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Oriental hybrid lilies, known for their vibrant colors, diverse flower shapes, and long blooming seasons, require annual bulb propagation in horticultural production. This necessity can lead to higher production costs and limit their use in landscaping. The LA hybrid lily 'Aladdin' has shown strong self-reproduction capabilities in optimal cultivation environments, producing numerous high-quality underground stem bulblets. This makes it a valuable model for studying bulblet formation in lilies under natural conditions. Through transcriptome data analysis of different developmental stages of 'Aladdin' bulblets, the LaLBD37 gene, linked to bulblet formation, was identified. Bioinformatics analysis, subcellular localization studies, and transcriptional activation activity tests were conducted to understand the characteristics of LaLBD37. By introducing the LaLBD37 gene into 'Sorbonne' aseptic seedlings via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resistant plants were obtained. Positive plants were identified through various methods such as GUS activity detection, PCR, and fluorescence quantitative PCR. Phenotypic changes in positive plants were observed, and various physiological indicators were measured to confirm the role of LaLBD37 in bulblet formation, including soluble sugar content, starch content, sucrose synthase activity, and endogenous hormone levels. The findings suggest that the LaLBD37 gene plays a significant role in promoting the development of lily bulblets, offering insights for enhancing the reproductive capacity of Oriental hybrid lilies and exploring the molecular mechanisms involved in lily bulb regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stem strength plays a crucial role in the growth and development of plants, as well as in their flowering and fruiting. It not only impacts the lodging resistance of crops, but also influences the ornamental value of ornamental plants. Stem development is closely linked to stem strength; however, the roles of the SPL transcription factors in the stem development of herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) are not yet fully elucidated. In this study, we obtained and cloned the full-length sequence of PlSPL14, encoding 1085 amino acids. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the expression level of PlSPL14 gradually increased with the stem development of P. lactiflora and was significantly expressed in vascular bundles. Subsequently, utilizing the techniques of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and heterologous overexpression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), it was determined that PlSPL14-silenced P. lactiflora had a thinner xylem thickness, a decreased stem diameter, and weakened stem strength, while PlSPL14-overexpressing tobacco resulted in a thicker xylem thickness, an increased stem diameter, and enhanced stem strength. Further screening of the interacting proteins of PlSPL14 using a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay revealed an interactive relationship between PlSPL14 and PlSLR1 protein, which acts as a negative regulator of gibberellin (GA). Additionally, the expression level of PlSLR1 gradually decreased during the stem development of P. lactiflora. The above results suggest that PlSPL14 may play a positive regulatory role in stem development and act in the xylem, making it a potential candidate gene for enhancing stem straightness in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The isopentenyl transferase（IPT）enzyme plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of trans-zeatin（tZ）, a cytokinin that regulates plant growth, development, and resistance to stress. It significantly contributes to bud growth promotion and regulation of lateral branch development in plants. Exploring the function of IPT provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent improvement of new wheat grass yield traits. [Method] Through phylogeny and multiple sequence alignment, the features and homology of the coding amino acid sequence were explored. PjIPT-overexpressed Arabidopsis thaliana plants were obtained by pollen tube passage, and the transgenic plants were verified by reverse PCR（RT-PCR）and protein blot（Western blot, WB）, their tissue expression patterns were analyzed by real-time quantitative reverse PCR（RT-qPCR）, and trans-zeatin was determined by liquid mass combination system. [Result] The IPT proteins in Psathyrostachys juncea with Triticum dicoccoides and other wheat crops had high homology, and AtIPT9 is a homologous protein of PjIPT. PjIPT-overexpressed in A. thaliana plants was achieved through the pollen tube pathway method, demonstrating an upregulation in the number of branches. RT PCR and Western blot analysis confirmed the normal expressions of PjIPT at both transcriptional and protein levels. Spatial-specific expression analysis using RT-qPCR indicated that PjIPT demonstrated specific expression patterns in the tillering nodes and leaves of Arabidopsis. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of tZ revealed that PjIPT regulated the number of branches in Arabidopsis by participating in the biosynthesis of tZ. [Conclusion] PjIPT is a key gene involved in upregulating plant branching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to screen candidate aquaporin genes involved in resisting osmotic stress, we analyzed the physiological responses and the expression levels of aquaporin genes in garlic under drought and salt stress with 'Er Shuizao' as plant material. Different physiological indicators were detected under drought and salt stress treatments. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of the candidate aquaporin genes in specific tissues. Finally, we screened AsPIP1-3 as a candidate gene and analyzed its function. The results showed that the relative water content and chlorophyll content of leaves decreased, the O2− production rate increased, and H2O2 accumulated in garlic under drought and salt stress. The activities of SOD, POD, and CAT enzymes first increased and then decreased in garlic. The content of soluble sugar and proline increased to maintain cell osmotic balance, and the content of MDA and relative conductivity continued to increase. Most aquaporin gene expression first increased and then decreased in garlic under drought and salt stress. AsPIP1-3 gene expression is up-regulated under drought and salt stress in garlic. The relative expression was the highest on the 6th day of stress, being related to antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic regulation. The consistent changes in gene expressions and physiological responses indicated that AsPIP1-3 played a role in resisting garlic osmotic stress. AsPIP1-3 was located on the cell membrane, being consistent with the predicted results of subcellular localization. The germination rate and root length of transgenic Arabidopsis under drought stress were significantly different from the wild type. Drought stress reduced the ROS accumulation of transgenic Arabidopsis, and the antioxidant enzyme activity was significantly higher than the wild type. The relative conductivity and MDA content significantly decreased, and the proline content increased under drought stress. The expression level of the genes related to drought stress response (AtRD22, AtP5CS, AtABF3, and AtLEA) significantly increased. The overexpression of AsPIP1-3 genes improved the drought tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants, showing that AsPIP1-3 proteins enhanced drought tolerance. Our study laid a foundation for exploring the regulatory mechanism of garlic to abiotic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress significantly affects crop productivity. Carotenoids are essential photosynthetic pigment for plants, bacteria, and algae, with signaling and antioxidant functions. Lutein is a crucial branch product in the carotenoid synthesis pathway, which effectively improves the stress tolerance of higher plants. lycopene cyclase, a central enzyme for lutein synthesis, holds great significance in regulating lutein production. This research establishes a correlation between lutein content and stress resistance by measuring the drought resistance and lutein content of various cotton materials. To identify which crucial genes are associated with lutein, the lycopene cyclase family (LCYs) was analyzed. The research found that LCYs form a highly conserved family divided into two subfamilies, LCY-ε (lycopene ε-cyclase) and LCY-β (lycopene β-cyclase). Most members of the LCY family contain photoresponsive elements and abscisic acid elements. qRT-PCR demonstrates showed that most genes responded positively to drought stress, and GhLCYε-3 was expressed significantly differently under drought stress. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay showed that the content of GhLCYε-3 was significantly increased with MDA and PRO, and the contents of chlorophyll and lutein were significantly decreased in pYL156 plants. The decrease in GhLCYε-3 expression is speculated to lead to reduced lutein content in vivo, resulting in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased drought tolerance. This research enriched the understanding of LCY gene family and lutein function, and provided a new reference for cotton planting in arid areas. Synopsis: Lycopene cyclase plays an important role in enhancing the ability of scavenging ROS and drought resistance of plants.

As the production of electronics increases exponentially each year, the need for them to be able to function properly (according to the documentation) is critical. The functional verification process is a complex and time consuming step when delivering a proper System-On-a–Chip, which makes it a great candidate for different AI implementations and try-outs. In functional verification the UVM Methodology, where UVM stands for Universal Verification Methodology is vastly used combined with a hardware verification language such as System Verilog. Writing various, elaborated testbenches for difficult architectures such as RDMA (Remote Direct Memory Access), USB (Universal Serial Bus), etc. and achieving 100% functional coverage is laborious. Here, Generative AI may be able to help to improve this process by a considerable amount. This paper aims to present the different trials, aspects and challenges of producing an APB UVM testbench with Generative AI, using ChatGPT.

Abstract Background White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is an excellent leguminous cool-season forage with a high protein content and strong nitrogen-fixing ability. Despite these advantages, its growth and development are markedly sensitive to environmental factors. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the major growth hormone in plants, regulating plant growth, development, and response to adversity. Nevertheless, the specific regulatory functions of Aux/IAA genes in response to abiotic stresses in white clover remain largely unexplored. Results In this study, we identified 47 Aux/IAA genes in the white clover genome, which were categorized into five groups based on phylogenetic analysis. The TrIAAs promoter region co-existed with different cis-regulatory elements involved in developmental and hormonal regulation, and stress responses, which may be closely related to their diverse regulatory roles. Collinearity analysis showed that the amplification of the TrIAA gene family was mainly carried out by segmental duplication. White clover Aux/IAA genes showed different expression patterns in different tissues and under different stress treatments. In addition, we performed a yeast two-hybrid analysis to investigate the interaction between white clover Aux/IAA and ARF proteins. Heterologous expression indicated that TrIAA18 could enhance stress tolerance in both yeast and transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Conclusion These findings provide new scientific insights into the molecular mechanisms of growth hormone signaling in white clover and its functional characteristics in response to environmental stress.

The rising interest in Artificial Intelligence and the increasing time invested in functional verification processes are driving the demand for AI solutions in this field. Functional verification is the process of verifying that the Register Transfer Layer (RTL) implementation behaves according to the specifications provided. This is performed using a hardware verification language (HVL) such as SystemVerilog combined with the Universal Verification Methodology (UVM). Reading, identifying the key elements from multiple documentations, creating the verification plan, building the verification environment, implementing the tests defined, and achieving 100% coverage are usually the steps performed in order to complete the verification process. The verification process is considered finalized when functional coverage is at 100%. There are multiple ideas on how the process can be aided by AI, such as underlining the essential information from documentation, which would help in understanding faster how the Register Transfer Layer implementation works, thus vastly reducing time. In this paper, to greatly reduce the time spent on functional verification, two Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures are implemented to properly classify the information across different documents; both approaches have significant and promising results. The database used for this classification task was created by the researchers using different documentations available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed-signal applications have emerged as a significant trend in the semiconductor industry, with considerable efforts directed towards developing fast and accurate designs that integrate both analog and digital components. However, mixed-signal verification presents a major challenge due to the slow verification time and limited robustness of traditional verification techniques. In this study, a verification architecture for a successive-approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) real number model (Real Number Modeling – RNM) using SystemVerilog is presented, which utilizes an efficient UVM-based methodology. The proposed approach combines the UVM capabilities with the RNM model of the SAR ADC to generate a reusable, fast, and robust verification environment with a reduced time-to-market. The testbench creation and simulation were carried out using Cadence Xcelium. The proposed verification architecture employs constrained-random stimulus generation, analog assertions, and coverage metrics to enhance verification effectiveness. Additionally, aim of this work is to emphasize on the RNM efficiency with SystemVerilog, and apply its modeling capabilities for a SAR ADC. The presented real number model was compared to a Verilog-AMS model. The conducted experiments provided evidence that the proposed RNM model exhibits a significant improvement in simulation efficiency compared to previous works documented in the literature (simulation time was at 0.5 s, compared to a Verilog-AMS reference model's simulation at 20 s). This improvement in efficiency is achieved without compromising on the accuracy of the simulation, ensuring that the model maintains a satisfactory level of precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in promoting growth and development, nutrient absorption, and disease resistance in poplar plantations. Long-term planting decays soil nutrient contents and changes the microfloral structure, and pathogenic microorganisms accumulate. It is of great significance to clarify the distribution and synergistic relationships between beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms in plantation soil for solving the long-term planting obstacles of poplar plantation. Methods: High-throughput sequencing, culture, pure bacterial identification, functional verification, and bioinformatics methods were used to explore the population and functional characteristics of the soil microorganisms in the perennial poplar forest, identify the main pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms in the soil, and investigate the synergistic relationships among the microorganisms in the system. Results: An evaluation of soil from a perennial poplar plantation revealed the presence of many beneficial microbes, such as Bacillus, Sphingomonas, Variovorax, and Streptomyces, as well as pathogenic microorganisms, including Fusarium and Alternaria. Most of these microorganisms were enriched in the rhizosphere soil. The study found that phosphorus was the driving factor affecting soil microorganisms, with available phosphorus (K = 0.189) and pH value (K = 0.113) significantly affecting fungal phylogeny. Bacterial community assembly processes were deterministic (βNTI < − 2), while those of fungi were stochastic (− 1 > βNTI > − 2). The microbial network in the rhizosphere was more stable than that in the bulk soil. This study expands our knowledge of the functional microbial germplasm resources of forest plantations and provides a theoretical basis for soil remediation in perennial poplar plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is an excellent leguminous cool-season forage with a high protein content and strong nitrogen-fixing ability. Despite these advantages, its growth and development are markedly sensitive to environmental factors. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the major growth hormone in plants, regulating plant growth, development, and response to adversity. Nevertheless, the specific regulatory functions of Aux/IAA genes in response to abiotic stresses in white clover remain largely unexplored. Results: In this study, we identified 47 Aux/IAA genes in the white clover genome, which were categorized into five groups based on phylogenetic analysis. The TrIAAs promoter region co-existed with different cis-regulatory elements involved in developmental and hormonal regulation, and stress responses, which may be closely related to their diverse regulatory roles. Collinearity analysis showed that the amplification of the TrIAA gene family was mainly carried out by segmental duplication. White clover Aux/IAA genes showed different expression patterns in different tissues and under different stress treatments. In addition, we performed a yeast two-hybrid analysis to investigate the interaction between white clover Aux/IAA and ARF proteins. Heterologous expression indicated that TrIAA18 could enhance stress tolerance in both yeast and transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Conclusion: These findings provide new scientific insights into the molecular mechanisms of growth hormone signaling in white clover and its functional characteristics in response to environmental stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we obtained and cloned VvSnRK2.7 by screening transcriptomic data to investigate the function of the grape sucrose non-fermenting kinase 2 (SnRK2) gene under stress conditions. A yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay was used to further screen for interaction proteins of VvSnRK2.7. Ultimately, VvSnRK2.7 was heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, and the relative conductivity, MDA content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and sugar content of the transgenic plants were determined under drought treatment. In addition, the expression levels of VvSnRK2.7 in Arabidopsis were analyzed. The results showed that the VvSnRK2.7-EGFP fusion protein was mainly located in the cell membrane and nucleus of tobacco leaves. In addition, the VvSnRK2.7 protein had an interactive relationship with the VvbZIP protein during the Y2H assay. The expression levels of VvSnRK2.7 and the antioxidant enzyme activities and sugar contents of the transgenic lines were higher than those of the wild type under drought treatment. Moreover, the relative conductivity and MDA content were lower than those of the wild type. The results indicate that VvSnRK2.7 may activate the enzyme activity of the antioxidant enzyme system, maintain normal cellular physiological metabolism, stabilize the berry sugar metabolism pathway under drought stress, and promote sugar accumulation to improve plant resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The BrMLP328 gene of Chinese cabbage（Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis）was cloned, its expression pattern was analysed, and its function in regulating flowering was verified. This may lay the basis for further investigation into the mechanism of the role of this gene in regulating flower formation in Chinese cabbage.【Method】BrMLP328 was cloned by RT-PCR and analysed by bioinformatics. RT-qPCR was used to determine the relative expression of the BrMLP328. An overexpression vector was constructed and transformed into wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana by flower-dipping method, and the difference in flowering time between the T2 generation plants and the wild type was compared.【Result】The coding sequence（CDS）of BrMLP328 has a total length of 456 bp, encoding 151 amino acids. The relative molecular weight of the protein was 17 493.82 Da and was localized in the nucleus. The expression of BrMLP328 was the highest in the stems of Chinese cabbage, followed by roots and lowest in flower buds. The expression in the growing point of the stem tip showed an elevated level after vernalization, after which it declined rapidly at the stage of flower bud differentiation and was maintained at a very low level. Compared with the wild type, the flowering time of the BrMLP328 of T2 generation of transgenic plants delayed by 1.46-3.09 d.【Conclusion】BrMLP328 was cloned from Chinese cabbage. The expression of BrMLP328 was different in different tissues and different flowering stages, and the gene could delay flowering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal of Information Technology & Automatic Control / Revista Română de Informatică și Automatică is the property of National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics - ICI Bucharest and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adrenoleukodystrophy is a rare neurogenetic disease, and adrenomyeloneuropathy is the most common phenotype in adults. The clinical data of a patient with adrenoleukodystrophy and spinal-peripheral neuropathy caused by a novel point mutation in exon 4 of the ABCD1 gene (c.1256T > G (p.Val419Gly)) were retrospectively analyzed. Furthermore, we constructed wild-type and mutant vectors of the ABCD1 (NM0000334) gene to validate the effect of this mutation on the expression of the ABCD1 gene and protein and to explore the mechanism of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy occurrence and development to identify therapeutic targets for clinical treatment.

Abstract Background Focusing on key indicators of drought resistance is highly important for quickly mining candidate genes related to drought resistance in cotton. Results In the present study, drought resistance was identified in drought resistance-related RIL populations during the flowering and boll stages, and multiple traits were evaluated; these traits included three key indicators: plant height (PH), single boll weight (SBW) and transpiration rate (Tr). Based on these three key indicators, three groups of extreme mixing pools were constructed for BSA-seq. Based on the mapping interval of each trait, a total of 6.27 Mb QTL intervals were selected on chromosomes A13 (3.2 Mb), A10 (2.45 Mb) and A07 (0.62 Mb) as the focus of this study. Based on the annotation information and qRT‒PCR analysis, three key genes that may be involved in the drought stress response of cotton were screened: GhF6'H1, Gh3AT1 and GhPER55. qRT‒PCR analysis of parental and extreme germplasm materials revealed that the expression of these genes changed significantly under drought stress. Cotton VIGS experiments verified the important impact of key genes on cotton drought resistance. Conclusions This study focused on the key indicators of drought resistance, laying the foundation for the rapid mining of drought-resistant candidate genes in cotton and providing genetic resources for directed molecular breeding of drought resistance in cotton.

Abstract Background B-box (BBX) family is a class of zinc finger transcription factors (TFs) that play essential roles in regulating plant growth, development, as well as abiotic stress. However, no systematic analysis of BBX genes has yet been conducted in alfalfa (Medica go sativa L.), and their functions have not been elucidated up to now. Results In this study, 28 MsBBX genes were identified from the alfalfa genome, which were clustered into 4 subfamilies according to an evolutionary tree of BBX proteins. Exon-intron structure and conserved motif analysis reflected the evolutionary conservation of MsBBXs in alfalfa. Collinearity analysis showed that segmental duplication promoted the expansion of the MsBBX family. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements suggested that the MsBBX genes possessed many growth/development-, light-, phytohormone-, and abiotic stress-related elements. MsBBX genes were differentially expressed in leaves, flowers, pre-elongated stems, elongated stems, roots and nodules, and most MsBBXs were remarkably induced by drought, salt and various plant growth regulators (ABA, JA, and SA). Further functional verification demonstrated that overexpressing of the MsBBX11 gene clearly promoted salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis by regulating growth and physiological processes of seedlings. Conclusions This research provides insights into further functional research and regulatory mechanisms of MsBBX family genes under abiotic stress of alfalfa.

[Objective] Fatty acid export(FAX)can mediate the transport of fatty acids from plant cells to the outer plastid, and play an important role in plant growth and development and response to abiotic stress. This work is to study the FAX family gene and function analysis of upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum), and to provide new ideas for clarifying the molecular mechanism of oil accumulation and oil metabolism engineering of upland cotton. [Method] In order to reveal the potential function of the upland cotton FAX gene family, the GhFAX gene family was identified at the whole genome level, and the GhFAX1 protein was to have subcellular localization, and the function of GhFAX1 was verified by the genetic transformation of yeast and tobacco.[Result] A total of 12 GhFAXs genes were identified in the genome of upland cotton, and all members of the family had similar gene structure and protein physicochemical properties. Sequence alignment analysis showed that only a few amino acids of GhFAX protein were highly conserved in evolution, suggesting their importance to function. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that GhFAX gene was closely related to Asian cotton(Gossypium arboreum)and Raymond's cotton(G. raimondii). Transcriptome data suggested that GhFAXs may be involved in the regulation of upland cotton response to stress. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that GhFAX4 was highly expressed in flowers, suggesting that GhFAX4 was involved in pollen development. The expression of GhFAX9 was high in the stems and GhFAX1 was high in all tissues of upland cotton. GhFAX1 was selected for subcellular localization analysis, and it was confirmed that GhFAX1 was localized in plastid. The GhFAX1 vector was constructed to overexpress GhFAX1 in Saccharobacteria cerevisiae. The results showed that the total fat of GhFAX1 overexpressed yeast was increased by 3.53%. Substrate bias experiments showed that GhFAX1 was selective to C16:0. GhFAX1 overexpressing tobacco was cultivated through genetic transformation of tobacco. The results showed that the chlorophyll of overexpressed tobacco increased by 13.24%, the fluorescence parameters NPQ increased by 14.17%, Fm increased by 34.94%, F0 decreased by 35.28%. The total fatty acids of the leaves and seeds increased by 5.2% and 6.52% respectively. The 1 000-grain weight of seeds increased by 19.1%. At the same time, the protein content decreased significantly.[Conclusion] GhFAXs can increase the oil content of yeast and tobacco, participated in the transfer of palmitic acid from plastid, and causing the carbon source from protein synthesis pathway to oil synthesis pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PAP2 (Production of anthocyanin segment 2) encodes MYB transcription factor, and regulates anthocyanin synthesis by forming MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex with bHLH and WD40. In this study we cloned PAP2 gene in Brassica, and preliminarily verified the function of PAP2, providing a reference for further understanding the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis in Brassica. Two and one copies of PAP2 gene were cloned from Brassica carinata and Brassica nigra, respectively, and named as BcaB.PAP2, BcaC.PAP2, BniB.PAP2. These three genes are composed of 3 exons and 2 introns, encoding 247 amino acids. Based on the PAP2 gene sequences cloned in this study and other reported PAP2 gene sequences of Brassica, three pairs of primers were designed to detect the PAP2 gene of A, B and C genomes respectively, and the genomic origin of PAP2 of six species in the U's Triangle of Brassica could be distinguished by allele specific PCR. The BjuB.PAP2 gene from the B genome of Brassica juncea was selected to construct an overexpression vector and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana. The transgenic Arabidopsis leaves turned purple, indicating that PAP2 gene is regulating anthocyanin synthesis. After shading treatment for 10 days, the purple color of Brassica carinata lightened, and the anthocyanin content decreased by 41.22%. Quantitative PCR and transcriptomic studies showed that the expression of BcaB.PAP2 and BcaC.PAP2 in the leaves of shading plants decreased. The expression of structural genes for anthocyanin synthesis, such as chalcone synthase gene (CHS), chalcone isomerase gene (CHI), flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene (F3H), dihydroflavonol reductase gene (DFR), anthocyanin synthase gene (ANS), flavonoid 3-glucosyltransferase gene (UFGT) and other genes were also decreased. This study completed the cloning of PAP2 gene of Brassica carinata and Brassica nigra, and carried out their evolutionary analysis. Allele specific PCR primers were designed according to the sequences of PAP2 gene cloned in this experiment and other reported genes to provide molecular markers for the genomic transmission identification of PAP2 gene in Brassica interspecific hybrids. Through the transformation of BjuB.PAP2 gene into Arabidopsis plants, it was found that PAP2 gene was involved in the accumulation of anthocyanins. It was found that the expression of BcaPAP2 gene and anthocyanin synthesis structure gene were induced by light after shading. This study cloned the PAP2 gene in Brassica and preliminarily verified its function, providing a reference for further understanding the regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin synthesis in Brassica plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Focusing on key indicators of drought resistance is highly important for quickly mining candidate genes related to drought resistance in cotton. Results: In the present study, drought resistance was identified in drought resistance-related RIL populations during the flowering and boll stages, and multiple traits were evaluated; these traits included three key indicators: plant height (PH), single boll weight (SBW) and transpiration rate (Tr). Based on these three key indicators, three groups of extreme mixing pools were constructed for BSA-seq. Based on the mapping interval of each trait, a total of 6.27 Mb QTL intervals were selected on chromosomes A13 (3.2 Mb), A10 (2.45 Mb) and A07 (0.62 Mb) as the focus of this study. Based on the annotation information and qRT‒PCR analysis, three key genes that may be involved in the drought stress response of cotton were screened: GhF6'H1, Gh3AT1 and GhPER55. qRT‒PCR analysis of parental and extreme germplasm materials revealed that the expression of these genes changed significantly under drought stress. Cotton VIGS experiments verified the important impact of key genes on cotton drought resistance. Conclusions: This study focused on the key indicators of drought resistance, laying the foundation for the rapid mining of drought-resistant candidate genes in cotton and providing genetic resources for directed molecular breeding of drought resistance in cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanin content determines fruit color, which serves as a significant indicator for assessing the commercial value of fruits. The biosynthesis of anthocyanin is regulated by MYB transcription factors, however, the precise mechanism underlying the negative regulation of MYB on anthocyanin synthesis in pear fruit remains to be fully elucidated. Based on the previous transcriptomic data, a member of the MYB gene family, PbrMYB19, was screened out from the differentially expressed genes, suggesting that it may be involved in the regulation of fruit anthocyanin biosynthesis. To clarify its structure and function, and lay the foundation for further elucidating the regulatory mechanism of PbrMYB19 on fruit anthocyanins, in this study, the full-length PbrMYB19 was cloned by using the cDNA of Yuluxiang pear peel as a template. The structure, genetic relationship, conserved domain, and cis-acting elements of this gene were predicted via bioinformatics software. The expression level of PbrMYB19 gene in peels with different colors was analyzed by fluorescence quantitative PCR, and its function was verified by the fruit transient expression system. The results showed that the open reading frame of PbrMYB19 gene was 714 bp, encoding 237 amino acids, with a relative molecular weight of 26.85 ku, and the subcellular localization was predicted in the nucleus. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that PbrMYB19 was on the same evolutionary branch as the reported anthocyanin transcription inhibitors FaMYB1 and PbrMYB120, and there was an EAR-like inhibitory sequence at the C-terminal of its protein. In addition, the promoter sequence of PbrMYB19 gene contained light regulation elements and plant hormone response elements. QRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression level of PbrMYB19 gene in red and yellow peels was significantly higher than that in green peels. Overexpression vector of PbrMYB19 gene was constructed, and the fruit was transiently transformed. It was found that PbrMYB19 overexpression significantly inhibited anthocyanin accumulation in peels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering is the property of Chongqing University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: B-box (BBX) family is a class of zinc finger transcription factors (TFs) that play essential roles in regulating plant growth, development, as well as abiotic stress. However, no systematic analysis of BBX genes has yet been conducted in alfalfa (Medica go sativa L.), and their functions have not been elucidated up to now. Results: In this study, 28 MsBBX genes were identified from the alfalfa genome, which were clustered into 4 subfamilies according to an evolutionary tree of BBX proteins. Exon-intron structure and conserved motif analysis reflected the evolutionary conservation of MsBBXs in alfalfa. Collinearity analysis showed that segmental duplication promoted the expansion of the MsBBX family. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements suggested that the MsBBX genes possessed many growth/development-, light-, phytohormone-, and abiotic stress-related elements. MsBBX genes were differentially expressed in leaves, flowers, pre-elongated stems, elongated stems, roots and nodules, and most MsBBXs were remarkably induced by drought, salt and various plant growth regulators (ABA, JA, and SA). Further functional verification demonstrated that overexpressing of the MsBBX11 gene clearly promoted salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis by regulating growth and physiological processes of seedlings. Conclusions: This research provides insights into further functional research and regulatory mechanisms of MsBBX family genes under abiotic stress of alfalfa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Computer Measurement & Control is the property of Magazine Agency of Computer Measurement & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The constant evolution of high-speed digital inter- faces has created a demand for robust and reliable designs. As a key component in ensuring reliable data transfer, receiver training sequence modules play a critical role in high-speed serial communication protocols like USB (Universal Serial Bus). Formal verification and Simulation based verification are two different methods for verifying the correctness of any digital design. The Simulation based verification checks the correctness of the design through the simulation of the design. It includes building of test bench architecture using System Verilog (SV) and Universal Verification Methodology (UVM), whereas Formal verification is a mathematical approach of verifying the design exhaustively. This paper gives a comparative analysis of a design using the two different verification methods. The block subjected for the verification has been taken from the Universal Serial Bus 3.2 (USB) controller. Using formal verification two corner case bugs were found and fixed at the early stage of the project and 100% code coverage is achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: It was proved for the first time that the miR172e–LbrAP2 module regulated the vegetative growth phase transition in Lilium, which provided a new approach to shorten the juvenile stage of Lilium, improved the reproduction rate, and reduced the propagation cost of Lilium commercial bulbs. Lilium is an ornamental bulb plant that takes at least 3 years to cultivate into commercial seed bulbs under natural conditions. The aim of this study was to shorten the Lilium expansion cycle. In this study, the growth cycle of lily tubers induced by low temperature of 15 °C was significantly shorter than that of tubers grown at a conventional temperature. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression patterns of miR172e and LbrAP2 were negatively correlated. GUS histochemical staining confirmed that miR172e and LbrAP2 in tobacco leaves interacted with each other after co-transformation. The shear sites of miR172e and its target gene, LbrAP2, upon binding, were identified by RLM 5′ RACE analysis. In addition, miR172e and LbrAP2 showed opposite expression patterns after the transformation of Arabidopsis. miR172e overexpression accelerated the transition from juvenile to adult plants, whereas LbrAP2 overexpression inhibited this process, thus indicating that miR172e negatively regulated the target gene LbrAP2. Upregulation of the transcription factor LbrAP2 delayed the phase transition of plants, whereas miR172 inhibited the transcriptional translation of LbrAP2, thereby accelerating the phase transition. Low-temperature treatment of Lilium bulbs can shorten Lilium development, which provides a new approach to accelerating Lilium commercial bulb breeding and reducing breeding costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages in the world, and free amino acids, especially theanine, make a major contribution to the umami taste of tea. However, the genetic basis of the variation in amino acid content in tea plants remains largely unknown. Here, we measured the free amino acid content in fresh leaves of 174 tea accessions over two years using a targeted metabolomics approach and obtained genotype data via RNA sequencing. Genome-wide association studies were conducted to investigate loci affecting the content of free amino acids. A total of 69 quantitative trait loci (–log10(P-value)>5) were identified. Functional annotation revealed that branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase, glutamine synthetase, nitrate transporter, and glutamate decarboxylase might be important for amino acid metabolism. Two significant loci, glutamine synthetase (Glu1, P=3.71×10−4; Arg1, P=4.61×10−5) and branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (Val1, P=4.67×10−5; I_Leu1, P=3.56×10−6), were identified, respectively. Based on the genotyping result, two alleles of CsGS (CsGS-L and CsGS-H) and CsBCAT (CsBCAT-L and CsBCAT-H) were selected to perform function verification. Overexpression of CsGS-L and CsGS-H enhanced the contents of glutamate and arginine in transgenic plants, and overexpression of CsBCAT-L and CsBCAT-H promoted the accumulation of valine, isoleucine and leucine. Enzyme activity assay uncovered that SNP1054 is important for CsGS catalyzing glutamate into glutamine. Furthermore, CsGS-L and CsGS-H differentially regulated the accumulation of glutamine, and CsBCAT-L and CsBCAT-H differentially regulated the accumulation of branched-chain amino acids. In summary, the findings in our study would provide new insights into the genetic basis of amino acids contents variation in tea plants and facilitate the identification of elite genes to enhance amino acids content.

Oriental hybrid lilies, known for their vibrant colors, diverse flower shapes, and long blooming seasons, require annual bulb propagation in horticultural production. This necessity can lead to higher production costs and limit their use in landscaping. The LA hybrid lily ‘Aladdin’ has shown strong self-reproduction capabilities in optimal cultivation environments, producing numerous high-quality underground stem bulblets. This makes it a valuable model for studying bulblet formation in lilies under natural conditions. Through transcriptome data analysis of different developmental stages of ‘Aladdin’ bulblets, the LaLBD37 gene, linked to bulblet formation, was identified. Bioinformatics analysis, subcellular localization studies, and transcriptional activation activity tests were conducted to understand the characteristics of LaLBD37. By introducing the LaLBD37 gene into ‘Sorbonne’ aseptic seedlings via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, resistant plants were obtained. Positive plants were identified through various methods such as GUS activity detection, PCR, and fluorescence quantitative PCR. Phenotypic changes in positive plants were observed, and various physiological indicators were measured to confirm the role of LaLBD37 in bulblet formation, including soluble sugar content, starch content, sucrose synthase activity, and endogenous hormone levels. The findings suggest that the LaLBD37 gene plays a significant role in promoting the development of lily bulblets, offering insights for enhancing the reproductive capacity of Oriental hybrid lilies and exploring the molecular mechanisms involved in lily bulb regeneration.

Stem strength plays a crucial role in the growth and development of plants, as well as in their flowering and fruiting. It not only impacts the lodging resistance of crops, but also influences the ornamental value of ornamental plants. Stem development is closely linked to stem strength; however, the roles of the SPL transcription factors in the stem development of herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) are not yet fully elucidated. In this study, we obtained and cloned the full-length sequence of PlSPL14, encoding 1085 amino acids. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the expression level of PlSPL14 gradually increased with the stem development of P. lactiflora and was significantly expressed in vascular bundles. Subsequently, utilizing the techniques of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and heterologous overexpression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), it was determined that PlSPL14-silenced P. lactiflora had a thinner xylem thickness, a decreased stem diameter, and weakened stem strength, while PlSPL14-overexpressing tobacco resulted in a thicker xylem thickness, an increased stem diameter, and enhanced stem strength. Further screening of the interacting proteins of PlSPL14 using a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay revealed an interactive relationship between PlSPL14 and PlSLR1 protein, which acts as a negative regulator of gibberellin (GA). Additionally, the expression level of PlSLR1 gradually decreased during the stem development of P. lactiflora. The above results suggest that PlSPL14 may play a positive regulatory role in stem development and act in the xylem, making it a potential candidate gene for enhancing stem straightness in plants.

In order to screen candidate aquaporin genes involved in resisting osmotic stress, we analyzed the physiological responses and the expression levels of aquaporin genes in garlic under drought and salt stress with ‘Er Shuizao’ as plant material. Different physiological indicators were detected under drought and salt stress treatments. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of the candidate aquaporin genes in specific tissues. Finally, we screened AsPIP1-3 as a candidate gene and analyzed its function. The results showed that the relative water content and chlorophyll content of leaves decreased, the O2− production rate increased, and H2O2 accumulated in garlic under drought and salt stress. The activities of SOD, POD, and CAT enzymes first increased and then decreased in garlic. The content of soluble sugar and proline increased to maintain cell osmotic balance, and the content of MDA and relative conductivity continued to increase. Most aquaporin gene expression first increased and then decreased in garlic under drought and salt stress. AsPIP1-3 gene expression is up-regulated under drought and salt stress in garlic. The relative expression was the highest on the 6th day of stress, being related to antioxidant enzyme activity and osmotic regulation. The consistent changes in gene expressions and physiological responses indicated that AsPIP1-3 played a role in resisting garlic osmotic stress. AsPIP1-3 was located on the cell membrane, being consistent with the predicted results of subcellular localization. The germination rate and root length of transgenic Arabidopsis under drought stress were significantly different from the wild type. Drought stress reduced the ROS accumulation of transgenic Arabidopsis, and the antioxidant enzyme activity was significantly higher than the wild type. The relative conductivity and MDA content significantly decreased, and the proline content increased under drought stress. The expression level of the genes related to drought stress response (AtRD22, AtP5CS, AtABF3, and AtLEA) significantly increased. The overexpression of AsPIP1-3 genes improved the drought tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants, showing that AsPIP1-3 proteins enhanced drought tolerance. Our study laid a foundation for exploring the regulatory mechanism of garlic to abiotic stress.

A-galactosidases (AGALs), the oligosaccharide (RFO) catabolic genes of the raffinose family, play crucial roles in plant growth and development and in adversity stress. They can break down the non-reducing terminal galactose residues of glycolipids and sugar chains. In this study, the whole genome of AGALs was analyzed. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to analyze members of the AGAL family in Gossypium hirsutum, Gossypium arboreum, Gossypium barbadense, and Gossypium raimondii. Meanwhile, RT-qPCR was carried out to analyze the expression patterns of AGAL family members in different tissues of terrestrial cotton. It was found that a series of environmental factors stimulated the expression of the GhAGAL3 gene. The function of GhAGAL3 was verified through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). As a result, GhAGAL3 gene silencing resulted in milder wilting of seedlings than the controls, and a significant increase in the raffinose content in cotton, indicating that GhAGAL3 responded to NaCl stress. The increase in raffinose content improved the tolerance of cotton. Findings in this study lay an important foundation for further research on the role of the GhAGAL3 gene family in the molecular mechanism of abiotic stress resistance in cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rooting and root development in Acer rubrum have important effects on overall growth. A. rubrum does not take root easily in natural conditions. In this study, the mechanisms of the miR396b- GRF1 module underlying rooting regulation in A. rubrum were studied. The subcellular localization and transcriptional activation of miR396b and its target gene growth regulating factor 1 (GRF1) were investigated. These experiments showed that GRF1 was localized in the nucleus and had transcriptional activation activity. Functional validation experiments in transgenic plants demonstrated that overexpression of Ar- miR396b inhibited adventitious root growth, whereas overexpression of ArGRF1 increased adventitious root growth. These results help clarify the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying adventitious root growth in A. rubrum and provide some new insights into the rooting rate in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Apoptosis regulates normal development, homeostasis, immune tolerance and response to environmental stress by eliminating unwanted or diseased cells, and plays a key role in non-specific immunity of invertebrates. The exogenous pathway mediated by death receptors and death ligands is a very important pathway for cell apoptosis. Death ligands are mainly members of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family, of which FasL is an important member. The deep involvement of FasL in vertebrates cell apoptosis and immunity has been reported many times, but there is limited research on the FasL gene in shellfish, and its functional importance in oyster cell apoptosis and immunity remains unclear. Methods: The full length of ChFasL was identified and cloned based on the genome of Crassostrea hongkongensis. Quantitative PCR was used to detect the relative expression of ChFasL in different developmental stages and tissues, as well as the changes of relative expression in hemocytes after bacterial infection. The expression position of ChFasL in HEK293T cells was also located by subcellular localization, and the effect of increased recombinant protein content on the activity of reporter genes p53 and p21 was studied by dualfluorescence reporter gene. Finally, the changes of apoptosis rate in hemocytes after ChFasL silencing was identified by RNA interference technology. Results: We identified a novel FasL gene from C. hongkongensis and named it ChFasL. We found that ChFasL has potential N-linked glycosylation site, a transmembrane domain and a TNF region, which was a typical characteristics of TNF family. ChFasL was expressed in all developmental stages of larvae and in all tissues of oysters. After stimulation by V. alginolyticus or S. haemolyticus, its relative expression in hemocytes increased significantly, suggesting that ChFasL was deeply engaged in the immune response process of C. hongkongensis to external microbial stimulation. The results of subcellular localization showed that ChFasL was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of HEK293T cells. With the overexpression of the recombinant protein pcDNA3 1- ChFasL, the activity of p53 and p21 significantly increased, showing a positive regulatory effect. Moreover, after dsRNA successfully reduced the relative expression of ChFasL, the apoptosis rate of hemocytes was significantly lower than that the dsGFP group. Conclusion: These results comprehensively confirmed the important role of ChFasL in the apoptosis process of C. hongkongensis, which provided the basis and premise for the in-depth understanding of the immune function of apoptosis in molluscs, and also contributed to the research on the pathogenic death mechanism and disease resistance breeding of marine bivalves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloning BrcPRR5 and studying its expression pattern and function in different tissues and different developmental stages may lay a foundation for understanding the effect of PRR5 on flowering transformation of pakchoi. The homologous gene BrcPRR5 of PRR5 was cloned by RT-PCR and analyzed by bioinformatics. The relative expressions of the gene in different tissue sites and different developmental stages were determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR. The overexpression vector was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis for functional verification. The results showed that the full-length CDS of BrcPRR5 was 1 701 bp, encoding 566 amino acids. Through multiple amino acid sequence alignment with homologous proteins of other species, the obtained sequence belonged to PRR5 homologous gene of pak choi. The expression of BrcPRR5 in the stem and flower was higher than that in the leaf and pod, and the highest expression was in S0 stem tip, indicating that the up-regulated expression of S0 promoted floral transformation during flowering transition of pakchoi. The flowering stage of overexpressed transgenic plants was earlier, and the plant height and stem diameter of transgenic plants were significantly better than those of wild type. BrcPRR5 may promote plant bolting and flowering earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the lycopene β-cyclase (LCYb) and lycopene ε-cyclase (LCYe) genes were cloned from maize, and the encoded products were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. After expression in Escherichia coli, the catalytic properties of LCYb and LCYe from maize were explored by color complementation and product analysis experiments. The results of sequence analysis showed that the full-length cDNA of maize LCYb and LCYe were 1 470 and 1 611 bp, respectively, which were more than 90% homologous to those of sorghum and millet. LCYe and LCYb proteins were successfully purified by fusion expression with glutathione thiotransferase tags. The results of color complementation test and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that maize LCYb had catalytic activity on β-ring, could cyclize both ends of lycopene to form β-carotene, and had very weak ε-ring catalytic activity, which could form α-carotene through the intermediate γ-carotene. Maize LCYe was also found to able to catalyze both ends of lycopene to form ε-carotene. This study can lay a foundation for exploring the molecular mechanism of the regulation of maize carotenoid.

In this study, we obtained and cloned VvSnRK2.7 by screening transcriptomic data to investigate the function of the grape sucrose non-fermenting kinase 2 (SnRK2) gene under stress conditions. A yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay was used to further screen for interaction proteins of VvSnRK2.7. Ultimately, VvSnRK2.7 was heterologously expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, and the relative conductivity, MDA content, antioxidant enzyme activity, and sugar content of the transgenic plants were determined under drought treatment. In addition, the expression levels of VvSnRK2.7 in Arabidopsis were analyzed. The results showed that the VvSnRK2.7-EGFP fusion protein was mainly located in the cell membrane and nucleus of tobacco leaves. In addition, the VvSnRK2.7 protein had an interactive relationship with the VvbZIP protein during the Y2H assay. The expression levels of VvSnRK2.7 and the antioxidant enzyme activities and sugar contents of the transgenic lines were higher than those of the wild type under drought treatment. Moreover, the relative conductivity and MDA content were lower than those of the wild type. The results indicate that VvSnRK2.7 may activate the enzyme activity of the antioxidant enzyme system, maintain normal cellular physiological metabolism, stabilize the berry sugar metabolism pathway under drought stress, and promote sugar accumulation to improve plant resistance.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wucai (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. rosularis Tsen) is a subspecies of Brassica campestris, is a kind of cold-tolerant vegetable widely cultivated in the Yangtze-Huai River Basin of China. To breed new varieties of resistance to stress, it is necessary to study the tolerance of Resistance to different stresses. Transcriptomic data showed that exogenous application of 2, 4-epbrassinolide (EBR) significantly increased the bHLH genes expression in wucai at low temperature, and bHLH57 was up regulated significantly. BHLH (Basic helix-loop-helix) TFs (transcription factor) is a superfamily of TFs with complex functions and related to various plant life activities. In this study, a total of 239 bHLH genes were identified, and their amino acid physicochemical properties, chromosome location, gene structure, phylogeny and cis-acting elements were analyzed by bioinformatics. Phylogenetic analysis showed that bHLH gene families in Brassica rapa and Arabidopsis were divided into six groups, and the distribution of bHLH genes in Brassica rapa was uneven. The BrbHLHs were irregularly mapped in the cultivated B. rapa genome. The maximum number (40) of BrbHLH genes were mapped on Chr09. In addition, there were tandem repeats in some genes. The collinearity analysis showed that 152 AtbHLH genes and 239 BrbHLH protein genes formed 296 collinearity pairs, and the Ka/Ks ratio ofall duplicated BrbHLH gene pairs had a Ka/Ks ratio of < < 1, indicating that the bHLH family genes may have undergone strong purification and selection during the evolution process. Cis-acting elements analysis showed that the promoter region of bHLH family genes in Brassica rapa had more responsive elements related to light, hormone and abiotic stress. The BcbHLH57 overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana lines were subjected to different stress treatments, and the seed germination rate, root growth, survival rate and various plant physiological indexes were determined. The results showed that the transgenic lines were more tolerant to salt, heat and drought stress. In this study, the response of BcbHLH57 gene to salt, heat and drought stress was reported for the first time, which provided a basis for further research on the function of BcbHLH57 in abiotic stress. Key message: BcbHLH57 overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana lines showed strong tolerance to salt, heat and drought stress, which provided a basis for further research on the function of BcbHLH57 in abiotic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the purpose of functional validation, the mung bean (Vigna radiata) VrPR gene was cloned and overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. The findings revealed that the ORF of VrPR contained 1200 bp, in which 399 amino acids were encoded. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the VrPR protein belonged to the NADB Rossmann superfamily, which was one of the non-transmembrane hydrophilic proteins. VrPR was assumed to have 44 amino acid phosphorylation sites and be contained in chloroplasts. The VrPR secondary structure comprised of random coil, α helix, β angle, and extended chain, all of which were quite compatible with the anticipated tertiary structure. Moreover, analysis of the phylogenetic tree indicated that the soybean PR (Glyma.12G222200) and VrPR were closely related. Furthermore, chlorophyll content in leaves is markedly increased in Arabidopsis when VrPR is overexpressed. Our findings will serve as a reference for more functional studies on the PR genes in mung bean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Computer Measurement & Control is the property of Magazine Agency of Computer Measurement & Control and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Agile hardware development methodology has been widely adopted over the past decade. Despite the research progress, the industry still doubts its applicability, especially for the functional verification of complicated processor chips. Functional verification commonly employs a simulation-based method of co-simulating the design under test with a reference model and checking the consistency of their outcomes given the same input stimuli. We observe limited collaboration and information exchange through the design and verification processes, dramatically leading to inefficiencies when applying the conventional functional verification workflow to agile development. In this paper, we propose workflow integration with collaborative task delegation and dynamic information exchange as the design principles to effectively address the challenges on functional verification under the agile development model. Based on workflow integration, we enhance the functional verification workflows with a series of novel methodologies and toolchains. The diff-rule based agile verification methodology (DRAV) reduces the overhead of building reference models with runtime execution information from designs under test. We present the RISC-V implementation for DRAV, DiffTest, which adopts information probes to extract internal design behaviors for co-simulation and debugging. It further integrates two plugins, namely XFUZZ for effective test generation guided by design coverage metrics and LightSSS for efficient fault analysis triggered by co-simulation mismatches. We present the integrated workflows for agile hardware development and demonstrate their effectiveness in designing and verifying RISC-V processors with 33 functional bugs found in NutShell. We also illustrate the efficiency of the proposed toolchains with a case study on a functional bug in the L2 cache of XiangShan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a mainstream bus protocol, the application scenarios of PCIE(Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) bus are more and more abundant, and the peripheral devices connected on the bus are also increasing. On both desktop and embedded general-purpose processors, the number of PCIE controllers is limited, and the functions of many PCIE bridge chips are also very limited. A polymorphic PCIE expansion bridge chip is designed to extend the processor's processing capability. The chip's multi-channel, high-throughput, polymorphic attributes effectively make up for the shortcomings of the traditional PCIE processor. The scheme determines the feasibility and the stability of the chip through the post-silicon verification method, and also provides a designed idea suitable for the follow-up PCIE extended chip.

Tomato is an important vegetable crop in China, and its yield ranks the top among vegetables in the world. It has important nutritional value, with rich and varied tastes. Plant male sterility is caused by the abnormal development of stamens, which cannot produce pollen with normal function, while pistils develop normally and can be fertilized by foreign normal pollen. Tomato is a typical self-pollinated plant with obvious heterosis and strong disease resistance and stress resistance. At present, the production of tomato F1 hybrid seeds in China basically depends on artificial emasculation and pollination, therefore, a lot of manpower and material resources are needed in the process of seed production. In the use of tomato male sterile seed production, the seed production process can be simplified, costs be greatly reduced and and seed purity be improved, in this case, tomato yield and quality will be increased significantly. Therefore, the research and utilization of tomato male sterility is of great practical significance to tomato genetic breeding, and has always been an important research topic for the domestic and foreign scholars. This paper mainly outlines the current situation of male sterility of tomato in recent years, summarizes the types of tomato male sterility, the application of genetic engineering technology of tomato male sterility, the fine positioning and functional study of tomato male sterility gene, and the analysis of cell biological mechanism of tomato male sterility. The effect of temperature on tomato male sterility is expounded from the perspective of genetics, and the physiological and biochemical mechanism and the gene function and regulation mechanism in response temperature changes are discussed. Then, the heterosis of tomato male sterility and its utilization value in production and application are analyzed. On this basis, the problems existing in the current research work are put forward, and the innovation and basic research of tomato male sterility technology in the future are prospected.

Abstract Background As an important regulator of autoimmune responses and inflammation, S100A9 may serve as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases. However, the role of S100A9 in Clostridium perfringens type C infectious diarrhea is poorly studied. The aim of our study was to screen downstream target genes regulated by S100A9 in Clostridium perfringens beta2 (CPB2) toxin-induced IPEC-J2 cell injury. We constructed IPEC-J2 cells with S100A9 knockdown and a CPB2-induced cell injury model, screened downstream genes regulated by S100A9 using RNA-Seq technique, and performed functional enrichment analysis. The function of S100A9 was verified using molecular biology techniques. Results We identified 316 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), of which 221 were upregulated and 95 were downregulated. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in cilium movement, negative regulation of cell differentiation, immune response, protein digestion and absorption, and complement and coagulation cascades. The key genes of immune response were TNF, CCL1, CCR7, CSF2, and CXCL9. When CPB2 toxin-induced IPEC-J2 cells overexpressed S100A9, Bax expression increased, Bcl-2 expression and mitochondrial membrane potential decreased, and SOD activity was inhibited. Conclusion In conclusion, S100A9 was involved in CPB2-induced inflammatory response in IPEC-J2 cells by regulating the expression of downstream target genes, namely, TNF, CCL1, CCR7, CSF2, and CXCL9; promoting apoptosis; and aggravating oxidative cell damage. This study laid the foundation for further study on the regulatory mechanism underlying piglet diarrhea.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal that threatens human health when enriched in crops. NRAMPs are a family of natural macrophage proteins reported to play a key role in Cd transport in plants. In order to explore the gene regulation mechanism of potato under Cd stress and the role of NRAMPs family in it, this study analyzed the gene expression differences of two different Cd accumulation levels in potato after 7 days of 50 mg/kg Cd stress and screened out the key genes that may play a major role in the differential accumulation of Cd in different varieties. Additionally, StNRAMP2 was selected for verification. Further verification showed that the StNRAMP2 gene plays an important role in the accumulation of Cd in potato. Interestingly, silencing StNRAMP2 increased Cd accumulation in tubers but significantly decreased Cd accumulation in other sites, suggesting a critical role of StNRAMP2 in Cd uptake and transport in potatoes. To further confirm this conclusion, we performed heterologous expression experiments in which overexpression of StNRAMP2 gene in tomato resulted in a threefold increase in Cd content, which further confirmed the important role of StNRAMP2 in the process of Cd accumulation compared with wild-type plants. In addition, we found that the addition of Cd to the soil increased the activity of the plant antioxidant enzyme system, and silencing StNRAMP2 partially reversed this effect. This suggests that the StNRAMP2 gene plays an important role in plant stress tolerance, and future studies could further explore the role of this gene in other environmental stresses. In conclusion, the results of this study improve the understanding of the mechanism of Cd accumulation in potato and provide experimental basis for remediation of Cd pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]