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Featured Application: This work describes a detailed study of two possible options for the magnetic system of a Future Circular hadron-hadron Collider detector. The conceptual design study of a Future Circular hadron-hadron Collider (FCC-hh) to be constructed at CERN with a center-of-mass energy of the order of 100 TeV requires superconducting magnetic systems with a central magnetic flux density of an order of 4 T for the experimental detectors. The developed concept of the FCC-hh detector involves the use of an iron-free magnetic system consisting of three superconducting solenoids. A superconducting magnet with a minimal steel yoke is proposed as an alternative to the baseline iron-free design. In this study, both magnetic system options for the FCC-hh detector are modeled with the same electrical parameters using Cobham's program TOSCA. All the main characteristics of both designs are compared and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The FCC-ee machines present a huge challenge for the RF systems, which need to be adapted to very diverse beam conditions going from moderate energy and high current for the Z machine to high energy and low beam current for the ttbar. This inverse scaling results naturally from a fixed budget for the synchrotron radiation, which the SRF cavities need to compensate. A global solution was elaborated for the FCC Conceptual Design Report (Abada in Eur Phys J Spec Top 228):261–623, 2019), and is referred here as the baseline. Recently, further studies have led to a new optimized baseline, still based on traditional elliptical cavities. In parallel, a novel concept, named the Slotted Waveguide ELLiptical (SWELL), was proposed with the potential of greatly simplified logistics and reduced costs. Under several aspects, all these changes call for enhanced performance of the RF systems. A vigorous R&D program has therefore continued since the publication of the CDR, with the aim of pushing the performance and demonstrating the feasibility of a more advanced baseline and, more recently, of the SWELL option. The progress and challenges of this ambitious program were presented in the dedicated SRF sessions at FCC week 2022 (FCC week 2022 website, 2022, https://indico.cern.ch/event/1064327/timetable/ ) and are summarized in this paper.

The FCC-ee machines present a huge challenge for the RF systems, which need to be adapted to very diverse beam conditions going from moderate energy and high current for the Z machine to high energy and low beam current for the ttbar. This inverse scaling results naturally from a fixed budget for the synchrotron radiation, which the SRF cavities need to compensate. A global solution was elaborated for the FCC Conceptual Design Report (Abada in Eur Phys J Spec Top 228):261–623, 2019), and is referred here as the baseline. Recently, further studies have led to a new optimized baseline, still based on traditional elliptical cavities. In parallel, a novel concept, named the Slotted Waveguide ELLiptical (SWELL), was proposed with the potential of greatly simplified logistics and reduced costs. Under several aspects, all these changes call for enhanced performance of the RF systems. A vigorous R&D program has therefore continued since the publication of the CDR, with the aim of pushing the performance and demonstrating the feasibility of a more advanced baseline and, more recently, of the SWELL option. The progress and challenges of this ambitious program were presented in the dedicated SRF sessions at FCC week 2022 (FCC week 2022 website, 2022, https://indico.cern.ch/event/1064327/timetable/) and are summarized in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptual design study of a Future Circular hadron-hadron Collider (FCC-hh) to be constructed at CERN with a center-of-mass energy of the order of 100 TeV requires superconducting magnetic systems with a central magnetic flux density of an order of 4 T for the experimental detectors. The developed concept of the FCC-hh detector involves the use of an iron-free magnetic system consisting of three superconducting solenoids. A superconducting magnet with a minimal steel yoke is proposed as an alternative to the baseline iron-free design. In this study, both magnetic system options for the FCC-hh detector are modeled with the same electrical parameters using Cobham’s program TOSCA. All the main characteristics of both designs are compared and discussed.

Dipole magnets for the proposed Future Circular Collider (FCC) demand specifications significantly beyond the limits of all existing Nb3Sn wires, in particular a critical current density (J c) of more than 1500 A mm-2 at 16 T and 4.2 K with an effective filament diameter (D eff) of less than 20 μm. The restacked-rod-process (RRP®) is the technology closest to meeting these demands, with a J c (16 T) of up to 1400 A mm-2, residual resistivity ratio > 100, for a sub-element size D s of 58 μm (which in RRP® wires is essentially the same as D eff). An important present limitation of RRP® is that reducing the sub-element size degrades J c to as low as 900 A mm-2 at 16 T for D s = 35 μm. To gain an understanding of the sources of this J c degradation, we have made a detailed study of the phase evolution during the Cu-Sn 'mixing' stages of the wire heat treatment that occur prior to Nb3Sn formation. Using extensive microstructural quantification, we have identified the critical role that the Sn-Nb-Cu ternary phase (Nausite) can play. The Nausite forms as a well-defined ring between the Sn source and the Cu/Nb filament pack, and acts as an osmotic membrane in the 300 °C-400 °C range - greatly inhibiting Sn diffusion into the Cu/Nb filament pack while supporting a strong Cu counter-diffusion from the filament pack into the Sn core. This converts the Sn core into a mixture of the low melting point (408 °C) η phase (Cu6Sn5) and the more desirable ϵ phase (Cu3Sn), which decomposes at 676 °C. After the mixing stages, when heated above 408 °C towards the Nb3Sn reaction, any residual η liquefies to form additional irregular Nausite on the inside of the membrane. All Nausite decomposes into NbSn2 on further heating, and ultimately transforms into coarse-grain (and often disconnected) Nb3Sn which has little contribution to current transport. Understanding this critical Nausite reaction pathway has allowed us to simplify the mixing heat treatment to only one stage at 350 °C for 400 h which minimizes Nausite formation while encouraging the formation of the higher melting point ϵ phase through better Cu-Sn mixing. At a D s of 41 μm, the Nausite control heat treatment increases the J c at 16 T by 36%, reaching 1300 A mm-2 (i.e. 2980 A mm-2 at 12 T), and moving RRP® closer to the FCC targets.

A next step of energy increase of hadron colliders beyond the LHC requires high-field superconducting magnets capable of providing a dipolar field in the range of 16 T in a 50-mm aperture with accelerator quality. These characteristics could meet the requirements for an upgrade of the LHC to twice the present beam energy or for a 100-TeV center of mass energy future circular collider. This paper summarizes the activities and plans for the development of these magnets, in particular within the 16 T Magnet Technology Program, the WP5 of the EuroCirCol, and the U.S. Magnet Development Program.

The Circular Electron–Positron Collider (CEPC) has been proposed as a Higgs and high luminosity Z factory for the last few years in China. To achieve the high precision physical goals at CEPC, the high resolution (< 1 0 0 μ m) tracker for the particle track reconstruction and particle identification are demanded. Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is one of the main concept proposal of the central tracker detector in very large 3D volume, it has an excellent performance on the moment measurement, d E ∕ d x measurement and the spatial resolution. The simulation results were given when the TPC detector will operate at the high luminosity Z pole at the future e + e − circular collider. The pixelated readout TPC is a potential option to replace the traditional pad readout with the low gain, low occupancy, and outstanding pattern recognition. In the last several years, a TPC module, the readout electronics and prototype for the specific requirements have been developed at the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP). TPC module will could suppress the ions in chamber continuously running in the different gains (2000–5000) under T2K mixture gases. A TPC prototype with 2 0 0 mm × 2 0 0 mm active area G detector module integrated the narrow 266 nm UV laser tracks along the drift length of 500 mm, and the low power consumption (< 5 mW ∕ ch) Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) chip including analog to digital converter (ADC) function has been developed too. The update results of the spatial resolution has been obtained after some experimental studies have been done by the TPC prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electron-positron stage of the Future Circular Collider, FCC-ee, is a frontier factory for Higgs, top, electroweak, and flavour physics. It is designed to operate in a 100 km circular tunnel built at CERN, and will serve as the first step towards ≥100 TeV proton-proton collisions. In addition to an essential and unique Higgs program, it offers powerful opportunities to discover direct or indirect evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. Direct searches for long-lived particles at FCC-ee could be particularly fertile in the high-luminosity Z run, where 5 × 1012Z bosons are anticipated to be produced for the configuration with two interaction points. The high statistics of Higgs bosons, W bosons and top quarks in very clean experimental conditions could offer additional opportunities at other collision energies. Three physics cases producing long-lived signatures at FCC-ee are highlighted and studied in this paper: heavy neutral leptons (HNLs), axion-like particles (ALPs), and exotic decays of the Higgs boson. These searches motivate out-of-the-box optimization of experimental conditions and analysis techniques, which could lead to improvements in other physics searches.

Over the past years the dual-readout method for calorimetry, which exploits complementary information from Scintillation and Cherenkov channels, has emerged as candidate to fulfil the requirements for precision physics at future circular lepton colliders. While the dual-readout approach has been tested experimentally quite extensively, this type of calorimeter has never been used in an experiment at a collider. In recent years dedicated studies in simulation have investigated various detector geometries based on a fibre dual-readout calorimeter. One variation of the geometry, relying on capillary tubes, promises easy assembly with excellent geometrical accuracy at a moderate cost. In these proceedings, we present the status and latest results from a full 4 π detector geometry simulation in DD4hep. The simulation is used to estimate the performance of a dual-readout calorimeter for single electromagnetic and hadronic particles. The results for the dual-readout technique show an improvement in energy resolution for both electromagnetic and hadronic showers, with respect to single channel measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Future Circular Collider (FCC) Integrated Project foresees, in a first stage, a high-luminosity high-energy electron-positron collider, serving as Higgs, top and electroweak factory, and, in a second stage, an energy frontier hadron collider, with a centre-of-mass energy of at least 100 TeV. This programme well matches the highest priority future requests issued by the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics. In 2021, with the support of the CERN Council, a five-year FCC Feasibility Study was launched. In this article, we present the FCC integrated project and the preparations for the FCC Feasibility Study.

We review key challenges for future next and next-next (-next) generation particle colliders and possible technological paths to address them.

With the development of the circular collider, it is necessary to make accurate physics experimental measurements of particle properties at higher luminosity Z pole. Micro-pattern gaseous detectors (MPGDs), which contain gaseous electron multiplier (GEM) and micro-mesh gaseous structures (Micromegas), have excellent potential for development as the readout devices of the time projection chamber (TPC) tracker detector. To meet the updated physics requirements of the high luminosity Z from the preliminary concept design report (preCDR) to concept design report (CDR) at the circular electron–positron collider (CEPC). In this paper, the space charge distortion of the TPC detector is simulated with the CEPC beam structure. Using the multi-physics simulation software package, the distribution of ion estimated by Geant4 is used as the input for the differential equation, and the relationship between the ion density distribution and electric field in the detector chamber is simulated. These simulation results show that the maximum deviation for Higgs (2 5 μ m) meets the performance requirements in CEPC TPC detector at the high luminosity Z pole, while it is still a considerable challenge for Z pole, with the maximum deviation (> 1 0 0 μ m). According to the previous developments, the cascaded structure of GEM and Micromegas detector has been measured. The new considerations of the detector's requirements were given, the gain needs to be reached to about 2000 with IBF × Gain under 0.1, and IBF means the ions back flow ratio of the detector. The pixel TPC is a potential option to replace the traditional MPGDs with the low gain, low occupancy, and outstanding pattern recognition. Finally, some update parameters and experiments results were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the challenging project concerning the realization of the CERN Future Circular Collider (FCC), Nb3Sn represents the best candidate material for the construction of high-field superconducting dipole magnets, since it is able to satisfy the requirements of Jc (non-Cu) = 1.5 kA/mm2 at 16 T and 4.2 K. In that context, a cluster layout of prototype internal tin Nb3Sn wires, developed by TVEL and the Bochvar Institute (Russia), was analyzed and compared to a standard layout produced by the same manufacturer. The main reason for dividing the sub-element into clusters is reducing the effective sub-element size (deff). The microstructural characterization of such a wire layout can provide fundamental contributions to steer the manufacturing processes towards higher performing wires. In particular, since the homogeneity in Sn concentration influences the superconducting properties, the effect of cluster and standard layouts on the Sn concentration gradient over the wire cross-section was evaluated. For this purpose, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy was employed with both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Finally, scanning Hall probe microscopy (SHPM) measurements were performed to understand how these cluster wire sub-elements, with their specific geometry, influence the local currents flowing through the wire cross-section on a microscopic scale. The comprehension of the correlation between the microstructural characteristics and superconducting performance is crucial for obtaining wires meeting the requirements of FCC dipole magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future high-field accelerator magnets foresee the extensive use of Nb3Sn, more expensive than the Nb-Ti of LHC. For projects involving the series production of magnets, conductor grading is mandatory in order to reduce the cost. To allow grading, a splice between higher and lower grade cables must be implemented. The internal splice option, i.e., embedded in the winding pack, is the one considered in this manuscript. The magnet technology is Wind&React (W&R). The target resistance is 1 nΩ at a background field of B≈10 T and ratio between operational and critical current I/Ic≈1/3, the one at which such Nb3Sn dipoles are expected to work. This manuscript reports progress on ultrasonically welded, soldered and diffusion-bonded splices. The feasibility studies on ultrasonic welding between Nb3Sn Rutherford cables and strands is presented. The potential corrosive effect of fluxing agents of impregnated soldered samples is examined. In the end, the design and test in SULTAN of bent diffusion-bonded splices is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The calorimeters which will operate in experiments at the hadronic Future Circular Collider—FCC-hh—will be one of the key pieces for the complete exploration of collisions between hadrons. This is because the increasing of energy in proton collisions will require detectors that can work in environments under severe radiation, with high-energy rates, presenting a high resolution and low granularity. In this context, the choice of the hadronic calorimeter of the FCC-hh, the Hadronic Barrel (HB) and the extended barrel (HEB), will be inspired by the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter (TileCal). The HB will have 10 layers, with scintillating tiles that will be separated through a reflective material (e.g., Tyvek) and read by wavelength shifting fibers (WLS) of 1 mm in diameter connected to silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs). Our study focuses on the comparison of the luminous signal intensity in the tile in the first layer of the HB and the tile in the last layer of HB, taking into account the dimensions of the tile. A study on the optimization of the signal uniformity was made, by adding a light-absorbing black strip to the tile, and results were compared with similar experiments performed at CERN. The procedure was performed in the Tilemeter, in the Laboratory of Optics and Scintillating Materials (LOMaC) of the Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics, in Lisboa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We calculate the $$gg\rightarrow \gamma \gamma $$ g g → γ γ amplitude by including the $$t\bar{t}$$ t t ¯ bound-state effects near their mass threshold. In terms of the non-relativistic expansion of the amplitude, the LO contribution is an energy-independent term in the one-loop amplitude. We include the NLO contribution described by the non-relativistic Green function and part of the NNLO contribution. Despite a missing NLO piece which can be accomplished with the two-loop-level amplitude via massive quarks, the shape of the diphoton mass spectrum is predicted with a good accuracy. Thanks to the simple and clean nature of the observable, its experimental measurement can be a direct method to determine the short-distance mass of the top quark at hadron colliders.

Abstract Discoveries at high-energy particle colliders have established the standard model of particle physics. Technological innovation has helped to increase the collider energy at a much faster pace than the corresponding costs. New concepts will allow reaching ever higher luminosities and energies throughout the coming century. Cost-effective strategies for the collider implementation include staging. For example, a future circular collider could first provide electron–positron collisions, then hadron collisions (proton–proton and heavy-ion), and finally the collision of muons. Cooling-free muon colliders, realizable in a number of ways, promise an attractive and energy-efficient path towards lepton collisions at tens of TeV. While plasma accelerators and dielectric accelerators offer unprecedented gradients, the construction of a high-energy collider based on these new technologies still calls for significant improvements in cost and performance. Pushing the accelerating gradients or bending fields ever further, the breakdown of the QED vacuum may set an ultimate limit to electromagnetic acceleration. Finally, some ideas are sketched for reaching, or exceeding, the Planck energy. Highlights • Particle accelerators, especially colliders, are outstanding engines of discovery. • Technology advances enabled higher energy and performance at lower cost. • One cost-effective strategy for future collider implementation is staging. • Cooling-free muon colliders offer an attractive path towards tens of TeV. • QED vacuum breakdown and Planck energy may, or may not, be ultimate limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN has been designed to collide beams of protons at 7, 8, 13, and 14 TeV center-of-mass energies and a new hadron collider called the Future Circular Collider (FCC), which is larger and more energetic than the LHC, is being planned for the near future. The maximum planned energy for FCC is 100 TeV center-of-mass energy. In this regard, we present the leading order and next-to-leading order cross-section predictions of two simultaneously produced opposite-sign W bosons at 7, 8, 13, 14, and 100 TeV center-of-mass energies by using the MCFM MC generator. The results are obtained by CT14, MMHT2014, and MSTW2008 parton distribution functions. Finally, the advantage of increasing collision energy at hadron colliders is discussed by comparing the amount of data recorded at different center-of-mass energies for the pp → W+W- process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Since the first proton collisions at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) (Johnsen, 1973; Myers, 2010) [ 1,2 ], hadron colliders have defined the energy frontier (Scandale, 2014) [ 3 ]. Noteworthy are the conversion of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) (Hatton, 1991; Evans, 1988) [ 4,5 ] into a proton–antiproton collider, the Tevatron proton–antiproton collider (Lebedev and Shiltsev, 2014) [ 6 ], as well as the abandoned SSC in the United States (Jackson et al., 1986; Wienands, 1997) [ 7,8 ], and early forward-looking studies of even higher-energy colliders (Keil, 1992; Keil, 1997; Barletta and Leutz, 1994; The VLHC Design Study Grup (Ambrosio et al.) 2001) [ 9–12 ]. Hadron colliders are likely to determine the pace of particle-physics progress also during the next hundred years. Discoveries at past hadron colliders were essential for establishing the so-called Standard Model of particle physics. The world’s present flagship collider, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) (Brüning et al., 2004) [ 13 ], including its high-luminosity upgrade (HL-LHC) (Apollinari et al., 2017) [ 14 ], is set to operate through the second half of the 2030’s. Further increases of the energy reach during the 21st century require another, still more powerful hadron collider. Three options for a next hadron collider are presently under investigation. The Future Circular Collider (FCC) study, hosted by CERN, is designing a 100 TeV collider, to be installed inside a new 100 km tunnel in the Lake Geneva basin. A similar 100-km collider, called Super proton–proton Collider (SppC), is being pursued by CAS-IHEP in China. In either machine, for the first time in hadron storage rings, synchrotron radiation damping will be significant, with a damping time of the order of 1 h. In parallel, the synchrotron-radiation power emitted inside the cold magnets becomes an important design constraint. One important difference between FCC and SppC is the magnet technology. FCC uses 16 T magnets based on Nb 3 Sn superconductor, while SppC magnets shall be realized with cables made from iron-based high-temperature superconductor. Initially the SppC magnets are assumed to provide a more moderate dipole field of 12 T, but they can later be pushed to a final ultimate field of 24 T. A third collider presently under study is the High-Energy LHC (HE-LHC), which is a higher energy collider in the existing LHC tunnel, exploiting the FCC magnet technology in order to essentially double the LHC energy at significantly higher luminosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The racetrack model magnet (RMM) is a racetrack test magnet being developed at CERN. Its main goal is to demonstrate, in view of future high field accelerator magnets, that a nominal field of 16 T can be reached in a 50 mm bore, with margins and limited training. This paper presents a 3-D magnetic and mechanical study and proposes solutions to achieve a peak field in the ends lower than in the straight section, while containing the electromagnetic forces. The structure features tie rods and endplates, which have been designed to provide an adequate support to the coil ends, in different loading configurations. In particular, the impact of different materials and the role of friction have been studied. Different solutions are compared and a final design is proposed, which offers the best compromise in terms of magnetic and mechanical criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Top-up injection is an essential ingredient for the future circular lepton collider (FCC-ee) to maximize the integrated luminosity and it determines the design performance. In ttbar operation mode, with a beam energy of 175 GeV, the design lifetime of ∼ 1 h is the shortest of the four anticipated operational modes, and the beam lifetime may be even shorter in actual operation. A highly robust top-up injection scheme is consequently imperative. Various top-up methods are investigated and a number of suitable schemes are considered in developing alternative designs for the injection straight section of the collider ring. For the first time, we consider multipole-kicker off-energy injection, for minimizing detector background in top-up operation, and the use of a thin wire septum in a lepton storage ring, for maximizing the luminosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Future Circular Collider (FCC) is a crucial step forward to study new physics beyond the standard model and to test fundamental aspects as space-time minimal length and Lorentz violations. As an example, a possible enhancement of pair production due to noncommutative effects, catalyzed by the huge magnetic field produced at the beginning of a heavy-ion collision at FCC, is discussed. In noncommutative electrodynamics, a free photon in the magnetic background can produce a pair. In particular, for hard photons with transverse energy 100-600 GeV at the beginning of the collision and for a particular kinematical setting of the pair, i.e. large total transverse momentum in the reaction plane and invariant mass in the range 200-400 MeV, the noncommutative contribution, evaluated with the present bound of the noncommutativity fundamental area, can be significant. Other, more exotic, possible signatures of space-time noncommutativity are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents numerical simulations of the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic response of a solid copper cylindrical target that is subjected to the full impact of one future circular collider (FCC) ultra-relativistic proton beam. The target is facially irradiated so that the beam axis coincides with the cylinder axis. The simulations have been carried out employing an energy deposition code, FLUKA, and a 2D hydrodynamic code, BIG2, iteratively. The simulations show that, although the static range of a single FCC proton and its shower in solid copper is ∼1.5 m, the full beam may penetrate up to 350 m into the target as a result of hydrodynamic tunnelling. Moreover, simulations also show that a major part of the target is converted into high energy density ( HED) matter, including warm dense matter ( WDM) and strongly coupled plasma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decay and snapback have been discovered in Tevatron approximately 30 years ago; since then significant advancements have been done in understanding and controlling these effects. The main sources of concern are the dynamic effects in the main dipoles and quadrupoles. For the dipole, the decay of sextupole gives a large chromaticity change during injection and ramp if it is not controlled properly. For the quadrupoles, main concern is the normal quadrupole gradient, giving a change of tune. Both effects can affect beam stability. In Nb3Sn magnets, the experience is less wide and the set of available data is smaller. Here, we review the CERN experience concerning the recently built 11 T dipoles. These studies are relevant to establishing target values for decay and snapback in the future circular collider study, and probe the possibility of injecting below or around the penetration field, thus possibly reducing the injection energy. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The IDEA detector concept has been designed to operate at a future large circular e + e − collider, like FCC-ee or CEPC. The IDEA detector has an innovative design with a central tracker enclosed in a superconducting solenoidal magnet. Going outwards, a preshower system followed by a dual readout calorimeter is foreseen. In the iron yoke, that closes the magnetic field, are then located three stations of muon detectors. The preshower and muon detectors are based on the μ -RWELL technology that inherits the best characteristics of the GEM, in particular the layout of the amplification stage, and Micromega detectors, that inspired the presence of a resistive stage. To profit of the industrial production capabilities of this technology, a modular design has been adopted for both systems: the μ -RWELL tile will have an active area of 50 × 50 cm 2 , but with a pitch between the readout strips of 400 μ m for the preshower and about 1 mm for the muon system. Other requirements are: a spatial resolution of the order of 100 μ m for the preshower and a reasonable total number of front-end channels for the muon system. To optimize the resistivity and the strip pitch, we have built a set of prototypes with active area of 5 × 40 cm 2 and 40 cm long strips. The DLC resistivity is ranging from 10 to 80 M Ω / □. All these detectors have been exposed in October 2021 to a muon beam at the CERN SPS. The very positive results obtained pave the way for a completely new and competitive MPGD tracking device for high energy physics experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Future Circular Collider is a new proposed collider at CERN with centre-of-mass energies around 100 TeV in the pp mode. Ongoing studies aim at assessing its physics potential and technical feasibility. Here we focus on updates in physics opportunities accessible in pA and AA collisions not covered in previous Quark Matter contributions, including Quark-Gluon Plasma and gluon saturation studies, novel hard probes of QCD matter, and photon-induced collisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of the Higgs boson at the LHC exposes some of the most profound mysteries fundamental physics has encountered in decades, opening the door to the next phase of experimental exploration. More than ever, this will necessitate new machines to push us deeper into the energy frontier. In this article, we discuss the physics motivation and present the physics potential of a proton–proton collider running at an energy significantly beyond that of the LHC and a luminosity comparable to that of the LHC. 100 TeV is used as a benchmark of the center of mass energy, with integrated luminosities of 3 ab − 1 – 30 ab − 1 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]