation. The main function of this system is to maintain the optimal number of cells in the body by regulating intra- and extracellular ion content. The review discusses the key points of ion regulation and their impact on tumor growth and spread during cancer development. It explains that normal levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and hydrogen ions are regulated at different levels. Damage to ion transport mechanisms during carcinogenesis can lead to an increase in sodium cations and water content in cells, disrupting the balance of calcium and hydrogen ions. This, in turn, can lead to chromatin compaction reduction, gene overexpression, and instability at the epigenetic and genomic levels, resulting in increased cell proliferation and mutagenesis. Restoring normal ion balance can reduce the proliferative potential of both normal and tumor cell populations. The proposed model of systemic ionic regulation of proliferation aims to reconcile diverse data related to cell mitotic activity in various physiological conditions and explain tumor growth. Understanding the mechanisms behind pathological cell proliferation is important for developing new approaches to control ion homeostasis in the body, potentially leading to more effective cancer treatment and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holy Quran and hadiths have provided a detailed description of heaven. It has been described as dense trees and streams flowing under the trees, and magnificent palaces that are the permanent residence of Muslims. Iranian gardens have always been a manifestation of heaven and heavenly gardens. A combination of green space and the function of the buildings within which located, Iranian gardens have been placed in different categories and had various functions. The present study compares the functions of the gardens in Islamic teachings with the Iranian garden and investigates the factors affecting the realization of Islamic teachings in the functional system of the Iranian garden. It also seeks to answer the following questions: To what extent the function of the Iranian garden corresponds to the function of the garden of Islamic teachings? What factors and how do they affect the realization of Islamic teachings in the functional system of the Iranian garden? These questions were answered by a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach. In the first step of data collection, using the document-library method, the components of the garden of Islamic teachings were extracted and examined in eleven samples of Iranian gardens. In the next step, with field interviews and using the Delphi method, the factors affecting the realization of Islamic teachings in the functional system of the Iranian garden were identified and examined based on the opinions of experts. In line with achieving the study goal, by comparing the Iranian garden and the garden in Islamic teachings, it can be concluded that the gardens in Islamic teachings can be classified into different categories based on their function, pavilion garden, house garden, fruit garden, Takht garden, water garden, and enclosed garden.The factors that play a role in the realization of Islamic teachings in the functional system of the Iranian garden include the sociological components of the political and social position of people and the geography component of the climate of the region), which cause limitations in the realization of Islamic teachings. Also, the sociological components of culture, security, and economy and the geography component of land toll are the strengthening factors and are in line with Islamic teachings. The results show that the components of the limiting factors have a greater impact than the components of the strengthening factors in the realization of Islamic teachings in the function of Iranian gardens. Among the limiting factors, the sociology component has a greater effect than the geography component.

It is a priority today to develop financial models adequate to the commercialization of the outcome of research and development at industrial enterprises. Given the diversity of outcomes, it is a challenge to establish a set of adequate models [1, 2]. Such models must also take account of the type of results, legal constraints, significant design variants, and repayment requirements. In the present work, principles are outlined for formulating financial models that may be used in the commercialization of innovative research aimed at developing a system for automated monitoring of power plant equipment. Specifically, the use of drones for that purpose is considered. Possible sales plans, system options, and competitive pricing are considered. The efficiency of the research expenditures is assessed, taking account of the profits on sales. The relation between the prices of system options and the expected net discounted income is plotted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses organizational patterns of athletes’ functional activity from the functional systems theory prospective. The psychological and physiological processes in athletes determine their activities and are aimed at sports results achievement. Athletes' physiological capacity is in turn determined by the motivation, sports skills, external information, emotions and coach’s instructions. The sequence in the intermediate and final sports results achievement by athletes is described from the prospective of behavioral systemic quantization concept. The process of improving athletic performance is combined in a continuum of athletes’ training and competitive activities. The fatigue processes in athletes' viscera and functional systems are analyzed in their dynamic interrelation. The article demonstrates the efficiency of the systemic approach to analyze athletes' reserve capacity increase resulting from fatigue and physical performance decrease resulting from overfatigue.

The paper presents a study of the self-regulation process of the functional systems of perception and reproduction of information in a calm state and psycho-emotional stress. The study was conducted with the participation of 183 medical students at the University of both sexes, aged 18–26 years (137 women, 46 men). 36 people were tested again during the pre-exam preparation. It has been established that the pre-examination under stress, in addition to the individual adjustment of the various functional systems of perception and reproduction of information, there is a single common (typical) mechanism for responding to stress.

Functional tension of the immune system was considered as depending on the level of physical activity in young people. The subjects were 77 healthy men aged 18–20 years, who were junior students of Yaroslavl universities. The subjects were grouped by physical activity level. The state of the immune system was judged from the lymphocytes phenotype, serum immunoglobulin levels, phagocytic indicators, oxygen-dependent metabolism of neutrophils, and plasma levels of lactoferrin and ferritin. The tension level of specific humoral immunity was inferred from the titers of antibodies to a wide group of bacterial pathogens. The overall tension level of the immune system in subject groups with different levels of physical activity was assessed by the index of conjugation of paired correlation coefficients of immunity indicators. The significance of the controlled factors was assessed by one-way ANOVA in terms of the coefficient of determination; the reliability of the dispersion model was assessed by Fisher's F-test. The significance of differences between the groups was evaluated by the nonparametric Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test. The baseline level of physical activity was not found to act as an activating factor for the immune system. Almost all indicators were within reference ranges optimal for healthy people. At the systemic level, the variability of indicators of various immune processes was determined by stochastic processes without compensatory mechanisms being triggered at the cell and humoral levels. The involvement in regular exercise at a moderate level was a factor that caused not only activation of some mechanisms of the immune response, but also tension in coordinated activity of various mechanisms of immunity as a functional system. Phagocytosis-related mechanisms of immunity and ferritin-dependent reactions were more sensitive in this case. In subjects who had a high level of physical activity and had been involved in regular physical activity for a long period of time, processes of body adaptation to the physical activity regime started to form, being accompanied by a partial decrease in the tension of immunity at the systemic level. Particular indicators of the immune system had higher values (compared to the baseline), while not leaving the reference ranges characteristic of healthy people. Along with the activation of humoral immunity, stimulation of functional activity of cell immunity was observed in subjects with a higher level of fitness. Methodologically importantly, the season did not significantly influence the main immunity indicators with the exception of spontaneous and induced chemiluminescence indicators, whose autumn values significantly differed from the annual average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen La implementación de políticas públicas se ha convertido en un gran reto para los gobiernos. A ello no es ajeno la gestión de una peatonalización que, como toda política pública, busca satisfacer necesidades demandadas por sus ciudadanos. En ese sentido, en el presente trabajo, se busca identificar la mejor manera de abordar este tipo de políticas urbanas, teniendo en cuenta los diversos elementos o agentes que la conforman y la multiplicidad de relaciones que se generan dentro de este sistema funcional. Para lo cual se ha revisado el estado del arte, y, además, analizado algunos casos de peatonalización a través del uso de histogramas. Luego, en base al conocimiento adquirido proponer un modelo conceptual y una diagramación temporal para casos genéricos de peatonalización. Finalmente se concluye que, a pesar de los intentos de los urbanistas por tratar con políticas peatonales, estos resultan ser de naturaleza perversa, es decir, son problemas complejos. Abstract The implementation of public policies has become a great challenge for governments. The management of pedestrianization, which—like any public policy—seeks to satisfy the needs of citizens, is no stranger to this challenge. This paper seeks to identify the best way to approach this type of urban policy, taking into account the various elements or agents that make it up and the multiplicity of relationships that are generated within this functional system. Some cases of pedestrianization have been analyzed through the use of histograms, and based on the knowledge acquired, we propose a conceptual model and a temporal diagram for generic cases of pedestrianization. We conclude that, despite the attempts of urban planners to deal with pedestrian policies, they turn out to be of a perverse nature; they are complex problems.

In the middle of the twentieth century, Nikolai Alexandrovich Bernstein proposed the author’s concept of building movements in humans. However, this knowledge has not found practical application. The reasons were, firstly, the researchers’ guidance of the scientific position, taken as an axiom that each level of the nervous system has its own class of movements. Secondly, this is the absence of the concept of the goal of motor actions in the theory of movement construction. Purpose. To present new knowledge in the theory of the construction of movements humans. Methods. Generalization of the results of own research in the period from 2011 to 2021 on the study of the provisions of the theory and practice of building movements in humans. Results. New knowledge about the theory of the construction of movements for their practical application in human motor learning was obtained: 1 – in the separation of the concept of the goal of motor actions as a separate system-forming factor in the formation of functional systems in the motor function of a person; 2 – the process of building movements in motor action is the formation of functional systems at each neurological level; 3 – the process of building motor action passes through all levels of the nervous system; 4 – In relation to human motor learning, the characteristic of “dexterity” is necessary for us to assess the effectiveness of the process of building the required movements by the nervous system to achieve the goal of motor action.

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Recent developments in cognitive and educational science highlight the role of the body in learning. Novel digital technologies increasingly facilitate bodily interaction. Aiming for understanding of the body's role in learning mathematics with technology, we reconsider the instrumental approach from a radical embodied cognitive science perspective. We highlight the complexity of any action regulation, which is performed by a complex dynamic functional system of the body and brain in perception-action loops driven by multilevel intentionality. Unlike mental schemes, functional systems are decentralized and can be extended by artifacts. We introduce the notion of a body-artifact functional system, pointing to the fact that artifacts are included in the perception-action loops of instrumented actions. The theoretical statements of this radical embodied reconsideration of the instrumental approach are illustrated by an empirical example, in which embodied activities led a student to the development of instrumented actions with a unit circle as an instrument to construct a sine graph. Supplementing videography of the student's embodied actions and gestures with eye-tracking data, we show how new functional systems can be formed. Educational means to facilitate the development of body-artifact functional systems are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to the development of muscle adaptations associated with overstrain, insufficient stretching, overloading, and underloading, use of short-term courses of low-strain motor-cognitive training induces adaptation linked with neural rearrangements, studies of which are of great interest. This direction remains insufficiently studied as indicated, for example, by the fact that motor activity regimes in medical rehabilitation are selected empirically and the difficulty of prognostication and assessment of rehabilitation potential. In these studies, 25 healthy pretrained volunteers applied force to an immobile joystick with the hand to control a label on a screen with the aim of studying the ability to follow instructions and the force characteristics of low-amplitude control movements. A joystick attached to a force platform was used to assess measures of the trajectory of the center of pressure on the support, the vertical force, and the external result (the extent of following the instruction in terms of the mean duration of processing a single result) on performance of a standard task with visual feedback carried out three times with each hand sequentially over four days (short training course). Data were analyzed using standard mathematical methods. A stable level of following instructions was achieved extremely quickly – by the second session. Optimization of vertical pressure force occurred during the second course, while optimization of control in the plane of the support was more difficult. "Optimization" of motor control (for a given observation period) and adaptive processes proceeded nonuniformly for different aspects of control: achievement of optimal productivity, selection of vertical force, and manipulation of force in the plane of the support. The rapid improvements in results obtained from following instructions were presumptively linked with optimization of the strategy. The task of optimizing vertical force on the joystick was more difficult, while the most difficult was control of hand force in the plane of the support, which may be associated with the fact that this was linked with a later stage of training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen El turismo urbano se ha posicionado como una actividad clave en la economía mundial, su capacidad para generar empleo y su innegable influencia sobre otros sectores productivos, son factores que conciben un planteamiento de análisis respecto a una realidad turística, la presente investigación busca estudiar al turismo urbano desde una perspectiva sistémica, aplicada a un caso de estudio en específico. Teniendo en cuenta que la ciudad de Quito posee un valioso patrimonio cultural y un gran potencial turístico que necesita ser desarrollado, se convierte en un escenario idóneo para la aplicación del sistema funcional de turismo urbano, del diagnóstico de este análisis se identifica el desarrollo de su actividad, el entorno en el que opera, las nuevas exigencias de la demanda, se determina el potencial turístico de la ciudad y la conveniencia de su implementación. Finalmente, la evaluación de cada uno de los componentes que interactúan en su sistema, permite detectar los segmentos críticos y posibles limitaciones existentes en la ciudad, que ayudan a la formulación de reflexiones estratégicas. Abstract Urban tourism has been positioned as a key activity in the world economy, its ability to generate employment and its undeniable influence on other productive sectors, are factors that conceive an approach of analysis regarding a tourist reality, the present research seeks to study tourism Urban from a systemic perspective, applied to a specific case study. Taking into account that the city of Quito possesses a valuable cultural heritage and a great tourist potential that needs to be developed, it becomes an ideal scenario for the application of a functional system applied to urban tourism, the diagnosis of this analysis identifies the development of its Activity, the environment in which it operates, the new demand requirements, determines the tourist potential of the city and the convenience of its implementation. Finally, the evaluation of each of the components that interact in its system, allows to detect the critical segments and possible limitations existing in the city, that help the formulation of strategic reflections.

The functions of excitable tissues are basic for the vital functions of the organs and systems of the body. The physiology of excitable tissues is not only a part of molecular-cellular physiology, but also the physiology of functional systems, contributing to the formation of systematic knowledge of life processes. The functions of excitable tissues are determined by hereditary factors, form a single functional environment and contribute to system genesis. They are an integral part of the information and executive processes of functional systems and ensure the continuity of the body's functions.

“Pain” is psychophysiological phenomenon, that is actualized in the mind of a person as a result of a systemic reaction to a certain external and internal stimuli. The pain is caused by morphological and functional disorders in the body and is accompanied by changes in person’s psychic state and behavior. Three components are distinguished in the phenomenon of “pain”: nocigenic (somatogenic), neurogenic (neuropathic) and psychogenic. The psychical and physiological components are distinguished only within emotions and sensations among all mental processes. The formation of connections and relationships between their components occurs on the basis of neurophysiological processes. Emotions and feelings of a person are inseparably linked with the corresponding physiological processes of the body, which, in turn, are a reflection of a certain form of the systemic structural and functional organization. From the point of view of the functional system approach, the human body is an exposed, nonlinear, self-organizing, self-regulating, self-learning, permanently evolving, dynamic system that exists in inseparable connection and constant interaction with the environment. Elements of its systemic structural and functional organization are certain functional systems of the corresponding hierarchical levels. Regulatory centers are one of the main elements of the human organism’s functional systems, their activities realize the processes of their self-organization and self-regulation. In functional systems at the cellular, tissue, organ and organism levels of its systemic organization, the regulatory centers are the neuronal-synaptic organizations of the structural formations of the peripheral and central nervous system. Nervous system of the person integrates and coordinates the processes of sensitivity, activity of its effector structure formations and motion activity, accordingly to the conditions of its internal and external environment. Realization of its functions as a whole and in full is possible only in inseparable interrelation and mutual relation, coordinated interaction and interconsistency with endocrine and immune-competent systems. The ways and means of intercellular communication are the basis for the processes of integration and coordination of the activity of effector and structural formations of the human body.

Reform of higher education in the conditions of deep social and economic transformations determines both optimizationof professional training and development of functional capacity of the organism for future work. The initial stage of training is of particular importance due to incorporation into a complex new system of educational environment. The aim of the work - to study the characteristics of adaptation process in the first-year students. Functional state of students’ organism was studied by visual-motor response, function of attention, speed, of information processing, tepping-test. This cross-sectional study included 179 first-year medical students. Students with a history of hearing or visual disorder, smoking, alcoholism, cardiovascular and respiratory disease and on medication which affects cognitive performance were excluded from the study. Participation in the test was voluntary and informed written consent was taken from each participant. Academic performance was analyzed. Pearson correlation has been used to find the significance of relationship between the speed of thought processes, function of attention, factor of motometria, volume of visual memory and academic performance. Adaptation of students to training is based on the functional system of the body. Expressed correlation between the speed of thought processes (r=0,63, р

Reform of higher education in the conditions of deep social and economic transformations determines both optimization of professional training and development of functional capacity of the organism for future work. The initial stage of training is of particular importance due to incorporation into a complex new system of educational environment. The aim of the work - to study the characteristics of adaptation process in the first-year students. Functional state of students’ organism was studied by visual-motor response, function of attention, speed, of information processing, tepping-test. This cross-sectional study included 179 first-year medical students. Students with a history of hearing or visual disorder, smoking, alcoholism, cardiovascular and respiratory disease and on medication which affects cognitive performance were excluded from the study. Participation in the test was voluntary and informed written consent was taken from each participant. Academic performance was analyzed. Pearson correlation has been used to find the significance of relationship between the speed of thought processes, function of attention, factor of motometria, volume of visual memory and academic performance. Adaptation of students to training is based on the functional system of the body. Expressed correlation between the speed of thought processes (r=0,63, р

The article discusses a variety of instructional techniques aimed at study the perception of time and used today in Russian and foreign psychological researches. Author discusses the need for a comprehensive study of the perception of time as a higher mental function and the possibilities of incorporating of experimental techniques aimed at different aspects of time perception in clinical-psychological diagnostics and the outlooks of such integration.

Background: The current debate on organisation of the mental health care raises a question whether to prioritise specialisation of clinical teams or personal continuity of care. The article explores the experiences of patients and clinicians regarding specialisation (SC) and personal continuity (PCC) of care in five European countries.Methods: Data were obtained via in-depth, semi-structured interviews with patients (N = 188) suffering from mental disorders (F20-49) and with clinicians (N = 63). A maximum variation sampling was applied to assume representation of patients and of clinicians with different characteristics. The qualitative data from each country were transcribed verbatim, coded and analysed through a thematic analysis method.Results: Many positive experiences of patients and clinicians with the PCC approach relate to the high quality of therapeutic relationship and the smooth transition between hospital and community care. Many positive experiences of patients and clinicians with the SC approach relate to concepts of autonomy and choice and the higher adequacy of diagnosis and treatment. Clinicians stressed system aspects of providing mental health care: more effective management structure and higher professionalization of care within SC approach and the lower risk of disengagement from treatment and reduced need for coercion, restraint, forced medication or involuntary admission within PCC.Conclusions: Neither the PCC, nor the SC approach meets the needs and expectations of all patients (and clinicians). Therefore, future reforms of mental health services should offer a free choice of either approach, considering that there is no evidence of differences in patient outcomes between PCC and SC approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with developing a physiologically and psychologically justified program for improving functional stability in orienteers in the changing conditions of sports performance. The study was conducted from 2015 to 2018 on the premises of the scientific laboratory and in the field experiment. 25 orienteers (males and females) aged 17-20 years participated in the study. The experiment was conducted as a comprehensive control aimed at the assessment of the vestibular apparatus and physical and technical fitness of a functional and psychophysiological status in athletes. As a result of the experiment, all orienteers made a significant progress in the development of static and dynamic balance during the year of training. The results obtained in the experimental group in the platform balance test exceeded the initial data by 45.4% compared to 5.2% in the control group. The speed of sensorimotor reaction in athletes from the control group decreased by 4.3%, in the experimental group - by 16.7%. The results obtained for the critical frequency of flicker remained almost the same. Therefore, the improvement of the results obtained can be considered as a proof of the advantage of our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with procedural guidelines for delayed damage aircraft safe flights. This methodological support is intended to form the aircraft type minimum equipment list (MEL).It is suggested to use airworthiness provision as the basic criterion for MEL determination. In order to develop methodological support of safe flights with delayed damage it is suggested to follow the well-known methods of statistical and constructive analyses and theory of estimation methods. Functional system reliability of delayed damage flights isanalyzed alongside with functional system failure types and consequences.Modeling reckons upon the opportunity to analyze the functional system failure-free operation for any predetermined specified operation time, including the time between overhauls. Functional system failure-free operation analyses and estima- tion by means of suggested model supposes step-by-step approach in solvation of the following problems: every component of the functional system reliability estimation; failure-free operation of the functional system in the whole.Thus it is possible to determine and forecast acceptable rates of failure probability for every analyzed component considering airworthiness requirements at the aircraft maintenance facility.The initial data for modeling is the functional systems and parts failure statistic database accumulated from a cer- tain maintenance facility operation experience.The suggested mathematical support for MEL formation allows to update manufacturer specified MEL for the air-craft maintenance facility.

The article deals with the estimation algorithm for functional system reliability influence on the aircraft technical maintenance. The research results which allow to estimate the functional system reliability influence on the aircraft technical maintenance process are provided. The aircraft maintenance process effectiveness implies the maintenance procedures including pre-flight preparation, the flight itself, technical maintenance and storage.The research was aimed at forecasting the aircraft technical maintenance process considering the functional system reliability, with special attention payed to failure-free operation. The term failure-free operation stands for the ability to execute a required function within a given time interval at given conditions.The objects of maintenance -aircraft functional systems and their components have a great degree of failure-free operation, which has been a design requirement and is supported at aircraft maintenance and operation. Failures and malfunctions are seldom events. This fact leads to a limited statistic maintenance surveillance database. Classical methods of statistical analyses do not provide the sufficient fiducial probability for functional system failure-free operation estimation. Thus these methods do not allow to estimate its influence on the aircraft technical maintenance process effectiveness.In order to solve this problem it is suggested to use the method of flow diagrams and random sample statistical method for failure-free operation estimation-statistical modeling (Monte-Carlo Method). Reliability flow diagram method allowed to determine the functional system failure-free operation random sample dependence on the technical maintenance frequency.The initial data were: the functional system flow diagram, the list of the main equipment, functional system equipment failure random sample data. The use of statistical modeling allowed to estimate the dependence of functional system reliability (failure-free operation) on the technical maintenance frequency for expanded statistical database (a number of functional system maintenance and operation procedures).

Calculation results of influence of functional systems refusals on takeoff and landing of plane Il-96T using mathematical modeling.

The article describes a method of statistical modelling form the required amount of spare resource by the criterion of performance assurance of aircraft functionale systems for a long term operation. The calculations and the results of the statistical modelling are given.

Psychology of selfregulation is a relatively new but rapidly developing branch of psychological science. It has integrated many of the ideas that were initially born within the framework of physiology and cybernetics. Interpretations of mechanisms underlying selfregulation are closely related to the general principles of dynamic systems' functioning on the basis of feedback. These principles were defined in the works of the Russian physiologists N.A. Bernstein and P.K. Anokhin and in the cybernetic models of Western scientists. Ideas of L.S. Vygotsky, S.L. Rubinstein, A.N. Leontiev, P. Janet, J. Piaget and others have also had a significant impact on the development of modern concepts of selfregulation. The paper provides a historical insight into the origins of ideas of selfregulation and shows how they have evolved from the concept of selfregulation as adaptation to the concepts of reasonable changes, subjective activity, conscious selfregulation, selfdetermination and selfefficacy, and individual styles of selfregulation