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Pulsed dye laser (PDL) is the main treatment for port wine stain (PWS), but a considerable number of patients show low clearances. The reason for the poor efficacy is related to PDL-induced angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in PDL-induced angiogenesis and can activate the tyrosine kinase activity of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) in endothelial cells. It triggers a full range of responses, and then participates in the regulation of angiogenesis. Tivozanib is an inhibitor of VEGFR tyrosine kinase activity, which can block the pro-angiogenic effect of VEGF and reduce vascular permeability.Different energy densities of PDL were used to irradiate the abdominal skin of rats. According to the general and pathological changes of the irradiated area, the energy density of 8 J/cmThe number of blood vessels in the 0.5% Tivozanib group and 1% Tivozanib group was significantly reduced on the 7, 10, and 14 days compared with the control group. The number of blood vessels in the 1% Tivozanib group was significantly reduced compared with the 0.5% Tivozanib group, indicating that Tivozanib successfully inhibited PDL-induced angiogenesis, and the inhibitory effect of 1% Tivozanib was more significant than that of 0.5% Tivozanib. Transcriptome sequencing results showed a total of 588 significantly differentially expressed genes, including 90 upregulated genes and 498 downregulated genes. Gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that the significantly differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the metabolic pathways which were closely related to angiogenesis. Finally, real-time PCR was used to verify the genes with higher expression differences, the top ranking and closely related to angiogenesis, namely, Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Cxcl3, Cxcl6, Ccl3, Csf3, IL1β, iNOS, Mmp9, Mmp13, Plau, Ets1, Spp1, Nr4a1. The results were consistent with the trend of transcriptome sequencing results, which proved the reliability of this study.This study explored the inhibitory effect of Tivozanib on PDL-induced angiogenesis, and provided a new idea for the treatment of clinical PWS. Transcriptome sequencing explored the mechanism and provided reliable clues for later in-depth research.

A case of cutaneous Mycobacterium chelonae infection in a patient with Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) was misdiagnosed as sporotrichosis. A 56-year-old female patient was admitted to another hospital. Based on results of the histopathological examination and secretion culture obtained at the other hospital, the patient was diagnosed with sporotrichosis and received antifungal therapy. After treatment failure, the patient was admitted to our hospital, and a histopathological examination and secretion culture were performed again. The secretion culture revealed the presence of Mycobacterium chelonae. The antinuclear antibody test suggested SS, and the patient was treated with antibiotics and corticosteroids.

Background Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common childhood benign tumors, showing distinctive progression characteristics and outcomes. Due to the high demand for aesthetics among parents of IH babies, early intervention is critical in some cases. β-Adrenergic blockers and corticosteroids are first-line medications for IHs, while itraconazole, an antifungal medicine, has shown positive results in recent years. Case summary In the present study, itraconazole was applied to treat two IH cases. The therapeutic course lasted 80-90 d, during which the visible lesion faded by more than 90%. Moreover, no obvious side effects were reported, and the compliance of the baby and parents was desirable. Conclusion Although these outcomes further support itraconazole as an effective therapeutic choice for IHs, large-scale clinical and basic studies are still warranted to improve further treatment.

The global, regional, and national burden of psoriasis was investigated based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study.To report the incidence of psoriasis in 204 countries and territories from 21 regions according to age, sex, region, country, and socialdemographic index (SDI) between 1990 and 2019.Estimates from the GBD 2019 study were used to analyse the incidence of psoriasis at the global, regional, and national levels. The estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) in the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) were calculated to quantify trends between 1990 and 2019.From 1990 to 2019, the global incidence of psoriasis increased by 26.53%, but the ASIR of psoriasis decreased, with an EAPC of -0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.78 to -0.76). In 2019, the highest ASIRs of psoriasis (112.58 per 100,000 population; 95% uncertainty interval, 108.89 to 116.07) were observed in high-SDI regions. The male-to-female ratio for psoriasis incidence peaked globally in the 50-54-year-old age group and peaked in the 75-79-year-old age group in high-SDI regions. Regionally, Central Sub-Saharan Africa (EAPC, -0.57; 95% CI: -0.67 to -0.48) and Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa (EAPC, -0.36; 95% CI, -0.38 to -0.34) had the largest decrease in ASIR of psoriasis from 1990 to 2019. Nationally, increases in the ASIR of psoriasis was observed only in Japan (EAPC, 0.04; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.05).Globally, the incidence of psoriasis showed an increasing trend, but the ASIR of psoriasis decreased significantly from 1990 to 2019. Only Japan showed an unfavourable increasing trend.

Background In China, the prevalence of superficial fungal infections of the foot is high and recurrence is common. However, a prospective, large-scale and multicentre study on the aetiology of superficial fungal infections of the foot is still lacking. Objectives To study the epidemiology of aetiological agents of superficial fungal infections of the foot in urban outpatients in mainland China, as well as to understand the aetiology features of the pathogenic agent. Methods The study was designed as a multicentre, prospective epidemiological survey. A total of 1704 subjects were enrolled from seven geographical areas in mainland China. For each subject, one mycological sample and one bacterial sample were collected. KOH wet mount examination and culture were performed at local laboratories. The bacterial results were only reported in those with positive mycology. Further morphological identification and, if necessary, molecular biological identification were conducted in a central laboratory. Results Of 1704 enrolled subjects, 1327 (77.9%) subjects had positive fungal culture results. The incidence of dermatophytes, yeasts and moulds was 90.1%, 8.1% and 1.1%, respectively. The most frequently isolated aetiological agent (fungus) was Trichophyton rubrum. Moccasin form was the most commonly reported clinical diagnosis of superficial fungal infections. The most frequently isolated bacterial genus in patients was Staphylococcus. Conclusion This study prospectively investigated the clinical and mycological features of human dermatophytosis in mainland China. T rubrum was the most frequently isolated fungus, and moccasin form was the most commonly reported clinical diagnosis of superficial fungal infections.

Sporotrichosis is an infection caused by the microscopic fungus, Sporothrix schenckii. The disease follows the traumatic inoculation of fungus through injuries involving soil, inhalation of conidia, or zoonotic transmission especially from cat scratches. The objective of the retrospective cohort study was to investigate Th1, Th17, and Treg cell counts and host immunity in patients with lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis. From January 2017 to December 2018, 88 patients, diagnosed with sporotrichosis, were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into acute (≤3 months; n = 46) and non-acute (> 3 months; n = 42) groups based on duration of the disease. We also selected 46 healthy adult participants (control group) for comparison. Th1, Th17, and Treg subsets were tested using flow cytometry (p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant). The Th1 and Th17 cell counts of the acute group were higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). The Th1 and Th17 cell counts of the non-acute group were lower than those of the control controls (p < 0.05). The longer the duration of disease, the lower the Th1 and Th17 cell counts, however, Treg cell counts were lower in the acute group and higher in the non-acute group, relative to the control group (p < 0.05). An imbalance of Th1, Th17, and Treg cells was found in patients with lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis. The severity and duration of the disease may be affected by the imbalance of Th1, Th17, and Treg cells.

We reported a case of tinea capitis in combination with tinea of the eyebrow due to Microsporum canis. Bright green fluorescence was observed on areas of both his scalp and his left eyebrow under Wood’s lamp. Dermoscopy revealed comma hairs, barcode-like hairs, white sheaths, a coiled hair on his left eyebrow and a barcode-like hair, white sheaths on his scalp. Microsporum canis were isolated from the fungal culture of both his scalp and his left eyebrow. The boy was cured after treatment with oral itraconazole and topical terbinafine for 4 weeks.

Noninvasive pulsed dye laser is the current gold standard for the treatment of port wine stains. However, most port wine stains are not completely cleared after pulsed dye laser therapy, owing to insufficient photocoagulation and laser-induced vascular regeneration and reperfusion. Several studies have explored approaches designed to improve treatment efficacy. This integrative literature review summarizes the results of clinical and animal studies published between 2004 and 2021. Pulsed dye laser has been administered in combination with photoelectric devices (the neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet lasers, dual-wavelength 1064-/595-nm laser irradiation, fiberoptic Nd-YAG laser, photodynamic therapy, and radio frequency), and drugs (rapamycin, imiquimod, timolol, axitinib, endothelin receptor antagonist, artificial red blood cells and oxymetazoline). The initial results suggest that combination therapy is a direction worth exploring in the future. Further large prospective, blinded and controlled multicenter clinical trials with longer follow-up period are required to obtain more robust evidence.

Although chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a common disease, GWASs of CSU are lacking. We aimed to identify susceptibility SNPs by performing a GWAS in Chinese Han adults with CSU. The discovery cohort included 430 CSU cases and 482 healthy controls. The GWAS findings were validated in 800 CSU cases and 900 healthy controls. Genetic, functional enrichment, and bioinformatic analyses of genome-wide significant SNPs were performed to assess the association between CSU and autoimmunity or atopy. Five genome-wide significant SNPs were identified: rs434124/LILRA3, rs61986182/IGHG1/2, rs73075571/TDGF1, rs9378141/HLA-G, and rs3789612/PTPN22. The first four SNPs were in linkage disequilibrium with autoimmune-related diseases‒associated SNPs and were cis-expression quantitative trait loci in immune cells. The five SNPs-annotated genes were significantly enriched in immune processes. Higher polygenic risk scores and allele frequencies of rs3789612∗T, rs9378141∗C, and rs73075571∗G were significantly associated with autoimmune-related CSU phenotypes, including positive antithyroglobulin IgG, positive anti-FcεRIα IgG, total IgE40 IU/ml, and positive antithyroid peroxidase IgG but not with atopic or allergic sensitized CSU phenotypes. This GWAS of CSU identifies five risk loci and reveals that CSU shares genetic overlap with autoimmune diseases and that genetic factors predisposing to CSU mainly manifest through associations with autoimmune traits.

Sha Lv,1,&ast; Xin Hu,1,2,&ast; Zhe Liu,1 Yitong Lin,1 Hanfei Wu,3 Fuqiu Li1 1Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8510, Japan; 3Department of General Surgery, The First Clinical Hospital of Academy of Science of TCM in Jilin Province, Changchun, 130041, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Fuqiu Li, Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun, 130041, People’s Republic of China, Email lifuqiu1234@126.comIntroduction: This study was aimed to examine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of sporotrichosis in China and specifically Jilin Province, which is one of the areas with the highest incidence worldwide, and to provide data support for the global prevalence of sporotrichosis.Methods: A total of 4969 cases of sporotrichosis diagnosed at the Second Hospital of Jilin University from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2019 were collected.Results: In Jilin Province, the male-to-female ratio was 1:2, the average age at onset was 48 ± 1 years, and the average disease duration was 4.8 ± 2.7 months. The most susceptible individuals were farmers. Cases occurred more commonly in the winter and spring (71.5%) than in the summer and autumn (28.5%). The fixed type infection was more prevalent. Among the cases, 64.8% showed typical mycological changes, and 77.6% showed atypical pathological changes. Regarding the epidemiological characteristics of sporotrichosis in China, 6565 cases were retrieved from the literature from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019. Among them, the most affected area was Jilin Province, followed by Heilongjiang Province, and Liaoning Province. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.46. The fixed type infection was the most common. A total of 241 strains were identified by molecular biotechnology; among these, 217 were identified as Sporothrix globosa and 24 were identified as S. schenckii sensu stricto.Discussion: The results add clarity to the clinical epidemiology of sporotrichosis in China and specifically Jilin Province. We believe these data will help improve the epidemiology knowledge of sporotrichosis worldwide.Keywords: clinical epidemiology, sporotrichosis, Jilin Province, China

Background More and more azole-resistant strains emerged through the development of acquired resistance and an epidemiological shift towards inherently less susceptible species. The mechanisms of azoles resistance of Candida albicans is very complicated. In this study, we aim to investigate the mechanism of azole-resistant C. albicans isolated from the oral cavity of a patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). Case presentation CMC diagnosis was given based on clinical manifestations, laboratory test findings and gene sequencing technique. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the fungal isolate, obtained from oral cavity termed as CA-R, was obtained by in vitro anti-fungal drugs susceptibility test. To further investigate the resistant mechanisms, we verified the mutations of drug target genes (i.e. ERG11 and ERG3) by Sanger sequencing, and verified the over-expression of ERG11 and drug efflux genes (i.e. CDR1 and CDR2) by RT-PCR. A heterozygous mutation of c.1162A > G resulting in p.K388E was detected in STAT1 of the patient. The expression of CDR1 and CDR2 in CA-R was 4.28-fold and 5.25-fold higher than that of type strain SC5314, respectively. Conclusions Up-regulation of CDR1 and CDR2 was mainly responsible for the resistance of CA-R. For CMC or other immunodeficiency patients, drug resistance monitoring is necessary.

Space station is a very complex system, and its remaining useful life will be affected by the key equipment, cosmonauts’ maintenance activities as well as space environments. It is important for the operation management of a space station to predict its remaining useful life (RUL). A valid RUL prediction model is the key foundation for this issue, which motivates the research presented in this paper. Firstly, different types of space station life are defined. Secondly, the function and performance requirements as well as the operation mission program of the space station are analysed, which are further used to confirm the model development precondition. A life prediction model is then proposed by synthetically taking account of the safety, reliability and maintainability restrictions. Finally, the data requirement for supporting the RUL prediction is determined. Based on this work, a comprehensive procedure for RUL prediction model development is constructed for the operation management engineers of the space station. If the data of the development and operation is adequate, RUL prediction of the space station can be well implemented, and can be further leveraged to support the space station operation management.

Immunoglobulin (Ig) E and IgG anti-thyroid autoantibodies (AAbs) play important roles in the immunopathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). To date, association of IgE and IgG AAbs with Chinese CSU patients has not been fully investigated. We aimed to explore prevalence rates of IgE and IgG AAbs in Chinese CSU patients and their association with clinical and laboratory parameters. Serum IgE and IgG AAbs against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG), total IgE (tIgE) and specific IgEs were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay and immunoblotting. Meta-analyses and literature review were conducted. The meta-analyses indicated that CSU cases were 4.98, 6.90 and 6.68 times more likely to have positive anti-TPO IgE, anti-TPO IgG and anti-TG IgG (all P < 0.001) compared with controls, respectively, and revealed a positive correlation between the prevalence rates of anti-TPO IgE and anti-TPO IgG (r = 0.53, P = 0.025). A total of 1,100 Chinese Han adult CSU patients and 1,100 ethnicity-, age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited from 15 centers. Prevalence rates of anti-TPO IgE, anti-TPO IgG, anti-TG IgE or anti-TG IgG in the patients were all significantly higher than those in the controls. Significant correlations were observed between prevalence rates of anti-TPO IgE and anti-TPO IgG (r = 0.297, P < 0.001) as well as between those of anti-TG IgE and anti-TG IgG in the patients (r = 0.137, P < 0.001). Patients with anti-TPO IgE or anti-TPO IgG had significantly lower tIgE levels (P < 0.001). Positive anti-TPO IgE, positive anti-TPO IgG and tIgE < 40 IU/mL were independent predictors of antihistamine-refractory cases. In conclusion, the prevalence rates of IgE and IgG AAbs in Chinese CSU patients are significantly elevated and reciprocally correlated. This study verifies the results of previous case-control studies of CSU patients from other populations and ethnicities.

Background. As the most aggressive type of skin cancer, cutaneous melanoma (CM) is experiencing a rapidly rising mortality in recent years. Exploring potential prognostic biomarkers or mechanisms of disease progression therefore has a great significance for CM. The purpose of this study was to identify genetic markers and prognostic performance of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) regulators in CM. Method. Gene expression profiles, copy number variation (CNV), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data of patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Results. Genomic variation and association analysis of gene expressions revealed a high degree of genomic variation in the presence of m6A-regulated genes. m6A patients with high-frequency genomic variants in the regulatory gene tended to develop a worse prognosis ( p < 0.01 ). Unsupervised cluster analysis of the expression profiles of m6A-regulated genes identified three clinically distinct molecular subtypes, including degradation-enhanced subgroup and immune-enhanced subgroup, with significant prognostic differences ( p = 0.046 ). A novel prognostic signature, which was established according to m6A-related characteristic genes identified through genome-wide expression spectrum, could effectively identify samples with poor prognosis and enhanced immune infiltration, and the effectiveness was also verified in the dataset of the chip. Conclusion. We identified genetic changes in the m6A regulatory gene in CM and related survival outcomes. The findings of this study provide new insights into the epigenetic understanding of m6A in CM.

A 31-year-old male patient with psoriasis received administration of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) during a disease course of 14 years. He showed multiple keratoma together with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in left lower limbs. After admission, the conditions were stable after treatment, and received surgery for treating SCC. The skin defect was treated using full-thickness skin graft. The postoperative survival of the flap was satisfactory, and the conditions of psoriasis were well controlled. In this case, we presented the feasibility of graft in the donor site from a psoriatic lesion. Besides, we analyzed the possibility of SCC and keratinizing lesions.

The regeneration of the skin is vital to our wound healing and skin repair abilities. Adult epidermal stem cells (ESCs) have been shown to have the potential to renew old and dead skin cells, and ESCs have been implemented in stem cell-based therapies. GPR30 is a G protein-coupled membrane receptor for oestrogen, which has been shown to regulate cell proliferation and programmed cell death. Here, we examined the biological function of GPR30 in isolated adult murine ESCs. We show that GPR30 is fairly expressed in ESCs and is repressed upon ultraviolet B (UV-B) treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The activation of GPR30 by its agonist G1 ameliorates UV-B induced cellular oxidative stress and induction of IL-6 and IL-8. Furthermore, G1 protects against UV-B-induced cell death and improves the viability of ESCs. G1 also suppresses UV-B-induced HMGB-1 expression and protects the capacity of ESCs from the harm by UV-B radiation. Mechanistically, we show that co-treatment with G1 rescues UV-B-induced reduced Wnt1, cyclin D1 and β-catenin production, indicating the involvement of conical Wnt/β-catenin. Collectively, our data indicate that the activation of GPR30 has a protective role in ESCs, and GPR30 agonist G1-mediated ESC protection has potential implications in stem cell-based therapies for skin diseases.

The accurate diagnosis of sporotrichosis and identification at the species level are critical for public health and appropriate patient management. Compared with morphological identification methods, molecular diagnostic tests are rapid and have high sensitivity and standardized operating processes. Therefore, we designed a novel multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method based on the calmodulin (CAL) gene for the identification of clinically relevant Sporothrix species: S. globosa, S. schenckii s. str., and S. brasiliensis. We evaluated the assay with clinical and spiked samples and assessed its diagnostic performance by comparing the results to those of culture and species-specific PCR. Thirty-three DNA templates were used to detect assay specificity, and three plasmids were constructed to create a standard curve and determine the limits of detection (LODs). For nucleic acid detection, the sensitivity and specificity reached 100%. The LODs were 10 copies, 10 copies and 100 copies for S. globosa, S. schenckii s. str and S. brasiliensis, respectively. For the clinical samples, the positive detection rates by culture, species-specific PCR and the multiplex real-time PCR assay were 87.9% (29/33), 39.4% (13/33), and 93.9% (31/33), respectively. For the spiked samples, the positive detection rates were both 100% for S. schenckii s. str and S. brasiliensis. Based on the above results, compared with culture and other molecular diagnosis methods, the novel multiplex real-time PCR assay is effective, fast, accurate, and highly sensitive. It has a lower reaction cost and lower sample volume requirements, can detect co-infections, and allows for standardized operation and easier interpretation of results. In the future, this assay could be developed into a commercial kit for the diagnosis and identification of S. globosa, S. schenckii s. str, and S. brasiliensis., Author summary Sporotrichosis is a subacute or chronic infectious disease caused by dimorphic fungi of Sporothrix spp. The genus Sporothrix consists of several species with different geographic distributions, virulence, and antifungal susceptibilities, making species-level identification necessary. S. brasiliensis, S. globosa, S. schenckii s. str and S. luriei make up the “pathogenic clade” of the genus Sporothrix. Importantly, S. luriei has a low clinical-epidemiological impact within this genus. Therefore, we designed a novel multiplex real-time PCR method using fluorescent probes for the identification of S. globosa, S. schenckii s. str, and S. brasiliensis. We designed a pair of primers based on the conserved sequence of the calmodulin gene of Sporothrix spp. and probes with different fluorescent signals based on the divergent sequences of S. globosa, S. schenckii s. str and S. brasiliensis. Through the verification of nucleic acid, clinical and spiked sample detection, the multiplex real-time PCR could quickly and accurately identify the three clinically relevant species of Sporothrix spp. with high sensitivity. This new assay could be applied in epidemiology, clinical diagnosis, and experiments with sporotrichosis to control new outbreaks, reduce diagnostic and identification time, and improve test efficiency.

Sporothrix globosa is an important clinical pathogen in the Sporothrix complex, which is causing sporotrichosis. S. globosa is distributed worldwide, especially in Asia. The transmission medium of S. globosa is mainly contaminated soil or decaying vegetation, and the infection usually caused by transcutaneous trauma, through which the fungal conidia or yeast cells enter the host. Although the clinical manifestations of sporotrichosis caused by S. globosa is always benign, there have been several outbreaks worldwide. In this study, we established a novel real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence for the identification of S. globosa. The assay was further evaluated by clinical specimens obtained from patients of sporotrichosis. The sensitivity and specificity of the real-time PCR method was both 100%. The detection limit was 10 fg. The positive detection rate for 30 clinical specimens, which were confirmed infected by S. globosa, was 100%. The real-time PCR method established in this paper is a rapid, sensitive and specific method for the identification of S. globosa. It can detect S. globosa in clinical specimen from patients with sporotrichosis, which is helpful for fast clinical diagnosis.

Ultrasound has been successfully used to improve the performance of Mucor miehei lipase (MML) in enantioselective transesterification of N-hydroxymethyl vince lactam with vinyl valerate as acyl donor in methyl tert-butyl ether. The effects of reaction conditions have been investigated. Under the optimum conditions (ultrasound power, 175 W; temperature, 30°C; water activity, 0.22; pH, 7.0), the enzyme activity of MML was 93.7 μmol/g/min and the enantioselectivity (E value) was 68.2. The results also indicated that the free enzyme was stable under low power ultrasound conditions.

Sporotrichosis is the most common deep mycosis in Northeast China which is an area of high epidemicity due to contact with reeds or cornstalks. In this study, we have characterized a total of 74 clinical isolates from fixed cutaneous, lymphocutaneous and disseminated clinical forms and from Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning provinces, respectively. All isolates (previously as Sporothrix schenckii) were identified as Sporothrix globosa according to their phenotypic characteristics and calmodulin gene sequences analysis. They were subdivided into two sub-clades (S. globosa I and S. globosa II). Most of our isolates (71/74) presented restricted growth at 37 °C, which differed from a previous report. Up to now, S. globosa is the only pathogenic species in Northeast China, no matter what kind of clinical form and which region it is isolated from. Most of our clinical isolates (68/74) were clustered with three Chinese environmental isolates reported in the literature. The new findings of S. globosa isolates on division and thermotolerance at 37 °C described in this study will help us gain a better understanding of S. globosa.

Rationale: Cutaneous presentation preceding acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is rare, and the prognosis is poor. Patient concerns: We report 4 cases of AML cutis, where skin infiltration precedes any blood or bone marrow evidence of leukemia. We also reviewed 13 cases reported in English and Chinese literature. The 4 cases all presented typical cutaneous lesions without any systemic evidence of leukemia. Histopathological examination found that dense monomorphous cell infiltration involved the dermis. Some cells surrounded blood vessels and skin appendages in a concentric manner or showed single-row arrangement in the collagen fiber bundles. Uninvolved papillary dermis was found to separate normal epidermis from dermal infiltration. Minor cells had a large kidney-shaped or oval nucleus with nucleoli and slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical analysis was positive for CD4, CD56, while CD123 was negative in all cases. Diagnoses: AML-M5. Interventions: 2 patients received chemotherapy ,but others rejected treatment. Outcomes: Most patients died within 1 year after the onset of skin lesions. Lessons: These findings suggest that skin infiltration of AML may precede any systemic evidence, and typical cutaneous lesions in elderly individuals may be indicative for AML.

Purpose. The aim of the study was to evaluate the main sources and epidemiological patterns and speculate on the evolutionary origin of Sporothrix globosa in Asia. Methodology. Case and case series literature on sporotrichosis in Asia from January 2007 onwards were reviewed using meta-analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of relevant S. globosa was carried out on the basis of concatenated sequences of ITS, TEF3 and CAL. A haplotype network of CAL sequences of 281 Sporothrix isolates was analysed to determine the population structure of S. globosa. Results. Nearly all cases of sporotrichosis caused by S. globosa in Asia were human. In contrast to the remaining pathogenic Sporothrix species, feline transmission was exceptional; nearly all regional cat-associated cases were caused by Sporothrix schenckii. While the latter species was highly variable and showed recombination, S. globosa seemed to be a clonal offshoot, as was Sporothrix brasiliensis. The origin of the segregants was located in an area of high variability in S. schenckii with a relatively high frequency of Asian strains. Conclusion. In Asia, S. globosa was the prevalent species. The low diversity of S. globosa suggested a recent divergence with a founder effect of low variability from the variable ancestral species, S. schenckii.

The power subsystem is one of the most important subsystems of a satellite. This subsystem, supplies the power for the satellite platform and payloads, and ensures the smooth completion of the satellite mission. An accurate reliability assessment and life prediction results provide useful information to for satellite development. This paper takes chooses a sample earth observation satellite's power subsystem for example, and proposes a new reliability assessment and life prediction technology framework. First, the reliability data of the subsystem components (-including the cd-ni battery, lithium-ion battery, solar cell array, and Power controllers) collected. Secondly, the CMSR — (Combined Modified Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Sequential Reduction (CMSR) method is used to determine the subsystem's reliability function according to the components' reliability data. The evaluate the reliability point estimation and reliability at the end of life are evaluated under some a Specified specific confidence level. Third, the (Mean Mission Duration Time (MMDT) of the subsystem calculated based on its reliability function. Through all the work above, the designer of the subsystem can test if the subsystem reliability level satisfies the design requirements. At the same time, the orbital life of the subsystem can be predicted before the satellite launches. Further — more, the reliability assessment, and life prediction results, and technology framework of the power subsystem can form the foundation of research into satellite reliability and life assurance.