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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease that results from mutations in the CFTR gene. It primarily affects the lungs and digestive system. Recent advancements in the treatment of CF have been driven by highly effective therapies that modulate the function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, which target the underlying molecular defects in CFTR function. These modulators have been demonstrated to significantly improve lung function, weight gain, and quality of life for 90% of individuals with CF, particularly those with the F508del mutation. HEMT has also demonstrated potential benefits for pancreatic and liver function, and its early use in young children may delay or prevent disease progression. However, challenges remain in optimizing biomarkers and outcome measures for younger children, addressing side effects, and developing novel therapies for mutations not responsive to current treatments. This review focuses on the efficacy, safety, and future perspectives of HEMT in children under 12 years of age, emphasizing the importance of early intervention to improve long-term outcomes in CF patients.Mukoviszidose (CF) ist die häufigste genetisch bedingte Stoffwechselerkrankung durch Mutationen im CFTR-Gen. Sie betrifft insbesondere die Lunge und das Verdauungssystem. Die jüngsten Fortschritte in der Behandlung der CF sind das Resultat von hochwirksamen Therapien (HEMT), welche die Funktion des CFTR-Proteins (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) modulieren und damit eine kausale Therapie ermöglichen. Diese führt nachweislich zu einer Verbesserung der Lungenfunktion und Gewichtszunahme, sowie einer Steigerung der Lebensqualität bei 90% der Menschen mit Mukoviszidose, insbesondere bei denen, die mindestens eine F508del-Mutation aufweisen. Zusätzlich besteht ein potenzieller Nutzen für die Funktion der Bauchspeicheldrüse und der Leber. Eine frühzeitige Anwendung von HEMT bei Kleinkindern kann das Fortschreiten der Krankheit voraussichtlich weiter verzögern oder gar verhindern. Herausforderungen bestehen in der Etablierung valider Biomarker - insbesondere für jüngere Kinder, unerwünschten Arzneimittelwirkungen und der Entwicklung neuartiger Therapien für Mutationen, die auf die HEMT nicht ansprechen. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit beschreibt die Effektivität und Sicherheit bei Kindern unter 12 Jahren, sowie das zukünftige therapeutische Potential der HEMT. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf die Notwendigkeit eines frühzeitigen Therapiebeginns zur Verbesserung des langfristigen Verlaufs gelegt., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children is rarely severe. However, severe courses occur, especially in the presence of risk factors. A minority of children develop pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS) with substantial morbidity. While the importance of cardiac involvement after PIMS is well established, its role after severe acute COVID-19 remains unclear. We aim to compare cardiac sequelae of children after severe acute COVID-19 using cardiac MRI and compare them with patients after PIMS., Methods: For this prospective cohort study, we recruited patients with acute COVID or PIMS in a single center. Clinical follow-up, lab work, ECG, and echocardiography were done within 2 days after disease onset and 3-6 months after discharge. At the last visit 3-6 months later, cardiac MRI (CMR) with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) was performed to evaluate cardiac sequelae and compare both groups., Results: Data were obtained from n = 14 patients with PIMS and n = 7 patients with severe acute COVID-19. At the start of the respective disease, left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction was reduced in seven patients with PIMS but none in the acute COVID-19 group. Transient mitral valve insufficiency was present in 38% of patients, of whom PIMS accounted for 7/8 cases. Eight patients (38%) with PIMS presented coronary artery abnormalities, with normalization in 7/8 patients. A significant decrease in LV mass index 3-6 months after disease onset was observed in both groups. MRI follow-up revealed non-ischemic myocardial pattern of LGE in 12/21 patients- in all (6/6) after severe acute COVID-19 and in less than half (6/14) after PIMS. Normal body weight-adjusted stroke volumes and end-diastolic volumes were found in 20/21 patients., Conclusions: We show that children suffering from severe acute COVID-19 have a similar, or worse, cardiac risk profile as patients with PIMS. Both patient groups should therefore receive close pediatric cardiac follow-up examinations. Cardiac MRI is the technique of choice, as most patients presented with delayed LGE as a sign of persistent cardiac injury despite normalization of laboratory and echocardiographic findings., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Chochkova-Bukova, Funken, Bukova, Genova, Ali, Stoencheva, Paskaleva, Halil, Neicheva, Shishmanova, Kelly and Ivanov.)

Introduction: The chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) is critically involved in the pathophysiology of different inflammatory diseases and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). This study aimed to analyze the role of CX3CL1 in the activation of platelets and leukocytes during hepatic I/R., Methods: Under inhalation anesthesia, C57BL6 mice were subjected to warm hepatic I/R (90 min/240 min). The animals were pretreated either with a function-blocking anti-mouse CX3CL1 antibody or IgG control administered systemically before ischemia. Sham-operated animals served as controls (n = 7 each group). The inflammatory response and sinusoidal perfusion failure were evaluated by intravital microscopy. Hepatic transaminases plasma levels and histopathological tissue damage were determined as markers of hepatocellular injury., Results: Sinusoidal perfusion failure, leukocyte recruitment to the liver, and transaminase activities were sharply increased upon I/R compared to sham-operated mice. Firm adhesion of platelets and concordantly leukocytes to endothelial cells is reduced significantly by a function-blocking anti-CX3CL1 antibody. We demonstrate that inhibition of CX3CL1 signaling attenuates leukocyte adhesion in the postischemic liver but does not significantly ameliorate overall perfusion failure and hepatocellular injury., Discussion/conclusion: Our in vivo data demonstrate a mild attenuating effect of CX3CL1 blockade on platelet and leukocyte, but not CD4+ T cell accumulation and activation in hepatic I/R injury. We report a significant effect of blocking chemokine CX3CL1 on sinusoidal perfusion failure without considerably improving overall hepatocellular injury during early reperfusion., (© 2022 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Competing Interests: Martin Wetzke recieved research funding not related to the submitted work from Sanofi. He furthermore reports consulting and lecturing compensations not related to the submitted work from Glaxo Smith Kline and Novartis. Monika Gappa reports consulting and lecturing compensations not related to the submitted work from Aimmune, ALK, GSK, HAL, Nestle, Novartis, and Sanofi. Christine Happle recieved research funding not related to the submitted work from Novartis and Pari. The other authors report no conflict of interest.

This study aims to evaluate the long-term efficacy and reintervention rate after primary percutaneous portal vein stent angioplasty for portal vein stenosis (PVS) in pediatric liver transplantation (LT) recipients. From 2004 to 2020, a total of 470 pediatric LTs were performed in our center. All cases were screened for interventional PVS treatment and analyzed retrospectively. We identified 44 patients with 46 percutaneous angioplasties for posttransplantation PVS. The median interval from LT to percutaneous catheter intervention was 5 months (16 days-104 months) with a median follow-up (f/u) period after catheter intervention of 5.7 years (2-156 months). In 40 patients, an endovascular stent was placed as primary (n = 38) or secondary (n = 2) intervention. The median age at stent placement was 23 (6-179) months with a median weight of 10 kg (6-46 kg). Technical success and relief of PVS were achieved in all patients irrespective of age or weight. Adverse events occurred peri-interventionally in two patients and were resolved with standard care. All primary portal vein (PV) stents remained patent until the end of f/u. Reinterventions have been successfully performed in 10 patients for suspected or proven restenosis, resulting in a primary patency rate of 75% and an assisted patency rate of 25%. The median time to reintervention was 6.2 years (range 1-10 years). The need for reintervention was independent of age or weight at both transplantation and initial angioplasty as well as of additional risk factors due to portal hypertension. Percutaneous transhepatic PV stent angioplasty in children is safe and effective in all age groups, with excellent long-term patency. Primary stent angioplasty should be considered as first-line treatment for PVS after pediatric LT., (© 2022 The Authors. Liver Transplantation published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.)

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Globally, RSV is responsible for approximately 3.2 million hospital admissions and about 60,000 in-hospital deaths per year., Methods: Infection with RespIratory Syncytial Virus (IRIS) is an observational, multi-centre study enrolling infants with severe RSV infection and healthy controls. Inclusion criteria are age between 0 and 36 months and hospitalisation due to RSV infection at three German sites. Exclusion criteria are premature birth, congenital or acquired bronchopulmonary or cardiac diseases, and immunodeficiency. Healthy control probands are enrolled via recruitment of patients undergoing routine surgical procedures. Blood and respiratory specimens are collected upon admission, and RSV and other pathogens are analysed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Different biomaterials, including plasma, nasal lining fluid, blood cells, DNA, and RNA specimens, are sampled in a dedicated biobank. Detailed information on demographic characteristics and medical history is recorded, and comprehensive clinical data, including vital signs, medication, and interventions., Discussion: The IRIS study aims to discover host and viral factors controlling RSV disease courses in infants. The approach including multi-omics characterisation in clinically well-characterized children with RSV bronchiolitis seeks to improve our understanding of the immune response against this virus. It may disclose novel diagnostic and treatment approaches for respiratory infections in infants., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04925310. Registered 01 October 2021-Retrospectively registered. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04925310?cond=NCT04925310&draw=2&rank=1., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in combination with radiotherapy (RT) are widely used for patients with brain metastasis (BM), markers that predict treatment response for combined RT and ICI (RT-ICI) and their optimal dosing and sequence for the best immunogenic effects are still under investigation. The aim of this study was to evaluate prognostic factors for therapeutic outcome and to compare effects of concurrent and non-concurrent RT-ICI. We retrospectively analyzed data of 93 patients with 319 BMs of different cancer types who received PD-1 inhibitors and RT at the University Hospital Cologne between September/2014 and November/2020. Primary study endpoints were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and local control (LC). We included 66.7% melanoma, 22.8% lung, and 5.5% other cancer types with a mean follow-up time of 23.8 months. Median OS time was 12.19 months. LC at 6 months was 95.3% (concurrent) vs. 69.2% (non-concurrent; p = 0.008). Univariate Cox regression analysis detected following prognostic factors for OS: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio NLR favoring <3 (low; HR 2.037 (1.184−3.506), p = 0.010), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) favoring ≤ULN (HR 1.853 (1.059−3.241), p = 0.031), absence of neurological symptoms (HR 2.114 (1.285−3.478), p = 0.003), RT concept favoring SRS (HR 1.985 (1.112−3.543), p = 0.019), RT dose favoring ≥60 Gy (HR 0.519 (0.309−0.871), p = 0.013), and prior anti-CTLA4 treatment (HR 0.498 (0.271−0.914), p = 0.024). Independent prognostic factors for OS were concurrent RT-ICI application (HR 0.539 (0.299−0.971), p = 0.024) with a median OS of 17.61 vs. 6.83 months (non-concurrent), ECOG performance status favoring 0 (HR 7.756 (1.253−6.061), p = 0.012), cancer type favoring melanoma (HR 0.516 (0.288−0.926), p = 0.026), BM volume (PTV) favoring ≤3 cm3 (HR 1.947 (1.007−3.763), p = 0.048). Subgroups with the following factors showed significantly longer OS when being treated concurrently: RT dose <60 Gy (p = 0.014), PTV > 3 cm3 (p = 0.007), other cancer types than melanoma (p = 0.006), anti-CTLA4-naïve patients (p < 0.001), low NLR (p = 0.039), steroid intake ≤4 mg (p = 0.042). Specific immune responses, such as abscopal effects (AbEs), pseudoprogression (PsP), or immune-related adverse events (IrAEs), occurred more frequently with concurrent RT-ICI and resulted in better OS. Other toxicities, including radionecrosis, were not statistically different in both groups. The concurrent application of RT and ICI, the ECOG-PS, cancer type, and PTV had an independently prognostic impact on OS. In concurrently treated patients, treatment response (LC) was delayed and specific immune responses (AbE, PsP, IrAE) occurred more frequently with longer OS rates. Our results suggest that concurrent RT-ICI application is more beneficial than sequential treatment in patients with low pretreatment inflammatory status, more and larger BMs, and with other cancer types than melanoma.

Background: IgA vasculitis/Henoch-Schoenlein purpura (IgAV/HSP) is a systemic small vessel vasculitis of unknown pathogenesis predominantly affecting children. While skin, GI tract, joints, and kidneys are frequently affected and considered, central nervous system (CNS) involvement of this disease is underestimated. Methods: We provide a case report and systematically review the literature on IgAV, collecting data on the spectrum of neurological manifestations. Results: We report on a 7-year-old girl with IgAV who presented with diplopia and afebrile focal seizures, which preceded the onset of purpura. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging was consistent with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), showing typical focal bilateral parietal swelling and cortical and subcortical high signal intensities on T2-fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images predominantly without diffusion restriction. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and blood tests excluded systemic inflammation or vasculitis. Interestingly, hypertension was not a hallmark of the developing disease in the initial phase of PRES manifestation. Renal disease and other secondary causes for PRES were also excluded. Supportive- and steroid treatment resulted in restitution ad integrum . Reviewing the literature, we identified 28 other cases of IgAV with CNS involvement. Severe CNS involvement includes seizures, cerebral edema, or hemorrhage, as well as PRES. Thirteen patients fulfilled all diagnostic criteria of PRES. The mean age was 11.2 years (median 8.0, range 5-42 years), with no reported bias toward gender or ethnic background. Treatment regimens varied from watchful waiting to oral and intravenously steroids up to plasmapheresis. Three cases showed permanent CNS impairment. Conclusion: Collectively, our data demonstrate that (I) severe CNS involvement such as PRES is an underappreciated feature of IgAV, (II) CNS symptoms may precede other features of IgAV, (III) PRES can occur in IgAV, and differentiation from CNS vasculitis is challenging, (IV) pathogenesis of PRES in the context of IgAV remains elusive, which hampers treatment decisions. We, therefore, conclude that clinical awareness and the collection of structured data are necessary to elucidate the pathophysiological connection of IgAV and PRES., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Funken, Götz, Bültmann, Hennies, Gburek-Augustat, Hempel, Dressler, Baumann and Klemann.)

T-cells have been demonstrated to modulate ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in the kidney, lung, liver, and intestine. Whereas most T-cell subpopulations contribute primarily to the antigen-specific effector and memory phases of immunity, γδ-T-cells combine adaptive features with rapid, innate-like responses that can place them in the initiation phase of immune reactions. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the role of γδ-T-cells in intestinal IRI. Adult wild-type (WT) and γδ-T-cell-deficient mice were subjected to acute intestinal IRI. Gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and influx of leukocyte subpopulations in the gut were assessed by qPCR and flow cytometry. Serum transaminases were measured as an indicator of distant organ IRI. Intestinal IRI led to increased influx of neutrophils, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and LDH/ALT/AST elevation. Selective deficiency of γδ-T-cells significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and neutrophil infiltration in the gut following IRI compared to controls. Furthermore, γδ-T-cell deficiency resulted in decreased LDH and transaminases levels in sera, indicating amelioration of distant organ injury. Increasing evidence demonstrates a key role of T-cell subpopulations in IRI. We demonstrate that γδ-T-cell deficiency ameliorated pro-inflammatory cytokine production, neutrophil recruitment and distant organ injury. Thus, γδ-T-cells may be considered as mediators contributing to the inflammatory response in the acute phase of intestinal IRI., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Objective: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury significantly contributes to organ dysfunction and failure after myocardial infarction, stroke, and transplantation. In addition to its established role in the fibrinolytic system, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of I/R injury. The underlying mechanisms remain largely obscure., Approach and Results: Using different in vivo microscopy techniques as well as ex vivo analyses and in vitro assays, we identified that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 rapidly accumulates on microvascular endothelial cells on I/R enabling this protease inhibitor to exhibit previously unrecognized functional properties by inducing an increase in the affinity of β2 integrins in intravascularly rolling neutrophils. These events are mediated through low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathways that initiate intravascular adherence of these immune cells to the microvascular endothelium. Subsequent to this process, extravasating neutrophils disrupt endothelial junctions and promote the postischemic microvascular leakage. Conversely, deficiency of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 effectively reversed leukocyte infiltration, microvascular dysfunction, and tissue injury on experimental I/R without exhibiting side effects on microvascular hemostasis., Conclusions: Our experimental data provide novel insights into the nonfibrinolytic properties of the fibrinolytic system and emphasize plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 as a promising target for the prevention and treatment of I/R injury., (© 2018 American Heart Association, Inc.)

CD4 + T cells recruited to the liver play a key role in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The mechanism of their activation during alloantigen-independent I/R is not completely understood. We hypothesized that liver-resident dendritic cells (DCs) interact with CD4 + T cells in the postischemic liver and that modulation of DCs or T-cell-DC interactions attenuates liver inflammation. In mice, warm hepatic I/R (90/120-240 min) was induced. Tolerogenic DCs were generated in situ by pretreatment of animals with the vitamin D analog paricalcitol. A mAb-CD44 was used for blockade of CD4 + T-cell-DC interactions. As shown by 2-photon in vivo microscopy as well as confocal microscopy, CD4 + T cells were closely colocalized with DCs in the postischemic liver. Pretreatment with paricalcitol attenuated I/R-induced maturation of DCs (flow cytometry), CD4 + T-cell recruitment into the liver (intravital microscopy), and hepatocellular/microvascular damage (intravital microscopy, alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase, histology). However, interruption of T-cell-DC interaction increased proinflammatory DC maturation and even enhanced tissue damage. Simultaneous treatment with an anti-CD44mAb completely abolished the beneficial effect of paricalcitol on T-cell migration and tissue injury. Our study demonstrates for the first time that hepatic DCs interact with CD4 + T cells in the postischemic liver in vivo ; modulation of DCs and/or generation of tolerogenic DCs attenuates intrahepatic CD4 + T-cell recruitment and reduces I/R injury; and interruption of CD44-dependent CD4 + T-cell-DC interactions enhances tissue injury by preventing the modulatory effect of hepatic DCs on T cells, especially type 1 T helper effector cells. Thus, hepatic DCs are strongly involved in the promotion of CD4 + T-cell-dependent postischemic liver inflammation.-Funken, D., Ishikawa-Ankerhold, H., Uhl, B., Lerchenberger, M., Rentsch, M., Mayr, D., Massberg, S., Werner, J., Khandoga, A. In situ targeting of dendritic cells sets tolerogenic environment and ameliorates CD4 + T-cell response in the postischemic liver., (© FASEB.)

Programmed necrosis (necroptosis), a newly discovered form of cell death, is mediated by receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) and plays a pivotal role after myocardial, renal, and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). The relevance of necroptosis in the postischemic liver remains, however, unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of programed necrosis during hepatic I/R. C57BL6 mice were subjected to warm hepatic I/R (90 min/240 min). The animals were pretreated with either the RIP1 inhibitor necrostatin-1 (Nec-1, 3.5 μg kg) or vehicle (Nec-1inactive, 3.5 μg kg) administered systemically before ischemia. Sham-operated animals served as controls (n = 6 each group). The inflammatory response was evaluated by intravital microscopy. The hepatic transaminases alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase in plasma as well as the activity of caspase-3 in tissue were determined as markers of hepatocellular injury. Leukocyte recruitment to the liver, sinusoidal perfusion failure, as well as the transaminase activities were strongly increased on I/R as compared with the sham-operated mice. Inhibition of the RIP1-dependent pathway with Nec-1, however, did not attenuate I/R-induced leukocyte migration, perfusion failure, and hepatocellular injury. Western blot analysis showed a baseline RIP1 expression in livers from sham-operated mice, whereas RIP1 expression was not detectable in both Nec-1-treated and vehicle-treated I/R group. Caspase-3 activity was significantly elevated after I/R in both postischemic groups. Our in vivo data show that RIP1-mediated necroptosis is not present in the postischemic liver and that I/R-induced caspase activation is associated with loss of RIP1 expression. Because caspases are able to cleave RIP1, we hypothesize that I/R-triggered caspase activation negatively regulates necroptosis and, thereby, determines apoptosis as a preferred route of cell death after hepatic I/R.

The three Hodgkin disease-derived cell lines L 428, L 540, and L 591 were characterized in their carbohydrate epitope composition by a panel of lectins. Nine other human cell lines were tested in comparison to the Hodgkin (H) and Sternberg Reed (SR) cells: promyelocytic (HL 60), lymphoblastoid, myeloma, histiocytic lymphoma (U 937), and other non-Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines. Twenty-four different fluoresceinated lectins bound to the Hodgkin and other cell lines in different percentages of positive cells and with varying intensities. Lotus lectin and a monoclonal anti-Lewis blood group X antibody showed very similar binding patterns (L 428, L 540, HL 60, U 937). Soybean agglutinin stained only L 428 and L 540, although nearly all were positive after neuraminidase treatment. Cell lysis of the three H cell lines resulted in a very similar electrophoretic mobility pattern of proteins. In addition, staining of transblotted glycoproteins with biotinylated concanavalin A by avidin peroxidase reaction revealed corresponding bands. Differences were seen with Lotus staining. In summary, the origin of H cells is still unknown, but there is obviously some relationship in the glycoconjugate profile to the myelohistiocytic lineage.