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The volcanic-dominated Tetagouche Group in northern New Bruswick contains numerous massive sulphide deposits and intimately associated metalliferous sediments. The massive sulphides are generally hosted by Llanvirnian-Llandeilian volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks of the Nepisiguit Falls, Patrick Brook and Boucher Brook formations. These formations are intercalated or closely associated with rhyolitic-dacitic flows and/or domes and minor continental tholeiites of the Flat Landing Brook Formation. On the basis of host-rock type and stratigraphic position, the sediment-hosted massive sulphides have been divided into three groups: the Brunswick-, Caribou- and Halfmile Lake-type deposits. Syngenetic feeder pipes and associated alteration zones are generally not present beneath the Caribou- and the Halfmile Lake-type deposits and, if present at all, are poorly developed underneath the Brunswick-type., The volcanic-dominated Tetagouche Group in northern New Bruswick contains numerous massive sulphide deposits and intimately associated metalliferous sediments. The massive sulphides are generally hosted by Llanvirnian-Llandeilian volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks of the Nepisiguit Falls, Patrick Brook and Boucher Brook formations. These formations are intercalated or closely associated with rhyolitic-dacitic flows and/or domes and minor continental tholeiites of the Flat Landing Brook Formation. On the basis of host-rock type and stratigraphic position, the sediment-hosted massive sulphides have been divided into three groups: the Brunswick-, Caribou- and Halfmile Lake-type deposits. Syngenetic feeder pipes and associated alteration zones are generally not present beneath the Caribou- and the Halfmile Lake-type deposits and, if present at all, are poorly developed underneath the Brunswick-type.

Sulphide deposits are found in two distinct settings: stratabound Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag sulphide deposits within Ordovician felsic volcanic rocks and interbedded sedimentary rocks of the Tetagouche Group (Kuroko-type); and Cu-Zn sulphide deposits within mafic volcanic rocks of the Fournier Group ophiolitic suite (Cyprus-type). The regional geologic setting and deposits at Brunswick no.12 and no.6 mines, Heath Steele mines, the Caribou deposit and the Powerline or Turgeon-Belledune Zn-Cu prospect are described., Sulphide deposits are found in two distinct settings: stratabound Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag sulphide deposits within Ordovician felsic volcanic rocks and interbedded sedimentary rocks of the Tetagouche Group (Kuroko-type); and Cu-Zn sulphide deposits within mafic volcanic rocks of the Fournier Group ophiolitic suite (Cyprus-type). The regional geologic setting and deposits at Brunswick no.12 and no.6 mines, Heath Steele mines, the Caribou deposit and the Powerline or Turgeon-Belledune Zn-Cu prospect are described.

Exploration and mining activities in Canada are reviewed. Projects in Newfoundland and Labrador include construction of a hydrometallurgical Ni processing plant at Long Harbour, Newfoundland, development of a Mn separation technology at Wabash Mines to process higher-Mn ores and extend the life of the mine, the start of production at the Pine Cove Au mine, re-opening of the former Ming mine, development of open-pit iron ore mines in western Labrador and of former-producing fluorspar deposits at St Lawrence, Newfoundland. Production in Nova Scotia is mainly of industrial minerals including gypsum, salt, limestone and construction aggregates; nearly 1 000 000 t of coal is also expected to be mined from two open-pit operations in 2009. Exploration activities in New Brunswick cover Au, base metals, polymetallic minerals, phosphate, rare earth elements and U. Project developments include the Piccadilly potash mine, which is under construction, and evaluation of the resources at the Caribou Pb-Zn and Brunswick base metals mines. Au projects in Quebec include the Lapa mine, Malartic complex, Laronde mine, Lake Pelletier project, Francoeur mine, Joana project and Opinaca mine; other projects include the Lake Bloom iron ore and James Bay diamond prospects. Mine development projects in Ontario include the Black Fox and Macassa Au mines and the Nickel Rim South Ni project. The newest mine in Manitoba is the Bucko Lake Ni project, with further exploration taking place for base and precious metals. Saskatchewan is the world's leading producer of potash and uranium; exploration activities for U, Au, base metals and industrial minerals, including potash, are reviewed. In addition to oil sands operations, projects in Alberta include the Parsons Creek limestone quarry, Susan Lake aggregates operation, Buffalo Head Hills kimberlite field, Burmis magnetite deposit, Clear Hills ironstone deposits, North Shore U prospect and a number of potash and Li projects. Projects reviewed in Briti, Exploration and mining activities in Canada are reviewed. Projects in Newfoundland and Labrador include construction of a hydrometallurgical Ni processing plant at Long Harbour, Newfoundland, development of a Mn separation technology at Wabash Mines to process higher-Mn ores and extend the life of the mine, the start of production at the Pine Cove Au mine, re-opening of the former Ming mine, development of open-pit iron ore mines in western Labrador and of former-producing fluorspar deposits at St Lawrence, Newfoundland. Production in Nova Scotia is mainly of industrial minerals including gypsum, salt, limestone and construction aggregates; nearly 1 000 000 t of coal is also expected to be mined from two open-pit operations in 2009. Exploration activities in New Brunswick cover Au, base metals, polymetallic minerals, phosphate, rare earth elements and U. Project developments include the Piccadilly potash mine, which is under construction, and evaluation of the resources at the Caribou Pb-Zn and Brunswick base metals mines. Au projects in Quebec include the Lapa mine, Malartic complex, Laronde mine, Lake Pelletier project, Francoeur mine, Joana project and Opinaca mine; other projects include the Lake Bloom iron ore and James Bay diamond prospects. Mine development projects in Ontario include the Black Fox and Macassa Au mines and the Nickel Rim South Ni project. The newest mine in Manitoba is the Bucko Lake Ni project, with further exploration taking place for base and precious metals. Saskatchewan is the world's leading producer of potash and uranium; exploration activities for U, Au, base metals and industrial minerals, including potash, are reviewed. In addition to oil sands operations, projects in Alberta include the Parsons Creek limestone quarry, Susan Lake aggregates operation, Buffalo Head Hills kimberlite field, Burmis magnetite deposit, Clear Hills ironstone deposits, North Shore U prospect and a number of potash and Li projects. Projects reviewed in Briti

Volcanic rocks of the Ordovician Tetagouche Group host several VMS deposits in the Bathurst mining camp. Recent geological mapping and lithogeochemical studies have led to a better understanding of the stratigraphic position and depositional setting of the VMS deposits in the southwestern part of the camp. The bimodal volcanic assemblage of the Big Bald Mountain area possesses chemical characteristics consistent with generation in an ensialic back-arc basin. Pervasive potassic metasomatism of the felsic volcanic rocks may be related to widespread, low-temperature interaction with sea water in the vicinity of a major eruptive centre. The Chester deposit is hosted by plagioclase-rich crystal tuff and overlain by aphyric to sparsely porphyritic felsic flows. The extensive Cu-rich stockwork zone is interpreted as the conduit for metalliferous fluids that fed massive Pb-Zn-rich lenses deposited as sulphide mounds on the sea floor. The quartz-chlorite alteration halo associated with the footwall stockwork zone is enriched in Fe, Mg and Si and depleted in Ca, Na, K and absolute REE reflecting chloritisation of feldspar and dilution by silica. Light and middle REEs are depleted in the silicic-pyritic alteration halo in the hanging wall of the massive sulphide lenses indicating that hydrothermal activity continued after base metal deposition., Volcanic rocks of the Ordovician Tetagouche Group host several VMS deposits in the Bathurst mining camp. Recent geological mapping and lithogeochemical studies have led to a better understanding of the stratigraphic position and depositional setting of the VMS deposits in the southwestern part of the camp. The bimodal volcanic assemblage of the Big Bald Mountain area possesses chemical characteristics consistent with generation in an ensialic back-arc basin. Pervasive potassic metasomatism of the felsic volcanic rocks may be related to widespread, low-temperature interaction with sea water in the vicinity of a major eruptive centre. The Chester deposit is hosted by plagioclase-rich crystal tuff and overlain by aphyric to sparsely porphyritic felsic flows. The extensive Cu-rich stockwork zone is interpreted as the conduit for metalliferous fluids that fed massive Pb-Zn-rich lenses deposited as sulphide mounds on the sea floor. The quartz-chlorite alteration halo associated with the footwall stockwork zone is enriched in Fe, Mg and Si and depleted in Ca, Na, K and absolute REE reflecting chloritisation of feldspar and dilution by silica. Light and middle REEs are depleted in the silicic-pyritic alteration halo in the hanging wall of the massive sulphide lenses indicating that hydrothermal activity continued after base metal deposition.

The geochemical characteristics of early Palaeozoic volcanic rocks are used to establish the following tectono-volcanic regimes in the northeastern mainland Appalachians: foreland continental rift volcanics; fore-arc ophiolites; island-arc volcanics; back-arc ophiolites; and back-arc ensialic volcanics. A late Precambrian calc-alkaline magmatic arc bounds the early Palaeozoic volcanics to the southeast. The Precambrian calc-alkaline volcanics of the Caledonian Highlands, primitive Cambro-Ordovician oceanic-arc volcanics of the Eastern Townships and within-plate Ordovician volcanics of the Miramichi Highlands can be related to a progressive change in mode of subduction from compressional Andean-type in the late Proterozoic to extensional Western Pacific-type in the early Palaeozoic. The development of marginal oceanic basins in the Palaeozoic created a more favourable environment for volcanogenic sulphide deposits, particularly in the back-arc. The influence of tectonic setting is reflected in the distribution, size and metal ratios of the massive sulphide deposits associated with the volcanic rocks: deposits within intra-oceanic arcs in the Eastern Townships of Quebec average 2 000 000 tonnes grading 2.2% Cu, 4.0% Zn and 0.6% Pb, whereas those within a back-arc, ensialic rift near Bathurst average 9 000 000 tonnes grading 0.6% Cu, 5.4%Zn and 2.2% Pb., The geochemical characteristics of early Palaeozoic volcanic rocks are used to establish the following tectono-volcanic regimes in the northeastern mainland Appalachians: foreland continental rift volcanics; fore-arc ophiolites; island-arc volcanics; back-arc ophiolites; and back-arc ensialic volcanics. A late Precambrian calc-alkaline magmatic arc bounds the early Palaeozoic volcanics to the southeast. The Precambrian calc-alkaline volcanics of the Caledonian Highlands, primitive Cambro-Ordovician oceanic-arc volcanics of the Eastern Townships and within-plate Ordovician volcanics of the Miramichi Highlands can be related to a progressive change in mode of subduction from compressional Andean-type in the late Proterozoic to extensional Western Pacific-type in the early Palaeozoic. The development of marginal oceanic basins in the Palaeozoic created a more favourable environment for volcanogenic sulphide deposits, particularly in the back-arc. The influence of tectonic setting is reflected in the distribution, size and metal ratios of the massive sulphide deposits associated with the volcanic rocks: deposits within intra-oceanic arcs in the Eastern Townships of Quebec average 2 000 000 tonnes grading 2.2% Cu, 4.0% Zn and 0.6% Pb, whereas those within a back-arc, ensialic rift near Bathurst average 9 000 000 tonnes grading 0.6% Cu, 5.4%Zn and 2.2% Pb.

The auriferous epigenetic deposits include quartz-carbonate veins and stockworks, polymetallic veins, contact metasomatic, porphyry copper and volcanic breccia deposits. These epigenetic deposits are concentrated in major fault zones that define or are close to the boundaries of tectonostratigraphic terranes or terranes and cover sequences. The host rocks of the deposits were subjected to extensive crustal thickening resulting from thrusting and/or high angle reverse faulting. The gold deposits north of the Avalon Terrane occur in dilatent structures related to mainly dextral wrench faulting that post-dated the episode of crustal thickening. The deposits along the southern margin of the Avalon Terrane occur in structures related to late phase thrusting., The auriferous epigenetic deposits include quartz-carbonate veins and stockworks, polymetallic veins, contact metasomatic, porphyry copper and volcanic breccia deposits. These epigenetic deposits are concentrated in major fault zones that define or are close to the boundaries of tectonostratigraphic terranes or terranes and cover sequences. The host rocks of the deposits were subjected to extensive crustal thickening resulting from thrusting and/or high angle reverse faulting. The gold deposits north of the Avalon Terrane occur in dilatent structures related to mainly dextral wrench faulting that post-dated the episode of crustal thickening. The deposits along the southern margin of the Avalon Terrane occur in structures related to late phase thrusting.