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1. Development of a multi-layer high-efficiency GEM-based neutron detector for spallation sources

Author: S. Cancelli, F. Caruggi, E. Perelli Cippo, O. Putignano, A. Celora, G. Gorini, M. Krzystyniak, A. Muraro, G. Romanelli, R. S. Pinna, M. Tardocchi, and G. Croci
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Abstract Neutron detection is nowadays mostly based on 3He gas detectors, but its shortage and the continuous upgrades of the neutron facilities require new devices to perform experiments with maximum performances. This work presents a new detector based on the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) combined with several boron layers. This detector combines the features of GEM technology with the properties of boron as a neutron converter and the device is produced to sustain high neutron fluxes with high detection efficiency. The detector has been characterised at the ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source (UK). Based on the analysis of our results, the detector has shown a good response to thermal and epithermal neutrons reaching a detection efficiency of 16% at 1.8 Å (25 meV). The good detection efficiency (even increasable with the addition of further boron GEM foils) and the good time resolution, make the detector a unique device for the neutron techniques. In particular, its use can easily be envisaged in techniques involving neutron transmission measurements, that require high fluxes impinging on the detectors, with the added bonus of a 2D-resolved capability due to the padded anode.
Published: 2024
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2. Experimental research on the TCV tokamak

Author: B.P. Duval, A. Abdolmaleki, M. Agostini, C.J. Ajay, S. Alberti, E. Alessi, G. Anastasiou, Y. Andrèbe, G.M. Apruzzese, F. Auriemma, J. Ayllon-Guerola, F. Bagnato, A. Baillod, F. Bairaktaris, L. Balbinot, A. Balestri, M. Baquero-Ruiz, C. Barcellona, M. Bernert, W. Bin, P. Blanchard, J. Boedo, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, L. Boncagni, M. Bonotto, T.O.S.J. Bosman, D. Brida, D. Brunetti, J. Buchli, J. Buerman, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, D. Busil, J. Caloud, Y. Camenen, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, D. Carnevale, F. Carpanese, M. Carpita, C. Castaldo, F. Causa, J. Cavalier, M. Cavedon, J.A. Cazabonne, J. Cerovsky, B. Chapman, M. Chernyshova, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, G. Ciraolo, S. Coda, C. Colandrea, C. Contré, R. Coosemans, L. Cordaro, S. Costea, T. Craciunescu, K. Crombe, A. Dal Molin, O. D’Arcangelo, D. de Las Casas, J. Decker, J. Degrave, H. de Oliveira, G.L. Derks, L.E. di Grazia, C. Donner, M. Dreval, M.G. Dunne, G. Durr-Legoupil-Nicoud, B. Esposito, T. Ewalds, M. Faitsch, M. Farník, A. Fasoli, F. Felici, J. Ferreira, O. Février, O. Ficker, A. Frank, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, L. Fritz, I. Furno, D. Galassi, K. Gałązka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, S. Galeani, C. Galperti, S. Garavaglia, M. Garcia-Munoz, P. Gaudio, M. Gelfusa, J. Genoud, R. Gerrú Miguelanez, G. Ghillardi, M. Giacomin, L. Gil, A. Gillgren, C. Giroud, T. Golfinopoulos, T. Goodman, G. Gorini, S. Gorno, G. Grenfell, M. Griener, M. Gruca, T. Gyergyek, R. Hafner, M. Hamed, D. Hamm, W. Han, G. Harrer, J.R. Harrison, D. Hassabis, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, J. Hidalgo-Salaverri, J-P. Hogge, M. Hoppe, J. Horacek, A. Huber, E. Huett, A. Iantchenko, P. Innocente, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, I. Ivanova Stanik, M. Jablczynska, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, H. Järleblad, A.E. Järvinen, J. Kalis, R. Karimov, A.N. Karpushov, K. Kavukcuoglu, J. Kay, Y. Kazakov, J. Keeling, A. Kirjasuo, J.T.W. Koenders, P. Kohli, M. Komm, M. Kong, J. Kovacic, E. Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, O. Krutkin, O. Kudlacek, U. Kumar, R. Kwiatkowski, B. Labit, L. Laguardia, E. Laszynska, A. Lazaros, K. Lee, E. Lerche, B. Linehan, D. Liuzza, T. Lunt, E. Macusova, D. Mancini, P. Mantica, M. Maraschek, G. Marceca, S. Marchioni, A. Mariani, M. Marin, A. Marinoni, L. Martellucci, Y. Martin, P. Martin, L. Martinelli, F. Martinelli, J.R. Martin-Solis, S. Masillo, R. Masocco, V. Masson, A. Mathews, M. Mattei, D. Mazon, S. Mazzi, S.Y. Medvedev, C. Meineri, A. Mele, V. Menkovski, A. Merle, H. Meyer, K. Mikszuta-Michalik, I.G. Miron, P.A. Molina Cabrera, A. Moro, A. Murari, P. Muscente, D. Mykytchuk, F. Nabais, F. Napoli, R.D. Nem, M. Neunert, S.K. Nielsen, A. Nielsen, M. Nocente, S. Noury, S. Nowak, H. Nyström, N. Offeddu, S. Olasz, F. Oliva, D.S. Oliveira, F.P. Orsitto, N. Osborne, P. Oyola Dominguez, O. Pan, E. Panontin, A.D. Papadopoulos, P. Papagiannis, G. Papp, M. Passoni, F. Pastore, A. Pau, R.O. Pavlichenko, A.C. Pedersen, M. Pedrini, G. Pelka, E. Peluso, A. Perek, C. Perez Von Thun, F. Pesamosca, D. Pfau, V. Piergotti, L. Pigatto, C. Piron, L. Piron, A. Pironti, U. Plank, V. Plyusnin, Y.R.J. Poels, G.I. Pokol, J. Poley-Sanjuan, M. Poradzinski, L. Porte, C. Possieri, A. Poulsen, M.J. Pueschel, T. Pütterich, V. Quadri, M. Rabinski, R. Ragona, H. Raj, A. Redl, H. Reimerdes, C. Reux, D. Ricci, M. Riedmiller, S. Rienäcker, D. Rigamonti, N. Rispoli, J.F. Rivero-Rodriguez, C.F. Romero Madrid, J. Rueda Rueda, P.J. Ryan, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, M. Sassano, O. Sauter, N. Schoonheere, R.W. Schrittwieser, F. Sciortino, A. Selce, L. Senni, S. Sharapov, U.A. Sheikh, B. Sieglin, M. Silva, D. Silvagni, B. Simmendefeldt Schmidt, L. Simons, E.R. Solano, C. Sozzi, M. Spolaore, L. Spolladore, A. Stagni, P. Strand, G. Sun, W. Suttrop, J. Svoboda, B. Tal, T. Tala, P. Tamain, M. Tardocchi, A. Tema Biwole, A. Tenaglia, D. Terranova, D. Testa, C. Theiler, A. Thornton, A.S. Thrysoe, M. Tomes, E. Tonello, H. Torreblanca, B. Tracey, M. Tsimpoukelli, C. Tsironis, C.K. Tsui, M. Ugoletti, M. Vallar, M. van Berkel, S. van Mulders, M. van Rossem, C. Venturini, M. Veranda, T. Verdier, K. Verhaegh, L. Vermare, N. Vianello, E. Viezzer, F. Villone, B. Vincent, P. Vincenzi, I. Voitsekhovitch, L. Votta, N.M.T. Vu, Y. Wang, E. Wang, T. Wauters, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, N. Wendler, S. Wiesen, M. Wiesenberger, T. Wijkamp, C. Wüthrich, D. Yadykin, H. Yang, V. Yanovskiy, J. Zebrowski, P. Zestanakis, M. Zuin, and M. Zurita
Subjects: TCV, review, plasma, SPC, EPFL, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Tokamak à configuration variable (TCV), recently celebrating 30 years of near-continual operation, continues in its missions to advance outstanding key physics and operational scenario issues for ITER and the design of future power plants such as DEMO. The main machine heating systems and operational changes are first described. Then follow five sections: plasma scenarios. ITER Base-Line (IBL) discharges, triangularity studies together with X3 heating and N2 seeding. Edge localised mode suppression, with a high radiation region near the X-point is reported with N _2 injection with and without divertor baffles in a snowflake configuration. Negative triangularity (NT) discharges attained record, albeit transient, β _N ∼ 3 with lower turbulence, higher low-Z impurity transport, vertical stability and density limits and core transport better than the IBL. Positive triangularity L-Mode linear and saturated ohmic confinement confinement saturation, often-correlated with intrinsic toroidal rotation reversals, was probed for D, H and He working gases. H-mode confinement and pedestal studies were extended to low collisionality with electron cyclotron heating obtaining steady state electron iternal transport barrier with neutral beam heating (NBH), and NBH driven H-mode configurations with off-axis co-electron cyclotron current drive. Fast particle physics. The physics of disruptions, runaway electrons and fast ions (FIs) was developed using near-full current conversion at disruption with recombination thresholds characterised for impurity species (Ne, Ar, Kr). Different flushing gases (D2, H2) and pathways to trigger a benign disruption were explored. The 55 kV NBH II generated a rich Alfvénic spectrum modulating the FI fas ion loss detector signal. NT configurations showed less toroidal Alfvén excitation activity preferentially affecting higher FI pitch angles. Scrape-off layer and edge physics. gas puff imaging systems characterised turbulent plasma ejection for several advanced divertor configurations, including NT. Combined diagnostic array divertor state analysis in detachment conditions was compared to modelling revealing an importance for molecular processes. Divertor physics. Internal gas baffles diversified to include shorter/longer structures on the high and/or low field side to probe compressive efficiency. Divertor studies concentrated upon mitigating target power, facilitating detachment and increasing the radiated power fraction employing alternative divertor geometries, optimised X-point radiator regimes and long-legged configurations. Smaller-than-expected improvements with total flux expansion were better modelled when including parallel flows. Peak outer target heat flux reduction was achieved (>50%) for high flux-expansion geometries, maintaining core performance ( H _98 > 1). A reduction in target heat loads and facilitated detachment access at lower core densities is reported. Real-time control. TCV’s real-time control upgrades employed MIMO gas injector control of stable, robust, partial detachment and plasma β feedback control avoiding neoclassical tearing modes with plasma confinement changes. Machine-learning enhancements include trajectory tracking disruption proximity and avoidance as well as a first-of-its-kind reinforcement learning-based controller for the plasma equilibrium trained entirely on a free-boundary simulator. Finally, a short description of TCV’s immediate future plans will be given.
Published: 2024
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3. Overview of ASDEX upgrade results in view of ITER and DEMO

Author: H. Zohm, E. Alessi, C. Angioni, N. Arden, V. Artigues, M. Astrain, O. Asunta, M. Balden, V. Bandaru, A. Banon Navarro, M. Bauer, A. Bergmann, M. Bergmann, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, A. Biancalani, R. Bielajew, R. Bilato, G. Birkenmeier, T. Blanken, V. Bobkov, A. Bock, L. Bock, T. Body, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, A. Bortolon, B. Böswirth, C. Bottereau, A. Bottino, H. van den Brand, M. Brenzke, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, J. Buchanan, A. Buhler, A. Burckhart, Y. Camenen, B. Cannas, P. Cano Megías, D. Carlton, M. Carr, P. Carvalho, C. Castaldo, A. Castillo Castillo, A. Cathey, M. Cavedon, C. Cazzaniga, C. Challis, A. Chankin, A. Chomiczewska, C. Cianfarani, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, L. Colas, G. Conway, S. Costea, D. Coster, T. Cote, A.J. Creely, G. Croci, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, I. Cziegler, O. D’Arcangelo, A. Dal Molin, P. David, C. Day, M. de Baar, P. de Marné, R. Delogu, P. Denner, A. Di Siena, M. Dibon, J.J. Dominguez-Palacios Durán, D. Dunai, M. Dreval, M. Dunne, B.P. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, S. Elgeti, A. Encheva, B. Esposito, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, D. Fajardo Jimenez, U. Fantz, M. Farnik, H. Faugel, F. Felici, O. Ficker, A. Figueredo, R. Fischer, O. Ford, L. Frassinetti, M. Fröschle, G. Fuchert, J.C. Fuchs, H. Fünfgelder, S. Futatani, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, D. Gallart Escolà, A. Gallo, Y. Gao, S. Garavaglia, M. Garcia Muñoz, B. Geiger, L. Giannone, S. Gibson, L. Gil, E. Giovannozzi, I. Girka, O. Girka, T. Gleiter, S. Glöggler, M. Gobbin, J.C. Gonzalez, J. Gonzalez Martin, T. Goodman, G. Gorini, T. Görler, D. Gradic, G. Granucci, A. Gräter, G. Grenfell, H. Greuner, M. Griener, M. Groth, O. Grover, A. Gude, L. Guimarais, S. Günter, D. Hachmeister, A.H. Hakola, C. Ham, T. Happel, N. den Harder, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, V. Hauer, T. Hayward-Schneider, B. Heinemann, P. Heinrich, T. Hellsten, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, M. Herschel, S. Heuraux, A. Herrmann, E. Heyn, F. Hitzler, J. Hobirk, K. Höfler, S. Hörmann, J.H. Holm, M. Hölzl, C. Hopf, L. Horvath, T. Höschen, A. Houben, A. Hubbard, A. Huber, K. Hunger, V. Igochine, M. Iliasova, J. Illerhaus, K. Insulander Björk, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, I. Ivanova-Stanik, S. Jachmich, W. Jacob, N. Jaksic, A. Jansen van Vuuren, F. Jaulmes, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, E. Joffrin, A. Kallenbach, J. Kalis, A. Kappatou, J. Karhunen, C.-P. Käsemann, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, A. Kendl, W. Kernbichler, E. Khilkevitch, M. Kircher, A. Kirk, S. Kjer Hansen, V. Klevarova, F. Klossek, G. Kocsis, M. Koleva, M. Komm, M. Kong, A. Krämer-Flecken, M. Krause, I. Krebs, A. Kreuzeder, K. Krieger, O. Kudlacek, D. Kulla, T. Kurki-Suonio, B. Kurzan, B. Labit, K. Lackner, F. Laggner, A. Lahtinen, P. Lainer, P.T. Lang, P. Lauber, M. Lehnen, L. Leppin, E. Lerche, N. Leuthold, L. Li, J. Likonen, O. Linder, H. Lindl, B. Lipschultz, Y. Liu, Z. Lu, T. Luda Di Cortemiglia, N.C. Luhmann, T. Lunt, A. Lyssoivan, T. Maceina, J. Madsen, A. Magnanimo, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, R. Maingi, O. Maj, E. Maljaars, V. Maquet, A. Mancini, A. Manhard, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, P. Manz, M. Maraschek, C. Marchetto, M. Markl, L. Marrelli, P. Martin, F. Matos, M. Mayer, P.J. McCarthy, R. McDermott, G. Meng, R. Merkel, A. Merle, H. Meyer, M. Michelini, D. Milanesio, V. Mitterauer, P. Molina Cabrera, M. Muraca, F. Nabais, V. Naulin, R. Nazikian, R.D. Nem, R. Neu, A.H. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, T. Nishizawa, M. Nocente, I. Novikau, S. Nowak, R. Ochoukov, J. Olsen, P. Oyola, O. Pan, G. Papp, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, C. Paz-Soldan, M. Peglau, E. Peluso, P. Petersson, C. Piron, U. Plank, B. Plaum, B. Plöckl, V. Plyusnin, G. Pokol, E. Poli, A. Popa, L. Porte, J. Puchmayr, T. Pütterich, L. Radovanovic, M. Ramisch, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, G. Raupp, A. Redl, D. Réfy, M. Reich, F. Reimold, D. Reiser, M. Reisner, D. Reiter, B. Rettino, T. Ribeiro, D. Ricci, R. Riedl, J. Riesch, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, G. Rocchi, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, V. Rohde, G. Ronchi, M. Rott, M. Rubel, D.A. Ryan, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, O. Samoylov, L. Sanchis Sanchez, J. Santos, O. Sauter, G. Schall, A. Schlüter, J. Scholte, K. Schmid, O. Schmitz, P.A. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, M. Schubert, C. Schuster, N. Schwarz, T. Schwarz-Selinger, J. Schweinzer, F. Sciortino, O. Seibold-Benjak, A. Shabbir, A. Shalpegin, S. Sharapov, U. Sheikh, A. Shevelev, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, A. Sigalov, A. Silva, C. Silva, D. Silvagni, J. Simpson, S. Sipilä, A. Snicker, E. Solano, C. Sommariva, C. Sozzi, M. Spacek, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, A. Stegmeir, M. Stejner, D. Stieglitz, J. Stober, U. Stroth, E. Strumberger, G. Suarez Lopez, W. Suttrop, T. Szepesi, B. Tál, T. Tala, W. Tang, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Terranova, M. Teschke, E. Thorén, W. Tierens, D. Told, W. Treutterer, G. Trevisan, M. Tripský, P. Ulbl, G. Urbanczyk, M. Usoltseva, M. Valisa, M. Valovic, S. van Mulders, M. van Zeeland, F. Vannini, B. Vanovac, P. Varela, S. Varoutis, T. Verdier, G. Verdoolaege, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, T. Vierle, E. Viezzer, I. Voitsekhovitch, U. von Toussaint, D. Wagner, X. Wang, M. Weiland, D. Wendler, A.E. White, M. Willensdorfer, B. Wiringer, M. Wischmeier, R. Wolf, E. Wolfrum, Q. Yang, C. Yoo, Q. Yu, R. Zagórski, I. Zammuto, T. Zehetbauer, W. Zhang, W. Zholobenko, A. Zibrov, M. Zilker, C.F.B. Zimmermann, A. Zito, S. Zoletnik, the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team, and the ASDEX Upgrade Team
Subjects: tokamak, MHD stability, transport modelling, radiative exhaust, disruption physics, ELM free scenarios, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Experiments on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) in 2021 and 2022 have addressed a number of critical issues for ITER and EU DEMO. A major objective of the AUG programme is to shed light on the underlying physics of confinement, stability, and plasma exhaust in order to allow reliable extrapolation of results obtained on present day machines to these reactor-grade devices. Concerning pedestal physics, the mitigation of edge localised modes (ELMs) using resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) was found to be consistent with a reduction of the linear peeling-ballooning stability threshold due to the helical deformation of the plasma. Conversely, ELM suppression by RMPs is ascribed to an increased pedestal transport that keeps the plasma away from this boundary. Candidates for this increased transport are locally enhanced turbulence and a locked magnetic island in the pedestal. The enhanced D-alpha (EDA) and quasi-continuous exhaust (QCE) regimes have been established as promising ELM-free scenarios. Here, the pressure gradient at the foot of the H-mode pedestal is reduced by a quasi-coherent mode, consistent with violation of the high-n ballooning mode stability limit there. This is suggestive that the EDA and QCE regimes have a common underlying physics origin. In the area of transport physics, full radius models for both L- and H-modes have been developed. These models predict energy confinement in AUG better than the commonly used global scaling laws, representing a large step towards the goal of predictive capability. A new momentum transport analysis framework has been developed that provides access to the intrinsic torque in the plasma core. In the field of exhaust, the X-Point Radiator (XPR), a cold and dense plasma region on closed flux surfaces close to the X-point, was described by an analytical model that provides an understanding of its formation as well as its stability, i.e., the conditions under which it transitions into a deleterious MARFE with the potential to result in a disruptive termination. With the XPR close to the divertor target, a new detached divertor concept, the compact radiative divertor, was developed. Here, the exhaust power is radiated before reaching the target, allowing close proximity of the X-point to the target. No limitations by the shallow field line angle due to the large flux expansion were observed, and sufficient compression of neutral density was demonstrated. With respect to the pumping of non-recycling impurities, the divertor enrichment was found to mainly depend on the ionisation energy of the impurity under consideration. In the area of MHD physics, analysis of the hot plasma core motion in sawtooth crashes showed good agreement with nonlinear 2-fluid simulations. This indicates that the fast reconnection observed in these events is adequately described including the pressure gradient and the electron inertia in the parallel Ohm’s law. Concerning disruption physics, a shattered pellet injection system was installed in collaboration with the ITER International Organisation. Thanks to the ability to vary the shard size distribution independently of the injection velocity, as well as its impurity admixture, it was possible to tailor the current quench rate, which is an important requirement for future large devices such as ITER. Progress was also made modelling the force reduction of VDEs induced by massive gas injection on AUG. The H-mode density limit was characterised in terms of safe operational space with a newly developed active feedback control method that allowed the stability boundary to be probed several times within a single discharge without inducing a disruptive termination. Regarding integrated operation scenarios, the role of density peaking in the confinement of the ITER baseline scenario (high plasma current) was clarified. The usual energy confinement scaling ITER98( p,y ) does not capture this effect, but the more recent H20 scaling does, highlighting again the importance of developing adequate physics based models. Advanced tokamak scenarios, aiming at large non-inductive current fraction due to non-standard profiles of the safety factor in combination with high normalised plasma pressure were studied with a focus on their access conditions. A method to guide the approach of the targeted safety factor profiles was developed, and the conditions for achieving good confinement were clarified. Based on this, two types of advanced scenarios (‘hybrid’ and ‘elevated’ q -profile) were established on AUG and characterised concerning their plasma performance.
Published: 2024
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4. Overview of the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation programme in support of ITER and DEMO

Author: E. Joffrin, M. Wischmeier, M. Baruzzo, A. Hakola, A. Kappatou, D. Keeling, B. Labit, E. Tsitrone, N. Vianello, the ASDEX Upgrade Team, JET Contributors, the MAST-U Team, the TCV Team, the WEST Team, the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team:, D. Abate, J. Adamek, M. Agostini, C. Albert, F.C.P. Albert Devasagayam, S. Aleiferis, E. Alessi, J. Alhage, S. Allan, J. Allcock, M. Alonzo, G. Anastasiou, E. Andersson Sunden, C. Angioni, Y. Anquetin, L. Appel, G.M. Apruzzese, M. Ariola, C. Arnas, J.F. Artaud, W. Arter, O. Asztalos, L. Aucone, M.H. Aumeunier, F. Auriemma, J. Ayllon, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, F. Bagnato, L. Bähner, F. Bairaktaris, P. Balázs, L. Balbinot, I. Balboa, M. Balden, A. Balestri, M. Baquero Ruiz, T. Barberis, C. Barcellona, O. Bardsley, S. Benkadda, T. Bensadon, E. Bernard, M. Bernert, H. Betar, R. Bianchetti Morales, J. Bielecki, R. Bilato, P. Bilkova, W. Bin, G. Birkenmeier, R. Bisson, P. Blanchard, A. Bleasdale, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, A. Bock, K. Bogar, P. Bohm, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, N. Bonanomi, L. Boncagni, D. Bonfiglio, R. Bonifetto, M. Bonotto, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, T.O.S.J. Bosman, C. Bourdelle, C. Bowman, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, R. Brunet, D. Brunetti, V. Bruno, R. Buchholz, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, J. Cai, R. Calado, J. Caloud, S. Cancelli, F. Cani, B. Cannas, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, D. Carnevale, M. Carole, M. Carpita, D. Carralero, F. Caruggi, I.S. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, A. Casolari, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, A. Cathey, F. Causa, J. Cavalier, M. Cavedon, J. Cazabonne, M. Cecconello, L. Ceelen, A. Celora, J. Cerovsky, C.D. Challis, R. Chandra, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, H. Chen, M. Chernyshova, A.G. Chiariello, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, C. Cianfarani, G. Ciraolo, J. Citrin, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, C. Colandrea, L. Colas, S. Conroy, C. Contre, N.J. Conway, L. Cordaro, Y. Corre, D. Costa, S. Costea, D. Coster, X. Courtois, C. Cowley, T. Craciunescu, G. Croci, A.M. Croitoru, K. Crombe, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, T. Czarski, A. Da Ros, A. Dal Molin, M. Dalla Rosa, Y. Damizia, O. D’Arcangelo, P. David, M. De Angeli, E. De la Cal, E. De La Luna, G. De Tommasi, J. Decker, R. Dejarnac, D. Del Sarto, G. Derks, C. Desgranges, P. Devynck, S. Di Genova, L.E. di Grazia, A. Di Siena, M. Dicorato, M. Diez, M. Dimitrova, T. Dittmar, L. Dittrich, J.J. Domínguez Palacios Durán, P. Donnel, D. Douai, S. Dowson, S. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drews, L. Dubus, R. Dumont, D. Dunai, M. Dunne, A. Durif, F. Durodie, G. Durr Legoupil Nicoud, B. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, A. Ekedahl, S. Elmore, G. Ericsson, J. Eriksson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, A. Escarguel, B. Esposito, T. Estrada, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, N. Fakhrayi Mofrad, A. Fanni, T. Farley, M. Farník, N. Fedorczak, F. Felici, X. Feng, J. Ferreira, D. Ferreira, N. Ferron, O. Fevrier, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, A. Figueiredo, N. Fil, D. Fiorucci, M. Firdaouss, R. 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Zadvitskiy, L. Zakharov, P. Zanca, D. Zarzoso, Y. Zayachuk, J. Zebrowski, M. Zerbini, P. Zestanakis, C. F. B. Zimmermann, M. Zlobinski, A. Zohar, V.K. Zotta, X. Zou, M. Zuin, M. Zurita, and I. Zychor
Subjects: JET, ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST, Tokamak Exploitation Task Force, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Within the 9th European Framework programme, since 2021 EUROfusion is operating five tokamaks under the auspices of a single Task Force called ‘Tokamak Exploitation’. The goal is to benefit from the complementary capabilities of each machine in a coordinated way and help in developing a scientific output scalable to future largre machines. The programme of this Task Force ensures that ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST and JET (since 2022) work together to achieve the objectives of Missions 1 and 2 of the EUROfusion Roadmap: i) demonstrate plasma scenarios that increase the success margin of ITER and satisfy the requirements of DEMO and, ii) demonstrate an integrated approach that can handle the large power leaving ITER and DEMO plasmas. The Tokamak Exploitation task force has therefore organized experiments on these two missions with the goal to strengthen the physics and operational basis for the ITER baseline scenario and for exploiting the recent plasma exhaust enhancements in all four devices (PEX: Plasma EXhaust) for exploring the solution for handling heat and particle exhaust in ITER and develop the conceptual solutions for DEMO. The ITER Baseline scenario has been developed in a similar way in ASDEX Upgrade, TCV and JET. Key risks for ITER such as disruptions and run-aways have been also investigated in TCV, ASDEX Upgrade and JET. Experiments have explored successfully different divertor configurations (standard, super-X, snowflakes) in MAST-U and TCV and studied tungsten melting in WEST and ASDEX Upgrade. The input from the smaller devices to JET has also been proven successful to set-up novel control schemes on disruption avoidance and detachment.
Published: 2024
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5. Overview of T and D–T results in JET with ITER-like wall

Author: C.F. Maggi, D. Abate, N. Abid, P. Abreu, O. Adabonyan, M. Afzal, I. Ahmad, M. Akhtar, R. Albanese, S. Aleiferis, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, J. Alguacil, J. Alhage, M. Ali, H. Allen, M. Allinson, M. Alonzo, E. Alves, R. Ambrosino, E. Andersson Sundén, P. Andrew, M. Angelone, C. Angioni, I. Antoniou, L. Appel, C. Appelbee, C. Aramunde, M. Ariola, G. Arnoux, G. Artaserse, J.-F. Artaud, W. Arter, V. Artigues, F.J. Artola, A. Ash, O. Asztalos, D. Auld, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, J. Ayllón, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, L. Bähner, F. Bairaktaris, I. Balboa, M. Balden, N. Balshaw, V.K. Bandaru, J. Banks, A. Banon Navarro, C. Barcellona, O. Bardsley, M. Barnes, R. Barnsley, M. Baruzzo, M. Bassan, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, L. Baumane, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, C. Bearcroft, P. Beaumont, D. Beckett, A. Begolli, M. Beidler, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, E. Belli, F. Belli, S. Benkadda, J. Bentley, E. Bernard, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, H. Betar, M. Beurskens, P.G. Bhat, S. Bickerton, J. Bielecki, T. Biewer, R. Bilato, P. Bílková, G. Birkenmeier, R. Bisson, J.P.S. Bizarro, P. Blatchford, A. Bleasdale, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, A. Bock, G. Bodnar, P. Bohm, L. Bonalumi, N. Bonanomi, D. Bonfiglio, X. Bonnin, P. Bonofiglo, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, T.O.S.J. Bosman, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, I. Božičević Mihalić, S.C. Bradnam, B. Breizman, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, M. Brix, P. Brown, D. Brunetti, M. Buckley, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, A. Burgess, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, D. Butcher, G. Calabrò, L. Calacci, R. Calado, R. Canavan, B. Cannas, M. Cannon, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, P. Card, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, P. Carman, D. Carnevale, B. Carvalho, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, J.P. Catalan, N. Catarino, F. Causa, M. Cavedon, M. Cecconello, L. Ceelen, C.D. Challis, B. Chamberlain, R. Chandra, C.S. Chang, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, P. Chauhan, M. Chernyshova, A. Chiariello, G.-C. 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Henriques, R.B. Henriques, D. Hepple, J. Herfindal, G. Hermon, J.C. Hillesheim, K. Hizanidis, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Ho, J. Hobirk, O. Hoenen, C. Hogben, A. Hollingsworth, S. Hollis, E. Hollmann, M. Hölzl, M. Hook, M. Hoppe, J. Horáček, N. Horsten, A. Horton, L.D. Horton, L. Horvath, S. Hotchin, Z. Hu, Z. Huang, E. Hubenov, A. Huber, V. Huber, T. Huddleston, G.T.A. Huijsmans, Y. Husain, P. Huynh, A. Hynes, D. Iglesias, M.V. Iliasova, M. Imríšek, J. Ingleby, P. Innocente, V. Ioannou-Sougleridis, N. Isernia, I. Ivanova-Stanik, E. Ivings, S. Jachmich, T. Jackson, A.S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, H. Järleblad, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, N. Jayasekera, F. Jenko, I. Jepu, E. Joffrin, T. Johnson, J. Johnston, C. Jones, E. Jones, G. Jones, L. Jones, T.T.C. Jones, A. Joyce, M. Juvonen, A. Kallenbach, P. Kalnina, D. Kalupin, P. Kanth, A. Kantor, A. Kappatou, O. Kardaun, J. Karhunen, E. Karsakos, Ye.O. Kazakov, V. Kazantzidis, D.L. Keeling, W. Kelly, M. Kempenaars, D. Kennedy, K. Khan, E. Khilkevich, C. Kiefer, H.-T. Kim, J. Kim, S.H. Kim, D.B. King, D.J. Kinna, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, T. Kiviniemi, G. Kizane, C. Klepper, A. Klix, G. Kneale, M. Knight, P. Knight, R. Knights, S. Knipe, U. Knoche, M. Knolker, M. Kocan, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, J.T.W. Koenders, Y. Kolesnichenko, Y. Kominis, M. Kong, B. Kool, V. Korovin, S.B. Korsholm, B. Kos, D. Kos, M. Koubiti, Y. Kovtun, E. Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, K. Koziol, Y. Krasikov, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, M. Kresina, A. Kreter, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, U. Kruezi, I. Książek, H. Kumpulainen, B. Kurzan, S. Kwak, O.J. Kwon, B. Labit, M. Lacquaniti, A. Lagoyannis, L. Laguardia, A. Laing, V. Laksharam, N. Lam, H.T. Lambertz, B. Lane, M. Langley, E. Lascas Neto, E. Łaszyńska, K.D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, G. Learoyd, C. Lee, K. Lee, S. Leerink, T. Leeson, X. Lefebvre, H.J. Leggate, J. Lehmann, M. Lehnen, D. Leichtle, F. Leipold, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Leon Gutierrez, L.A. Leppin, E. Lerche, A. Lescinskis, S. Lesnoj, L. Lewin, J. Lewis, J. Likonen, Ch. Linsmeier, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland-Smith, F. Liu, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. Lobel, B. Lomanowski, P.J. Lomas, J. Lombardo, R. Lorenzini, S. Loreti, V.P. Loschiavo, M. Loughlin, T. Lowe, C. Lowry, T. Luce, R. Lucock, T. Luda Di Cortemiglia, M. Lungaroni, C.P. Lungu, T. Lunt, V. Lutsenko, B. Lyons, J. Macdonald, E. Macusova, R. Mäenpää, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, S. Makarov, P. Manas, A. Manning, P. Mantica, M.J. Mantsinen, J. Manyer, A. Manzanares, Ph. Maquet, M. Maraschek, G. Marceca, G. Marcer, C. Marchetto, O. Marchuk, A. Mariani, G. Mariano, M. Marin, A. Marin Roldan, M. Marinelli, T. Markovič, L. Marot, C. Marren, S. Marsden, S. Marsen, J. Marsh, R. Marshall, L. Martellucci, A.J. Martin, C. Martin, R. Martone, S. Maruyama, M. Maslov, M. Mattei, G.F. Matthews, D. Matveev, E. Matveeva, A. Mauriya, F. Maviglia, M. Mayer, M.-L. Mayoral, S. Mazzi, C. Mazzotta, R. McAdams, P.J. McCarthy, P. McCullen, R. McDermott, D.C. McDonald, D. McGuckin, V. McKay, L. McNamee, A. McShee, D. Mederick, M. Medland, S. Medley, K. Meghani, A.G. Meigs, S. Meitner, S. Menmuir, K. Mergia, S. Mianowski, P. Middleton, J. Mietelski, K. Mikszuta-Michalik, D. Milanesio, E. Milani, E. Militello-Asp, F. Militello, J. Milnes, A. Milocco, S. Minucci, I. Miron, J. Mitchell, J. Mlynář, V. Moiseenko, P. Monaghan, I. Monakhov, A. Montisci, S. Moon, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, R.B. Morales, L. Morgan, F. Moro, J. Morris, T. Mrowetz, L. Msero, S. Munot, A. Muñoz-Perez, M. Muraglia, A. Murari, A. Muraro, B. N’Konga, Y.S. Na, F. Nabais, R. Naish, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, V. Naulin, M.F.F. Nave, R. Neu, S. Ng, M. Nicassio, D. Nicolai, A.H. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, D. Nina, C. Noble, C.R. Nobs, M. Nocente, H. Nordman, S. Nowak, H. Nyström, J. O’Callaghan, M. O’Mullane, C. O’Neill, C. Olde, H.J.C. Oliver, R. Olney, J. Ongena, G.P. Orsitto, A. Osipov, R. Otin, N. Pace, L.W. Packer, E. Pajuste, D. Palade, J. Palgrave, O. Pan, N. Panadero, T. Pandya, E. Panontin, A. Papadopoulos, G. Papadopoulos, G. Papp, V.V. Parail, A. Parsloe, K. Paschalidis, M. Passeri, A. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, C. Paz-Soldan, A. Peacock, M. Pearce, I.J. Pearson, E. Peluso, C. Penot, K. Pepperell, A. Perdas, T. Pereira, E. Perelli Cippo, C. Perez von Thun, D. Perry, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, N. Petrella, M. Peyman, L. Pigatto, M. Pillon, S. Pinches, G. Pintsuk, C. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, R. Pitts, U. Planck, N. Platt, V. Plyusnin, M. Podesta, G. Pokol, F.M. Poli, O.G. Pompilian, M. Poradzinski, M. Porkolab, C. Porosnicu, G. Poulipoulis, A.S. Poulsen, I. Predebon, A. Previti, D. Primetzhofer, G. Provatas, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, K. Purahoo, O. Putignano, T. Pütterich, A. Quercia, G. Radulescu, V. Radulovic, R. Ragona, M. Rainford, P. Raj, M. Rasinski, D. Rasmussen, J. Rasmussen, J.J. Rasmussen, A. Raso, G. Rattá, S. Ratynskaia, R. Rayaprolu, M. Rebai, A. Redl, D. Rees, D. Réfy, R. Reichle, H. Reimerdes, B.C.G. Reman, C. Reux, S. Reynolds, D. Rigamonti, E. Righi, F.G. Rimini, J. Risner, J.F. Rivero-Rodriguez, C.M. Roach, J. Roberts, R. Robins, S. Robinson, D. Robson, S. Rode, P. Rodrigues, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, S. Romanelli, J. Romazanov, E. Rose, C. Rose-Innes, R. Rossi, S. Rowe, D. Rowlands, C. Rowley, M. Rubel, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, M. Rud, J. Ruiz Ruiz, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, A. Sahlberg, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, R. Salmon, F. Salzedas, F. Sanchez, I. Sanders, D. Sandiford, F. Sanni, O. Sauter, P. Sauvan, G. Schettini, A. Shevelev, A.A. Schekochihin, K. Schmid, B.S. Schmidt, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, P.A. Schneider, N. Schoonheere, R. Schramm, D. Scoon, S. Scully, M. Segato, J. Seidl, L. Senni, J. Seo, G. Sergienko, M. Sertoli, S.E. Sharapov, R. Sharma, A. Shaw, R. Shaw, H. Sheikh, U. Sheikh, N. Shi, P. Shigin, D. Shiraki, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, S.A. Silburn, A. Silva, C. Silva, J. Silva, D. Silvagni, D. Simfukwe, J. Simpson, P. Sirén, A. Sirinelli, H. Sjöstrand, N. Skinner, J. Slater, T. Smart, R.D. Smirnov, N. Smith, P. Smith, T. Smith, J. Snell, L. Snoj, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, C. Sommariva, K. Soni, M. Sos, J. Sousa, C. Sozzi, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, L. Spolladore, D. Spong, C. Srinivasan, G. Staebler, A. Stagni, I. Stamatelatos, M.F. Stamp, Ž. Štancar, P.A. Staniec, G. Stankūnas, M. Stead, B. Stein-Lubrano, A. Stephen, J. Stephens, P. Stevenson, C. Steventon, M. Stojanov, D.A. St-Onge, P. Strand, S. Strikwerda, C.I. Stuart, S. Sturgeon, H.J. Sun, S. Surendran, W. Suttrop, J. Svensson, J. Svoboda, R. Sweeney, G. Szepesi, M. Szoke, T. Tadić, B. Tal, T. Tala, P. Tamain, K. Tanaka, W. Tang, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, A.S. Teimane, G. Telesca, A. Teplukhina, A. Terra, D. Terranova, N. Terranova, D. Testa, B. Thomas, V.K. Thompson, A. Thorman, A.S. Thrysoe, W. Tierens, R.A. Tinguely, A. Tipton, H. Todd, M. Tomeš, A. Tookey, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya, L.-P. Turică, A. Turner, I. Turner, M. Turner, M.M. Turner, G. Tvalashvili, A. Tykhyy, S. Tyrrell, A. Uccello, V. Udintsev, A. Vadgama, D.F. Valcarcel, A. Valentini, M. Valisa, M. Vallar, M. Valovic, M. Van Berkel, K.L. van de Plassche, M. van Rossem, D. Van Eester, J. Varela, J. Varje, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Vayakis, M. Vecsei, J. Vega, M. Veis, P. Veis, S. Ventre, M. Veranda, G. Verdoolaege, C. Verona, G. Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, E. Viezzer, L. Vignitchouk, R. Vila, R. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, A. Vitins, Z. Vizvary, M. Vlad, I. Voldiner, U. Von Toussaint, P. Vondráček, B. Wakeling, M. Walker, R. Walker, M. Walsh, R. Walton, E. Wang, F. Warren, R. Warren, J. Waterhouse, C. Watts, T. Webster, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, N. Wendler, A. West, M. Wheatley, S. Whetham, A. Whitehead, D. Whittaker, A. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, M. Willensdorfer, J. Williams, I. Wilson, T. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, A. Withycombe, D. Witts, A. Wojcik-Gargula, E. Wolfrum, R. Wood, R. Woodley, R. Worrall, I. Wyss, T. Xu, D. Yadykin, Y. Yakovenko, Y. Yang, V. Yanovskiy, R. Yi, I. Young, R. Young, B. Zaar, R.J. Zabolockis, L. Zakharov, P. Zanca, A. Zarins, D. Zarzoso Fernandez, K.-D. Zastrow, Y. Zayachuk, M. Zerbini, W. Zhang, B. Zimmermann, M. Zlobinski, A. Zocco, V.K. Zotta, M. Zuin, W. Zwingmann, and I. Zychor
Subjects: magnetic fusion, JET-ILW, D–T, tritium, alpha particles, fusion prediction, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: In 2021 JET exploited its unique capabilities to operate with T and D–T fuel with an ITER-like Be/W wall (JET-ILW). This second major JET D–T campaign (DTE2), after DTE1 in 1997, represented the culmination of a series of JET enhancements—new fusion diagnostics, new T injection capabilities, refurbishment of the T plant, increased auxiliary heating, in-vessel calibration of 14 MeV neutron yield monitors—as well as significant advances in plasma theory and modelling in the fusion community. DTE2 was complemented by a sequence of isotope physics campaigns encompassing operation in pure tritium at high T-NBI power. Carefully conducted for safe operation with tritium, the new T and D–T experiments used 1 kg of T (vs 100 g in DTE1), yielding the most fusion reactor relevant D–T plasmas to date and expanding our understanding of isotopes and D–T mixture physics. Furthermore, since the JET T and DTE2 campaigns occurred almost 25 years after the last major D–T tokamak experiment, it was also a strategic goal of the European fusion programme to refresh operational experience of a nuclear tokamak to prepare staff for ITER operation. The key physics results of the JET T and DTE2 experiments, carried out within the EUROfusion JET1 work package, are reported in this paper. Progress in the technological exploitation of JET D–T operations, development and validation of nuclear codes, neutronic tools and techniques for ITER operations carried out by EUROfusion (started within the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme and continuing under the Horizon Europe FP) are reported in (Litaudon et al Nucl. Fusion accepted), while JET experience on T and D–T operations is presented in (King et al Nucl. Fusion submitted).
Published: 2024
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6. Divertor Tokamak Test facility project: status of design and implementation

Author: Francesco Romanelli, on behalf of DTT Contributors, D. Abate, E. Acampora, D. Agguiaro, R. Agnello, P. Agostinetti, M. Agostini, A. Aimetta, R. Albanese, G. Alberti, M. Albino, E. Alessi, S. Almaviva, M. Alonzo, R. Ambrosino, P. Andreoli, M. Angelone, M. Angelucci, C. Angioni, A. Angrisani Armenio, P. Antonini, D. Aprile, G. Apruzzese, M. Aquilini, G. Aragone, P. Arena, M. Ariola, G. Artaserse, L. Aucone, A. Augieri, F. Auriemma, J. Ayllon Guerola, N. Badodi, B. Baiocchi, L. Balbinot, C. Baldacchini, A. Balestri, T. Barberis, G. Barone, L. Barucca, M. Baruzzo, S. Begozzi, V. Belardi, F. Belli, A. Belpane, F. Beone, S. Bertolami, S. Bianucci, S. Bifaretti, S. Bigioni, W. Bin, P. Boccali, B. Boeswirth, E. Bogazzi, R. Bojoi, S. Bollanti, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, M. Bonan, N. Bonanomi, A. Bonaventura, L. Boncagni, M. Bonesso, D. Bonfiglio, R. Bonifetto, D. Bonomi, D. Borgogno, T. Borzone, S. Botti, E. Boz, F. Braghin, M. Brena, S. Brezinsek, M. Brombin, A. Bruschi, S. Buonocore, P. Buratti, D. Busi, G. Calabrò, M. Caldora, G. Calvo, G. Camera, G. Campana, S. Candela, V. Candela, F. Cani, L. Cantone, F. Capaldo, S. Cappello, M. Caponero, S. Carchella, A. Cardinali, D. Carnevale, L. Carraro, C. Carrelli, V. Casalegno, I. Casiraghi, C. Castaldo, A. Castaldo, G. Castro, A. Carpignano, F. Causa, R. Cavazzana, M. Cavedon, M. Cavenago, M. Cecchini, S. Ceccuzzi, G. Celentano, L. Celona, C. Centioli, G.V. Centomani, S. Cesaroni, A.G. Chiariello, R. Chomicz, C. Cianfarani, F. Cichocki, M. Cinque, A. Cioffi, M. Ciotti, M. Cipriani, S. Ciufo, V. Claps, G. Claps, V. Coccorese, D. Coccorese, A. Colangeli, T. Coltella, F. Consoli, F. Cordella, D. Corradini, O. Costa, F. Crea, A. Cremona, F. Crescenzi, F. Crisanti, G. Cristofari, G. Croci, A. Cucchiaro, D. D’Ambrosio, M. Dal Molin, M. Dalla Palma, F. Danè, C. Day, M. De Angeli, V. De Leo, R. De Luca, E. De Marchi, G. De Marzi, G. De Masi, E. De Nardi, C. De Piccoli, G. De Sano, M. De Santis, G. De Tommasi, A. Del Nevo, A. Delfino, A. Della Corte, P. Deodati, S. Desiderati, E. Di Ferdinando, M.G. Di Florio, G. Di Gironimo, L.E. Di Grazia, V. Di Marzo, F. Di Paolo, E. Di Pietro, M. Di Pietrantonio, M. Di Prinzio, A. Di Silvestre, A. Di Zenobio, R. Dima, A. Domenichelli, A. Doria, G. Dose, S. Dubbioso, S. Dulla, I. Duran, M. Eboli, M. Elitropi, E. Emanuelli, B. Esposito, P. Ettorre, C. Fabbri, F. Fabbri, M. Fadone, M.M. Faggiano, F. Falcioni, M.V. Falessi, F. Fanale, P. Fanelli, A. Fassina, M. Favaretto, G. Favero, M. Ferraris, F. Ferrazza, C. Ferretti, A. Ferro, N. Ferron, C. Fiamozzi Zignani, L. Figini, F. Filippi, M. Filippini, A. Fimiani, M. Fincato, F. Fiorenza, D. Fiorucci, D. Flammini, F. Flora, N. Fonnesu, P. Franz, L. Frassinetti, A. Frattolillo, R. Freda, R. Fresa, A. Frescura, P. Frosi, M. Fulici, M. Furno Palumbo, V. Fusco, P. Fusco, L. Gabellier, P. Gaetani, E. Gaio, E. Gajetti, A. Galatà, J. Galdon Quiroga, D.L. Galindo Huertas, S. Gammino, G. Gandolfo, S. Garavaglia, J. Garcia Lopez, M. Garcia Muñoz, P. Gaudio, M. Gelfusa, G. Gervasini, L. Giannini, M. Giarrusso, C. Gil, F. Giorgetti, E. Giovannozzi, G. Giruzzi, L. Giudicotti, M. Gobbin, G. Gorini, G. Granucci, D. Grasso, T. Grasso, S. Grazioso, H. Greuner, G. Griva, G. Grosso, S. Guerini, J.P. Gunn, V. Hauer, J. Hidalgo Salaverri, M. Hoppe, M. Houry, M. Hoelzl, A. Iaboni, M. Iafrati, A. Iaiunese, V. Imbriani, D. Indrigo, P. Innocente, F. Koechl, B. Končar, A. Kryzhanovskyy, L. Laguardia, D.A. Lampasi, C. Lanchi, F. Lanzotti, A. Lanzotti, M. Laquaniti, F. Leone, J. Li, M. Libè, F. Lisanti, D. Liuzza, F. Locati, R. Lombroni, R. Lorenzini, P. Lorusso, L. Lotto, J. Loureiro, F. Lucca, T. Luda Di Cortemiglia, P. Maccari, G. Maddaluno, S. Magagnino, G. Manca, A. Mancini, P. Mandalà, B. Mandolesi, F. Mandrile, G. Manduchi, S. Manfrin, M. Manganelli, P. Mantica, G. Marchiori, N. Marconato, G. Marelli, A. Mariani, A. Marin, R. Marinari, M. Marinelli, F. Marino, P. Marino, D. Marocco, R. Marsilio, E. Martelli, P. Martin, F. Martinelli, G. Martini, R. Martone, A. Marucci, D. Marzullo, V. Masala, D. Mascali, F. Mascari, A. Masi, N. Massanova, S. Mastrostefano, M. Mattei, G. Mauro, S. Mauro, C. Meineri, L. Melaragni, A. Mele, P. Meller, S. Meloni, I. Menicucci, G. Messina, L. Mezi, G. Miccichè, M. Micheletti, S. Migliori, D. Milanesio, F. Milazzo, R. Milazzo, P. Minelli, S. Minucci, F. Mirizzi, M. Missirlian, D. Monarca, C. Monti, M. Mori, A. Moriani, L. Morici, A. Moro, F. Moro, P. Mosetti, R. Mozzillo, A. Murari, A. Muraro, D. Murra, P. Muscente, S. Musumeci, L. Muzzi, G.F. Nallo, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, E. Naselli, R. Neu, M. Nocente, M. Notazio, S. Nowak, E. Ocello, A. Oliva, V. Orsetti, A. Orsini, F.P. Orsitto, M. Ortino, M. Ottavi, G. Paccagnella, D. Pacella, I. Pagani, N. Paganucci, A. Pagliaro, V. Palazzolo, M. Palermo, S. Palomba, F. Panza, D. Paoletti, M. Parisi, R. Pasqualotto, S. Passarello, M. Passoni, T. Patton, L. Pelliccia, A. Peloso, A. Pepato, E. Perelli, A. Perencin, S. Peruzzo, A. Pesenti, N. Pedroni, P. Petrolini, V. Piergotti, A. Pidatella, L. Pigatto, M. Pillon, T. Pinna, S. Pipolo, S. Piras, C. Piron, L. Piron, A. Pironti, M. Pistilli, D. Placido, A. Pizzuto, P. Platania, A. Polimadei, F. Pollastrone, G.M. Polli, N. Pomaro, F. Pompili, C. Ponti, F. Porcelli, V. Prandelli, A. Previti, A. Princiotta, G. Pucino, F. Quaglia, A. Quercia, F. Raffaelli, G. Ramogida, G. Ranieri, B. Raspante, D. Ravarotto, G.L. Ravera, A. Reale, P. Rebesan, M. Recchia, D. Regine, F. Renno, B. Riccardi, D. Ricci, D. Rigamonti, M. Ripani, N. Rispoli, S. Roccella, G. Rocchi, H. Roche, M. Romanato, F. Romanelli, G. Romanelli, R. Romaniello, A. Romano, M. Romano, R. Romano, R. Rossi, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, S. Rubino, J. Rueda Rueda, A. Rufoloni, C. Salvia, P. Salvini, M. Scarpari, A. Salvitti, L. Salvò, S. Sandri, F. Santoro, A. Satriano, L. Savoldi, C. Scardino, G. Schettini, S. Schmuck, J. Scionti, M. Scisciò, M. Scungio, K. Sedlak, L. Senni, G. Sias, A. Sibio, A. Simonetto, L. Singh, A. Sirignano, C. Sozzi, I. Spada, S. Spagnolo, L. Spinicci, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, C. Stefanini, H. Strobel, F. Subba, F. Taccogna, B. Taheri, C. Tantos, A. Tarallo, M. Tarantino, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, P. Tarfila, A. Tenaglia, C. Terlizzi, D. Terranova, D. Testa, E. Testa, R. Testoni, V. Toigo, G. Torrisi, A. Trotta, G. Trovato, E. Tsitrone, A. Tuccillo, O. Tudisco, M. Turcato, S. Turtù, A. Uccello, M. Ugoletti, O. Uras, M. Uras, M. Utili, V. Vaccaro, F. Valentini, L. Valletti, M. Valisa, D. Van Eester, D. Vanzan, E. Vassallo, G. Vecchi, M. Vellucci, I. Venneri, G. Ventura, M. Veranda, L. Verdini, C. Verona, G. Verona Rinati, F. Veronese, N. Vianello, F. Viganò, O. Villano, R. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, V. Vitale, F. Vivio, G. Vlad, M. Wischmeier, H.S. Wu, I. Wyss, R. Zanino, B. Zaniol, F. Zanon, A. Zappatore, G. Zavarise, P. Zito, A. Zoppoli, M. Zucchetti, M. Zuin, and P. Zumbolo
Subjects: divertor, exhaust, plasma scenarios, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: An overview is presented of the progress since 2021 in the construction and scientific programme preparation of the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility. Licensing for building construction has been granted at the end of 2021. Licensing for Cat. A radiologic source has been also granted in 2022. The construction of the toroidal field magnet system is progressing. The prototype of the 170 GHz gyrotron has been produced and it is now under test on the FALCON facility. The design of the vacuum vessel, the poloidal field coils and the civil infrastructures has been completed. The shape of the first DTT divertor has been agreed with EUROfusion to test different plasma and exhaust scenarios: single null, double null, X-divertor and negative triangularity plasmas. A detailed research plan is being elaborated with the involvement of the EUROfusion laboratories.
Published: 2024
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7. The single crystal diamond-based diagnostic suite of the JET tokamak for 14 MeV neutron counting and spectroscopy measurements in DT plasmas

Author: D. Rigamonti, A. Dal Molin, A. Muraro, M. Rebai, L. Giacomelli, G. Gorini, M. Nocente, E. Perelli Cippo, S. Conroy, G. Ericsson, J. Eriksson, V. Kiptily, Z. Ghani, Ž. Štancar, M. Tardocchi, and JET Contributors
Subjects: nuclear diagnostics, neutron spectroscopy, single crystal diamond detectors, tokamaks, nuclear fusion diagnostics, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: The Joint European Torus (JET) has recently conducted its second deuterium–tritium (DT) experimental campaign DTE2, providing unique opportunity for studying both physics and engineering aspects of nuclear fusion plasmas. This also allowed the exploitation of new diagnostics and technologies that were not available during the first JET DT campaign held in 1997. Among these new instruments, the enhancement projects of the JET nuclear diagnostics lead to the development and installation of synthetic single crystal diamond detectors along different collimated line of sights. This paper describes the single crystal diamond-based diagnostic suite of the JET tokamak and the enhanced 14 MeV neutron diagnostic capabilities in terms of neutron yield and high resolution neutron spectroscopy. The diamond characterization measurements and the calibration procedure at JET are shown, together with performance of the diamond based neutron spectrometer as 14 MeV neutron yield monitor which allows the separation of 2.5 MeV and 14 MeV neutrons in trace tritium plasmas. The first high-resolution 14 MeV neutron spectroscopy measurements in neutral beam injection-heated DT plasmas are presented, allowing thermal and non-thermal neutron component separation. Prospects for the diagnose of DT burning plasmas such as ITER and SPARC will be presented.
Published: 2023
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8. 4D and 5D phase-space tomography using slowing-down physics regularization

Author: B.S. Schmidt, M. Salewski, D. Moseev, M. Baquero-Ruiz, P.C. Hansen, J. Eriksson, O. Ford, G. Gorini, H. Järleblad, Ye O. Kazakov, D. Kulla, S. Lazerson, J.E. Mencke, D. Mykytchuk, M. Nocente, P. Poloskei, M. Rud, A. Snicker, L. Stagner, S. Äkäslompolo, and the W7-X Team
Subjects: fast ions, tomography, slowing-down, NBI, Tokamak, stellarator, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: We compute reconstructions of 4D and 5D fast-ion phase-space distribution functions in fusion plasmas from synthetic projections of these functions. The fast-ion phase-space distribution functions originating from neutral beam injection (NBI) at TCV and Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) at full, half, and one-third injection energies can be distinguished and particle densities of each component inferred based on 20 synthetic spectra of projected velocities at TCV and 680 at W7-X. Further, we demonstrate that an expansion into a basis of slowing-down distribution functions is equivalent to regularization using slowing-down physics as prior information. Using this technique in a Tikhonov formulation, we infer the particle density fractions for each NBI energy for each NBI beam from synthetic measurements, resulting in six unknowns at TCV and 24 unknowns at W7-X. Additionally, we show that installing 40 LOS in each of 17 ports at W7-X, providing full beam coverage and almost full angle coverage, produces the highest quality reconstructions.
Published: 2023
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9. Advances in Nuclear Data and Software Development for the HighNESS Project

Author: Kemal Ramić, J. I. Marquez Damian, D. D. Di Julio, T. Kittelmann, D. Campi, M. Bernasconi, A. Gosh, G. Gorini, N. Rizzi, E. Klinkby, and V. Santoro
Subjects: Nuclear Energy and Engineering
Published: 2023
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10. Numerical simulations on laser absorption enhancement in hybrid metallo-dielectric nanostructured targets for future nuclear astrophysics experiments

Author: G. Pirruccio, D. Rocco, C. De Angelis, G. Sorbello, D. Mascali, G. Torrisi, M. Frassetto, L. Malferrari, F. Odorici, C. Altana, G. Lanzalone, A. Muoio, S. Tudisco, R. Benocci, G. Gorini, and L. Palladino
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: The linear electromagnetic interaction between innovative hybrid metallo-dielectric nanostructured targets and laser in visible and IR range is investigated through numerical simulations. The obtained results rely on the optimization of a target based on metallic nanowires (NWs) to enhance light absorption in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The NWs are grown within the ordered nanoholes of an alumina substrate, thus, forming a plasmonic lattice with triangular symmetry. The remaining volume of the nanoholes on top of the NWs is sealed with a transparent layer of aluminum oxide that is suitable to be chemically modified for containing about 25% of deuterium atoms. The study presented here is carried out within the framework of a scientific program named PLANETA (Plasmonic Laser Absorption on Nano-Engineered Targets) aiming at investigating new laser–matter interaction schemes in the ns domain and for nuclear fusion purposes, involving especially the D–D reaction.
Published: 2020
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11. Characterization of X-Ray Events in a Vacuum High Voltage Long-Gap Experiment

Author: S. Spagnolo, N. Pilan, A. De Lorenzi, C. L. Fontana, O. McCormack, A. Muraro, G. Croci, R. Gobbo, G. Gorini, G. Grosso, M. Fincato, L. Lotto, E. Martines, F. Pino, D. Rigamonti, F. Rossetto, E. Spada, M. Tardocchi, M. Zuin, Spagnolo, S, Pilan, N, De Lorenzi, A, Fontana, C, Mccormack, O, Muraro, A, Croci, G, Gobbo, R, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Fincato, M, Lotto, L, Martines, E, Pino, F, Rigamonti, D, Rossetto, F, Spada, E, Tardocchi, M, and Zuin, M
Subjects: X-ray spectra, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, vacuum breakdown (BD), Large gap, voltage holding, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract: The high voltage Padova test facility (HVPTF) is an experimental device for the study of HV insulation in vacuum, in support of the realization of the prototype of a neutral beam injector for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), named megavolt ITER injector and concept advancement (MITICA). The facility investigates the physical phenomena underlying voltage holding in vacuum, in particular the mechanisms causing breakdowns and the electrode conditioning process. At HVPTF, inside a high vacuum chamber, two stainless steel electrodes, separated by a few centimeters gap, can achieve HV values for a maximum potential difference of 800 kV. During the voltage conditioning of the electrodes, current MicroDischarges (MDs) and high-energy X-rays are observed and analyzed. In this work, we present a characterization of the MD dynamics occurring during the conditioning process, with the aim to gain information on the reason of the growing difference between the current contributions measured by the two electrodes. The analysis will be performed due to two new X-rays detectors recently installed: an lutetium yttrium orthosilicate (LYSO) and a LaBr3(Ce) scintillating crystal. The new diagnostics indeed provide the fine dynamics of a single MD, recording energy and time of each single detected X-ray. In particular, we compare the MD dynamics at the beginning and at the end of the conditioning process and try to give a preliminary interpretation of the observations.
Published: 2022
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12. Conceptual design of a GEM (gas electron multiplier) based gas Cherenkov detector for measurement of 17 MeV gamma rays from T(D, γ)5He in magnetic confinement fusion plasmas

Author: O. Putignano, G. Croci, A. Muraro, S. Cancelli, F. Caruggi, G. Gorini, G. Grosso, M. H. Kushoro, G. Marcer, M. Nocente, E. Perelli Cippo, M. Rebai, D. Rigamonti, M. Tardocchi, Putignano, O, Croci, G, Muraro, A, Cancelli, S, Caruggi, F, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Kushoro, M, Marcer, G, Nocente, M, Cippo, E, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, and Tardocchi, M
Subjects: Cherenkov detector, Gas Electron Multiplier, Instrumentation
Abstract: The only method for assessing the fusion power throughput of a deuterium–tritium (DT) reactor presently relies on determining the absolute number of 14 MeV neutrons produced in the DT plasma. An independent method, developed and investigated during the recent DT campaign at the Joint European Torus, is based on the absolute counting of 17 MeV gamma rays produced by the competing T(D, γ)5He reaction that features a very weak branching ratio (about 3–6 × 10−6) when compared to the main T(D, n)4He reaction. The state-of-the-art spectrometer used for gamma-ray measurements in magnetic confinement fusion plasmas is LaBr3(Ce) scintillator detectors, although they require significant neutron shielding to extract a relatively weak gamma-ray signal from a much more abundant neutron field. A better approach relies on a gamma-ray detector that is intrinsically insensitive to neutrons. We have advanced the design of a gamma-ray counter based on the Cherenkov effect for gamma-rays whose energy exceeds 11 MeV, optimized to work in the neutron-rich environment of a steady-state, magnetically confined fusion plasma device. The gamma-rays interact with an aluminum window and extract electrons that move into the radiator emitting photons via the Cherenkov effect. Since the Cherenkov light consists of few photons (25 on average) in the far UV band (100–200 nm), a pre-amplifier is required to transport the photons to the neutron-shielded location, which may be a few meters away, where the readout elements of the detector, either a silicon or standard photomultiplier tube, are placed. The present work focuses on the development of a scintillating GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier) based pre-amplifier that acts as a Cherenkov photon pre-amplifier and wavelength shifter. This paper presents the result of a set of Garfield++ simulations developed to find the optimal GEM working parameters. A photon gain of 100 is obtained by biasing a single GEM foil to 1 kV.
Published: 2023

13. Global scaling of the heat transport in fusion plasmas

Author: Sara Moradi, Johan Anderson, Michele Romanelli, Hyun-Tae Kim, JET contributors, X. Litaudon, S. Abduallev, M. Abhangi, P. Abreu, M. Afzal, K. M. Aggarwal, T. Ahlgren, J. H. Ahn, L. Aho-Mantila, N. Aiba, M. Airila, R. Albanese, V. Aldred, D. Alegre, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, A. Alfier, A. Alkseev, M. Allinson, B. Alper, E. Alves, G. Ambrosino, R. Ambrosino, L. Amicucci, V. Amosov, E. Andersson Sundén, M. Angelone, M. Anghel, C. Angioni, L. Appel, C. Appelbee, P. Arena, M. Ariola, H. Arnichand, S. Arshad, A. Ash, N. Ashikawa, V. Aslanyan, O. Asunta, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, M. D. Axton, C. Ayres, M. Bacharis, A. Baciero, D. Baião, S. Bailey, A. Baker, I. Balboa, M. Balden, N. Balshaw, R. Bament, J. W. Banks, Y. F. Baranov, M. A. Barnard, D. Barnes, M. Barnes, R. Barnsley, A. Baron Wiechec, L. Barrera Orte, M. Baruzzo, V. Basiuk, M. Bassan, R. Bastow, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, R. Baughan, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, B. Bazylev, J. Beal, P. S. Beaumont, M. Beckers, B. Beckett, A. Becoulet, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, K. Bell, F. Belli, M. Bellinger, É. Belonohy, N. Ben Ayed, N. A. Benterman, H. Bergsȧker, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, C. Besliu, M. Beurskens, B. Bieg, J. Bielecki, T. Biewer, M. Bigi, P. Bìlkovà, F. Binda, A. Bisoffi, J. P. S. Bizarro, C. Björkas, J. Blackburn, K. Blackman, T. R. Blackman, P. Blanchard, P. Blatchford, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, G. Bodnàr, O. Bogar, I. Bolshakova, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, F. Bonelli, J. Boom, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, A. Botrugno, C. Bottereau, P. Boulting, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, C. Bower, C. Bowman, T. Boyce, C. Boyd, H. J. Boyer, J. M. A. Bradshaw, V. Braic, R. Bravanec, B. Breizman, S. Bremond, P. D. Brennan, S. Breton, A. Brett, S. Brezinsek, M. D. J. Bright, M. Brix, W. Broeckx, M. Brombin, A. Brosawski, D. P. D. Brown, M. Brown, E. Bruno, J. Bucalossi, J. Buch, J. Buchanan, M. A. Buckley, R. Budny, H. Bufferand, M. Bulman, N. Bulmer, P. Bunting, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, N. K. Butler, I. Bykov, J. Byrne, P. Cahyna, G. Calabrò, I. Calvo, Y. Camenen, P. Camp, D. C. Campling, J. Cane, B. Cannas, A. J. Capel, P. J. Card, A. Cardinali, P. Carman, M. Carr, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, B. B. Carvalho, I. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, F. J. Casson, C. Castaldo, N. Catarino, J. Caumont, F. Causa, R. Cavazzana, K. Cave-Ayland, M. Cavinato, M. Cecconello, S. Ceccuzzi, E. Cecil, A. Cenedese, R. Cesario, C. D. Challis, M. Chandler, D. Chandra, C. S. Chang, A. Chankin, I. T. Chapman, S. C. Chapman, M. Chernyshova, G. Chitarin, G. Ciraolo, D. Ciric, J. Citrin, F. Clairet, E. Clark, M. Clark, R. Clarkson, D. Clatworthy, C. Clements, M. Cleverly, J. P. Coad, P. A. Coates, A. Cobalt, V. Coccorese, V. Cocilovo, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J. W. Coenen, I. Coffey, L. Colas, S. Collins, D. Conka, S. Conroy, N. Conway, D. Coombs, D. Cooper, S. R. Cooper, C. Corradino, Y. Corre, G. Corrigan, S. Cortes, D. Coster, A. S. Couchman, M. P. Cox, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, R. Craven, F. Crisanti, G. Croci, D. Croft, K. Crombé, R. Crowe, N. Cruz, G. Cseh, A. Cufar, A. Cullen, M. Curuia, A. Czarnecka, H. Dabirikhah, P. Dalgliesh, S. Dalley, J. Dankowski, D. Darrow, O. Davies, W. Davis, C. Day, I. E. Day, M. De Bock, A. de Castro, E. de la Cal, E. de la Luna, G. De Masi, J. L. de Pablos, G. De Temmerman, G. De Tommasi, P. de Vries, K. Deakin, J. Deane, F. Degli Agostini, R. Dejarnac, E. Delabie, N. den Harder, R. O. Dendy, J. Denis, P. Denner, S. Devaux, P. Devynck, F. Di Maio, A. Di Siena, C. Di Troia, P. Dinca, R. Dinca, B. Ding, T. Dittmar, H. Doerk, R. P. Doerner, T. Donné, S. E. Dorling, S. Dormido-Canto, S. Doswon, D. Douai, P. T. Doyle, A. Drenik, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, Ph. Duckworth, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, M. Dunne, I. Duran, F. Durodié, P. Dutta, B. P. Duval, R. Dux, K. Dylst, N. Dzysiuk, P. V. Edappala, J. Edmond, A. M. Edwards, J. Edwards, Th. Eich, A. Ekedahl, R. El-Jorf, C. G. Elsmore, M. Enachescu, G. Ericsson, F. Eriksson, J. Eriksson, L. G. Eriksson, B. Esposito, S. Esquembri, H. G. Esser, D. Esteve, B. Evans, G. E. Evans, G. Evison, G. D. Ewart, D. Fagan, M. Faitsch, D. Falie, A. Fanni, A. Fasoli, J. M. Faustin, N. Fawlk, L. Fazendeiro, N. Fedorczak, R. C. Felton, K. Fenton, A. Fernades, H. Fernandes, J. Ferreira, J. A. Fessey, O. Février, O. Ficker, A. Field, S. Fietz, A. Figueiredo, J. Figueiredo, A. Fil, P. Finburg, M. Firdaouss, U. Fischer, L. Fittill, M. Fitzgerald, D. Flammini, J. Flanagan, C. Fleming, K. Flinders, N. Fonnesu, J. M. Fontdecaba, A. Formisano, L. Forsythe, L. Fortuna, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, M. Fortune, S. Foster, T. Franke, T. Franklin, M. Frasca, L. Frassinetti, M. Freisinger, R. Fresa, D. Frigione, V. Fuchs, D. Fuller, S. Futatani, J. Fyvie, K. Gàl, D. Galassi, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, J. Gallagher, D. Gallart, R. Galvão, X. Gao, Y. Gao, J. Garcia, A. Garcia-Carrasco, M. Garca-Munoz, J.-L. Gardarein, L. Garzotti, P. Gaudio, E. Gauthier, D. F. Gear, S. J. Gee, B. Geiger, M. Gelfusa, S. Gerasimov, G. Gervasini, M. Gethins, Z. Ghani, M. Ghate, M. Gherendi, J. C. Giacalone, L. Giacomelli, C. S. Gibson, T. Giegerich, C. Gil, L. Gil, S. Gilligan, D. Gin, E. Giovannozzi, J. B. Girardo, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, S. Glöggler, J. Godwin, J. Goff, P. Gohil, V. Goloborod'ko, R. Gomes, B. Goncalves, M. Goniche, M. Goodliffe, A. Goodyear, G. Gorini, M. Gosk, R. Goulding, A. Goussarov, R. Gowland, B. Graham, M. E. Graham, J. P. Graves, N. Grazier, P. Grazier, N. R. Green, H. Greuner, B. Grierson, F. S. Griph, C. Grisolia, D. Grist, M. Groth, R. Grove, C. N. Grundy, J. Grzonka, D. Guard, C. Guérard, C. Guillemaut, R. Guirlet, C. Gurl, H. H. Utoh, L. J. Hackett, S. Hacquin, A. Hagar, R. Hager, A. Hakola, M. Halitovs, S. J. Hall, S. P. Hallworth Cook, C. Hamlyn-Harris, K. Hammond, C. Harrington, J. Harrison, D. Harting, F. Hasenbeck, Y. Hatano, D. R. Hatch, T. D. V. Haupt, J. Hawes, N. C. Hawkes, J. Hawkins, P. Hawkins, P. W. Haydon, N. Hayter, S. Hazel, P. J. L. Heesterman, K. Heinola, C. Hellesen, T. Hellsten, W. Helou, O. N. Hemming, T. C. Hender, M. Henderson, S. S. Henderson, R. Henriques, D. Hepple, G. Hermon, P. Hertout, C. Hidalgo, E. G. Highcock, M. Hill, J. Hillairet, J. Hillesheim, D. Hillis, K. Hizanidis, A. Hjalmarsson, J. Hobirk, E. Hodille, C. H. A. Hogben, G. M. D. Hogeweij, A. Hollingsworth, S. Hollis, D. A. Homfray, J. Horàcek, G. Hornung, A. R. Horton, L. D. Horton, L. Horvath, S. P. Hotchin, M. R. Hough, P. J. Howarth, A. Hubbard, A. Huber, V. Huber, T. M. Huddleston, M. Hughes, G. T. A. Huijsmans, C. L. Hunter, P. Huynh, A. M. Hynes, D. Iglesias, N. Imazawa, F. Imbeaux, M. Imrìŝek, M. Incelli, P. Innocente, M. Irishkin, I. Ivanova-Stanik, S. Jachmich, A. S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, J. Jansons, A. Jardin, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, S. Jednoróq, I. Jenkins, C. Jeong, I. Jepu, E. Joffrin, R. Johnson, T. Johnson, Jane Johnston, L. Joita, G. Jones, T. T. C. Jones, K. K. Hoshino, A. Kallenbach, K. Kamiya, J. Kaniewski, A. Kantor, A. Kappatou, J. Karhunen, D. Karkinsky, I. Karnowska, M. Kaufman, G. Kaveney, Y. Kazakov, V. Kazantzidis, D. L. Keeling, T. Keenan, J. Keep, M. Kempenaars, C. Kennedy, D. Kenny, J. Kent, O. N. Kent, E. Khilkevich, H. T. Kim, H. S. Kim, A. Kinch, C. King, D. King, R. F. King, D. J. Kinna, V. Kiptily, A. Kirk, K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, G. Kizane, C. Klepper, A. Klix, P. Knight, S. J. Knipe, S. Knott, T. Kobuchi, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, I. Kodeli, L. Kogan, D. Kogut, S. Koivuranta, Y. Kominis, M. Köppen, B. Kos, T. Koskela, H. R. Koslowski, M. Koubiti, M. Kovari, E. Kowalska-Strzeciwilk, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, N. Krawczyk, M. Kresina, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, U. Kruezi, I. Ksiazek, A. Kukushkin, A. Kundu, T. Kurki-Suonio, S. Kwak, R. Kwiatkowski, O. J. Kwon, L. Laguardia, A. Lahtinen, A. Laing, N. Lam, H. T. Lambertz, C. Lane, P. T. Lang, S. Lanthaler, J. Lapins, A. Lasa, J. R. Last, E. Laszynska, R. Lawless, A. Lawson, K. D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, J. Leddy, S. Lee, X. Lefebvre, H. J. Leggate, J. Lehmann, M. Lehnen, D. Leichtle, P. Leichuer, F. Leipold, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, A. Lescinskis, S. Lesnoj, E. Letellier, M. Leyland, W. Leysen, L. Li, Y. Liang, J. Likonen, J. Linke, Ch. Linsmeier, B. Lipschultz, G. Liu, Y. Liu, V. P. Lo Schiavo, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. C. Lobel, B. Lomanowski, P. J. Lomas, J. Lönnroth, J. M. López, J. López-Razola, R. Lorenzini, U. Losada, J. J. Lovell, A. B. Loving, C. Lowry, T. Luce, R. M. A. Lucock, A. Lukin, C. Luna, M. Lungaroni, C. P. Lungu, M. Lungu, A. Lunniss, I. Lupelli, A. Lyssoivan, N. Macdonald, P. Macheta, K. Maczewa, B. Magesh, P. Maget, C. Maggi, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, T. Makkonen, R. Makwana, A. Malaquias, A. Malizia, P. Manas, A. Manning, M. E. Manso, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, A. Manzanares, Ph. Maquet, Y. Marandet, N. Marcenko, C. Marchetto, O. Marchuk, M. Marinelli, M. Marinucci, T. Markovic, D. Marocco, L. Marot, C. A. Marren, R. Marshal, A. Martin, Y. Martin, A. Martín de Aguilera, F. J. Martínez, J. R. Martín-Solís, Y. Martynova, S. Maruyama, A. Masiello, M. Maslov, S. Matejcik, M. Mattei, G. F. Matthews, F. Maviglia, M. Mayer, M. L. Mayoral, T. May-Smith, D. Mazon, C. Mazzotta, R. McAdams, P. J. McCarthy, K. G. McClements, O. McCormack, P. A. McCullen, D. McDonald, S. McIntosh, R. McKean, J. McKehon, R. C. Meadows, A. Meakins, F. Medina, M. Medland, S. Medley, S. Meigh, A. G. Meigs, G. Meisl, S. Meitner, L. Meneses, S. Menmuir, K. Mergia, I. R. Merrigan, Ph. Mertens, S. Meshchaninov, A. Messiaen, H. Meyer, S. Mianowski, R. Michling, D. Middleton-Gear, J. Miettunen, F. Militello, E. Militello-Asp, G. Miloshevsky, F. Mink, S. Minucci, Y. Miyoshi, J. Mlynàr, D. Molina, I. Monakhov, M. Moneti, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, S. Mordijck, L. Moreira, R. Moreno, F. Moro, A. W. Morris, J. Morris, L. Moser, S. Mosher, D. Moulton, A. Murari, A. Muraro, S. Murphy, N. N. Asakura, Y. S. Na, F. Nabais, R. Naish, T. Nakano, E. Nardon, V. Naulin, M. F. F. Nave, I. Nedzelski, G. Nemtsev, F. Nespoli, A. Neto, R. Neu, V. S. Neverov, M. Newman, K. J. Nicholls, T. Nicolas, A. H. Nielsen, P. Nielsen, E. Nilsson, D. Nishijima, C. Noble, M. Nocente, D. Nodwell, K. Nordlund, H. Nordman, R. Nouailletas, I. Nunes, M. Oberkofler, T. Odupitan, M. T. Ogawa, T. O'Gorman, M. Okabayashi, R. Olney, O. Omolayo, M. O'Mullane, J. Ongena, F. Orsitto, J. Orszagh, B. I. Oswuigwe, R. Otin, A. Owen, R. Paccagnella, N. Pace, D. Pacella, L. W. Packer, A. Page, E. Pajuste, S. Palazzo, S. Pamela, S. Panja, P. Papp, R. Paprok, V. Parail, M. Park, F. Parra Diaz, M. Parsons, R. Pasqualotto, A. Patel, S. Pathak, D. Paton, H. Patten, A. Pau, E. Pawelec, C. Paz Soldan, A. Peackoc, I. J. Pearson, S.-P. Pehkonen, E. Peluso, C. Penot, A. Pereira, R. Pereira, P. P. Pereira Puglia, C. Perez von Thun, S. Peruzzo, S. Peschanyi, M. Peterka, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, A. Petre, N. Petrella, V. Petrzilka, Y. Peysson, D. Pfefferlé, V. Philipps, M. Pillon, G. Pintsuk, P. Piovesan, A. Pires dos Reis, L. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, R. Pitts, F. Pizzo, V. Plyusnin, N. Pomaro, O. G. Pompilian, P. J. Pool, S. Popovichev, M. T. Porfiri, C. Porosnicu, M. Porton, G. Possnert, S. Potzel, T. Powell, J. Pozzi, V. Prajapati, R. Prakash, G. Prestopino, D. Price, M. Price, R. Price, P. Prior, R. Proudfoot, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, M. E. Puiatti, D. Pulley, K. Purahoo, Th. Pütterich, E. Rachlew, M. Rack, R. Ragona, M. S. J. Rainford, A. Rakha, G. Ramogida, S. Ranjan, C. J. Rapson, J. J. Rasmussen, K. Rathod, G. Rattà, S. Ratynskaia, G. Ravera, C. Rayner, M. Rebai, D. Reece, A. Reed, D. Réfy, B. Regan, J. Regana, M. Reich, N. Reid, F. Reimold, M. Reinhart, M. Reinke, D. Reiser, D. Rendell, C. Reux, S. D. A. Reyes Cortes, S. Reynolds, V. Riccardo, N. Richardson, K. Riddle, D. Rigamonti, F. G. Rimini, J. Risner, M. Riva, C. Roach, R. J. Robins, S. A. Robinson, T. Robinson, D. W. Robson, R. Roccella, R. Rodionov, P. Rodrigues, J. Rodriguez, V. Rohde, F. Romanelli, M. Romanelli, S. Romanelli, J. Romazanov, S. Rowe, M. Rubel, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, L. Ruchko, M. Ruiz, C. Ruset, J. Rzadkiewicz, S. Saarelma, R. Sabot, E. Safi, P. Sagar, G. Saibene, F. Saint-Laurent, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, R. Salmon, F. Salzedas, D. Samaddar, U. Samm, D. Sandiford, P. Santa, M. I. K. Santala, B. Santos, A. Santucci, F. Sartori, R. Sartori, O. Sauter, R. Scannell, T. Schlummer, K. Schmid, V. Schmidt, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, K. Schöpf, D. Schwörer, S. D. Scott, G. Sergienko, M. Sertoli, A. Shabbir, S. E. Sharapov, A. Shaw, R. Shaw, H. Sheikh, A. Shepherd, A. Shevelev, A. Shumack, G. Sias, M. Sibbald, B. Sieglin, S. Silburn, A. Silva, C. Silva, P. A. Simmons, J. Simpson, J. Simpson-Hutchinson, A. Sinha, S. K. Sipilä, A. C. C. Sips, P. Sirén, A. Sirinelli, H. Sjöstrand, M. Skiba, R. Skilton, K. Slabkowska, B. Slade, N. Smith, P. G. Smith, R. Smith, T. J. Smith, M. Smithies, L. Snoj, S. Soare, E. R. Solano, A. Somers, C. Sommariva, P. Sonato, A. Sopplesa, J. Sousa, C. Sozzi, S. Spagnolo, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, G. Stables, I. Stamatelatos, M. F. Stamp, P. Staniec, G. Stankunas, C. Stan-Sion, M. J. Stead, E. Stefanikova, I. Stepanov, A. V. Stephen, M. Stephen, A. Stevens, B. D. Stevens, J. Strachan, P. Strand, H. R. Strauss, P. Ström, G. Stubbs, W. Studholme, F. Subba, H. P. Summers, J. Svensson, L. Swiderski, T. Szabolics, M. Szawlowski, G. Szepesi, T. T. Suzuki, B. Tàl, T. Tala, A. R. Talbot, S. Talebzadeh, C. Taliercio, P. Tamain, C. Tame, W. Tang, M. Tardocchi, L. Taroni, D. Taylor, K. A. Taylor, D. Tegnered, G. Telesca, N. Teplova, D. Terranova, D. Testa, E. Tholerus, J. Thomas, J. D. Thomas, P. Thomas, A. Thompson, C.-A. Thompson, V. K. Thompson, L. Thorne, A. Thornton, A. S. Thrysoe, P. A. Tigwell, N. Tipton, I. Tiseanu, H. Tojo, M. Tokitani, P. Tolias, M. Tomes, P. Tonner, M. Towndrow, P. Trimble, M. Tripsky, M. Tsalas, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya jun, I. Turner, M. M. Turner, M. Turnyanskiy, G. Tvalashvili, S. G. J. Tyrrell, A. Uccello, Z. Ul-Abidin, J. Uljanovs, D. Ulyatt, H. Urano, I. Uytdenhouwen, A. P. Vadgama, D. Valcarcel, M. Valentinuzzi, M. Valisa, P. Vallejos Olivares, M. Valovic, M. Van De Mortel, D. Van Eester, W. Van Renterghem, G. J. van Rooij, J. Varje, S. Varoutis, S. Vartanian, K. Vasava, T. Vasilopoulou, J. Vega, G. Verdoolaege, R. Verhoeven, C. Verona, G. Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, E. Viezzer, S. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, I. Vinyar, B. Viola, A. Vitins, Z. Vizvary, M. Vlad, I. Voitsekhovitch, P. Vondràcek, N. Vora, T. Vu, W. W. Pires de Sa, B. Wakeling, C. W. F. Waldon, N. Walkden, M. Walker, R. Walker, M. Walsh, E. Wang, N. Wang, S. Warder, R. J. Warren, J. Waterhouse, N. W. Watkins, C. Watts, T. Wauters, A. Weckmann, J. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, C. Wellstood, A. T. West, M. R. Wheatley, S. Whetham, A. M. Whitehead, B. D. Whitehead, A. M. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, J. Wilkinson, J. Williams, M. Williams, A. R. Wilson, D. J. Wilson, H. R. Wilson, J. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, G. Withenshaw, A. Withycombe, D. M. Witts, D. Wood, R. Wood, C. Woodley, S. Wray, J. Wright, J. C. Wright, J. Wu, S. Wukitch, A. Wynn, T. Xu, D. Yadikin, W. Yanling, L. Yao, V. Yavorskij, M. G. Yoo, C. Young, D. Young, I. D. Young, R. Young, J. Zacks, R. Zagorski, F. S. Zaitsev, R. Zanino, A. Zarins, K. D. Zastrow, M. Zerbini, W. Zhang, Y. Zhou, E. Zilli, V. Zoita, S. Zoletnik, and I. Zychor
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: A global heat flux model based on a fractional derivative of plasma pressure is proposed for the heat transport in fusion plasmas. The degree of the fractional derivative of the heat flux, α, is defined through the power balance analysis of the steady state. The model was used to obtain the experimental values of α for a large database of the Joint European Torus (JET) carbon-wall as well as ITER like-wall plasmas. The fractional degrees of the electron heat flux are found to be α
Published: 2020
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14. Fast neutron irradiation tests of flash memories used in space environment at the ISIS spallation neutron source

Author: C. Andreani, R. Senesi, A. Paccagnella, M. Bagatin, S. Gerardin, C. Cazzaniga, C. D. Frost, P. Picozza, G. Gorini, R. Mancini, and M. Sarno
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: This paper presents a neutron accelerated study of soft errors in advanced electronic devices used in space missions, i.e. Flash memories performed at the ChipIr and VESUVIO beam lines at the ISIS spallation neutron source. The two neutron beam lines are set up to mimic the space environment spectra and allow neutron irradiation tests on Flash memories in the neutron energy range above 10 MeV and up to 800 MeV. The ISIS neutron energy spectrum is similar to the one occurring in the atmospheric as well as in space and planetary environments, with intensity enhancements varying in the range 108- 10 9 and 106- 10 7 respectively. Such conditions are suitable for the characterization of the atmospheric, space and planetary neutron radiation environments, and are directly applicable for accelerated tests of electronic components as demonstrated here in benchmark measurements performed on flash memories.
Published: 2018
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15. Simulations of neutral beam injection and ion cyclotron resonance heating synergy in high power EAST scenarios

Author: D. K. Yang, L. Y. Liao, Y. H. Li, G. Q. Zhong, X. J. Zhang, W. Zhang, B. L. Hao, L. Q. Hu, B. N. Wan, Z. M. Hu, Y. M. Zhang, G. Gorini, M. Nocente, M. Tardocchi, X. Q. Li, C. J. Xiao, T. S. Fan, Yang, D, Liao, L, Li, Y, Zhong, G, Zhang, X, Zhang, W, Hao, B, Hu, L, Wan, B, Hu, Z, Zhang, Y, Gorini, G, Nocente, M, Tardocchi, M, Li, X, Xiao, C, and Fan, T
Subjects: Neutral beam injection, nuclear fusion, Instrumentation
Abstract: The EAST plasmas heated with deuterium neutral beam injection and ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) have been simulated by the TRANSP code. The analysis has been conducted using the full wave solver TORIC5, the radio frequency (RF)-kick operator, and NUBEAM to model the RF heating effects on fast ion velocity distribution. In this work, we present several simulated results compared with experiments for high power EAST scenarios, indicating that the interactions between ICRH and fast ions can significantly accelerate fast ions, which are confirmed by the increased neutron yield and broadened neutron emission spectrum measurements.
Published: 2022

16. COVID-19 impact on familial relationships and mental health in a representative sample of adults

Author: GP Vigezzi, M Zeduri, G Carioli, A Lugo, A Amerio, G Gorini, R Pacifici, P Politi, S Gallus, and A Odone
Subjects: Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Abstract: Background Benefits of the stay-at-home order imposed in Italy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission need to be weighed against its impact on citizens’ health. In a country with a solid familial culture and where welfare relies on households, confinement drastically decreased support provided by elder relatives, which may have worsened mental health. Methods A web-based cross-sectional study (LOST in Italy) was conducted on a representative sample of Italian adults during lockdown (27th of April-3rd of May 2020). We asked 3156 subjects to report on reduced help in housework and childcare from retired parents to assess confinement impact on mental health through validated scales before and during the lockdown. Results Overall, 1484 (47.0%) subjects reported reduced housework help from parents, and 769 (64.0%, of the 1202 subjects with children) diminished babysitting support. Subjects reporting reduced housework help had worsened sleep quality (multivariate odds ratio, OR 1.74, 95% confidence interval, CI 1.49-2.03) and quantity (OR 1.50, 95%CI 1.28-1.76), depressive (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.14-1.53) and anxiety symptoms (OR 1.53, 95%CI 1.32-1.78), compared to those reporting unreduced help. Worsening in sleep quality (OR 2.32, 95%CI 1.76-3.05) and quantity (OR 1.80, 95%CI 1.36-2.37), depressive (OR 1.79, 95%CI 1.39-2.31) and anxiety symptoms (OR 1.90, 95%CI 1.48-2.46) was also associated with reduced babysitting help. In subjects with poorer housing and teleworking, mental health outcomes were worse. Conclusions Confinement came along with reduced familial support from parents, negatively impacting mental health. Social networks and support within families provided by older relatives act as a resilience factor and a potential vulnerability that affects mental health outcomes. Health and social services response should be designed to address mental health needs and mitigate long-term health costs caused by the pandemic's unprecedented stressfulness and unknown duration. Key messages
Published: 2022
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17. Lessons learned after three years of SPIDER operation and the first MITICA integrated tests

Author: D. Marcuzzi, V. Toigo, M. Boldrin, G. Chitarin, S. Dal Bello, L. Grando, A. Luchetta, R. Pasqualotto, M. Pavei, G. Serianni, L. Zanotto, R. Agnello, P. Agostinetti, M. Agostini, D. Aprile, M. Barbisan, M. Battistella, G. Berton, M. Bigi, M. Brombin, V. Candela, V. Candeloro, A. Canton, R. Casagrande, C. Cavallini, R. Cavazzana, L. Cordaro, N. Cruz, M. Dalla Palma, M. Dan, A. De Lorenzi, R. Delogu, M. De Muri, M. De Nardi, S. Denizeau, M. Fadone, F. Fellin, A. Ferro, E. Gaio, C. Gasparrini, F. Gnesotto, P. Jain, A. La Rosa, D. Lopez-Bruna, R. Lorenzini, A. Maistrello, G. Manduchi, S. Manfrin, N. Marconato, I. Mario, G. Martini, R. Milazzo, T. Patton, S. Peruzzo, N. Pilan, A. Pimazzoni, C. Poggi, N. Pomaro, B. Pouradier-Duteil, M. Recchia, A. Rigoni-Garola, D. Rizzetto, A. Rizzolo, F. Santoro, E. Sartori, B. Segalini, A. Shepherd, M. Siragusa, P. Sonato, A. Sottocornola, E. Spada, S. Spagnolo, M. Spolaore, C. Taliercio, P. Tinti, P. Tomsič, L. Trevisan, M. Ugoletti, M. Valente, M. Valisa, F. Veronese, M. Vignando, P. Zaccaria, R. Zagorski, B. Zaniol, M. Zaupa, M. Zuin, M. Cavenago, D. Boilson, C. Rotti, H. Decamps, F. Geli, A. Sharma, P. Veltri, J. Zacks, M. Simon, F. Paolucci, A. Garbuglia, D. Gutierrez, A. Masiello, G. Mico, C. Labate, P. Readman, E. Bragulat, L. Bailly-Maitre, G. Gomez, G. Kouzmenko, F. Albajar, M. Kashiwagi, H. Tobari, A. Kojima, M. Murayama, S. Hatakeyama, E. Oshita, T. Maejima, N. Shibata, Y. Yamashita, K. Watanabe, N.P. Singh, M.J. Singh, H. Dhola, U. Fantz, B. Heinemann, C. Wimmer, D. Wünderlich, K. Tsumori, G. Croci, G. Gorini, A. Muraro, M. Rebai, M. Tardocchi, L. Giacomelli, D. Rigamonti, F. Taccogna, D. Bruno, M. Rutigliano, S. Longo, S. Deambrosis, E. Miorin, F. Montagner, A. Tonti, F. Panin, Marcuzzi, D, Toigo, V, Boldrin, M, Chitarin, G, Dal Bello, S, Grando, L, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Pavei, M, Serianni, G, Zanotto, L, Agnello, R, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Berton, G, Bigi, M, Brombin, M, Candela, V, Candeloro, V, Canton, A, Casagrande, R, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cordaro, L, Cruz, N, Dalla Palma, M, Dan, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, De Nardi, M, Denizeau, S, Fadone, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparrini, C, Gnesotto, F, Jain, P, La Rosa, A, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lorenzini, R, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Manfrin, S, Marconato, N, Mario, I, Martini, G, Milazzo, R, Patton, T, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Pomaro, N, Pouradier-Duteil, B, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Rizzetto, D, Rizzolo, A, Santoro, F, Sartori, E, Segalini, B, Shepherd, A, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Tinti, P, Tomsic, P, Trevisan, L, Ugoletti, M, Valente, M, Valisa, M, Veronese, F, Vignando, M, Zaccaria, P, Zagorski, R, Zaniol, B, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Cavenago, M, Boilson, D, Rotti, C, Decamps, H, Geli, F, Sharma, A, Veltri, P, Zacks, J, Simon, M, Paolucci, F, Garbuglia, A, Gutierrez, D, Masiello, A, Mico, G, Labate, C, Readman, P, Bragulat, E, Bailly-Maitre, L, Gomez, G, Kouzmenko, G, Albajar, F, Kashiwagi, M, Tobari, H, Kojima, A, Murayama, M, Hatakeyama, S, Oshita, E, Maejima, T, Shibata, N, Yamashita, Y, Watanabe, K, Singh, N, Singh, M, Dhola, H, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Wimmer, C, Wunderlich, D, Tsumori, K, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Giacomelli, L, Rigamonti, D, Taccogna, F, Bruno, D, Rutigliano, M, Longo, S, Deambrosis, S, Miorin, E, Montagner, F, Tonti, A, and Panin, F
Subjects: Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), iter, Mechanical Engineering, FOS: Physical sciences, nbtf, neutral beam injector, mitica, Physics - Plasma Physics, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics - Accelerator Physics, General Materials Science, spider, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: ITER envisages the use of two heating neutral beam injectors plus an optional one as part of the auxiliary heating and current drive system, to reach the desired performances during its various phases of operation. The 16.5 MW expected neutral beam power per injector is several notches higher than worldwide existing facilities.In order to enable such development, a Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) was established at Consorzio RFX, exploiting the synergy of two test beds, called SPIDER and MITICA. SPIDER is dedicated developing and char-acterizing large efficient negative ion sources at relevant parameters in ITER-like conditions: source and accel-erator located in the same vacuum where the beam propagates, immunity to electromagnetic interferences of multiple radio-frequency (RF) antennas, avoidance of RF-induced discharges on the outside of the source. Three years of experiments on SPIDER have addressed to the necessary design modifications to enable full perfor-mances. The source is presently under a long shut-down phase to incorporate learnings from the experimental campaign, in particular events/issues occurred during operation, which led to the identification of improvement opportunities/necessities (e.g. RF discharges, local burns, water leaks, other damages, configuration/design upgrades to maximize chances/margin to quest target parameters).Parallelly, developments on MITICA, the full-scale prototype of the ITER Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) featuring a 1 MV accelerator and ion neutralization, are underway including manufacturing of the beam source, accel-erator and the beam line components, while power supplies and auxiliary plants, already installed, are under final testing and commissioning.Integration, commissioning and tests of the 1 MV power supplies are essential for this first-of-kind system, unparalleled both in research and industry field. 1.2 MV dc insulating tests of high voltage components were successfully completed. The integrated test to confirm 1 MV output by combining invertor systems, DC gener-ators and transmission lines extracted errors/accidents in some components. To realize a concrete system for ITER, said events have been addressed and solutions for the repair and the improvement of the system were developed.Hence, NBTF is emerging as a necessary facility, due to the large gap with existing injectors, effectively dedicated to identify issues and find solutions to enable successful ITER NBI operations in a time bound fashion. The lessons learned during the implementation on NBTF and future perspectives are here discussed.
Published: 2023
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18. A new hard x-ray spectrometer for runaway electron measurements in tokamaks

Author: A Dal Molin, M Nocente, M Dalla Rosa, E Panontin, D Rigamonti, M Tardocchi, A Shevelev, E Khilkevitch, M Iliasova, L Giacomelli, G Gorini, E Perelli Cippo, F D’Isa, G Pautasso, G Papp, G Tardini, E Macusova, J Cerovsky, O Ficker, M Salewski, V Kiptily, EUROfusion MST1 Team, COMPASS Team, and ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society
Subjects: Applied Mathematics, Nuclear instruments and methods for hot plasma diagnostics, X-ray detectors, Instrumentation, Engineering (miscellaneous), Runaway electrons
Abstract: Runaway electron gamma-ray detection system, a novel hard x-ray (HXR) spectrometer optimized for bremsstrahlung radiation measurement from runaway electrons in fusion plasmas, has been developed. The detector is based on a 1‘×1’ LaBr3:Ce scintillator crystal coupled with a photomultiplier tube. The system has an energy dynamic range exceeding 20 MeV with an energy resolution of 3% at 661.7 keV. The detector gain is stable even under severe loads, with a gain shift that stays below 3% at HXR counting rates in excess of 1 MCps. The performance of the system enables unprecedented studies of the time-dependent runaway electron energy distribution function, as shown in recent runaway electron physics experiments at the ASDEX Upgrade and COMPASS tokamaks.
Published: 2023
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19. Analytical and MonteCarlo approaches to infer the total gamma ray emission from the JET tokamak

Author: G. Marcer, A. Zohar, A. Dal Molin, D. Rigamonti, M. Rebai, M. Nocente, E. Panontin, G. Croci, G. Gorini, G. Grosso, A. Muraro, E. Perelli Cippo, O. Putignano, E. de la Luna, Z. Ghani, S. Conroy, J. Garcia, Y. Kazakov, V. Kiptily, M. Maslov, M.F.F. Nave, J. Ongena, and M. Tardocchi
Subjects: Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: A single gamma-ray spectrometer installed at the end of a collimator can be used to infer the total emission from a tokamak plasma if the transport of gamma-rays from the plasma to the detector is known. In such analysis, the plasma emission profile plays a fundamental role, since it impacts the fraction of plasma volume intercepted by the detector line of sight. In this work, the DT 17 MeV fusion gamma-rays emission profile of the JET discharge #99608 from second 46 to 48 has been estimated both with the TRANSP code and reconstructed through tomographic inversion based on the neutron camera data, assuming that fusion gamma-rays have the same profile as the 14 MeV fusion neutrons. The gamma-ray transport has been evaluated both by MonteCarlo simulations and analytical calculations. By combining MonteCarlo and analytical evaluations of the gamma-ray transport in different ways with the estimated radiation emission profile, we provide four different routes to determine the total gamma-ray yield from measurements whose results agree within better than 10%.
Published: 2023
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20. Characterisation of N2-GEM: a beam monitor based on Ar-N2 gas mixture

Author: S. Cancelli, H. Alimagno, A. Muraro, E. Perelli Cippo, F. Caruggi, G. Grosso, G. Gorini, M.H. Kushoro, G. Marcer, O. Putignano, J. Scionti, M. Tardocchi, and G. Croci
Subjects: Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: The gas recycle is nowadays an important issue for gaseous detectors operation under study and for this reason, scientists are testing new gas systems for GEM detectors. Since some gas purifier does not allow to use oxygen, the standard Ar-CO2 (70%–30%) cannot be used; thus, new gas mixtures are under investigation. This paper presents the study of a triple GEM detector filled with new gas mixture based on Argon and Nitrogen (Ar-N2) at different concentrations: 90%–10%, 80%–20% and 70%–30%. The GEM detector characterisation has provided the High Voltage working point for the gas mixtures and a comparison between the Ar-CO2 and the Ar-N2.
Published: 2023
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21. Gamma-ray measurements in D fusion plasma experiments on JET

Author: Iliasova, M, Shevelev, A, Khilkevich, E, Kazakov, Y, Kiptily, V, Nocente, M, Giacomelli, L, Craciunescu, T, Stancar, Z, Dal Molin, A, Rigamonti, D, Tardocchi, M, Doinikov, D, Gorini, G, Naidenov, V, Polunovsky, I, Gin, D, M. Iliasova, A. Shevelev, E. Khilkevich, Ye. Kazakov, V. Kiptily, M. Nocente, L. Giacomelli, T. Craciunescu, Z. Stancar, A. Dal Molin, D. Rigamonti, M. Tardocchi, D. Doinikov, G. Gorini, V. Naidenov, I. Polunovsky, D. Gin, Iliasova, M, Shevelev, A, Khilkevich, E, Kazakov, Y, Kiptily, V, Nocente, M, Giacomelli, L, Craciunescu, T, Stancar, Z, Dal Molin, A, Rigamonti, D, Tardocchi, M, Doinikov, D, Gorini, G, Naidenov, V, Polunovsky, I, Gin, D, M. Iliasova, A. Shevelev, E. Khilkevich, Ye. Kazakov, V. Kiptily, M. Nocente, L. Giacomelli, T. Craciunescu, Z. Stancar, A. Dal Molin, D. Rigamonti, M. Tardocchi, D. Doinikov, G. Gorini, V. Naidenov, I. Polunovsky, and D. Gin
Abstract: Using capabilities of the gamma-ray spectrometry, fusion born alpha-particles were studied in recent D-3He plasma experiments on JET. A substantial population of the alpha-particles was generated in the He-3-rich plasma due to the He-3(D, p)He-4 reaction. Fast deuterium ions of the neutral beam injection (NBI) heating were accelerated to MeV energies with three-ion scenario D-(DNBI)-He-3 using radio frequency waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF). A high reaction rate allowed to measure the alpha-particle production rate and their spatial distribution in the plasma by detecting 16.7-MeV gamma-rays from the He-3(D, y)Li-5 reaction, which is a weak branch of He-3(D, p)He-4 reaction. A branching ratio of gamma-ray transitions to the ground and the first excited states of Li-5 was obtained. Due to the beryllium is a main impurity of JET plasmas, intensive gamma-rays from the Be-9(D, ny)10B, Be-9(D, py)Be-10 and Be-9(a, ny)C-12 reactions were observed. Exploitation of the reaction cross-sections and the Doppler shape analysis (DSA) of gamma-lines in the recorded spectra provided the possibility to reconstruct distribution functions of the confined D-ions and the fusion-born alpha-particles.
Published: 2022

22. First measurement of neutrons produced by deuterium fusion reactions in SPIDER

Author: O. McCormack, L. Giacomelli, G. Croci, A. Muraro, I. Mario, M. Zuin, L. Cordaro, G. Gorini, E.P. Cippo, G. Grosso, D. Rigamonti, M. Rebai, R. Pasqualotto, M. Tardocchi, Mccormack, O, Giacomelli, L, Croci, G, Muraro, A, Mario, I, Zuin, M, Cordaro, L, Gorini, G, Cippo, E, Grosso, G, Rigamonti, D, Rebai, M, Pasqualotto, R, and Tardocchi, M
Subjects: Instrumentation for neutron sources, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory, Deuterium Fusion Reactors, Scintillators, scintillation and light emission processes (solid, gas and liquid scintillators), Negative Ion Source, Scintillators scintillation and light emission processes (solid gas and liquid scintillators), Physics::Plasma Physics, SPIER, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Instrumentation for neutron source, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: The inaugural deuterium acceleration campaign in the SPIDER negative ion source facility in Padua has recently taken place. The first neutrons generated by deuterium-deuterium beam-target fusion reactions (2.45 MeV) have been recorded, occurring from the collision of accelerated deuterium with deuterium absorbed by the calorimeter of SPIDER. A neutron detector based on a novel EJ276 plastic scintillator has been employed to successfully measure the neutron flux, which shows strong agreement with the extracted current of the acceleration grid. We have performed neutron-gamma pulse shape discrimination with the EJ276 device at SPIDER combined with direct spectroscopic comparisons of the D-D neutrons with data from the Frascati neutron generator (241AmB quasi-monoenergetic 2.5 MeV). Despite the low statistics produced in this first campaign, both pulse shape discrimination and spectral analysis of the fusion neutrons was viable. The success of these first measurements has led to the installation of an array of 6 new scintillators to be used for further physical studies in future campaigns.
Published: 2022
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23. Progress from ASDEX Upgrade experiments in preparing the physics basis of ITER operation and DEMO scenario development

Author: U. Stroth, D. Aguiam, E. Alessi, C. Angioni, N. Arden, R. Arredondo Parra, V. Artigues, O. Asunta, M. Balden, V. Bandaru, A. Banon-Navarro, K. Behler, A. Bergmann, M. Bergmann, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, A. Biancalani, R. Bielajew, R. Bilato, G. Birkenmeier, T. Blanken, V. Bobkov, A. Bock, T. Body, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, A. Bortolon, B. Böswirth, C. Bottereau, A. Bottino, H. van den Brand, M. Brenzke, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, C. Bruhn, J. Buchanan, A. Buhler, A. Burckhart, Y. Camenen, B. Cannas, P. Cano Megias, D. Carlton, M. Carr, P. Carvalho, C. Castaldo, M. Cavedon, C. Cazzaniga, C. Challis, A. Chankin, C. Cianfarani, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, L. Colas, G. Conway, S. Costea, D. Coster, T. Cote, A.J. Creely, G. Croci, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, A. Czarnecka, I. Cziegler, O. D’Arcangelo, A. Dal Molin, P. David, C. Day, M. de Baar, P. de Marné, R. Delogu, S. Denk, P. Denner, A. Di Siena, J.J. Dominguez Palacios Durán, D. Dunai, A. Drenik, M. Dreval, R. Drube, M. Dunne, B.P. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, S. Elgeti, A. Encheva, K. Engelhardt, B. Erdös, I. Erofeev, B. Esposito, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, U. Fantz, M. Farnik, H. Faugel, F. Felici, O. Ficker, S. Fietz, A. Figueredo, R. Fischer, O. Ford, L. Frassinetti, M. Fröschle, G. Fuchert, J.C. Fuchs, H. Fünfgelder, S. Futatani, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, D. Gallart Escolà, A. Gallo, Y. Gao, S. Garavaglia, M. Garcia Muñoz, B. Geiger, L. Giannone, S. Gibson, L. Gil, E. Giovannozzi, S. Glöggler, M. Gobbin, J. Gonzalez Martin, T. Goodman, G. Gorini, T. Görler, D. Gradic, G. Granucci, A. Gräter, H. Greuner, M. Griener, M. Groth, A. Gude, L. Guimarais, S. Günter, G. Haas, A.H. Hakola, C. Ham, T. Happel, N. den Harder, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, V. Hauer, T. Hayward-Schneider, B. Heinemann, T. Hellsten, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, A. Herrmann, E. Heyn, F. Hitzler, J. Hobirk, K. Höfler, J.H. Holm, M. Hölzl, C. Hopf, L. Horvath, T. Höschen, A. Houben, A. Hubbard, A. Huber, K. Hunger, V. Igochine, M. Iliasova, T. Ilkei, K. Insulander Björk, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, I. Ivanova-Stanik, W. Jacob, N. Jaksic, F. Janky, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, F. Jaulmes, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, E. Joffrin, A. Kallenbach, S. Kálvin, M. Kantor, A. Kappatou, O. Kardaun, J. Karhunen, C.-P. Käsemann, S. Kasilov, A. Kendl, W. Kernbichler, E. Khilkevitch, A. Kirk, S. Kjer Hansen, V. Klevarova, G. Kocsis, M. Koleva, M. Komm, M. Kong, A. Krämer-Flecken, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, O. Kudlacek, T. Kurki-Suonio, B. Kurzan, B. Labit, K. Lackner, F. Laggner, A. Lahtinen, P.T. Lang, P. Lauber, N. Leuthold, L. Li, J. Likonen, O. Linder, B. Lipschultz, Y. Liu, A. Lohs, Z. Lu, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, N.C. Luhmann, T. Lunt, A. Lyssoivan, T. Maceina, J. Madsen, A. Magnanimo, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, R. Maingi, O. Maj, E. Maljaars, P. Manas, A. Mancini, A. Manhard, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, P. Manz, M. Maraschek, C. Marchetto, L. Marrelli, P. Martin, A. Martitsch, F. Matos, M. Mayer, M.-L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, P.J. McCarthy, R. McDermott, R. Merkel, A. Merle, D. Meshcheriakov, H. Meyer, D. Milanesio, P. Molina Cabrera, F. Monaco, M. Muraca, F. Nabais, V. Naulin, R. Nazikian, R.D. Nem, A. Nemes-Czopf, G. Neu, R. Neu, A.H. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, T. Nishizawa, M. Nocente, J.-M. Noterdaeme, I. Novikau, S. Nowak, M. Oberkofler, R. Ochoukov, J. Olsen, F. Orain, F. Palermo, O. Pan, G. Papp, I. Paradela Perez, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, C. Paz-Soldan, P. Petersson, P. Piovesan, C. Piron, U. Plank, B. Plaum, B. Plöck, V. Plyusnin, G. Pokol, E. Poli, L. Porte, T. Pütterich, M. Ramisch, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, G. Raupp, D. Réfy, M. Reich, F. Reimold, D. Reiser, M. Reisner, D. Reiter, T. Ribeiro, R. Riedl, J. Riesch, D. Rittich, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, G. Rocchi, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, M. Rodriguez-Ramos, V. Rohde, G. Ronchi, A. Ross, M. Rott, M. Rubel, D.A. Ryan, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, O. Samoylov, L. Sanchis Sanchez, J. Santos, O. Sauter, G. Schall, K. Schlüter, K. Schmid, O. Schmitz, P.A. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, M. Schubert, C. Schuster, T. Schwarz-Selinger, J. Schweinzer, E. Seliunin, A. Shabbir, A. Shalpegin, S. Sharapov, U. Sheikh, A. Shevelev, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, A. Sigalov, A. Silva, C. Silva, D. Silvagni, J. Simpson, S. Sipilä, E. Smigelskis, A. Snicker, E. Solano, C. Sommariva, C. Sozzi, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, A. Stegmeir, M. Stejner, J. Stober, E. Strumberge, G. Suarez Lopez, H.-J. Sun, W. Suttrop, E. Sytova, T. Szepesi, B. Tál, T. Tala, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Terranova, M. Teschke, E. Thorén, W. Tierens, D. Told, W. Treutterer, G. Trevisan, E. Trier, M. Tripský, M. Usoltceva, M. Valisa, M. Valovic, M. van Zeeland, F. Vannini, B. Vanovac, P. Varela, S. Varoutis, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, G. Verdoolaege, T. Vierle, E. Viezzer, I. Voitsekhovitch, U. von Toussaint, D. Wagner, X. Wang, M. Weiland, A.E. White, M. Willensdorfer, B. Wiringer, M. Wischmeier, R. Wolf, E. Wolfrum, Q. Yang, Q. Yu, R. Zagórski, I. Zammuto, T. Zehetbauer, W. Zhang, W. Zholobenko, M. Zilker, A. Zito, H. Zohm, S. Zoletnik, the EUROfusion MST1 Team, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), EUROfusion MST1 Team, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Stroth, U, Aguiam, D, Alessi, E, Angioni, C, Arden, N, Parra, R, Artigues, V, Asunta, O, Balden, M, Bandaru, V, Banon-Navarro, A, Behler, K, Bergmann, A, Bergmann, M, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Biancalani, A, Bielajew, R, Bilato, R, Birkenmeier, G, Blanken, T, Bobkov, V, Bock, A, Body, T, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Bortolon, A, Boswirth, B, Bottereau, C, Bottino, A, Van Den Brand, H, Brenzke, M, Brezinsek, S, Brida, D, Brochard, F, Bruhn, C, Buchanan, J, Buhler, A, Burckhart, A, Camenen, Y, Cannas, B, Megias, P, Carlton, D, Carr, M, Carvalho, P, Castaldo, C, Cavedon, M, Cazzaniga, C, Challis, C, Chankin, A, Cianfarani, C, Clairet, F, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Colas, L, Conway, G, Costea, S, Coster, D, Cote, T, Creely, A, Croci, G, Zabala, D, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, Cziegler, I, D'Arcangelo, O, Molin, A, David, P, Day, C, De Baar, M, De Marne, P, Delogu, R, Denk, S, Denner, P, Di Siena, A, Palacios Duran, J, Dunai, D, Drenik, A, Dreval, M, Drube, R, Dunne, M, Duval, B, Dux, R, Eich, T, Elgeti, S, Encheva, A, Engelhardt, K, Erdos, B, Erofeev, I, Esposito, B, Fable, E, Faitsch, M, Fantz, U, Farnik, M, Faugel, H, Felici, F, Ficker, O, Fietz, S, Figueredo, A, Fischer, R, Ford, O, Frassinetti, L, Froschle, M, Fuchert, G, Fuchs, J, Funfgelder, H, Futatani, S, Galazka, K, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Escola, D, Gallo, A, Gao, Y, Garavaglia, S, Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Giannone, L, Gibson, S, Gil, L, Giovannozzi, E, Gloggler, S, Gobbin, M, Martin, J, Goodman, T, Gorini, G, Gorler, T, Gradic, D, Granucci, G, Grater, A, Greuner, H, Griener, M, Groth, M, Gude, A, Guimarais, L, Gunter, S, Haas, G, Hakola, A, Ham, C, Happel, T, Den Harder, N, Harrer, G, Harrison, J, Hauer, V, Hayward-Schneider, T, Heinemann, B, Hellsten, T, Henderson, S, Hennequin, P, Herrmann, A, Heyn, E, Hitzler, F, Hobirk, J, Hofler, K, Holm, J, Holzl, M, Hopf, C, Horvath, L, Hoschen, T, Houben, A, Hubbard, A, Huber, A, Hunger, K, Igochine, V, Iliasova, M, Ilkei, T, Bjork, K, Ionita-Schrittwieser, C, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Jacob, W, Jaksic, N, Janky, F, Jansen Van Vuuren, A, Jardin, A, Jaulmes, F, Jenko, F, Jensen, T, Joffrin, E, Kallenbach, A, Kalvin, S, Kantor, M, Kappatou, A, Kardaun, O, Karhunen, J, Kasemann, C, Kasilov, S, Kendl, A, Kernbichler, W, Khilkevitch, E, Kirk, A, Hansen, S, Klevarova, V, Kocsis, G, Koleva, M, Komm, M, Kong, M, Kramer-Flecken, A, Krieger, K, Krivska, A, Kudlacek, O, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurzan, B, Labit, B, Lackner, K, Laggner, F, Lahtinen, A, Lang, P, Lauber, P, Leuthold, N, Li, L, Likonen, J, Linder, O, Lipschultz, B, Liu, Y, Lohs, A, Lu, Z, Luda Di Cortemiglia, T, Luhmann, N, Lunt, T, Lyssoivan, A, Maceina, T, Madsen, J, Magnanimo, A, Maier, H, Mailloux, J, Maingi, R, Maj, O, Maljaars, E, Manas, P, Mancini, A, Manhard, A, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manz, P, Maraschek, M, Marchetto, C, Marrelli, L, Martin, P, Martitsch, A, Matos, F, Mayer, M, Mayoral, M, Mazon, D, Mccarthy, P, Mcdermott, R, Merkel, R, Merle, A, Meshcheriakov, D, Meyer, H, Milanesio, D, Cabrera, P, Monaco, F, Muraca, M, Nabais, F, Naulin, V, Nazikian, R, Nem, R, Nemes-Czopf, A, Neu, G, Neu, R, Nielsen, A, Nielsen, S, Nishizawa, T, Nocente, M, Noterdaeme, J, Novikau, I, Nowak, S, Oberkofler, M, Ochoukov, R, Olsen, J, Orain, F, Palermo, F, Pan, O, Papp, G, Perez, I, Pau, A, Pautasso, G, Paz-Soldan, C, Petersson, P, Piovesan, P, Piron, C, Plank, U, Plaum, B, Plock, B, Plyusnin, V, Pokol, G, Poli, E, Porte, L, Putterich, T, Ramisch, M, Rasmussen, J, Ratta, G, Ratynskaia, S, Raupp, G, Refy, D, Reich, M, Reimold, F, Reiser, D, Reisner, M, Reiter, D, Ribeiro, T, Riedl, R, Riesch, J, Rittich, D, Rodriguez, J, Rocchi, G, Rodriguez-Fernandez, P, Rodriguez-Ramos, M, Rohde, V, Ronchi, G, Ross, A, Rott, M, Rubel, M, Ryan, D, Ryter, F, Saarelma, S, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Samoylov, O, Sanchez, L, Santos, J, Sauter, O, Schall, G, Schluter, K, Schmid, K, Schmitz, O, Schneider, P, Schrittwieser, R, Schubert, M, Schuster, C, Schwarz-Selinger, T, Schweinzer, J, Seliunin, E, Shabbir, A, Shalpegin, A, Sharapov, S, Sheikh, U, Shevelev, A, Sias, G, Siccinio, M, Sieglin, B, Sigalov, A, Silva, A, Silva, C, Silvagni, D, Simpson, J, Sipila, S, Smigelskis, E, Snicker, A, Solano, E, Sommariva, C, Sozzi, C, Spizzo, G, Spolaore, M, Stegmeir, A, Stejner, M, Stober, J, Strumberge, E, Lopez, G, Sun, H, Suttrop, W, Sytova, E, Szepesi, T, Tal, B, Tala, T, Tardini, G, Tardocchi, M, Terranova, D, Teschke, M, Thoren, E, Tierens, W, Told, D, Treutterer, W, Trevisan, G, Trier, E, Tripsky, M, Usoltceva, M, Valisa, M, Valovic, M, Van Zeeland, M, Vannini, F, Vanovac, B, Varela, P, Varoutis, S, Vianello, N, Vicente, J, Verdoolaege, G, Vierle, T, Viezzer, E, Voitsekhovitch, I, Von Toussaint, U, Wagner, D, Wang, X, Weiland, M, White, A, Willensdorfer, M, Wiringer, B, Wischmeier, M, Wolf, R, Wolfrum, E, Yang, Q, Yu, Q, Zagorski, R, Zammuto, I, Zehetbauer, T, Zhang, W, Zholobenko, W, Zilker, M, Zito, A, Zohm, H, and Zoletnik, S
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Asdex Upgrade, confinement, ELLM-free discharges, sol, Computer science, Nuclear engineering, ALCATOR C-MOD, UPPER DIVERTOR, ASDEX Upgrade, Physics::Plasma Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], Simulació per ordinador, alcator c-mod, ddc:530, upper divertor, ELLM-free discharge, SOL, Basis (linear algebra), Physics, turbulence, transition, h-mode plasmas, Condensed Matter Physics, ddc, Informàtica::Aplicacions de la informàtica::Aplicacions informàtiques a la física i l‘enginyeria [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Fusion reactors, Physics and Astronomy, CONFINEMENT MODES, H-MODE PLASMAS, Physics::Space Physics, Nuclear fusion, TURBULENCE, ddc:620, confinement modes, TRANSITION
Abstract: An overview of recent results obtained at the tokamak ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) is given. A work flow for predictive profile modelling of AUG discharges was established which is able to reproduce experimental H-mode plasma profiles based on engineering parameters only. In the plasma center, theoretical predictions on plasma current redistribution by a dynamo effect were confirmed experimentally. For core transport, the stabilizing effect of fast ion distributions on turbulent transport is shown to be important to explain the core isotope effect and improves the description of hollow low-Z impurity profiles. The L–H power threshold of hydrogen plasmas is not affected by small helium admixtures and it increases continuously from the deuterium to the hydrogen level when the hydrogen concentration is raised from 0 to 100%. One focus of recent campaigns was the search for a fusion relevant integrated plasma scenario without large edge localised modes (ELMs). Results from six different ELM-free confinement regimes are compared with respect to reactor relevance: ELM suppression by magnetic perturbation coils could be attributed to toroidally asymmetric turbulent fluctuations in the vicinity of the separatrix. Stable improved confinement mode plasma phases with a detached inner divertor were obtained using a feedback control of the plasma β. The enhanced Dα H-mode regime was extended to higher heating power by feedback controlled radiative cooling with argon. The quasi-coherent exhaust regime was developed into an integrated scenario at high heating power and energy confinement, with a detached divertor and without large ELMs. Small ELMs close to the separatrix lead to peeling-ballooning stability and quasi continuous power exhaust. Helium beam density fluctuation measurements confirm that transport close to the separatrix is important to achieve the different ELM-free regimes. Based on separatrix plasma parameters and interchange-drift-Alfvén turbulence, an analytic model was derived that reproduces the experimentally found important operational boundaries of the density limit and between L- and H-mode confinement. Feedback control for the X-point radiator (XPR) position was established as an important element for divertor detachment control. Stable and detached ELM-free phases with H-mode confinement quality were obtained when the XPR was moved 10 cm above the X-point. Investigations of the plasma in the future flexible snow-flake divertor of AUG by means of first SOLPS-ITER simulations with drifts activated predict beneficial detachment properties and the activation of an additional strike point by the drifts. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the European Commission. Peer Reviewed "Article signat per més de 50 autors/es: U. Stroth, D. Aguiam, E. Alessi, C. Angioni, N. Arden, R. Arredondo Parra, V. Artigues, O. Asunta, M. Balden, V. Bandaru, A. Banon-Navarro, K. Behler, A. Bergmann, M. Bergmann, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, A. Biancalani, R. Bielajew, R. Bilato, G. Birkenmeier, T. Blanken, V. Bobkov, A. Bock, T. Body, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, A. Bortolon, B. Böswirth, C. Bottereau, A. Bottino, H. van den Brand, M. Brenzke, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, C. Bruhn, J. Buchanan, A. Buhler, A. Burckhart, Y. Camenen, B. Cannas, P. Cano Megias, D. Carlton, M. Carr, P. Carvalho, C. Castaldo, M. Cavedon, C. Cazzaniga, C. Challis, A. Chankin, C. Cianfarani, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, L. Colas, G. Conway, S. Costea, D. Coster, T. Cote, A.J. Creely, G. Croci, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, A. Czarnecka, I. Cziegler, O. D'Arcangelo, A. Dal Molin, P. David, C. Day, M. de Baar, P. de Marné, R. Delogu, S. Denk, P. Denner, A. Di Siena, J.J. Dominguez Palacios Durán, D. Dunai, A. Drenik, M. Dreval, R. Drube, M. Dunne, B.P. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, S. Elgeti, A. Encheva, K. Engelhardt, B. Erdös, I. Erofeev, B. Esposito, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, U. Fantz, M. Farnik, H. Faugel, F. Felici, O. Ficker, S. Fietz, A. Figueredo, R. Fischer, O. Ford, L. Frassinetti, M. Fröschle, G. Fuchert, J.C. Fuchs, H. Fünfgelder, S. Futatani, K. Galazka, J. Galdon-Quiroga, D. Gallart Escolà, A. Gallo10, Y. Gao11, S. Garavaglia3, M. Garcia Muñoz16, B. Geiger21, L. Giannone1, S. Gibson32, L. Gil2, E. Giovannozzi18, S. Glöggler1, M. Gobbin8, J. Gonzalez Martin, T. Goodman, G. Gorini, T. Görler, D. Gradic, G. Granucci, A. Gräter, H. Greuner, M. Griener, M. Groth, A. Gude, L. Guimarais, S. Günter, G. Haas, A.H. Hakola, C. Ham, T. Happel, N. den Harder, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, V. Hauer, T. Hayward-Schneider, B. Heinemann, T. Hellsten, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, A. Herrmann, E. Heyn, F. Hitzler, J. Hobirk, K. Höfler, J.H. Holm, M. Hölzl, C. Hopf, L. Horvath, T. Höschen, A. Houben, A. Hubbard, A. Huber, K. Hunger, V. Igochine, M. Iliasova, T. Ilkei, K. Insulander Björk, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, I. Ivanova-Stanik, W. Jacob, N. Jaksic, F. Janky, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, F. Jaulmes, F. Jenko, T. Jensen, E. Joffrin, A. Kallenbach, S. Kálvin, M. Kantor, A. Kappatou, O. Kardaun, J. Karhunen4, C.-P. Käsemann, S. Kasilov, A. Kendl, W. Kernbichler, E. Khilkevitch, A. Kirk, S. Kjer Hansen, V. Klevarova, G. Kocsis, M. Koleva, M. Komm, M. Kong, A. Krämer-Flecken, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, O. Kudlacek, T. Kurki-Suonio, B. Kurzan, B. Labit, K. Lackner, F. Laggner, A. Lahtinen, P.T. Lang, P. Lauber, N. Leuthold, L. Li, J. Likonen, O. Linder, B. Lipschultz, Y. Liu, A. Lohs, Z. Lu, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, N.C. Luhmann, T. Lunt, A. Lyssoivan, T. Maceina, J. Madsen, A. Magnanimo, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, R. Maingi, O. Maj, E. Maljaars, P. Manas, A. Mancini, A. Manhard, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, P. Manz, M. Maraschek, C. Marchetto, L. Marrelli, P. Martin, A. Martitsch, F. Matos, M. Mayer, M.-L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, P.J. McCarthy, R. McDermott, R. Merkel, A. Merle, D. Meshcheriakov, H. Meyer, D. Milanesio, P. Molina Cabrera, F. Monaco, M. Muraca, F. Nabais, V. Naulin, R. Nazikian, R.D. Nem, A. Nemes-Czopf, G. Neu, R. Neu, A.H. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, T. Nishizawa, M. Nocente, J.-M. Noterdaeme, I. Novikau, S. Nowak, M. Oberkofler, R. Ochoukov, J. Olsen, F. Orain, F. Palermo, O. Pan, G. Papp, I. Paradela Perez, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, C. Paz-Soldan, P. Petersson, P. Piovesan, C. Piron, U. Plank, B. Plaum, B. Plöck, V. Plyusnin, G. Pokol, E. Poli, L. Porte, T. Pütterich, M. Ramisch, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, G. Raupp, D. Réfy, M. Reich1, F. Reimold, D. Reiser, M. Reisner, D. Reiter, T. Ribeiro, R. Riedl, J. Riesch, D. Rittich, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, G. Rocchi, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, M. Rodriguez-Ramos, V. Rohde, G. Ronchi, A. Ross, M. Rott, M. Rubel, D.A. Ryan, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, O. Samoylov, L. Sanchis Sanchez, J. Santos, O. Sauter, G. Schall, K. Schlüter, K. Schmid, O. Schmitz, P.A. Schneider, R. Schrittwieser, M. Schubert, C. Schuster, T. Schwarz-Selinger, J. Schweinzer, E. Seliunin, A. Shabbir, A. Shalpegin, S. Sharapov, U. Sheikh, A. Shevelev, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, A. Sigalov, A. Silva, C. Silva, D. Silvagni, J. Simpson, S. Sipilä, E. Smigelskis, A. Snicker, E. Solano, C. Sommariva, C. Sozzi, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, A. Stegmeir, M. Stejner, J. Stober, E. Strumberge1, G. Suarez Lopez, H.-J. Sun, W. Suttrop, E. Sytova, T. Szepesi, B. Tál, T. Tala, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Terranova, M. Teschke, E. Thorén, W. Tierens, D. Told, W. Treutterer, G. Trevisan, E. Trier, M. Tripský, M. Usoltceva, M. Valisa, M. Valovic, M. van Zeeland, F. Vannini, B. Vanovac, P. Varela, S. Varoutis, N. Vianello, J. Vicente, G. Verdoolaege, T. Vierle, E. Viezzer, I. Voitsekhovitch, U. von Toussaint, D. Wagner, X. Wang, M. Weiland, A.E. White, M. Willensdorfer, B. Wiringer, M. Wischmeier, R. Wolf, E. Wolfrum, Q. Yang, Q. Yu, R. Zagórski, I. Zammuto, T. Zehetbauer, W. Zhang, W. Zholobenko, M. Zilker, A. Zito, H. Zohm, S. Zoletnik and the EUROfusion MST1 Team "
Published: 2022
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24. Electronic readout characterisation of a new soft X-ray diagnostic for burning plasma

Author: S. Cancelli, A. Muraro, E. Perelli Cippo, A. Abba, G. Corradi, G. Grosso, G. Gorini, M.H. Kushoro, F. Murtas, O. Putignano, J. Scionti, D. Tagnani, M. Tardocchi, G. Croci, Cancelli, S, Muraro, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Abba, A, Corradi, G, Grosso, G, Gorini, G, Kushoro, M, Murtas, F, Putignano, O, Scionti, J, Tagnani, D, Tardocchi, M, and Croci, G
Subjects: X-ray detector, Gaseous detector, Micropattern gaseous detectors (MSGC, GEM, THGEM, RETHGEM, MHSP, MICROPIC, MICROMEGAS, InGrid, etc.), Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: In fusion plasma scenario, soft X-rays are important tools to study impurities inside plasma. However state-of-the-art silicon detectors cannot survive for long time to the heavy damages due to harsh conditions in tokamaks. GEM detectors are a good alternative thanks to their resilience to radiation damage. In this paper, a GEM detector coupled with new dedicated electronic readout based on GEMINI chip is described. In particular, the detector response has been studied comparing the well established PH method and the ToT method implemented in GEMINI. The results indicate the possibility of using this electronic readout to do soft X-ray spectroscopy measurements in the energy range up to about 10–20 keV.
Published: 2022

25. Gamma-ray measurements in D fusion plasma experiments on JET

Author: M. Iliasova, A. Shevelev, E. Khilkevich, Ye. Kazakov, V. Kiptily, M. Nocente, L. Giacomelli, T. Craciunescu, Z. Stancar, A. Dal Molin, D. Rigamonti, M. Tardocchi, D. Doinikov, G. Gorini, V. Naidenov, I. Polunovsky, D. Gin, Iliasova, M, Shevelev, A, Khilkevich, E, Kazakov, Y, Kiptily, V, Nocente, M, Giacomelli, L, Craciunescu, T, Stancar, Z, Dal Molin, A, Rigamonti, D, Tardocchi, M, Doinikov, D, Gorini, G, Naidenov, V, Polunovsky, I, and Gin, D
Subjects: Tokamak plasma, Fusion reaction, Fusion rate, Gamma-ray spectrometry, Alpha-particle
Abstract: Using capabilities of the gamma-ray spectrometry, fusion born alpha-particles were studied in recent D-3He plasma experiments on JET. A substantial population of the alpha-particles was generated in the He-3-rich plasma due to the He-3(D, p)He-4 reaction. Fast deuterium ions of the neutral beam injection (NBI) heating were accelerated to MeV energies with three-ion scenario D-(DNBI)-He-3 using radio frequency waves in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF). A high reaction rate allowed to measure the alpha-particle production rate and their spatial distribution in the plasma by detecting 16.7-MeV gamma-rays from the He-3(D, y)Li-5 reaction, which is a weak branch of He-3(D, p)He-4 reaction. A branching ratio of gamma-ray transitions to the ground and the first excited states of Li-5 was obtained. Due to the beryllium is a main impurity of JET plasmas, intensive gamma-rays from the Be-9(D, ny)10B, Be-9(D, py)Be-10 and Be-9(a, ny)C-12 reactions were observed. Exploitation of the reaction cross-sections and the Doppler shape analysis (DSA) of gamma-lines in the recorded spectra provided the possibility to reconstruct distribution functions of the confined D-ions and the fusion-born alpha-particles.
Published: 2022

26. Role of neutron attenuators for gamma-ray measurements in deuterium-tritium magnetic confinement plasmas

Author: D, Rigamonti, A, Dal Molin, G, Gorini, G, Marcer, M, Nocente, M, Rebai, T, Craciunescu, Z, Ghani, V, Kiptily, M, Maslov, A, Shevelev, A, Zohar, M, Tardocchi, Rigamonti, D, Dal Molin, A, Gorini, G, Marcer, G, Nocente, M, Rebai, M, Craciunescu, T, Ghani, Z, Kiptily, V, Maslov, M, Shevelev, A, Zohar, A, and Tardocchi, M
Subjects: Neutron attenuators, gamma-ray measurements, Instrumentation
Abstract: The Joint European Torus (JET) is the only tokamak in the world able to operate in Deuterium–Tritium (DT) plasmas. A successful DT experimental campaign, the DTE2, has recently been carried out, providing unique opportunities for studying both physics and technological aspects. In particular, it allowed us to investigate and benchmark the solutions adopted to attenuate the significant 14 MeV neutron flux, needed to enable high-resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements on a tokamak. While in inertial confinement experiments, gamma-rays and neutrons are discriminated through time-of-flight techniques; in magnetic confinement experiments, the neutron attenuators are a key element to allow gamma-ray measurements in order to reestablish the 1 × 105 to 1 background to signal ratio. In this paper, the role of the reference neutron attenuators at JET, based on LiH, has been analyzed and described.
Published: 2022

27. A high-resolution neutron spectroscopic camera for the SPARC tokamak based on the Jet European Torus deuterium–tritium experience

Author: M, Tardocchi, M, Rebai, D, Rigamonti, R A, Tinguely, F, Caruggi, G, Croci, A, Dal Molin, Z, Ghani, L, Giacomelli, M, Girolami, G, Grosso, M, Kushoro, G, Marcer, M, Mastellone, A, Muraro, M, Nocente, E, Perelli Cippo, M, Petruzzo, O, Putignano, J, Scionti, V, Serpente, D M, Trucchi, S, Mackie, A A, Saltos, E, De Marchi, M, Parisi, A, Trotta, E, de la Luna, J, Garcia, Y, Kazakov, M, Maslov, Z, Stancar, G, Gorini, Tardocchi, M, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, Tinguely, R, Caruggi, F, Croci, G, Dal Molin, A, Ghani, Z, Giacomelli, L, Girolami, M, Grosso, G, Kushoro, M, Marcer, G, Mastellone, M, Muraro, A, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Petruzzo, M, Putignano, O, Scionti, J, Serpente, V, Trucchi, D, Mackie, S, Saltos, A, De Marchi, E, Parisi, M, Trotta, A, de la Luna, E, Garcia, J, Kazakov, Y, Maslov, M, Stancar, Z, and Gorini, G
Subjects: Neutron spectroscopy, neutron camera, Instrumentation
Abstract: Dedicated nuclear diagnostics have been designed, developed, and built within EUROFUSION enhancement programs in the last ten years for installation at the Joint European Torus and capable of operation in high power Deuterium–Tritium (DT) plasmas. The recent DT Experiment campaign, called DTE2, has been successfully carried out in the second half of 2021 and provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the performance of the new nuclear diagnostics and for an understanding of their behavior in the record high 14 MeV neutron yields (up to 4.7 × 1018 n/s) and total number of neutrons (up to 2 × 1019 n) achieved on a tokamak. In this work, we will focus on the 14 MeV high resolution neutron spectrometers based on artificial diamonds which, for the first time, have extensively been used to measure 14 MeV DT neutron spectra with unprecedented energy resolution (Full Width at Half Maximum of ≈1% at 14 MeV). The work will describe their long-term stability and operation over the DTE2 campaign as well as their performance as neutron spectrometers in terms of achieved energy resolution and high rate capability. This important experience will be used to outline the concept of a spectroscopic neutron camera for the SPARC tokamak. The proposed neutron camera will be the first one to feature the dual capability to measure (i) the 2.5 and 14 MeV neutron emissivity profile via the conventional neutron detectors based on liquid or plastics scintillators and (ii) the 14 MeV neutron spectral emission via the use of high-resolution diamond-based spectrometers. The new opportunities opened by the spectroscopic neutron camera to measure plasma parameters will be discussed.
Published: 2022
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28. Characterization of X-ray Events for a Vacuum High Voltage Holding Experiment

Author: G. Gobbo, A. Muraro, M. Zuin, M. Fincato, L. Lotto, F. Rossetto, Marco Tardocchi, O. McCormack, Felix Pino, C.L. Fontana, Silvia Spagnolo, E. Spada, Giovanni Grosso, D. Rigamonti, G. Gorini, Emilio Martines, G. Croci, A. De Lorenzi, Nicola Pilan, Spagnolo, S, Pilan, N, de Lorenzi, A, Fontana, C, Mccormack, O, Muraro, A, Croci, G, Gobbo, G, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Fincato, M, Lotto, L, Martines, E, Pino, F, Rigamonti, D, Rossetto, F, Spada, E, Tardocchi, M, and Zuin, M
Subjects: Photomultiplier, Materials science, business.industry, HVPTF, High Voltage Padova Test Facility, High voltage, Scintillator, Lyso, MITICA, X-rays spectra, large gaps, Optics, X-ray Events, Electrode, Large gap, voltage holding, Breakdown voltage, Vacuum breakdown, Vacuum chamber, business, Voltage
Abstract: The High Voltage Padova Test Facility (HVPTF) is an experimental device for investigating HV insulation in vacuum, in support of the realization of MITICA, the prototype of a neutral beam injector for ITER. The facility investigates the physical phenomena underlying voltage holding in vacuum, such as the mechanisms causing breakdowns and the electrode conditioning process, along with testing technical solutions to increase the breakdown threshold. Inside a high vacuum chamber, two stainless steel electrodes, separated by a few centimetres gap, can achieve HV values up to 400 kV each. The conditioning process consists of the gradual increase of the breakdown voltage in time, until the system achieves a saturation value. Between two consecutive breakdown events, current micro-discharges involving the electrodes are observed; high energy X-rays (up to hundreds of keV) and a global increase of gas emission (in particular H2 and CO2 are detected by the Residual Gas Analyser) are measured in correspondence to the current events. Three new Xrays detectors have been recently installed: a small LYSO (4 × 4 × 20 mm3), a LaBr3 (1" x 3/4") and a thin YAP (1"x 2 mm) scintillating crystals, coupled to photomultipliers. They all are small sized scintillators, with very fast pulses (40-100 ns) in order to minimize pile-up effects during the high intensity discharges. However, the high Z and densities guarantee a full energy absorption of the X-rays (they can measure up to 500 keV), with a significant probability, in spite of the small sizes. Energy resolutions are less than 9%. In this contribution we present a characterization of the micro-discharge dynamics occurring during the conditioning phase, focusing on the new details uncovered via the new diagnostics.
Published: 2021
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29. First spatially resolved measurements of the D

Author: E, Panontin, D, Rigamonti, M, Nocente, A, Dal Molin, A, Broslawski, T, Craciunescu, G, Croci, N, Cruz, J, Figueiredo, L, Giacomelli, G, Gorini, M, Gosk, G, Kaveney, Ye O, Kazakov, V, Kiptily, S, Korolczuk, G, Marcer, A, Murari, E, Perelli Cippo, M, Salewski, A, Urban, I, Zychor, and M, Tardocchi
Abstract: The Joint European Torus (JET) gamma-ray camera has been recently upgraded with the installation of new gamma-ray detectors, based on LaBr
Published: 2021

30. The PRIMA Test Facility: SPIDER and MITICA test-beds for ITER neutral beam injectors

Author: V Toigo, R Piovan, S Dal Bello, E Gaio, A Luchetta, R Pasqualotto, P Zaccaria, M Bigi, G Chitarin, D Marcuzzi, N Pomaro, G Serianni, P Agostinetti, M Agostini, V Antoni, D Aprile, C Baltador, M Barbisan, M Battistella, M Boldrin, M Brombin, M Dalla Palma, A De Lorenzi, R Delogu, M De Muri, F Fellin, A Ferro, A Fiorentin, G Gambetta, F Gnesotto, L Grando, P Jain, A Maistrello, G Manduchi, N Marconato, M Moresco, E Ocello, M Pavei, S Peruzzo, N Pilan, A Pimazzoni, M Recchia, A Rizzolo, G Rostagni, E Sartori, M Siragusa, P Sonato, A Sottocornola, E Spada, S Spagnolo, M Spolaore, C Taliercio, M Valente, P Veltri, A Zamengo, B Zaniol, L Zanotto, M Zaupa, D Boilson, J Graceffa, L Svensson, B Schunke, H Decamps, M Urbani, M Kushwah, J Chareyre, M Singh, T Bonicelli, G Agarici, A Garbuglia, A Masiello, F Paolucci, M Simon, L Bailly-Maitre, E Bragulat, G Gomez, D Gutierrez, G Mico, J-F Moreno, V Pilard, M Kashiwagi, M Hanada, H Tobari, K Watanabe, T Maejima, A Kojima, N Umeda, H Yamanaka, A Chakraborty, U Baruah, C Rotti, H Patel, M V Nagaraju, N P Singh, A Patel, H Dhola, B Raval, U Fantz, B Heinemann, W Kraus, S Hanke, V Hauer, S Ochoa, P Blatchford, B Chuilon, Y Xue, H P L De Esch, R Hemsworth, G Croci, G Gorini, M Rebai, A Muraro, M Tardocchi, M Cavenago, M D’Arienzo, S Sandri, and A Tonti
Subjects: ITER, heating neutral beam injector, ITER neutral beam test facility, PRIMA, SPIDER, MITICA, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: The ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF), called PRIMA (Padova Research on ITER Megavolt Accelerator), is hosted in Padova, Italy and includes two experiments: MITICA, the full-scale prototype of the ITER heating neutral beam injector, and SPIDER, the full-size radio frequency negative-ions source. The NBTF realization and the exploitation of SPIDER and MITICA have been recognized as necessary to make the future operation of the ITER heating neutral beam injectors efficient and reliable, fundamental to the achievement of thermonuclear-relevant plasma parameters in ITER. This paper reports on design and R&D carried out to construct PRIMA, SPIDER and MITICA, and highlights the huge progress made in just a few years, from the signature of the agreement for the NBTF realization in 2011, up to now—when the buildings and relevant infrastructures have been completed, SPIDER is entering the integrated commissioning phase and the procurements of several MITICA components are at a well advanced stage.
Published: 2017
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31. A new dedicated signal processing system for gamma-ray spectrometers in high power deuterium–tritium plasma scenarios in tokamaks

Author: G, Marcer, E, Khilkevitch, A, Shevelev, G, Croci, A, Dal Molin, G, Gorini, G, Grosso, A, Muraro, M, Nocente, E, Perelli Cippo, O, Putignano, M, Rebai, D, Rigamonti, E, de la Luna, J, Garcia, Y, Kazakov, V, Kiptily, M, Maslov, M F F, Nave, J, Ongena, M, Tardocchi, Marcer, G, Khilkevitch, E, Shevelev, A, Croci, G, Dal Molin, A, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Muraro, A, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, de la Luna, E, Garcia, J, Kazakov, Y, Kiptily, V, Maslov, M, Nave, M, Ongena, J, and Tardocchi, M
Subjects: Gamma-ray diagnostics, nuclear fusion, Instrumentation
Abstract: The most performant deuterium–tritium (DT) plasma discharges realized by the Joint European Torus (JET) tokamak in the recent DT campaign have produced neutron yields on the order of 1018 n/s. At such high neutron yields, gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements with scintillators are challenging as events from the neutron-induced background often dominate over the signal, leading to a significant fraction of pileup events and instability of the photodetector gain along with the consequent degradation of the reconstructed spectrum. Here, we describe the solutions adopted for the tangential lanthanum bromide spectrometer installed at JET. A data acquisition system with free streaming mode digitization capabilities for the entire duration of the discharge has been used to solve dead-time related issues and a data reconstruction code with pileup recovery and photodetector gain drift restoration has been implemented for off-line analysis of the data. This work focuses on the acquired data storage and parsing, with a detailed explanation of the pileup recovery and gain drift restoration algorithms.
Published: 2022
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32. Measurements of neutron fields in a wide energy range using multi-foil activation analysis

Author: D. Chiesa, C. Cazzaniga, M. Nastasi, M. Rebai, C. D. Frost, G. Gorini, S. Lilley, S. Pozzi, E. Previtali, Chiesa, D, Cazzaniga, C, Nastasi, M, Rebai, M, Frost, C, Gorini, G, Lilley, S, Pozzi, S, and Previtali, E
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Spallation source, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Activation analysis, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Activation analysi, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Gamma spectroscopy, Neutron flux, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Bayesian unfolding, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment
Abstract: An accurate characterization of the neutron fields at spallation sources is crucial for many applications based on neutron irradiations, such as radiation damage tests that need a precise dose estimate. In this work we present the neutron flux measurements performed with the multi-foil activation technique in the ROTAX and ChipIr beamlines of the ISIS spallation source, characterized by moderated and unmoderated spectra, respectively. We selected many different activation reactions to cover a wide energy range, from thermal to very fast neutrons up to about 100 MeV. By applying a Bayesian unfolding algorithm, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique in measuring the neutron flux intensity and energy spectrum with precision and accuracy., Comment: \copyright 2021 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works
Published: 2021
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33. Comparison of unfolding methods for the inference of runaway electron energy distribution from γ-ray spectroscopic measurements

Author: E. Panontin, A. Dal Molin, M. Nocente, G. Croci, J. Eriksson, L. Giacomelli, G. Gorini, M. Iliasova, E. Khilkevitch, A. Muraro, D. Rigamonti, M. Salewski, J. Scionti, A. Shevelev, M. Tardocchi, Panontin, E, Dal Molin, A, Nocente, M, Croci, G, Eriksson, J, Giacomelli, L, Gorini, G, Iliasova, M, Khilkevitch, E, Muraro, A, Rigamonti, D, Salewski, M, Scionti, J, Shevelev, A, Tardocchi, M, Eurofusion MST1 Team, and ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society
Subjects: Plasma diagnostics - charged-particle spectroscopy, Plasma diagnostics-interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging, Nuclear instruments and methods for hot plasma diagnostics, Plasma diagnostics - interferometry, spectroscopy and imaging, Nuclear instruments and methods for hot plasma diagnostic, Plasma diagnostics-charged-particle spectroscopy, Analysis and statistical methods, Analysis and statistical method, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: Unfolding techniques are employed to reconstruct the 1D energy distribution of runaway electrons from Bremsstrahlung hard X-ray spectrum emitted during plasma disruptions in tokamaks. Here we compare four inversion methods: truncated singular value decomposition, which is a linear algebra technique, maximum likelihood expectation maximization, which is an iterative method, and Tikhonov regularization applied to χ 2 and Poisson statistics, which are two minimization approaches. The reconstruction fidelity and the capability of estimating cumulative statistics, such as the mean and maximum energy, have been assessed on both synthetic and experimental spectra. The effect of measurements limitations, such as the low energy cut and few number of counts, on the final reconstruction has also been studied. We find that the iterative method performs best as it better describes the statistics of the experimental data and is more robust to noise in the recorded spectrum.
Published: 2021
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34. MUTAZIONI ASSOCIATE A FARMACORESISTENZA NEL PLASMA E NEI LINFOCITI DI SOGGETTI HIV-1 SIEROPOSITIVI

Author: F. Alessandrini, I. Bon, G. Gorini, P. Schiavone, and F. Vitone
Subjects: Microbiology, QR1-502
Published: 2006
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35. Study of runaway electron dynamics at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak during impurity injection using fast hard x-ray spectrometry

Author: A. Shevelev, E. Khilkevitch, M. Iliasova, M. Nocente, G. Pautasso, G. Papp, A.D. Molin, S.P. Pandya, V. Plyusnin, L. Giacomelli, G. Gorini, E. Panontin, D. Rigamonti, M. Tardocchi, G. Tardini, A. Patel, A. Bogdanov, I. Chugunov, D. Doinikov, V. Naidenov, I. Polunovsky, null the ASDEX Upgrade Team, null the EUROfusion MST1 Team, Shevelev, A, Khilkevitch, E, Iliasova, M, Nocente, M, Pautasso, G, Papp, G, Molin, A, Pandya, S, Plyusnin, V, Giacomelli, L, Gorini, G, Panontin, E, Rigamonti, D, Tardocchi, M, Tardini, G, Patel, A, Bogdanov, A, Chugunov, I, Doinikov, D, Naidenov, V, Polunovsky, I, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, and EUROfusion MST1 Team
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Materials science, gamma-ray spectrometry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, diagnostics of hot plasma, Electron dynamics, Mass spectrometry, runaway electron, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear physics, ASDEX Upgrade, Physics::Plasma Physics, Impurity, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, tokamak, X-ray, Condensed Matter Physics, 13. Climate action, Physics::Space Physics, hard X-ray, hard X-rays, runaway electrons
Abstract: To study the runaway electron (RE) dynamics during plasma discharge and develop scenarios for disruption mitigation, a hard X-ray (HXR) spectrometric system has been developed and commissioned at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak (AUG). The diagnostic system consists of two high-performance spectrometers based on LaBr3(Ce) scintillation detectors supplied with advanced electronics and analysis algorithms. These spectrometers view the AUG tokamak chamber quasi-radially at the equatorial plane. The measurements were carried out in the RE beam generation regimes by injecting argon into a deuterium plasma. In the interaction of a developed RE beam with a heavy gas target, powerful bremsstrahlung flux is induced, reaching energy close to 20 MeV. The electron energy distributions were reconstructed from the measured HXR spectra by deconvolution methods. The experimentally obtained maximum RE energies at different discharge stages were compared with relativistic test particle simulations that include the effect of toroidal electric field, plasma collisional drag force, synchrotron deceleration force. It was observed that the electrons attain their maximum energies within 50-100 ms after the gas injection. It gradually decreases due to the drop in loop voltage, energy loss due to synchrotron radiation emission and collisions dissipation of energy with the background plasma. HXR measurements at the discharge with multiple deuterium pellet injections allowed observing the effects of plasma cooling and argon ion recombination after the pellet injections. Argon density in AUG plasma after massive gas injection was estimated using HXR measurements.
Published: 2021
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36. IMPROVING RESILIENCE TO NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL THREATS

Author: Mayer Klaus, Janssens Willem, Roberto Senesi, Luetzenkirchen Klaus, G Gorini, G Albani, Caciuffo Roberto, Carla Andreani, Duinslaeger Lily, Casteleyn Karin, Zuleger Evelyn, and G Croci
Subjects: Radiological weapon, Resilience (network), Psychology, Environmental planning
Published: 2019
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37. Development of the BAND-GEM detector solution for SANS experiments

Author: F. Murtas, Carina Höglund, Jens Birch, Giorgia Albani, Marica Rebai, Marco Tardocchi, Enrico Perelli Cippo, Giovanni Grosso, Isabel Llamas-Jansa, Gabriele Croci, Lars Hultman, A. Muraro, and G. Gorini
Subjects: Materials science, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, Dielectric, Cathode, law.invention, Optics, law, Neutron source, Spallation, Neutron, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, business, Image resolution, Beam (structure)
Abstract: New high count rate detectors are needed for future spallation neutron sources where large areas and high efficiency (>50%) detectors are envisaged. In this framework, GEM is one of the explored detector technologies since they feature good spatial resolution ( 20% in the wavelength range of interest for SANS instruments. A system of thin lamellas (250 μm) of dielectric material coated with 1 μm layer of $^{10}$B$_{4}$C has been built and positioned in the first detector gap, orthogonally to the cathode. By tilting the lamellas system with respect to the beam, there is a significant increase of effective thickness of the borated material crossed by the neutrons. As a consequence, both interaction probability and detection efficiency are increased. This paper presents the results of the performance of the first prototype of BAND-GEM detector in terms of efficiency (as a function of tilting angle).
Published: 2019

38. Author Correction: Phase 1/2 trial of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 with a booster dose induces multifunctional antibody responses

Author: M Datoo, Thomas A. Rawlinson, C Brown-O’Sullivan, Hodgson Shc., C White, B Oguti, Eleanor Berrie, N Moya, S Felle, H Sanders, Adam J. Ritchie, M M Hou, J Drake, E Brunt, D Rajapaksa, S Provstgaard-Morys, G Gorini, Elizabeth Nuthall, J Burbage, C Munro, L Bates, J A Tree, E Y Jones, R Makinson, O E Muhanna, N Borthwick, Andreas C. Themistocleous, I Rudiansyah, Emary Krw., A Batten, D Jenkin, D J Smith, I Vichos, N Douglas, Susanna Dunachie, Hazel Morrison, S Marinou, P Osborne, A Szigeti, Bassam Hallis, Alexander J. Mentzer, Christina Dold, T Brenner, K Parker, E H Arbe-Barnes, G Meddaugh, S Lipworth, J Towner, N Turner, E Hamilton, C Downing, L Gracie, C J Cunningham, P Matthews, H Humphries, Y Peng, N Tran, I Satti, N Byard, Shuo Feng, Ciaran Gilbride, R E Drury, K Radia, D Bellamy, R Tarrant, E Howe, Daniel J. Phillips, L Cifuentes, X L Yao, Elizabeth R. Allen, L Allen, B Hanumunthadu, K Godwin, E Francis, K Sanders, H Parracho, R Kailath, N Baker, J McGlashan, S Rhead, F Jackson, S Tonks, A Ali, S Murphy, Larwood Jpj., L Tinh, T Wrin, A Linder, Irina Chelysheva, Catherine M. Green, Elizabeth J. Kelly, C Datta, B Khozoee, H Roberts, Miles W. Carroll, P M Folegatti, C V Arancibia-Cárcamo, Julian C. Knight, E Marlow, P C Proud, A Truby, Crocker Wem., Hannah Robinson, J Keen, E J Penn, L Loew, Elizabeth A. Clutterbuck, D Zizi, N Owino, E Boland, J McEwan, N G Marchevsky, E Morey, Brian Angus, M P Peralta Alvarez, P Mweu, A Killen, E A Lees, Amy Boyd, Watson Mee., A Tomic, M E Wand, T B King, S Jauregui, C W Larkworthy, S Salvador, I J Taylor, D Pulido, Fay L. Nugent, M Patrick-Smith, A T Worth, Merryn Voysey, S A Harris, T M Thomas, A Shea, Teresa Lambe, L Blackwell, R Halkerston, Katie J. Ewer, D O’Connor, L Kingham-Page, P Brown, R Fisher, S J Morris, B Huang, Michelle Fuskova, D O’Donnell, A Lelliott, E R Pabon, J Kinch, M Thomas, H Garlant, M N Ramasamy, Daniel B. Wright, K Mansatta, K Taylor, F Cappuccini, D Kerr, Jordan R. Barrett, E Schofield, Yrene Themistocleous, R Varughese, A Beveridge, M R English, D Pipini, Sandra Belij-Rammerstorfer, S Camara, F Ramos Lopez, N Howell, J Frater, J Aboagye, X Liu, A Noé, L Silva-Reyes, Huw Davies, F R Donnellan, Alison M. Lawrie, Andrew J. Pollard, E Bolam, C Sedik, Hill Avs., Simon Kerridge, R te Water Naude, Alexandra J. Spencer, C Petropoulos, Maria Moore, K Jeffery, C Oliveria, K Pfafferott, G Gupta, Catherine C. Smith, A M Lias, G Morshead, D DiTirro, N Mirtorabi, H Ratcliffe, M J Elmore, R Lopez Ramon, S Jackson, K Jones, Y Li, Stephen Taylor, M Madhavan, I Shaik, Yama F Mujadidi, J Alderson, I Baleanu, Matthew D. Snape, M Bittaye, P J O’Reilly, R White, K O’Brien, Breeze E. Cavell, J Muller, Kelly M. Thomas, M Cao, S Field, S Roche, R Tanner, D M Kelly, R Anslow, L King, Annina B. Schmid, P Iveson, Ian D. Poulton, R Song, C L Blundell, R Beckley, T Demissie, Jack Mellors, K J Ford, Sarah E. Silk, J Furze, D Harrison, K R Buttigieg, Amy Flaxman, J Chadwick, J A Henry, R Morgans, L McInroy, G Screaton, V Olchawski, S Liu, L Khan, R Morter, P Galian-Rubio, T C Hart, G Hodges, Abdessamad Tahiri-Alaoui, J Perring, S Hawkins, Emma Plested, S Koleva, B E Damratoski, L Walker, Lisa Stockdale, P Baker, G Mallett, Angela M. Minassian, E Stafford, M K Verheul, M Carr, D Knott, Nick J. Edwards, J Fowler, Sarah C. Gilbert, A Thompson, Hannah Sharpe, Andrew Gorringe, Marta Ulaszewska, Christine S. Rollier, C P Conlon, R Colin-Jones, C Turner, Eleanor Barnes, E Mukhopadhyay, S Bibi, E M Bijker, R Cooper, D T Skelly, N S Coombes, J L Marshall, Tao Dong, Jennifer Hill, C Di Maso, K Beadon, Alexander D. Douglas, Cho J-S., Sean C. Elias, Parvinder K. Aley, S Leung, Paul Klenerman, I Cabrera Puig, K R Bewley, E Clark, S Kelly, P Williams, J Hamlyn, Megan Baker, C F Da Silva, and R Drake-Brockman
Subjects: 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), General Medicine, Booster dose, Viral infection, Virology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, law.invention, Antibody response, Randomized controlled trial, law, Medicine, business
Published: 2021
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39. Silicon Carbide devices for radiation detection and measurements

Author: Maurizio Boscardin, Alberto Fazzi, G. Gorini, Giada Petringa, G.A.P. Cirrone, S. M. R. Puglia, Dario Giove, G. Lanzalone, A. Muoio, Andrea Santangelo, F. La Via, Marica Rebai, Antonio Trifiro, G Pasquali, S. Tudisco, C. Altana, and C. Ciampi
Subjects: History, Materials science, Silicon Carbide, business.industry, radiation detection, Particle detector, Computer Science Applications, Education, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Silicon carbide, radiation measurement, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract: In the last decades Silicon Carbide (SiC) received special attentions, in particular as semiconductor material, because is considered as alternative to Silicon for the future high-power, low consumption, radiation-hard microelectronics devices. This ambitious goal is particularly interesting also for the physics of the detectors. In this work are discussed some of the recent results obtained by SiCILIA collaboration, a joint research activity between INFN and IMM institutions to increase the level of technological development in the field of SiC detectors.
Published: 2020
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40. A quantitative comparison between confined fast ion data and models from radio frequency heating experiments with the three ion scenarios at JET

Author: M. Nocente (1,2, Ye.O. Kazakov (3, V. Kiptily (4, T. Craciunescu (5, J. Eriksson (6, J. Faustin (7, L. Giacomelli (2, G. Gorini (1, 2, C. Hellesen (6, E. Lerche (3, M. Mantsinen (8, J. Ongena (3, M. Salewski (9, S. Sharapov (4, M. Tardocchi (2, D. Van Eester (3, and JET Contributors
Subjects: ___
Abstract: An effective way to generate fast ions in a fusion plasma is by means of Ion Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ICRH). The most adopted scenario is the so called minority heating, where a minority species at a few percent level is added to the main bulk plasma and is accelerated by ICRH. A typical example is the heating of 3He ions in a bulk deuterium plasma, which has also been used to study the excitation of fast ion instabilities and their transport [1]. A new ICRH scenario for plasma heating and fast ion studies has been theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated at the JET and Alcator C-mod tokamaks [2]. It is based on optimizing the polarization of the wave at the resonance in the vicinity of the ion-ion hybrid layer. This can be accomplished in a 3 ion species plasma, where two bulk species determine the propagation properties of the wave and a third species, which is added at the per mille level, efficiently absorbs the power in the vicinity of the ion-ion hybrid layer. In this paper we present a first quantitative analysis of the data obtained in a recent experiment on 3 ion ICRH heating in a D- (3He)-H plasma at JET, where H and D, in the ratio of approximately 70:30, were the two bulk species required by the scenario and 3He was the species to accelerate (X[3He] 0:2?0:3%).
Published: 2018

41. Sicilia—silicon carbide detectors for intense luminosity investigations and applications

Author: Giovanni Casini, Dario Giove, G. Lanzalone, C. Ciampi, C. Agodi, Giacomo Borghi, G. C. Bussolino, Francesco La Via, Giuseppe Longo, Alberto Fazzi, Salvatore Tudisco, Massimo Zimbone, Salvatore Cascino, Massimo Camarda, Marco Mauceri, C. Altana, Sabina Ronchin, Marica Rebai, Giada Petringa, Valeria Puglisi, G.A.P. Cirrone, Maurizio Moschetti, A. Trifirò, Giacomo Poggi, Grazia Litrico, Stefania Privitera, Manuela Cavallaro, Gabriele Pasquali, Giacomo Cuttone, Sebastiana Puglia, Antonello Santangelo, Maurizio Boscardin, Roberto Modica, Luca Labate, Lucia Calcagno, Andrea Stefanini, Diana Carbone, Annamaria Muoio, Nicolò Piluso, Francesco Cappuzzello, Domenico Lo Presti, G. Gorini, F. Musumeci, Tudisco, S, La Via, F, Agodi, C, Altana, C, Borghi, G, Boscardin, M, Bussolino, G, Calcagno, L, Camarda, M, Cappuzzello, F, Carbone, D, Cascino, S, Casini, G, Cavallaro, M, Ciampi, C, Cirrone, G, Cuttone, G, Fazzi, A, Giove, D, Gorini, G, Labate, L, Lanzalone, G, Litrico, G, Longo, G, Presti, D, Mauceri, M, Modica, R, Moschetti, M, Muoio, A, Musumeci, F, Pasquali, G, Petringa, G, Piluso, N, Poggi, G, Privitera, S, Puglia, S, Puglisi, V, Rebai, M, Ronchin, S, Santangelo, A, Stefanini, A, Trifiro, A, and Zimbone, M
Subjects: Photon, Materials science, Silicon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, chemistry.chemical_element, Nuclear and particle detector, Radiation hardness, Silicon carbide, Analytical Chemistry, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Biochemistry, Instrumentation, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 02 engineering and technology, lcsh:Chemical technology, radiation hardness, 01 natural sciences, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Atomic and Molecular Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Radiation hardne, lcsh:TP1-1185, nuclear and particle detector, silicon carbide, Radiation hardening, Luminosity (scattering theory), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Engineering physics, chemistry, Particle physics experiments, and Optics, 0210 nano-technology, Beam (structure)
Abstract: Silicon carbide (SiC) is a compound semiconductor, which is considered as a possible alternative to silicon for particles and photons detection. Its characteristics make it very promising for the next generation of nuclear and particle physics experiments at high beam luminosity. Silicon Carbide detectors for Intense Luminosity Investigations and Applications (SiCILIA) is a project starting as a collaboration between the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) and IMM-CNR, aiming at the realization of innovative detection systems based on SiC. In this paper, we discuss the main features of silicon carbide as a material and its potential application in the field of particles and photons detectors, the project structure and the strategies used for the prototype realization, and the first results concerning prototype production and their performance.
Published: 2018
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42. Neutron measurements at the ELISE neutral beam test facility and implications for neutron based diagnostics at SPIDER

Author: Feng, S, Nocente, M, Wunderlich, D, Bonomo, F, Croci, G, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Kraus, W, Mario, I, Muraro, A, Pasqualotto, R, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Gorini, G, Song FENG, M. Nocente, D. Wunderlich, F. Bonomo, G. Croci, U. Fantz, B. Heinemann, W. Kraus, I. Mario, A. Muraro, R. Pasqualotto, M. Rebai, M. Tardocchi, G. Gorini, Feng, S, Nocente, M, Wunderlich, D, Bonomo, F, Croci, G, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Kraus, W, Mario, I, Muraro, A, Pasqualotto, R, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Gorini, G, Song FENG, M. Nocente, D. Wunderlich, F. Bonomo, G. Croci, U. Fantz, B. Heinemann, W. Kraus, I. Mario, A. Muraro, R. Pasqualotto, M. Rebai, M. Tardocchi, and G. Gorini
Abstract: Along the route to the development of a neutral beam injector for ITER, the Padua based Source for Production of Ion of Deuterium Extracted from Rf plasma (SPIDER) and megavolt ITER injector and concept advancement facilities will make use of neutron diagnostics to quantify the homogeneity of the neutral beam profile by measuring the map of the neutron emission from the beam dump with the close-contact neutron emission surface mapping (CNESM) system. Neutrons are here produced from beam-target reactions between the deuterium beam and the deuterons previously adsorbed in the calorimeter. In order to aid the interpretation of the diagnostic data, a dedicated experiment on neutron emission from beam-target reactions with beam parameters approaching those expected at SPIDER has been performed at the Extraction from a Large Ion Source Experiment (ELISE) neutral beam test facility. The time trace of neutron emission has been measured using a calibrated liquid scintillator detector at increasing power densities on the target. Compared to calculations based on the local mixing model, a systematic discrepancy was observed exceeding the statistical accuracy of the measurements and increasing as a linear function of the power density. The data are used to derive an empirical temperature dependent correction for applications to neutron measurements at SPIDER
Published: 2018

43. A neutron study of sealed pottery from the grave-goods of Kha and Merit

Author: C. Andreani, beg F. Aliotta, b L. Arcidiacono, e M. Borla, f D. Di Martino, h F. Facchetti, d E. Ferraris, d G. Festa, e G. Gorini, h W. Kockelmann, j J. Kelleher, j D. Malfitana, a D. Micieli, i T. Minniti, j E. Perelli Cippo, c R. Ponterio, b G. Salvato, b R. Senesi, beg V. Turina, d C. Vasi, b, C. Greco, d, Andreani, C, Aliotta, F, Arcidiacono, L, Borla, M, Di Martino, D, Facchetti, F, Ferraris, E, Festa, G, Gorini, G, Kockelmann, W, Kelleher, J, Malfitana, D, Micieli, D, Minniti, T, Cippo, E, Ponterio, R, Salvato, G, Senesi, R, Turina, V, Vasi, C, and Greco, C
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Elemental composition, Grave goods, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, media_common.quotation_subject, Neutron tomography, Metallurgy, pottery, Art, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Archaeology, Settore FIS/07 - Fisica Applicata(Beni Culturali, Ambientali, Biol.e Medicin), Analytical Chemistry, 03 medical and health sciences, Alabaster, neutron, 030104 developmental biology, 0103 physical sciences, engineering, Neutron, Pottery, Treasure, Spectroscopy, media_common
Abstract: This work presents the first neutron characterization of artefacts from the grave-goods of Kha and Merit, a unique cultural treasure of mankind and preserved at the Museo Egizio in Turin. This magnificent collection, discovered in the early years of the last century, includes an impressive amount of artefacts such as coffins, textiles, metallic and ceramic pottery, and alabaster containers. The present study investigates two sealed potteries, using enhanced Neutron Tomography, Radiography, and Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis techniques. The neutron probe provides access to the morphological reconstructions of the inner parts of the vases and to map, with unprecedented details, the elemental composition of the surfaces and bulk areas of the potteries. The present work extends the knowledge to hitherto unknown contents of the sealed vases unlocking their secrets.
Published: 2017
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44. Experimental determination of the response functions of a Bonner sphere spectrometer to monoenergetic neutrons

Author: Z. Hu, Z. Chen, X. Peng, T. Du, Z. Cui, L. Ge, W. Zhu, Z. Wang, X. Zhu, J. Chen, G. Zhang, X. Li, H. Zhang, G. Zhong, L. Hu, B. Wan, G. Gorini, T. Fan, Hu, Z, Chen, Z, Peng, X, Du, T, Cui, Z, Ge, L, Zhu, W, Wang, Z, Zhu, X, Chen, J, Zhang, G, Li, X, Zhang, H, Zhong, G, Hu, L, Wan, B, Gorini, G, and Fan, T
Subjects: Physics, Bonner sphere, Spectrometer, Dosimetry concepts and apparatu, Equivalent dose, Proportional counter, 01 natural sciences, Neutron temperature, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, law.invention, Nuclear physics, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, law, 0103 physical sciences, Van de Graaff generator, Dosimetry, Neutron, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Neutron detectors (cold, thermal, fast neutrons), Mathematical Physics
Abstract: A Bonner sphere spectrometer (BSS) plays an important role in characterizing neutron spectra and determining their neutron dose in a neutron-gamma mixed field. A BSS consisting of a set of nine polyethylene spheres with a (3)He proportional counter was developed at Peking University to perform neutron spectrum and dosimetry measurements. Response functions (RFs) of the BSS were calculated with the general Monte Carlo code MCNP5 for the neutron energy range from thermal up to 20 MeV, and were experimentally calibrated with monoenergetic neutron beams from 144 keV to 14 MeV on a 4.5 MV Van de Graaff accelerator. The calculated RFs were corrected with the experimental values, and the whole response matrix was completely established. The spectrum of a (241)Am-Be source was obtained after unfolding the measurement data of the BSS to the source and in fair agreement with the expected one. The integral ambient dose equivalent corresponding to the spectrum was 0.95 of the expected value. Results of the unfolded spectrum and the integral dose equivalent measured by the BSS verified that the RFs of the BSS were well established.
Published: 2017

45. CeBr3-based detector for gamma-ray spectrometer upgrade at JET

Author: JETR. Kwiatkowski (a, G. Boltruczyk (a, A. Broslawski (a, M. Gosk (a, S. Korolczuk (a, S. Mianowski (a, A. Szyd?owski (a, A. Urban (a, I. Zychor (a, V. Braic (b, R. Costa Pereira (c, T. Craciunescu (b, D. Croft (d, M. Curuia (b, A. Fernandes (c, V. Goloborod'ko (e, G. Gorini (f, V. Kiptily (d, I. Lengar (g, J. Naish (d, R. Naish (d, M. Nocente (f, K. Schoepf (e, B. Santos (c, S. Soare (b, M. Tardocchi (f, V. Yavorskij (e, V.L. Zoita (b, JET contributors1, Kwiatkowski, R, BoÅ‚truczyk, G, BrosÅ‚awski, A, Gosk, M, Korolczuk, S, Mianowski, S, SzydÅ‚owski, A, Urban, A, Zychor, I, Braic, V, Costa Pereira, R, Craciunescu, T, Croft, D, Curuia, M, Fernandes, A, Goloborod'Ko, V, Gorini, G, Kiptily, V, Lengar, I, Naish, J, Naish, R, Nocente, M, Schoepf, K, Santos, B, Soare, S, Tardocchi, M, Yavorskij, V, and Zoita, V
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, Tokamak, Monte carlo simulation, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Scintillator, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Ion, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Physics::Plasma Physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Energy resolution, Nuclear Experiment, Civil and Structural Engineering, Physics, Jet (fluid), Monte carlo simulations, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Mechanical Engineering, Detector, Gamma ray, Plasma, Gamma-ray spectrometry, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Scintillators, Voltage divider, Materials Science (all)
Abstract: tOne of the important techniques used at JET for studying fast ions is based on measurements of gamma-rays which are produced as a result of nuclear reactions between ions and plasma impurities. The intenseneutron and gamma-ray fluxes expected during a DT campaign impose new requirements on detectorcharacteristics used in such experiments. In addition to good energy resolution, detectors must also becharacterized by a high signal-to-noise ratio and allow to perform measurements at high counting rateabout 1 Mcps. The scintillators which fulfill these requirements are, among others, LaBr3:Ce, alreadytested at JET, and CeBr3with a scintillation decay time of ~20 ns. We report on measurements whichwere performed with a detector module equipped with a 3" × 3" CeBr3scintillator and with an activevoltage divider AVD@NCBJ, designed and constructed at NCBJ. Standard gamma-ray sources, as well asa PuBe source, were used for measurements. The comparison of measured and Monte Carlo simulatedspectra is also presented.© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
Published: 2017
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46. Performance of the prototype LaBr

Author: D, Rigamonti, A, Muraro, M, Nocente, V, Perseo, G, Boltruczyk, A, Fernandes, J, Figueiredo, L, Giacomelli, G, Gorini, M, Gosk, V, Kiptily, S, Korolczuk, S, Mianowski, A, Murari, R C, Pereira, E P, Cippo, I, Zychor, and M, Tardocchi
Abstract: In this work, we describe the solution developed by the gamma ray camera upgrade enhancement project to improve the spectroscopic properties of the existing JET γ-ray camera. Aim of the project is to enable gamma-ray spectroscopy in JET deuterium-tritium plasmas. A dedicated pilot spectrometer based on a LaBr
Published: 2016

47. Gamma-ray spectroscopy at MHz counting rates with a compact LaBr

Author: M, Nocente, D, Rigamonti, V, Perseo, M, Tardocchi, G, Boltruczyk, A, Broslawski, A, Cremona, G, Croci, M, Gosk, V, Kiptily, S, Korolczuk, M, Mazzocco, A, Muraro, E, Strano, I, Zychor, and G, Gorini
Abstract: Gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements at MHz counting rates have been carried out, for the first time, with a compact spectrometer based on a LaBr
Published: 2016

48. The ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility toward SPIDER Operation

Author: Toigo V., S. Dal Bello, E. Gaio, A. Luchetta, R. Pasqualotto, P. Zaccaria, M. Bigi, G.Chitarin, D. Marcuzzi, N. Pomaro, G. Serianni, P. Agostinetti, M. Agostini, V. Antoni, D. Aprile, C. Baltador, M. Barbisan, M. Battistella, M. Boldrin, M. Brombin, M. Dalla Palma, A. De Lorenzi, R. Delogu, M. De Muri, F. Fellin, A. Ferro, G. Gambetta, L. Grando, P. Jain, A. Maistrello, G. Manduchi, N. Marconato, M. Pavei, S. Peruzzo, N.Pilan, A. Pimazzoni, R. Piovan, M. Recchia, A. Rizzolo, E. Sartori, M. Siragusa, E.Spada, S. Spagnolo, M. Spolaore, C. Taliercio, M. Valente, P. Veltri, A. Zamengo, B.Zaniol, L. Zanotto, M. Zaupa, D. Boilson, J. Graceffa, L. Svensson, B. Schunke, H. Decamps, M. Urbani, M. Kushwah, J. Chareyre, M. SinghT. Bonicelli, G. Agarici, A. Masiello, F. Paolucci, M. Simon, L. Bailly-Maitre, E. Bragulat, G. Gomez, D. Gutierrez, G. Mico, J-F. Moreno, V. Pilard, A. Chakraborty, U. Baruah, C. Rotti, H. Patel, M.V. Nagaraju, N.P. Singh, A. Patel, H. Dhola, B. Raval, U. Fantz, M. Fröschle, B. Heinemann, W. Kraus, R. Nocentini, R. Riedl, L. Schiesko, C. Wimmer, D. Wünderlich, M. Cavenago, G. Croci, G. Gorini, M. Rebai, A. Muraro, and R. Hemsworth
Abstract: SPIDER is one of the two projects of the ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) under construction in Padova, Italy, at Consorzio RFX premises; it is the full-size prototype of the radiofrequency (RF) ion source for ITER Neutral Beam Injector (NBI), with beam energy of 100keV, designed to operate with pulse length up to 3600 s, featuring ITER-like filter field configuration, caesium oven layout and a wide set of diagnostics. These features will allow reproducing the ion source operation like in ITER as cannot be done in any other existing test facility. SPIDER realization is well advanced and the first operation is expected at the beginning of 2018, with the mission to prove the possibility of achieving the ITER NBI ion source target requirements and of improving its performance in terms of reliability and availability. This paper mainly focuses on the preparation of the first SPIDER operations: integration and testing of SPIDER components, completion and implementation of diagnostics and control and workout of operation and research plan, based on a staged strategy.
Published: 2016

49. Recombination Rate Estimate in the Quantum-like Description of a Nested Trap

Author: G Gorini, G. Torelli, D. Zanello, Renato Fedele, Fedele, Renato, G., Gorini, G., Torelli, and D., Zanello
Subjects: Physics, Thermodynamic equilibrium, Nested traps for antiproton, Anti-hydrogen recombination rate, Semiclassical physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Trap (computing), Thermal Wave Model for charged particle beam, Distribution (mathematics), Antiproton, Quantum electrodynamics, Particle, Physics::Atomic Physics, Atomic physics, Antihydrogen, Quantum, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: By using a recently-proposed quantum-like approach in semiclassical approximation, the equilibrium state of the particle distribution is given in a simple 1-D model of a nested trap. This result is used to evaluate the antihydrogen recombination rate in a nested trap containing antiprotons and positrons.
Published: 2001
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50. Ray background sources in the VESUVIO spectrometer at ISIS spallation neutron source

Author: Roberto Senesi, M. Tardocchi, Antonino Pietropaolo, Carla Andreani, Erik Schooneveld, E. Perelli Cippo, G. Gorini, Pietropaolo, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Gorini, G, Tardocchi, M, Schooneveld, E, Andreani, C, and Senesi, R
Subjects: VESUVIO spectrometer, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Spectrometer, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Gamma ray, ISIS, Scintillator, Neutron Instrumentation, gamma background, spallation neutron source, ISIS, Settore FIS/03 - Fisica della Materia, Semiconductor detector, law.invention, Neutron instrumentation, Nuclear physics, Neutron capture, neutron, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, Gamma background, law, Spallation neutron source, Experimental work, Beam dump, Instrumentation, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: An investigation of the gamma background was carried out in the VESUVIO spectrometer at the ISIS spallation neutron source. This study, performed with a yttrium-aluminum-perovskite (YAP) scintillator, follows high resolution pulse height measurements of the gamma background carried out on the same instrument with the use of a high-purity germanium detector. In this experimental work, a mapping of the gamma background was attempted. trying to find the spatial distribution and degree of directionality of the different contributions identified in the previous study. It is found that the gamma background at low times is highly directional and mostly due to the gamma rays generated in the moderator-decoupler system. The other contributions, consistently to the findings of a previous experiment, are identified as a nearly isotropic one due to neutron absorption in the walls of the experimental hall, and a directional one coming from the beam dump. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Published: 2009
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